FUZZY RULE BASE AND

APPROXIMATE REASONING
 FUZZY RULES AND REASONING
The degree of an element in a fuzzy set corresponds to the truth
value of a proposition in fuzzy logic systems.
• Fuzzy truth values
• Fuzzy propositions
• Rule based systems
• Formation of fuzzy rules
• Decomposition of fuzzy rules
• Aggregation of fuzzy rules
Different mode of reasoning
Truth values and Tables in Fuzzy logic
 A linguistic variable is a fuzzy variable.
• The values of a linguistic variable are word or sentences in a
natural or artificial languages
Eg: tall, medium, short….
• The linguistic variable speed ranges between 0 and 300 km/h
and includes the fuzzy sets slow, very slow, fast, …
• Fuzzy sets define the linguistic values.
 A linguistic characterized by
• name of the variable (x)
• term set of the variable t(x)
• Syntactic rule for generating the values of x
• Semantic rule for associating each value of x with its meaning
 Hedges are qualifiers of a linguistic variable.
• All purpose: very, quite, extremely
• Probability: likely, unlikely
• Quantifiers: most, several, few
• Possibilities: almost impossible, quite possible
Reasoning
Reasoning has logic as its basis, whereas proposition are text
sentences expressed in any language

z is P

Where z is symbol of the subject and P is predicate designing the

characteristics of the subject

Eg: “Vellore is in India” is a proposition in which “vellore” is the

subject and “in India” is the predicate , which specify the
property of “vellore”

Every proposition has its opposite, called negation(opposite

truth value) 4
TRUTH TABLES
Truth tables define logic functions of two propositions. Let X and Y be
two propositions, either of which can be true or false.

The operations over the propositions are:

1. Conjunction (): X AND Y.

2. Disjunction (): X OR Y.

3. Implication or conditional (): IF X THEN Y.

4. Bidirectional or equivalence (): X IF AND ONLY IF Y.

 Fuzzy Proposition
• Fuzzy predicates
Fuzzy logic the predicates can be fuzzy
Eg: tall, short , quick …
“ Sam is tall”
• Fuzzy-predicate modifiers
Predicate modifiers that acts as hedges
Eg: very, fairly, moderately, rather, slightly
These predicate modifiers are necessary for generating the values of a linguistic
variable
“Climate is moderately cool”
• Fuzzy quantifier
It can be interpreted as a fuzzy number or a fuzzy proposition, which provides an
imprecise characterization of the cardinality of one or more fuzzy or fuzzy sets.
“Many people are educated”
Quantifier: Several, many, most, frequently
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 Fuzzy Proposition
Fuzzy qualifier
• Fuzzy truth qualification
a fuzzy truth value claims the degree of truth of a fuzzy
proposition.
(Paul is Young) is NOT VERY True
Qualified proposition is Paul is Young and qualifying fuzzy truth
values is NOT VERY True
• Fuzzy probability qualification
Fuzzy probability is expressed by terms such as likely, unlikely
(Paul is Young) is Likely

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 Fuzzy Proposition
• Fuzzy possibility qualification
Terms: possible, quite possible, almost impossible

(Paul is Young) is almost Impossible

• Fuzzy usuality qualification

“usually (X)= usually (X is F)”

X is variable taking values in a universe of disclosure X and the predicate F is

a fuzzy subset of U and interpreted as a usual value of X denoted by U(X)= F

The proposition that are usually true or the events that have high probability
of occurrence are related by the concept of usuality qualification.

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FUZZY RULES
A fuzzy rule is defined as the conditional statement of the form

If x is A
THEN y is B

where x and y are linguistic variables and A and B are linguistic values
determined by fuzzy sets on the universes of discourse X and Y.
 The decision-making process is based on rules with sentence
conjunctives AND, OR and ALSO.

 Each rule corresponds to a fuzzy relation.

 Rules belong to a rule base.

 Example: If (Distance x to second car is SMALL) OR (Distance y

to obstacle is CLOSE) AND (speed v is HIGH) THEN (perform
LARGE correction to steering angle ) ALSO (make MEDIUM
reduction in speed v).

 Three antecedents (or premises) in this example give rise to two

outputs (consequences).
FUZZY RULE FORMATION
IF height is tall
THEN weight is heavy.

Here the fuzzy classes height and weight have a given range (i.e., the
universe of discourse).

range (height) = [140, 220]

range (weight) = [50, 250]
FORMATION OF FUZZY RULES
Three general forms are adopted for forming fuzzy rules. They are:

 Assignment statements,

 Conditional statements,

 Unconditional statements.
Assignment Statements Unconditional Statements

Conditional Statements
DECOMPOSITION OF FUZZY RULES (Compound Rules)

A compound rule is a collection of several simple rules combined

together.
Any compound rule structure may be decomposed and reduced to a
number of simple canonical rule forms, the rules are generally based
on natural language representation.

 Multiple conjunctive antecedent,

 Multiple disjunctive antecedent,

 Conditional statements (with ELSE and UNLESS).

DECOMPOSITION OF FUZZY RULES

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DECOMPOSITION OF FUZZY RULES

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 DECOMPOSITION OF FUZZY RULES
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS (WITH ELSE and UNLESS)
Statements of the kind
IF A1 THEN (B1 ELSE B2)
Can be decomposed into two simple canonical rule forms, connected by “OR”
(IF A1 THEN B1) OR (IF NOT A1 THEN B2)

IF A1 (THEN B1) UNLESS A2

Can be decomposed as
(IF A1 THEN B1) OR IF A2 THEN NOT B1

IF A1 THEN B1 ELSE IF A2 THEN B2

Can be decomposed into the form
(IF A1 THEN B1) OR
IF NOT A1 AND IF A2 THEN B2
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 DECOMPOSITION OF FUZZY RULES

NESTED_IF_THEN RULES
The Rule
IF A1 THEN [ IF A2 THEN B1]
can be written in the form
IF A1 AND A2 THEN B1
So, based upon all the rules above compound rules can be
decomposed into series of canonical simple rules

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 AGGREGATION OF FUZZY RULES

• The rule based system involves more than one rule

• Aggregation of rules is the process of obtaining the overall
consequents from the individual consequents provided by
each rule
The methods adopted are:
I. Conjunctive system of rules
II. Disjunctive system of rules
CONJUNCTIVE SYSTEM OF RULES
DISJUNCTIVE SYSTEM OF RULES
FUZZY REASONING
There exist four modes of fuzzy approximate reasoning, which include:

1. Categorical reasoning,

2. Qualitative reasoning,

3. Syllogistic reasoning,

4. Dispositional reasoning.
Categorical Reasoning
• In this mode of approximate reasoning, the antecedents,
containing no fuzzy quantifiers and fuzzy probabilities, are
assumed to be in canonical form.

Qualitative Reasoning
• In this mode of approximate reasoning, the antecedents and
consequents have fuzzy linguistic variables; the input-output
relationship of a system is expressed as a collection of fuzzy
IF-THEN rules. This reasoning is mainly used in control system
analysis.
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Syllogistic Reasoning
• In this mode of approximation reasoning,
antecedents with fuzzy quantifiers are related to
inference rules. This is expressed as −
x = S1A′s are B′s
y = S2C′s are D′s
------------------------
z = S3E′s are F′s
Here A,B,C,D,E,F are fuzzy predicates.
S1 and S2 are given fuzzy quantifiers.
S3 is the fuzzy quantifier which has to be decided.

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Dispositional Reasoning
• In this mode of approximation reasoning, the antecedents are
dispositions that may contain the fuzzy quantifier “usually”.

• The quantifier Usually links together the dispositional and

syllogistic reasoning; hence it pays an important role.

• For example, the projection rule of inference in dispositional

reasoning can be given as follows −

usually( (L,M) is R ) ⇒ usually (L is [R ↓ L])

Here [R ↓ L] is the projection of fuzzy relation R on L

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Example

If x is A Then Y is B
 Example

Y
Problem

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Problems

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 Problem
Consider U=V={0,1,2,3,4} be the universe of discourse on which
the fuzzy set
1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0
small = + + + + is defined. Again, Let R be the
0 1 2 3 4
fuzzy relation ‘more or less the same’ which is defined by the
relation matrix shown below
1 .5 .1 0 0
.5 1 .5 .1 0
.1 .5 1 .5 .1
0 .1 .5 1 . 5
0 0 .1 .5 1
If the premises and the rule are stated as
Premise: x is small
Rule : x is more or less the same as y
Then apply a suitable fuzzy rule of inference to obtain the
conclusion the express it suitable as a relation 30
Solution
The conclusion C is given by the fuzzy set obtained by the max-min composition of
the fuzzy set small and the relation R
1 .5 .1 0 0
.5 1 .5 .1 0
C= small ° R =[1 .5 .2 .1 0] ° .1 .5 1 .5 .1
0 .1 .5 1.5
0 0 .1 .5 1
𝜇(0)= max(min(1,1),min(.5,.5),min(.2,.1),min(.1,0),min(0,0)
= max(1,.5,.1,0,0]
=1
𝜇(1)=.5
𝜇(2)=.5
𝜇(3)=.2
𝜇(4) =.1
1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0
The conclusion is C = 0 + 1
+ 2
+ 3
+ 4
.
This can be fairly interpreted as ‘more or less small’. Hence the conclusion can be
stated as ‘y is more or less small’.

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