PL/SQL

PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE / SQL

It is a procedural language plus sql Queries.

It is an extension to the sql. i.e sql queries with programming logic.

What is pl/sql?
PLSQL is a collection of User defined objects like Programs,
procedures, Functions, Triggers, Types, Packages and so on.

Advantages:
**********
--Multiple queries are executed parllelly.
--It reduces number of hits to the database.
--It increases n/w performance.
--Modularity ( dividing a big task into smaller modules )
--Enhansibility ( It can easily accept the future changes )
--Reusability (create a program once and execute it any
number of times)

PL/SQL objects are divided into 2 categories.

They are
i) Programs / Anonymous Blocks
These objects not saved in the database.
These program's logic is included in the
User Interface application developement.

ii) Sub Programs

These objects permanently saved in the database server.

EX:
Procedures
Functions

ANONYMOUS BLOCK:

STRUCTURE :
***********

DECLARE
<declaration stmts >;
BEGIN
<Assignment stmt>;
<Output stmts>;
<Data processing stmts>;
EXCEPTION
<Error handling stmts>;
END;

/ (to compile and execute program in SQL * PLUS)

NOTE:
In the above program , DECLARE and EXCEPTION blocks are
optional.
DECLARE block:
*************
It contains declaration statements to declare variables.
Variable is a name with min length 1 char and max length 30 charaters.
Variables are also known as Identifier or literal or place holder.
Variables are useful to store values temporarily.
So these variables get memory space from the database engine
based on their datatype and size.

syn:
varname DATATYPE(size);

Ex: v_eno int;

v_name varchar2(20);

BEGIN block:
***********
It is also known as execution block.
It contains program logic as follows.

i) Assignment stmts:
*****************
we can store values into the declared variables by using
either assignment operator [ := ] or SELECT query with
INTO keyword.

syn-1: BY USING ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR

var := value / expression / Function_calling stmt;

Ex: v_eno := 7654;

syn-2: By Using SELECT Query with INTO keyword

select col1, col2, ....,coln

INTO
var_1, var_2,....var-n
from tablename
where <cond>;

Note:
****
1) In the above syntax, Number of columns and
number of variables should be similar.

2) column data type and variable data type should

be similar in the same sequence.

Ex: select ename,sal,hiredate

INTO
V_name,v_sal,v_jdate
from emp where empno=v_eno;
ii) Out Put stmt:
*************
It is Used to display text messages and variable
values.
Oracle provided a predefined output function as follows.

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('messages' or varname);

Ex:
dbms_output.put_line(' employee information ');
dbms_output.put_line(v_eno);

iii) Data Processing stmts:

**********************
Any sql query
( select,insert, update, delete, commit, rollback,Truncate)
with in begin block ,is known as data processing stmt.

EXCEPTION Block
**************
It contains error handling stmts to handle runtime errors.

END;
****
It is indicating end of a program.

comments:
------------
we can maintain comment lines in program to make
any program as developer friendly.

-- <text> single line comment symbol.

/* text */ multi line comment symbol.

NOTE:
By default any program or procedure should not display output.
To display output,

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

This is valid for current session.

Ex:
write a program to display welcome message .

begin
dbms_output.put_line('welcome to oracle pl/sql');
end;

Ex:
write a program to display addition , average, max
and min of 3000 and 5000?

DECLARE
X INT;
Y INT:=5000;
S INT;
 A NUMBER(7,2);
MX INT;
MN INT;
BEGIN
X:=3000;
S:=X+Y;
A:=S/2;
SELECT GREATEST(X,Y) INTO MX FROM DUAL;
SELECT LEAST(X,Y) INTO MN FROM DUAL;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' SUM=');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(S);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('AVERAGE=');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('HIGHER VALUE=');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(MX);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Least VALUE=');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(MN);
END;
/

sample execution:

SUM=
8000
AVERAGE=
4000
HIGHER VALUE=
5000
MIN VALUE=
3000

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------
NOTE:

How can i display a normal mesg after that the value of variable
immediately in the same line?

By using Concatenation Operator [ || ]

*******************************
It will display the value and message after the previous
message or value.

Syntax:
dbms_output.put_line('mesg'||varname);

Ex:
dbms_output.put_line('ename: '||vename);

ename: SCOTT

CHR(10)
*******
It is known as New Line Character In Windows OS.
Ex:
dbms_output.put_line('mesg1'||chr(10)||'mesg2');

mesg1
mesg2

chr(13)
******
It is a New Line Character In unix / linux OS

syntax:
--------
dbms_output.put_line
(chr(10)||' mesg1: '||var1||chr(10)||
'mesg 2 : '||var2||chr(10)||
.......
);

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------

DECLARE
X INT;
Y INT:=5000;
S INT;
A NUMBER(7,2);
MX INT;
MN INT;
BEGIN
X:=3000;
S:=X+Y;
A:=S/2;
SELECT GREATEST(X,Y) INTO MX FROM DUAL;
SELECT LEAST(X,Y) INTO MN FROM DUAL;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' SUM= '||s);
--DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(S);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('AVERAGE= '||a);
--DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('HIGHER VALUE= '||mx);
--DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(MX);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('MIN VALUE='||mn);
--DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(MN);
END;
/

sample execution:

anonymous block completed

SUM=8000
AVERAGE=4000
HIGHER VALUE=5000
MIN VALUE=3000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------

Types of programs: 2
1) Static program:
It will not accept input values, at run time.

2) Dynamic program:
In this case the program can accept runtime input values.
we can make a program as Dynamic Program by using "&"
(Substitution Operator).

varname:='&varname';

Ex:
As per above syntax, at runtime it will prompt for variable value as follows.

Enter value for varname: <value>

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------

STATIC PROGRAMS:

Ex:
write a program to display the employee information of empID 7654?

declare
veno int:=7654;
vname varchar2(20);
vsal number(5);
vjob varchar2(20);
vhiredate date;
vcomm number(4);
vdeptno number(3);
BEGIN
select ename,sal,job,hiredate,comm,deptno
INTO
vname,vsal,vjob,vhiredate,vcomm,vdeptno
from emp
where empno=veno;
dbms_output.put_line(' Info of 7654');
dbms_output.put_line('---------------');
dbms_output.put_line(vname);
dbms_output.put_line(vsal);
dbms_output.put_line(vjob);
dbms_output.put_line(vhiredate);
dbms_output.put_line(vcomm);
dbms_output.put_line(vdeptno);
END;
/
sample output:
Info of 7654
MARTIN
1250
SALESMAN
28-SEP-81
1400
30
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Ex:
declare
veno int:=7654;
vname varchar2(20);
vsal number(5);
vjob varchar2(20);
vhiredate date;
vcomm number(4);
vdeptno number(3);
BEGIN
select ename,sal,job,hiredate,comm,deptno INTO
vname,vsal,vjob,vhiredate,vcomm,vdeptno
from emp
where empno=veno;
dbms_output.put_line
(' Info of Emp id: 7654');
dbms_output.put_line
('=============================================');
dbms_output.put_line('Name of emp: '||vname);
dbms_output.put_line('Salary of emp: '||vsal);
dbms_output.put_line('Designition of emp: '||vjob);
dbms_output.put_line('Join date of emp: '||vhiredate);
dbms_output.put_line('Commission of emp: '||vcomm);
dbms_output.put_line('Deptno of emp: '||vdeptno);
dbms_output.put_line('=============================================');
END;
/

output:

Info of 7654
=============================================
Name of emp: MARTIN
Salary of emp: 1250
Designition of emp: SALESMAN
Join date of emp: 28-SEP-81
Commission of emp: 1400
Deptno of emp: 30
=============================================

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Ex:
Write a program to display number of customers from the city " Delhi " ?

DECLARE
VCITY VARCHAR2(20):='Delhi';
CUST_CNT INT;
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO CUST_CNT
FROM CUST_DTLS
WHERE CITY=VCITY;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
(' NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS FROM '||VCITY||' = '||CUST_CNT);
END;

Ex:
Write a program to display number of male customers and number
of female customers?

declare
male_cnt int;
female_cnt int;
begin
select count(*) into male_cnt from cust_dtls where gender='M';
select count(*) into female_cnt from cust_dtls where gender='F';
dbms_output.put_line(' Number of males= '||male_cnt);
dbms_output.put_line(' Number of Females='||female_cnt);
end;

Assignments:

1) Write a program to display designition of empid 7788?

2) Write a program to display the city and mobile number of customer id " cust-5"?

3) Write a program to display the location of department " RESEARCH "?

Dynamic Progarms:
*****************

By using & (Substitution operator) operator we will make a program

as a dynamic program.
Instead of assigning a constant value in to a variable , While the
execution of the program, the program has to take a value from the
end user and that value stored it into a variable.

varname:='&varname';

Ex:
write a program to display the details of employee for the
given empno?

declare
v_eno number(4);
v_ename varchar2(20);
v_sal number(5);
v_job varchar2(20);
v_jdate date;
v_comm number(5);
V_dno int;
BEGIN
 v_eno:='&v_eno';
select ename,sal,job,hiredate,nvl(comm,0),deptno
INTO
v_ename,v_sal,v_job,v_jdate,v_comm,v_dno
from emp
where empno=v_eno;

dbms_output.put_line
(chr(10)||' Details of emp id: '||v_eno||chr(10)||
'-----------------------------------------'||chr(10)||
'Name: '||v_ename||chr(10)||
'Working with Salary: '||v_sal||chr(10)||
'Working as : '||v_job||chr(10)||
'Joined on: '||v_jdate||chr(10)||
'Getting Commission: '||v_comm||chr(10)||
'Working under: '||v_dno
);
end;

Ex:
Write a program to display the number of emps in the given deptno?

declare
vdno number(2);
e_count int;
begin
vdno:='&vdno';
select count(empno) into e_count
from emp
where deptno=vdno;
dbms_output.put_line
(' number of emps in Department : '||vdno||' = '||e_count);
end;

output:

number of emps in 20 = 5

Ex:
number of emps in 30 = 6

Ex: write a program to display the dept details under which the employee is
working with given id?

declare
veno number(4);
vdno number(4);
vdname varchar2(20);
vloc varchar2(20);
begin
veno:=&veno;
select * into vdno,vdname,vloc from dept
where deptno=(select deptno from emp where empno=veno);
dbms_output.put_line(' department details of employee : '||veno);
 dbms_output.put_line(vdno||' '||vdname||' '||vloc);
end;

Ex output:
department details of employee : 7902
20 RESEARCH DALLAS

Ex output:
department details of employee : 7788
20 RESEARCH DALLAS

Assignment:

1) write a program to display the total salary i am paying

to deptno 30 employees?

2) write a program to display the "number of male

customers" from the given city?

3) Write a program to display the number of emps

working under given deptno?

4) write a program to find the number of emps

working with given designition?

5) Write a program to find and display total salary

paying to given dept name?

declare
vdname varchar2(20);
tsal number;
begin
vdname:='&vdname';
select sum(sal) into tsal
from emp
where deptno=(select deptno from dept where dname=vdname);
dbms_output.put_line(' Given dept name: '||vdname);
dbms_output.put_line(' Total Salary: '||tsal);
end;

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------
Ex:

declare
vsal number(4);
vcnt int;
begin
vsal:='&vsal';
select count(*) into vcnt
from emp
where sal>vsal;
dbms_output.put_line('Given salary: '||vsal);
dbms_output.put_line
(' Number of emps having more salary than given salary: '||vcnt);
end;
Ex:
write a program to display total funds under given act_type?

declare
v_act_type varchar2(10);
v_funds number(8,2);
begin
v_act_type:='&v_act_type';
select sum(act_bal) into v_funds
from cust_act_dtls
where act_type=v_act_type;
dbms_output.put_line
(' Account Type: '||v_act_type);
dbms_output.put_line
(' Total Funds: '||v_funds);
end;

Ex:
Writea program to insert a record into dept table?

declare
vdno int;
vdname varchar2(20);
vloc varchar2(10);
begin
vdno:='&vdno';
vdname:='&vdname';
vloc:='&vloc';
insert into dept values
(vdno,vdname,vloc);
dbms_output.put_line
(' New dept launched');
end;

Ex:
write a program to display product details with company name
from given product code?

declare
vpid varchar2(10);
prodname varchar2(10);
cost number(7,2);
warrenty varchar2(10);
compname varchar2(20);
begin
vpid:='&vpid';
select p.prod_name,p.cost,p.warrenty,c.comp_name
into
prodname,cost,warrenty,compname
from prod_dtls p, comp_dtls c
where prod_code=vpid
and
p.comp_code=c.comp_code;
dbms_output.Put_line
(chr(10)||
'Given product code: '||vpid||chr(10)||
'-------------------------------'||chr(10)||
'Product Name: '||prodname||chr(10)||
'Price: '||cost ||chr(10)||
'Warrenty: '||warrenty||chr(10)||
'Company Name: '||compname
);
end;
/