Lab sheet: Power flow analysis

Semester-07

POWER FLOW PROGRAM USING MATLAB

Through NR method algorithm
Example: For three bus system:

Line impedances converted to admittances:

Let 100 MVA is the base value.

− ( 400+ j250 )
Ssch
2 = =−4.0− j2.5 pu … … … … … … … … …(1)
100
200
Psch
3 = =2.0 pu … … … … … … … … …(2)
100

The slack bus voltage V1=1.05∠ 0 pu, and the bus3 voltage magnitude is |V 3|=1.04 pu .
Starting with initial estimate|V (0)
2 |=1.0 pu δ 2 ¿ 0.0
, (0) and δ (0)
3 =0.0,

A) Matlab function for primitive data

function linedt = Primitive_Data()

% | From | To | R | X | B/2 | X'mer |

% | Bus | Bus | pu | pu | pu | TAP (a) |
linedat3 = [1 2 0.02 0.04 0 1
1 3 0.01 0.03 0 1
2 3 0.0125 0.025 0 1];
linedt = linedat3;

B) Matlab function for bus schedule data:

function busdt = Scheduled_Bus_Data()

% Type....
% 1 - Slack Bus..
% 2 - PV Bus..
% 3 - PQ Bus..
% |Bus| Type| Vsp| delta| PGi | QGi | PLi | QLi | Qmin | Qmax|
busdat3 = [1 1 1.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
2 3 1.0 0 0 0 400 250 0 0;
3 2 1.04 0 200 0 0 0 -1000 +1000;];
busdt = busdat3;
 C) Program to for Admittance And Impedance Bus Formation....
function YB = Admittance_Formation() % Returns Y

linedata = Primitive_Data(); % Calling Linedatas...

fb = linedata(:,1); % From bus number...
tb = linedata(:,2); % To bus number...
r = linedata(:,3); % Resistance, R...
x = linedata(:,4); % Reactance, X...
b = linedata(:,5); % Ground Admittance, B/2...
a = linedata(:,6); % Tap setting value..
z = r + j*x; % z matrix...
y = 1./z; % To get inverse of each element...
b = j*b; % Make B imaginary...

nb = max(max(fb),max(tb)); % No. of buses...

nl = length(fb); % No. of branches...
YB = zeros(nb,nb); % Initialise YBus...

% Formation of the Off Diagonal Elements...

for k = 1:nl
YB(fb(k),tb(k)) = YB(fb(k),tb(k)) - y(k)/a(k);
YB(tb(k),fb(k)) = YB(fb(k),tb(k));
end

% Formation of Diagonal Elements....

for m = 1:nb
for n = 1:nl
if fb(n) == m
YB(m,m) = YB(m,m) + y(n)/(a(n)^2) + b(n);
elseif tb(n) == m
YB(m,m) = YB(m,m) + y(n) + b(n);
end
end
end
%YB; % Bus Admittance Matrix
%ZB = inv(YB); % Bus Impedance Matrix

D) Polar to Rectangular Conversion

% [RECT] = RECT2POL(RHO, Delta)
% RECT - Complex matrix or number, RECT = A + jB, A = Real, B = Imaginary
% RHO - Magnitude
% THETA - Angle in radians

function rect = pol2rect(rho,delta)

rect = rho.*cos(delta) + j*rho.*sin(delta);

E) Program for Bus Power Injections, Line & Power flows (p.u)...
function [Pi Qi Pg Qg Pl Ql] = loadflow(nb,V,del,BMva)

Y = Admittance_Formation(); % Calling Ybus program..

lined = Primitive_Data(); % Get linedats..
busd = Scheduled_Bus_Data(); % Get busdatas..
Vm = pol2rect(V,del); % Converting polar to rectangular..
Del = 180/pi*del; % Bus Voltage Angles in Degree...
fb = lined(:,1); % From bus number...
tb = lined(:,2); % To bus number...
nl = length(fb); % No. of Branches..
Pl = busd(:,7); % PLi..
Ql = busd(:,8); % QLi..

Iij = zeros(nb,nb);
Sij = zeros(nb,nb);
Si = zeros(nb,1);

% Bus Current Injections..

I = Y*Vm;
Im = abs(I);
Ia = angle(I);

%Line Current Flows..

for m = 1:nl
p = fb(m); q = tb(m);
Iij(p,q) = -(Vm(p) - Vm(q))*Y(p,q); % Y(m,n) = -y(m,n)..
Iij(q,p) = -Iij(p,q);
end
%Iij = sparse(Iij); % Commented out..
Iijm = abs(Iij);
Iija = angle(Iij);

% Line Power Flows..

for m = 1:nb
for n = 1:nb
if m ~= n
Sij(m,n) = Vm(m)*conj(Iij(m,n))*BMva;
end
end
end
%Sij = sparse(Sij); % Commented out..
Pij = real(Sij);
Qij = imag(Sij);

% Line Losses..
Lij = zeros(nl,1);
for m = 1:nl
p = fb(m); q = tb(m);
Lij(m) = Sij(p,q) + Sij(q,p);
end
Lpij = real(Lij);
Lqij = imag(Lij);

% Bus Power Injections..

for i = 1:nb
for k = 1:nb
Si(i) = Si(i) + conj(Vm(i))* Vm(k)*Y(i,k)*BMva;
end
end
Pi = real(Si);
Qi = -imag(Si);
Pg = Pi+Pl;
Qg = Qi+Ql;
 Continued…….

disp('#######################################################################################')
;
disp('--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp(' Newton Raphson Loadflow Analysis ');
disp('--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp('| Bus | V | Angle | Injection | Generation | Load |');
disp('| No | pu | Degree | MW | MVar | MW | Mvar | MW | MVar | ');
for m = 1:nb
disp('----------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
fprintf('%3g', m); fprintf(' %8.4f', V(m)); fprintf(' %8.4f', Del(m));
fprintf(' %8.3f', Pi(m)); fprintf(' %8.3f', Qi(m));
fprintf(' %8.3f', Pg(m)); fprintf(' %8.3f', Qg(m));
fprintf(' %8.3f', Pl(m)); fprintf(' %8.3f', Ql(m)); fprintf('\n');
end
disp('--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
fprintf(' Total ');fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Pi)); fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Qi));
fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Pi+Pl)); fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Qi+Ql));
fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Pl)); fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Ql)); fprintf('\n');
disp('--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp('#########################################################################################
');

disp('-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp(' Line FLow and Losses ');
disp('-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp('|From|To | P | Q | From| To | P | Q | Line Loss |');
disp('|Bus |Bus| MW | MVar | Bus | Bus| MW | MVar | MW | MVar |');
for m = 1:nl
p = fb(m); q = tb(m);
disp('----------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
fprintf('%4g', p); fprintf('%4g', q); fprintf(' %8.3f', Pij(p,q)); fprintf(' %8.3f',
Qij(p,q));
fprintf(' %4g', q); fprintf('%4g', p); fprintf(' %8.3f', Pij(q,p)); fprintf(' %8.3f',
Qij(q,p));
fprintf(' %8.3f', Lpij(m)); fprintf(' %8.3f', Lqij(m));
fprintf('\n');
end
disp('-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
fprintf(' Total Loss ');
fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Lpij)); fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Lqij)); fprintf('\n');
disp('-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp('#####################################################################################');

F) Matlab Program for Newton-Raphson Load Flow Analysis..

 Y = Admittance_Formation(); % Calling ybusppg.m to get Y-Bus
Matrix..
busd = Scheduled_Bus_Data(); % Calling busdatas..
nbus=3; % Number of buses
BMva = 100; % Base MVA..
bus = busd(:,1); % Bus Number..
type = busd(:,2); % Type of Bus 1-Slack, 2-PV, 3-PQ..
V = busd(:,3); % Specified Voltage..
del = busd(:,4); % Voltage Angle..
Pg = busd(:,5)/BMva; % PGi..
Qg = busd(:,6)/BMva; % QGi..
Pl = busd(:,7)/BMva; % PLi..
Ql = busd(:,8)/BMva; % QLi..
Qmin = busd(:,9)/BMva; % Minimum Reactive Power Limit..
Qmax = busd(:,10)/BMva; % Maximum Reactive Power Limit..
P = Pg - Pl; % Pi = PGi - PLi..
Q = Qg - Ql; % Qi = QGi - QLi..
Psp = P; % P Specified..
Qsp = Q; % Q Specified..
G = real(Y); % Conductance matrix..
B = imag(Y); % Susceptance matrix..
pv = find(type == 2 | type == 1); % PV Buses..
pq = find(type == 3); % PQ Buses..
npv = length(pv); % No. of PV buses..
npq = length(pq); % No. of PQ buses..

Tol = 1;
Iter = 1;
while (Tol > 1e-5) % Iteration starting..

P = zeros(nbus,1);
Q = zeros(nbus,1);
% Calculate P and Q
for i = 1:nbus
for k = 1:nbus
P(i) = P(i) + V(i)* V(k)*(G(i,k)*cos(del(i)-del(k)) +
B(i,k)*sin(del(i)-del(k)));
Q(i) = Q(i) + V(i)* V(k)*(G(i,k)*sin(del(i)-del(k)) -
B(i,k)*cos(del(i)-del(k)));
end
end

% Checking Q-limit violations..

if Iter <= 7 && Iter > 2 % Only checked up to 7th iterations..
for n = 2:nbus
if type(n) == 2
QG = Q(n)+Ql(n);
if QG < Qmin(n)
V(n) = V(n) + 0.01;
elseif QG > Qmax(n)
V(n) = V(n) - 0.01;
end
end
end
end

Continued…
 % Calculate change from specified value
dPa = Psp-P;
dQa = Qsp-Q;
k = 1;
dQ = zeros(npq,1);
for i = 1:nbus
if type(i) == 3
dQ(k,1) = dQa(i);
k = k+1;
end
end
dP = dPa(2:nbus);
M = [dP; dQ]; % Mismatch Vector

% Jacobian
% J1 - Derivative of Real Power Injections with Angles..
J1 = zeros(nbus-1,nbus-1);
for i = 1:(nbus-1)
m = i+1;
for k = 1:(nbus-1)
n = k+1;
if n == m
for a = 1:nbus
J1(i,k) = J1(i,k) + V(m)* V(a)*(-G(m,a)*sin(del(m)-
del(a)) + B(m,a)*cos(del(m)-del(a)));
end
J1(i,k) = J1(i,k) - V(m)^2*B(m,m);
else
J1(i,k) = V(m)* V(n)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) -
B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end

% J2 - Derivative of Real Power Injections with V..

J2 = zeros(nbus-1,npq);
for i = 1:(nbus-1)
m = i+1;
for k = 1:npq
n = pq(k);
if n == m
for n = 1:nbus
J2(i,k) = J2(i,k) + V(n)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) +
B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J2(i,k) = J2(i,k) + V(m)*G(m,m);
else
J2(i,k) = V(m)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) +
B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end

Continued…
% J3 - Derivative of Reactive Power Injections with Angles..
J3 = zeros(npq,nbus-1);
for i = 1:npq
m = pq(i);
for k = 1:(nbus-1)
n = k+1;
 Output:

>> Main_Program

Y =

20.0000 -50.0000i -10.0000 +20.0000i -10.0000 +30.0000i

-10.0000 +20.0000i 26.0000 -52.0000i -16.0000 +32.0000i
Lab assessment: Perform power flow analysis for following powers system.

Hint: You may use the above code.

The following power network which is being made available to the electrical utility industry
as a standard test case for evaluating various analytical methods and computer program.
Here Bus-1 is taken as the slack bus with its voltage adjusted to 1.06∠ 0 ° pu.
The data for the voltage controlled buses is:

The transformer tap setting:

Data for injected Q due to shunt capacitor is: