URBAN PLANNING

ASSIGNMENT 02

PLANNED
AND
BUILT
CITIES
CHANDIGARH & TEL AVIV

Presented By,
Nandan M
VIII Sem B.Arch
ISA 2020
CHANDIGARH
INTRODUCTION
Chandigarh is one of the most significant urban planning
experiments of the 20th century. It is the only one of the numerous urban
planning schemes of Le Corbusier to have actually been executed. It is also
the site of some of his greatest architectural creations. The city has had a
far-reaching impact, ushering in a modern idiom of architecture and city
planning all over India. It has become a symbol of planned urbanism. It is as
famous for its landscaping as for its architectural ambience. Most of the
buildings are in pure, cubical form, geometrically subdivided with emphasis
on proportion, scale and detail.
HISTORY

• since punjab was divided into two parts, the capital was left in pakistan
there fore punjab in india required new capital
• le corbusier was approached by punjab government and the prime minister
of india
• chandigarh is a bold experiment in modern civic design
• maxwell fry, jane drew and pierre jeanneret were also involved in the team
of architects
• when le corbusier assumed control of the chandigarh project in 1951,
however the design of the city had already been devised by the new york
firm of mayer, whittlesey, and glass who received a contract for the master
plan of chandigarh in 1950

GEOGRAPHICAL AND DEMOGRAPHICAL PROFILE

• Area 114 sq kms

• Longitude 76 47' 14E
• Latitude 30 44' 14N
• Total Population (2011 census) 10.55 Lacs(97.25% people live in urban
regions)
• Density of population/sq. km. 7,900

IDEA OF LE CORBUSIER

• The city of Chandigarh is planned to human scale.

• Head–capitol (place of power)
• Heart –the city centre
• Stomach–the commercial area
• Arms–university and Industrial zone
• Lungs–leisure valley ,open spaces
• Arteries–network of roads
SECTORS
The key of modern urbanism is 'the Sector', which was defined as a container
of family life (24 solar hours: night and day). Each sector was 800 meters by
1,200 meters, enclosed by roads allocated to fastmechanized transport and
sealed to direct access from the houses. The population would be
approximately from 5,000 to 20,000 inhabitants. Chandigarh had 30 sectors.

ROADS

• The roads of the city were classified into seven categories, known as the
system of 7 Vs.
• V-1 Fast roads connecting Chandigarh to other towns;
• V-2 Arterial roads;
• V-3 Fast vehicular roads;
• V-4 Free Flowing shopping streets;
• V-5 Sector circulation roads;
• V-6 Access roads to houses;
• V-7 Footpaths and cycle tracks
HOUSING
The residential buildings were governed by a mechanism known as 'frame
control' created by the municipal administration to control their facades.
This fixed the building line and height and the use of building materials.
Certain standard sizes of doors and windows are specified and all the gates
and boundary walls must conform to standard design. The idea was to
ensure that the view from the street, which belonged to the community,
was of same visual order and discipline to maintain uniformity.
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

All buildings located in the City Centre and commercial or institutional

buildings located along V-2 roads were subjected to controls. The system of
the City Centre was based on a grid of columns. fixed 5.26 meters shuttering
pattern on concrete and a system of glazing or screen walls behind the line
of columns. The interior planning was left to the owners. and in the exterior,
certain variations are permitted to give variety to the architectural
composition.

CONCLUSION POSITIVE HIGHLIGHTS

• Each sector satisfies the necessities of human needs

• Separate roads for pedestrian, bicycle and heavy vehicles
• Shops on ground floor, Residence on upper floor
• Shop protected from rain and sun, as a covered walkway for the customers
NEGATIVE HIGHLIGHTS

• Roads being similar to each other creates confusion

• Brutal concrete gives a rough look
• City not planned for lower income people.
• Existence of slums around the city

DEVELOPMENT IN CHANDIGARH

The city of Chandigarh was developed in 3 phases :

• Sectors 1 to 30 have been developed in Phase-I , it was completely
developed in 1975.
• Sector 31to 47 have been developed in PhaseII , for accommodating
population of 5 lakhs in combined.
• Sectors from 48 to 56 in Phase III has been taken up
GROWTH OF CHANDIGARH

• The Chandigarh has become Hi-tech city by setting up of I.T. park.

• The Chandigarh being the regional centre is hub of political and
bureaucratic activities of the 3 neighbouring states of Punjab, Haryana and
Himachal Pradesh.
• The high profile education and health facilities are available in the
Chandigarh, like Punjab Engineering College and PGI, York, Fortis.
• The Chandigarh has its tourist potential.

VILLAGES AND SLUMS

• There are 18 villages in Chandigarh city and 4 villages are under municipal
boundary.
• There are 14 unauthorised slums have population

VISION IN TERMS OF INFRASTRUCTURE

• Safeguarding the health, integrated management of water source, liquid &

solid waste and protection of environment.
• Protection of environment and safeguarding the health of the general
public by providing a complete underground sewerage system.
• 100% Coverage of the whole green area in gardens, parks and open spaces
with tertiary treated water in order to save the potable water of drinking
purposes.
• To have good connectivity of city with other cities through roads and better
solid waste collection centres.
TEL AVIV
INTRODUCTION

• The character of a city can be perceived through the way in which its
buildings comprise the urban spaces. These urban spaces, streets, alleys and
squares, which are formed between the buildings, are as important to urban
life as the buildings themselves, since they construct the space in which
urban activity occurs.
• The character of Tel-Aviv’s urban spaces, especially in the residential
quarters, is greatly influenced by a particular housing type .
• Tele aviv is also known as the white city because of its exposed concrete
buildings

• It was developed also in conjunction with

experimental modern architecture imported
to Palestine by European trained Jewish
architects and engineers in the 1920s and
1930s .
• The Tel -Aviv housing type, looked upon as
the product of a planning scheme, of
architectural style, and of construction
practices and development modes,
represents an authentic contextualization of
the archetypal twentieth century building
form, the multi -family apartment building.
THE BEGINNING- JAFFA
• The city of Tel-Aviv originates in the late 1880s, with the first move by Jews
outside the walls of Jaffa, then a small port town connected by a developed
road system to other cities in the region .
• In an attempt to create modern neighborhoods without the need of the
defensive system of the town walls, which no longer offered protection in
advanced warfare techniques.
• These neighborhoods maintained low rise continuously built urban form but,
as opposed to Jaffa,
• they had added small green public spaces, wider streets and more advanced
housing layouts with better ventilation, light penetration and sanitary systems
• Thus they can be seen as a reaction to the poor living standards of the
traditional urban model, dealt with within its limitations.
• Their urban model, limited in size and in potential growth, although
depicting contemporary urban architectural concepts emphasized by social
and political ideology, was manifested in traditional Mediterranean forms and
materials
PATRICK GEDDES – TELE AVIV
• Tel -Aviv’s rapid development, both in its built
-up area and its population, culminated in 1924
- 5.
• Rapid development required a new
comprehensive planning approach, which was
needed especially since the different built -up
areas were organized as separate
neighborhoods, sometimes physically divided
by stretches of unbuilt areas.
• Geddes ’scheme for Tel -Aviv can be seen not
as a scheme for a model garden city, but as an
adaptation of his idea of the garden city, fitted
into existing circumstances.
• The plan specifies a village -like environment
which is to be materialized especially in the low
density and height restrictions of the buildings,
particularly in the residential areas.
• These restrictions originating in contemporary
evaluation of European urban conditions, were
considered necessary to allow every house and
street to receive the maximum amount of sun
light and to reduce the congestion of narrow
streets in the urban areas.
PATRICK GEDDES – TELE AVIV
• He mainly concentrated on creation
of ‘green’ environment, throughout
the city, but especially in the
residential areas, by bringing specific
attributes of the country into the
urban context. Thus, the city is
designed with a careful attention to
the open green areas, both private
and public.
• All urban scales are addressed –
from a consideration of the type of
plantings preferable for the city, to be
used in private gardens, to the design
of urban parks, boulevards, and even
a botanical garden.

METROPOLITAN SCALE
• The plan addresses metropolitan
issues relating Tel-Aviv to Jaffa in
terms of major functions and the
ordering of land use zones.
• It addresses the status of Jaffa’s
port, recommends a rail connection
between the two cities and fosters the
development of some of the seashore
as a recreation area.
• It also regulates the location of
industrial areas, markets and
slaughter houses, mainly in order to
preserve the quality of the residential
areas.
URBAN SCALE
• The plan’s main contribution is in the creation of a street hierarchy
differentiating quiet residential streets from major throughways. The major
streets (‘mainways’) define large urban blocks (‘home blocks’), structured by
narrow residential streets (‘homeways’).
• structured by narrow residential streets (‘homeways’) which, together with
pedestrian lanes lead to public parks or enclosed avenues at the core of the
home block, with communal facilities such as playgrounds and tennis courts.
• Most major roads lie in the north – south axis.
• Here the plan fails to see the full potential of the sea as a generator of urban
activity. It gives most of the emphasis to the streets running parallel to the sea
line, and does not articulate sufficiently the east–west streets open to the
water.

NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE
• The spirit of the Garden Village is best preserved in Geddes’ concept of the
‘home block’.
• It consists of groups of small residential blocks connected by short inner
streets, organized around an inner open space.
• This inner space can be reached by pedestrian alleys, 1.5 m wide, envisaged
by Geddes as lanes covered with rose and vines.
• These passages, at the back of the private plots, allow the residents easy
access to communal facilities located in the centered open space .
• The house plot suggested in the report, of 560 m2, was given to Geddes by
the town planning committee as the average standard.
• This house plot size is used by Geddes with a rule admitting the construction
of no more than two small houses with common gable.
IMPLEMENTATION OF GEDDES PLAN
• In an urban development condition driven by
expectations for high capital gain on the one
hand, and by enormous housing demands on
the other hand, an idealistic plan as suggested
by Geddes, with low density, extensive public
amenities and vast open spaces.
• The residential blocks, according to Geddes’
recommendations, were divided into building
parcels of about 500 m2 to be developed
piecemeal.
• The Geddes plan, and its by-laws adaptation,
following the building regulation as given by the
city council, established for this parcel size a
floor area ratio of around 40% and a building
height of up to 9 m in two storeys
• on interior streets, and 14 m in 3 storeys, on
main streets. Setback was no less than 3 m and
side setbacks required a distance of 6–8 m
between buildings.
• Most of these requirements were observed
and carried on in the various plans that
following the Geddes report.