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Programming in C For PIC

Programming in C For PIC

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Programming in C For PIC

Programming in C For PIC

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Kethavath Sakrunaik K
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UNIT PROGRAMMING IN C FOR PIC : PART-A SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS Q1. What is a data type? List the various data types in C that are used in PIC18 microcontroller, Ans: Model Data Type A data type is used to indicate the type of data value stored in a variable.’The data type of a variable is specifi time of its declaration and is attached till the end of execution of the program. Data Types in PIC18 Microcontroller The various data types of C that are used in PICI8 microcontroller are as follows, char unsigned char int pre 4. unsigned int 5 5. short 6. unsigned short 7. tong, é 8. unsigned long 9. short long 10.__unsigned short long. 2. Write @ short note on bit-addressable /O programming, Ans: ible and bit-addressable. The ke The /O ports of PICI8 are byte accessib ss bits of VO poris and the format used is, PORT * bits.xy, where ‘x’ indicates t port. 'yword sbit is used to access the Si he ports 4, B, Cot D and ‘y* indi “The single bit addresses of a PIC18 are shown in the below table, — ~ 128 to 127 ye ees Owr25 int 32,768 t0 + 32,767 unsigned int 0 to 65,535 a + 32,768 to 32,767 ‘ unsigaed sett 0 t065,535 short long, ~ 8,388,608 t0 + 8,388,607 i unsigned short long 010 1677215 ~PN47485,648 10 +2,147.483,649 ‘unsigned Jong Lg 42 SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS [JNTU KAKINADA] out logical operators in G. is referred as logical operator. These operators The operator which is used to combine or relate two or more expressio sf are tabulated below, ae useful in decision making and in testing more than one condition. These are three types. which Operation Logical Operator && Logical AND Logical OR Logical NOT Q4, Write a short note on, (i) Bitwise operator )_Bitwise shift operator Ans: ise Operator ; Bitwise operators are similar to that of logical operators except that they work on binary bits. When bitwise operators are used with Variables, they are internally converted to binary numbers and then bitwise operators are applied on jaaividal bite, Bitwise operators do manipulation on bts stored in memory. These operators work with ‘char’ and “int” “ data types. (ii) Bitwise Shift Operator bitwise logical operators, there are two more operators available in C and are referred as bitwise shift In addition 10 operators. They ate, (a) Shiftright - (b)_ Shift left ‘ 05. Write the SatamneEmEpere ec ASCH format Ans: i 11 Format rm: steps to Convert a Packed BED #9 ASC! : paceman aso ate a low, The steps to vépuckd BCD. 1. Convert the packed BED '® . ackes BoD with 0! 1000030H), 2. Now, Tag Unt Example (0x32, 0x39 00110010, 00111001 Sy Oe. non te es ee 8M, Tm cos ac mon af orerta, The checksU byte is calculated by adding the bytes t,,-<47 °? Yt Which is Surge during operation : resultant sum gives the checksum byte. When ‘ogether and negl. assigned at the end of Lot ey uncorupted Ifthe um isnot zero, one or mons jum ofall he bytes, ncleeal Correspon carry ore bytes o re cha Siting ee ae corrupted data. _ UNIT-6 Programming in C for PIC Q7. Write a.C18 program to turn bit § of Port B on and off 50,000 times. Ans: include define MYBIT PORTBbits.RBS void main(void) ‘unsigned inti; TRISBbits.TRISBS = 0; Making PORTB.$ as an output for{i-0;i ‘define getbit PORTBbits RBO +#define sendbit PORTCbits. RCT void main(void) { TRISBbits.TRISBO = 1; //making PORTB.0 an input TRISCbits.TRISC7=0; _//making PORTC.7 an output “get a bit from RBO ; H 6.4 MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS [JNTU-KAKINADA] * 7 TIONS WITH SOLUTIONS SRT ws 09, Give a brief int F Carob ha) program in C2 ‘0M PIC18 programming in C. What are the different reasons to use PIC18 | Ans: Model Papers, Q7(a) PICI8 Programming in © on-chi > RONG nroller programing, the compiler generates large size hex file but the microcontrollers aré limited ns Space for coding is limited to 2M only. Therefore, compilers and assemblers are used to convert oer aaatuage oF high-level language codes to a compressed machine code that willbe later on stored in the aeemans memory on the basis o device ype, The program memory may be permanent in ROM ora erasable read- Reasons to use PICI8 Program in C There are various feasons t0 use PICI8 program in C and they are as follows, C level programming allows the implementation of large and critical programs in less time. % The compiler and development tools in C are very efficient. C provides different data types, arrays, structures, variables which makes the program simpler and understandable. + During compilation process, the compiler detects the errors and it can be rectified (in meanwhile). Therefore, it reduces errors while running the program. | + C makes use of different statements such as. execution of a program in a sequence, Once the code is written in G, it can be used in other microcontrolicr. Since, C compiler automatically switches to the corresponding microcontroller’s pre-directives, ie. the intial commands given to the compiler before starting the program execution: =” if else, for, while, do-while, switch for easy flow of program ie. Example es which consists of various functions. So, the user can directly % provides standard Hbavits ead of declaring them again which reduces complexity. by just giving the im ‘use them in their program Example math.h, stdio.hy ¢ the program can be divided into sub-programs called module. Th aby bet modules of the same programs or differen programe consists cr ie asembly language code can be we along with © language code ler are controlled easily withthe use of C programming. ‘Mode! Papert, a7) ‘data value stored in a variable. The data execution of the program. ‘pe of a variable is specified atthe a smaller hex files. For this Tevaiow din YpesofC tatareuedot res C that are used of Pic ne Y2tious data UNIT-6 Programming in C for PIC ; [Data Type Size | char 8-bit I -vadllgned Char 8-bit ) int 16-bit 168 tors | unsigned int 16-bit 0 to 65,535 short 16-bit 32,768 to 32,767 ) ‘unsigned short 16-bit 0 to 65,535 short long 24-bit ~ 8,388,608 to + 8,388,607 | unsigned short tong “| 24-bit 010 16,777,215 | long 32-bit 2,147,483,648 to + 2,147,483,647 |__unsigned tong __|__32-bit__ __010 4,294,967,295 1. Unsigned char “Unsigned char’ data type is a frequently used data type in PICI8 programming. It is a 8-bits (I-b 't accepts the values in the range 0-255 (j.c. 00-FFH), It is used in many cases like setting a counter value and ‘whe the signed data i not required (In uch cases, user must use the unsigned char type). Note tha, ifthe chara mentioned as unsigned then, the C compiler will automatically consider it asa signed type. Since, the number of registers and data RAM locations are limited in PIC18 microcontroller. The usage hhex file. User should be careful while declaring the variables. Use the unsigned char data type Example 1 toa lar; PICI8 program to send the values 00-FF to PORTB include _//declaration of TRISB and PORTS void main(void) unsigned char x; TRISB = 0; Jimake Port B an output for(x=0;x<=255;x++) PORTB while (1); {Required when a program running in hardware When the above program is executed on simulator, the PORT B displays the values 00 ‘The unsigned char data type is also used for ast FFH in binary ASCII char of ASCII characters and extended Example 2 /P1C18 program to send the hex vals forte ASCH characters FN, 1K, 410, 9, 1g include void main(void) unsigned char Str{ J= “NIKHIL0916”; /fTbe data is stored in RAM unsigned char x; me ‘make Port B an output for(x-0:x2103x4+4) i PORTB = Stix: : : while(1)5 J)Required when program is running in hardware } ‘ - a ENGINEERING STUDENTS : SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENN ae sinh ¢ a 6.6 above pro LLERS [JNTU-KAKINADA] ‘When the > MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTRO B displays the val Seccutedon simular Sieh aS eR NAIK Ate ee 91,6) ‘Values for Example 3 ICIS prog < stam t0 toggle all the bits of PORT continuously Hinchade void main(void) TRISB = 0; for(;;) PORTB = 0x55; PORTB = OxAA; ) When the above program is executed, the simulator will display how the PORT B toggles continuously. 2. Signed char “Signed char’ is a 8-bit data type and it accepts the values in the range— 128 to + 127. Itmakes use of most significant bit i.c., D7 of D7-D0 to represent the negative and positive values. 113s used inthe place of where ve and +ve values are required to be declared like temperature. Notice that, the unsigned char will be tt Example C18 program 1/53 to PORT B Unsigned int “Unsigned int’ is a 16-bit data type and it accepts the values in the range from 0 to 65,535 (ie, 0000 ~ FFFFH). It Yan also set the counter values greater than 256. Since, PIC18 is a8-bit microcontroller the ‘int’ type takes 2-bytes of memory (RAM), Because ofthe large size, misuse of int data types leads toa larger hex file. For some PCS with 512MB memory, 32-bit pentium’s registers and memory accesses, and a bus speed of 133MHZ. The misuse of int data type is negligable, Use the unsigned data type when there is no need of declaring signed data, Note that, the C compiler will take the int as signed int unless it is declared as unsigned. Example C18 program to toggle all bits of PORT C 50,000 times include void main(void) { ‘unsigned int ch; TRISC = 0; //Naking PORT Cas an output for(ch=0;ch<=50000;ch++) { PORTC = 0355; PORTCC= 0xAA; ; } while(1); ‘/Repeat loop continuously } 4. Signed in ‘Signed int'is a 16-bit datatype and it accepts the values C18 program to toggle all bits of PORT C25,000 times include yoid main(void) af x int ch; TRISC =0; aera for(ch=0;ch<=25000;ch++) t PORTC = 0x55; Cas an output UNIT-6 Programming inc for PIC Other Data Types JC other than unsigned int, signed int, unsigned char, signed chat some other datatypes are also used, the values greater than 16-bit, ic. short long is a 24-bit type and long is a 32-bit data type. Example /C18 program to toggle all bits of PORT € 100,000 times #include void main(void) unsigned short long ch; unsigned int p; TRISC=0; //Making PORT C as an output for(ch= }00000;ch++) PORTC=0x55; PORTC=0xAA; while(1); ‘/Repeat loop continuously ) 6.2 0 PROGRAMMING é a Q11. Explain input/output programming in C with examples. Ans: 1/0 Programming VO programming specifies the way in which different 1/ operations are carried out ming in C can be done in two different ways. They are, by a computer. 1. Bytesize YO 2. Bitaddressable 1/0. 1. Byte Size /0 In Byte size I/O programming the ports PORT A, PORT B, PORT C, POR’ labels of the ports defined in the C18 header file. -addressable 1/0 T Dare byte accessible, For answer refer Unit-V1, QI2. Example v ‘The 1/0 program in to display the count fom 000 FFH onthe LEDs which are connected to # include # define LED PORTD / Defining P2 as LED void main(void) : { , 4 TRISC = 0; 1/ Making PORTC as output TRISD = 0; 1/ Making PORTD as output PORTC = 00; Clear PORTC 4 SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS a i KINADAI ES MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS [JNTU-KAI LED : 1 Clear PORTD ; Repeat loop continuously ‘oerement PORTC ‘/nerement PORTD a Write brief about bit-addressable 1/0 programming with example. ns The VO ports of PICI vidual are byte accessible and bit-addressable. The keyword sbit is used to access the Single/indivi bis of VO pons and the format used is, PORT x bitsy, where x indieats the ports A,B, Cor D and ‘y" indicate bits 0-7 of a or The single bit addresses of a PICIS are shown in the below table, PORTA | PORTB | PORTC | PORTD | PORTE | Port's Bit RAO RBO RCO RDO REO DO RAL RBI RCI RDI REL DI RAZ RB2 RCD RD2 RE2 D2 RA3 ‘RBS RC} RD3 D3, RAG ‘RBS RC4 RD4 D4 RAS RBS RCS RDS DS RBG ROG RD6 D6 RB7 RCT RD? D7 : Table: Single bit Addresses of PICT8F548/4580 Ports Port Bits Structure f ‘The structure of a PORT B bit as provided by C18 C complier is given as below, extern volatile near unsigned char PORT! extern volatile near union { . ; struct : ( : unsigned RBO:1; unsigned REI; unsigned RB2:I; unsigned RB3:15 UNIT-6 Programming in C for PIC S following C18 program: a 13. Write the unsigned CANTX:1; the byte of da to access unsigned CANRX:1; (Prog ree, wait for 500 ms(1/2 Seco unsigned :1; then send it to part B- unsigned PGM:1; 1m to get a byte of data ii) Prograt unsigned PGC:1; (1) iritis less than 500, send itto unsigned PGD:1; Mode! igned PGD:1 fis % i byte of data i) _//C 18 program to access the ee ait Fr s00ms (1/2 seconds) and then send Example 1 = #include 4 ‘C18 program to toggle only RB7 bit continuously ‘without disturbing the rest of the bits of PORT B void Delay(unsigned int); #include //Passing the p define bit! PORTBbits RB7 //declare single bit ‘/unsigned int void main(void) id main(void) 5 void main( ) { ‘TRISBbits.TRISB7=0; making RB7 an output t while (1) unsigned char byte; // Declaring byte { : TRISC=0xFF; —_ // Making PORT Cani = cer eS ‘TRISD = 0; // Making PORT Di bitt ‘turning off RB7 i i While(1), ‘repeat loop ) ‘ Se byte=PORTC; —_// Access byte fi {/C18 program to monitor bit RC4. If itis HIGH, send //5SH to Port B; otherwise, send AAH to Port D Delay (500); Jhwait for 12 s #include PORTD=byte; _//send byte to PORE #define bit! PORTCbits:RC4 ‘Declaration of ‘ Isingle-bit void main(void) } t ‘oid Delay (unsigned int count) TRISCbits TRISC4 (/Making RC4 an input : a ‘TRISD=0; /Making PORT D an output unsigned inti: Decaring i) while A ; @ fori = 0; i and a buzzer program to monitor the door sensor, and when it opens, sound the buzzer. You can sound ‘define LCDMessage PORTB the buzzer by sending a square wave of a few I The declaration LCDMessage hundred Hz frequencies foe #define Enable_pin PORTCbits.RC2 ‘The Enable pin | Ans: include void MSDelay(unsigned int); void main(void) { define Door_sensor PORTBbIts RB} unsigned char msg{] ="The Earth is but One Country”; ‘define bzr PORTChits.RC7 unsigned char ch; void main(void) TRB //Making PORT B as an output , TRISChits TRISC2=0; //Making PORTC.2.as an output RIsBbits TRISBI = 15 5a for(ch=0;ch28;ch++) //sending all the 28 character /yMaking PORTB.1 as an input | ( " RISCbits.TRISCT = % LCDMessage = msafch]; Making PORTC.7 #8 4" Ces Enable_pin=1; : while(Door_sensor—= 1) Enable_pin-0; { } bar=0; while(1); ‘Repeat loop continuously are. Ans: ai7. Ans: Progr: UNIT-6 Programming in C for PIC ontinuou: Write a C18 program to toggie all he bits of Port B, Port, and Port D #include Void MSDelay(unsigned int); Z Void main(void) TRISB = 0; , TRISC = 0; TRISD = 0; while(1) PORTB = 0x55; PORTC = oxs5; PORTD = 0x55; MSDelay(250);, PORTB = OxAA; PORTC = OxAA; PORTD = 0xAA; MSDelay(250); } , void MSDelay(unsigned int count) t unsigned int i 7 unsigned char jz é for(i=0;i #define getbit PORTBbits.RBO define sendbit PORTCits. RCT void main(void) { 4 : ~ ‘/making PORTB.O an input ‘/making PORTC.7 an output 6.12 -KAKINADAI dt MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS [JNTU-KA\ sendbit = get * Hestabit from RBO and send tio RCT Disassembly : : ‘include a ‘define getbit PORTBbits. RBO 3: ‘define sendbit PORTCbits.RC7 4 void main(void) 5 t 6: __ TRISBbits.TRISBO (imaking PORTB.0 an input 00002’ 8093” BSF ox193, 0, ACCESS 7: TRISCbits.TRISC7 = 0; /Imaking PORTC.7 an output 0000E4 _9E94 BSF Oxf94, 0x7, ACCESS 8 + while) 0000F2 D7F9 BRA Oxe6 9: { . 10: sendbit = getbit; i ‘/Iget a bit from RBO and send it to RC7 0000E6 5081 MOVF —_Oxf®1, W, ACCESS 0000E8 OBOL_— ANDLW Oxi 0000EA £002. BZ Oxf Q000EC 8E82._BSF_OxfR2, 0x7, ACCESS 0000EE DOOL_-BRA* Oxf2 000f0. 9E82 BCE Oxf82, 0x7, ACCESS oa ‘Model Paper, a7(b) inst ; : fo gmbine or relat two or more expressions i referred as logical operator. These operators she opeitr 8 types, tabulated as follows, are useful in decision ™ | UNIT-6 Programming in C for PIC @ Logical AND Logical AND operator provides true value only when both the relational expressions are true Synta: xp 1 && exp 2 (i) Logical OR The result of logical OR expression will be false only when both the relational expressions are false. Syntax: exp 1 |j exp 2 Logical NOT The result of this expression will be true, if the predefined expression is false and vice versa. Symtax: exp != exp2 The functions of the above three logical operators can be easily understood by the below table, * Tmputs | 4 pleat AND Logical NOT als] A&B YI=B o}o 0 0 1 i of}. ° 1 1 ° 1}o 0 1 0 1 a et 1 1 0 0 Table (2): Truth Table for Logical Operators Q19. Explain the following logical operators of C with an example, (i) Bitwise Operator (i) Bitwi shift operator. Ans: @ _ Bitwise Operator Bitwise operators are similar to that of logical operators except that they work are used with variables, they are internally converted to binary mimbers and then by bits. rk on binary bits. When bit itwise operators are applied: Bitwise operators perform manipulation on bits that are stored in memory. These data types. ‘These operators and their operations are listed in table below, operators work with PICIS program to illustrate the bitwise logical operators # include void main (void) TRISB = 0; TRISC = 0; TRISD TRISE PORTB = 0X25 & OX2B ; // ANDing PORTC = 0X05 | 0X20; // ORing PORTD = 0X30" 0X65; /XORing PORTE 0x79; “inverting while (I); (ii) Bitwise Shift Operator In addition to bitwise logical operators, there are two more operators available’ in C called as bitwise shift operators, They are, @ Shift right (©) Shift eft “Table (2k Bitwise Shift Operators Example : the bitwise shift operators /PICI8 program 10 ; # include < PISF458.47 void main (void) { TRISB =0; TRISC=05 UNIT-6 Programming in C for PIC Q20. Write the following C18 programs, i) @ ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOU! Program to toggle all the bits of PORT B and PORT C continuously with a 250 ms delay using inverting operator. Porgram to toggle all the bits of PORT B, PORT C and PORT D continuously with a 250 ms delay by using XOR operator. ‘C18 program to toggle all the bits of PORT B and PORT C continuously with a 2SOms delay using inverting ‘operator #include ‘Void MSDelay(unsigned int); void main(void) ‘TRISB = 0; ‘making PORT B as output TRISC=0; —_//making PORT C as output PORTB = 0x35; PORTC = 0x35 while(1) PORTB = ~PORTB; PORTC = ~PORTC; MSDelay(250); ) void MSDelay(unsigned int i_time) { unsigned int p; unsigned char g; for(p=0; p void MSDelay(unsigned int); void main(void) { TRISB = 0; TRISC = 0; TRISD = 0; ‘making PORT B as output Jimaking PORT C as output making PORT D as output 21. PORTB = 0x35; PORTC = 0x35; PORTD = 0x35; while(1) PORTB = PORTBOxFFS PORTC = PORTC’OxFF; PORTD = PORTD*0xFF; MsDelay(250); ) 4 } b void MSDelay(unsigned int i_time) { unsigned int p; unsigned char q; for(p-0; psi for (q=0; q<165 ; a+) ; ime; p++) Write a C18 program to read the RBI bits and issue an ASCII cl according to the following table. 0 0 | Send“0"to PORTD ° 1 | Send 1” to PORTD 1 0 Send ‘2° to PORTD. 1 1__| Send $3” to PORT. ‘include void main(void) { unsigned char p; TRISB=OxFF; _//make Port B an: TRISD = 0; ‘make Port D an. while (1) tepele { P=PORTB; —_//read PORTB P=P&0x3; //mask the unused switeh(p) % case(0): 3 “ KINADA] MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS [JNTU-KAI YOR Tissue ASCO break; case(|) PORTD “Fissue ASCH 1 break; case(2) Hissue ASCH 2 Ufissue ASCU3 RE 6 vee 022. Explain in detail about data conversi _ ‘ Ans: Microcontrollers have applications and to maintain the ti ve convedil to ASCH format to display. The Mode! Papers, 7() ‘Real-Time Clock (RTC) where itis used to provide precise time and date in various real time Mime reference even if power goes off. The data will be provided in packed BCD and it should "ASCII code for digits 0-9 are as given below, 11 0001 11 0010 (0000 0010 O11 0011 0000 0011 011 0100 0000 0100 11 o101 0000 0101 on 0110 0000 01110 ououi (0000 0111 : ‘011 1000 0000 1000 39 011 1001 L 1001 “Table: ASCII Codes for Digits 0-9 “The steps 10 cOmveHE TA packed BCD. UNIT-6 Programming in C for PIC Example ‘ASCH Packed BCD Unpacked BCD eae 0x29) (x02, 0x09 Hi 00111001 9101001 | 00000010, 00001001 _| 00110010. ‘on PORT B and PORT C. C18 program to convert packed BCD 0x29 to ASCII and display the bytes on P #include ‘oid main(void) { unsigned’char a, b, ¢; unsigned char bytel = 0x29; TRISB = 0; (/Making PORT B as an output TRISC = 0; ‘Making PORT C as an output a= bytel & Ox0F; {Mask upper 4 bits PORTB = a| 0x30; ‘Making Port B ASCIL b=bytel & OxFO; INiask lower 4 bits b=b>>4; “Uishift it to lower 4 bits PORTC = b | 0x30; Making PORT C ASCIL ASCII to Packed BCD Conversion The steps to convert the ASCII to packed BCD are as follows, Convert ASCII to unpacked BCD. 2. Then, combine it to obtain the packed BCD. Example ; ‘Key ASCIL Unpacked BCD Packed BCD 4 34 ‘00000100 1 BI 00000111 01000111 (or) 47H 1C18 program to convert ASCII digits of 4” and ‘7 to packed BCD and display it on PORT B, #include void main(void) s unsigned char bedbyte; unsigned char a ‘unsigned char b = ‘7" TRISB = 0; //Making Port B as an output a=a& 0x0F; //Mask 3 * {/Shift left to make upper BCD di ‘mask 3 ‘veombine to make packed BCD ‘AKINADA] oe MICROPRocEssons AND MICROCONTROLLERS [JNTU 023. Explain the concept of PES *f checksum byte in ROM, ond Process ours due to current ity ne of detecting any erors in the contents of ROM. The errors of ROM oselt h Nc “Stelaeodoagetie Seam mpc ana ec Cs en ‘of data, The checksim byt is calculated by adding the ns rt ate theresuant sum gives the checksum byte, When the sum of The ane ‘tid to be uncorrupted. Ifthe sum is not zero, one oF more byte ee corrupted data, Example To find checksum byte, the values must be added i, 32h + 45h+ 67h + 12h + 11h +32 h So dropping the carry generates 33h, Now 2's. complement of 33 h=CDh So CDh is the checksum byte ‘Now, to ensure data integrity perform the below operation. 32h + 45h-+ 67h-+ 12h-+ 11h+32h+DCh=200h =133h So dropping the carry generates O0h ensuring thatthe data is not corrupted. If any other value except 00h is obtained then it méans thatthe data in the ROM is corrupted. Example ‘(C48 program to ealeulate the checksum byte forthe data given in above example include PISF4S8A> UNIT-6 Programmi : ing in C for PIC jre data to ensul rwis G24. Write a C16 program to perform the checksum OP@TAUT.G'to pORTD: Othe" 3FH, 52H, OxE8. If the data is good, send ASC!! chi Ans: include void main(void) tunsigned char data] = {0x25,0x62,0x3F,0x52,08E8} unsigned char checksum = 0; unsigned char i TRISD = 0; ‘make Port D an output for(i-O;i void main(void) ch, binbyte, dec, dee2, dee3; //Making Port B as an output Making Port C as an output unsigned char -KAKINADA] 3g MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS (JNTU ee ‘Mbinary (hex) byte ch = binbyte / 10; Ws ne (Minding remainder (LSD) oa “middle digit dec3 = x/ 10; Tonost-signiticant digit (MSD) PORTS = dee; PORTC = deed; PORTD = dee3;

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