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Neil Aldrin L. Abel Notes As Assignment Bs Cpe 3 - 3 10/19/2020

The document provides an overview of operating systems and their key components and functions. It discusses that an operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware, managing resources and controlling execution. It then describes different types of operating systems including batch systems, time-sharing systems, parallel systems, distributed systems, clustered systems, and real-time systems.

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Marc Andallo
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58 views

Neil Aldrin L. Abel Notes As Assignment Bs Cpe 3 - 3 10/19/2020

The document provides an overview of operating systems and their key components and functions. It discusses that an operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware, managing resources and controlling execution. It then describes different types of operating systems including batch systems, time-sharing systems, parallel systems, distributed systems, clustered systems, and real-time systems.

Uploaded by

Marc Andallo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Neil Aldrin L.

Abel Notes as Assignment


BS CPE 3 – 3 10/19/2020

Operating Systems Introduction Part 1

Chapter 1

What is an operating system?

- Is a program that acts as an intermediary between user of a computer and the computer
hardware

Hardware components:

Processors

Main memory

Disks

Printers

Display

Keyboards

Network interface

Other devices

- It provides and environment in which a user may execute program.

Users: people machines and other computers

OS goals:

1. To provide a convenient environment


2. To use the computer hardware in an efficient manner (ensuring good performance).

OS Views/Perspectives

- Resource allocator – manages and allocates resources


o Each program gets time with the resource
o Each program gets space on the resource
- Control program – controls the execution of user programs and operations of I/O devices.
(to prevent errors and improper use of the computer)
- Kernel – the one program running at all times (all else being application programs)
Neil Aldrin L. Abel Notes as Assignment
BS CPE 3 – 3 10/19/2020

Batch System

- First rudimentary operating system


- Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs (that is jobs with common needs are batched)
- Machine runs only one application
- Automatic job sequencing – automatically transfers control from one job to another.
- Resident monitor
o Initial control in monitor
o Control transfers to job
o When job completes control transfers back to monitor

Multi-programmed Batch System

To ensure that the CPU is not kept idle:

- Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time; and
- The CPU is multiplexed (partitioned) among them

Multi-programming

- Allows the CPU to process multiple programs


- While one program is waiting for an I/O operation complete, the CPU is switched to
execute another program rather than remaining idle during I/O time
- A program is resumed at the point where it was suspended when it gets its turn to use the
CPU again.

OS Features needed for multiprogramming

- Job scheduling – the system must choose among several jobs to be brought into memory
- Memory management – the system must allocate the memory to several jobs
- CPU scheduling – the system must choose among several jobs ready to run
- Allocation of devices

Time-Sharing Systems-Interactive Computing

- Allow many users to share one machine simultaneously


- The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept in memory and on disk (the
CPU is allocated to a job only if the job is in memory)
- A job is swapped in and out of memory to the disk
- On-line communication between the user and the system is provided; when the operating
system finishes the execution of one command, it seeks the next “control statement” from
the user…
Neil Aldrin L. Abel Notes as Assignment
BS CPE 3 – 3 10/19/2020

Parallel Systems

- Multiprocessor systems with more than one CPU in close communication


- Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and a clock; communication usually
takes place through the shared memory
- Symmetric multiprocessing
o Each processor runs an identical copy of the operating system
o Many processes can run at once without performance deterioration
o Most modern operating systems support SMP
- Asymmetric multiprocessing
o Each processor is assigned a specific task; master processor schedules and
allocated work to slave processors
o More common in extremely large systems

Distributed Systems

- Distribute the computation among several physical processors


- Loosely coupled system – each processor has its own local memory; processors
communicate with one another through various communications lines, such as high-speed
buses or telephone lines
- Advantages of distributed systems
o Resources sharing
o Computation speed-up – load sharing
o Reliability
o Communications
- Requires networking infrastructure
- Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area networks (WAN)
- May be either client-server or peer-to-peer systems

Clustered System

- Clustering allows 2 or more systems to share storage


- Provides high availability
- Asymmetric clustering: one server runs the application while another server is on standby
mode
- Symmetric clustering: all N hosts are running the application and monitoring each other

Real-Time Systems

- Often used as control devices in a dedicated application such as controlling scientific


experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems and some display
systems
Neil Aldrin L. Abel Notes as Assignment
BS CPE 3 – 3 10/19/2020

- Well-defined fixed-time constraints


- Real-time systems may be either hard real-time and soft real-time
o Hard real-time
 Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term memory or
read-only memory
 Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by general purpose
operating systems
o Soft real-time
 Limited utility in industrial control or robotics
 Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring advanced
operating-system features

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