Summary of English lessons: 3as

Unit01: Ethics in business.

1-Expressing condition.
I will lend you my car as long as you promise to return it this evening.
“As long as, provided that, providing that” expressescondition.

-Verb in the future + provided that + verb in the present simple

As long as
Providing that

2-Expressing wish and regret: there are three types:

A-Present wish (regret in the present) = I wish + verb in the past simple
Ex: I wish I had a car (but I don’t have a car now)
B-Past wish (regret about a past situation) = I wish+ verb in the past perfect
-he wishes he had attended the party
C-Future wish(desire) = would/could + stem
I wish I would see our country free someday.

3-Expressing advice:
Had better= should= ought to are used to make advice.
Had better is followed by stem
Ex: you had better see a doctor before getting the flow.
4-The passive voice:
Object+ (to be in the tense of the verb+ past participle of the verb) +by+ subject.
Active voice Passive voice
-They practise sport -Sport is practiced by them.
-He played piano -Piano was played by him
-They have practiced sport -Sport has been practiced by them
-I will play football -Football will played by me
-They were playing football -football was being played by them
-They would organize a party -a party would be organized by them
-They must/ can/ should/will -football must/can/ should / be played by them
play football

5-It’s time / it’s high timethey are used to express an annoyance with the delay of an action. They
are followed by a verb in the past simple
Ex: it’s time the government passedstrict laws to ban child labor
6-Expressing Result: The Conjunctions ‘so...that” “such …that are used to express result
(consequence)

So+adj+that
Such+ noun phrase+ that

Ex:Copies of brands are cheap-consumers prefer to buy them

Copies of brands are so cheap that consumers prefer to buy them.
1
7-Modal verbs:
 Modals Must/have to Need to Don’t have top Mustn’t
Function Obligation Necessity Lack of Prohibition
obligation
Expressions It is obligatory It is necessary It is not It is prohibited/forbidden
replaced by It is mandatory obligatory

8-Prefixes to make opposites:

- aPrefix comes before the word (root) and changes the meaning to the opposite
(ir-im-il-dis-re-un-in-dis-mal-)
Ex :correct….. Incorrect - regard-----disregard.

9-Stress: is the extra force that the speaker uses when pronouncing some words.
-Two syllable verbs are stressed on the second syllable: remove
-Two syllable nouns and adjectives are stressed on the first syllable: photo -pretty
-Three syllable verbs are stressed on the first syllable:maximize
-words ending in(ic-sion-tion) are stressed on the second syllable from the end.Television-academic
-words ending in (ity-ghy-phy-ical-ence) are stressed on the third from the end. Phonology

Some vocabulary from the unit

-Corruption: ‫الفساد‬is any dishonest and illegal conduct by those people in the power for personal profits
or gains (the abuse of power by officials of government to take privileges)
-Bribery: ‫ الرشوة‬is the illegal payment to a person to persuade him to do you a favor or service ex: you
give money to a person in order to have a job as firefighter
-Fraud:‫احتيال‬is a broad term that refers to acts intended to swindle someone. In essence, it is the use of
intentional deception for monetary or personal gain.
-Embezzlement: ‫اختالس‬it is defined in most states as the crime of larceny or theft of assets (money or
property) by a person in a position of trust or responsibility over those assets.
-Tax evasion:‫ التهربالضريبي‬ is an illegal action in which a person or entity deliberately avoids paying a
true tax liability. Those caught evading taxes are generally subject to criminal charges
-Counterfeiting:‫التزوير‬is the dishonest and illegal act of copying and forging products for the purpose of
deceiving consumers and selling them as original.
-Fake products:‫منتجاتمزيفة‬are counterfeited/ copied goods imitated by businesses to be sold in the markets
as original
-Anti-corruption associations: are organizations founded for fighting illegal and immoral practices.
-child labor:‫ تشغيالالطفال‬is a dangerous phenomenon that exploit children and force them to the work field
under the age of 12 thus this deprives them from school and their childhood.

Topics for paragraphs:

A- Write a public speech in which you announce your program to fight corruption in your country
B-A person asked you for a favor and in return, he will give a sum of money. Do you accept to take
the money? Why?
C-write an opinion article about the following topic «some people believe that fake products benefit
them with low prices and are available for every one” do you agree or disagree with the opinion
below .provide arguments?
D- Discuss the social causes and consequences of child labor in the world .use concrete examples
Unit 02: Advertising, consumers and safety

1-Modals
May –May not Possibility
Will surely-will certainly Certainty
It is probable-it is likely that Probability
Might Remote Possibility
2-Suffixes forming nouns:
A suffix: come at the end of the word and can form either a noun or an adjective .the following
suffixes are used to form nouns.
Tion ; pollution-protection-
Ment : management-developement
Ing: writing-organizing –developing
Ance: attendance -
Er: manager-teacher
Ity: Plurality-legality
IST: economist-sociologist..

3-Conditional: If type 01
This conditional is used to speak about possibility in the future or real situation in the future
If + present simple future simple
If it rains. I will take a taxi

4-Expressing cause:
-The following connectors are used to express cause

Consequence + because + (subject+verb+object) Cause

Since
As
Ex:I missed classes this morning because our car broke down.

Because of
Due to + Noun
Owing to
Ex: I arrived late to the airport owing /due to the bad weather.

-Express consequence:the following connectors are used to express consequence.

Cause as a result
Consequently + Consequence
Thus, therefore, so
Ex: The car broke down consequently, I missed morning classes

5-Forming adjectives: we can form adjectives using suffixes “y”

Ex: sugary.saltty .fatty .spicy
6-Expressing concession
We can express concession using a number of conjunctions.
Though
Although + Subject+ verb +object
Even though

In spite of +Noun/ Gerund

Despite of

Examples -we stayed outside although, it was raining

Despite his illness, he went to school yesterday.
8-Pronunciation
The final “s” is pronounced in different ways, according the “Sound” before:
- It is pronounced𝑠after𝑝;;;;
- It is pronounced 𝑖𝑧 after 𝑠;𝑧; ;𝐷𝜁
-It is pronounced 𝑧 after,b,v,d,r,g,h,o,n,m,l,c,.

Some vocabulary related to the unit

-Advertising: it is the process of making a product or goods famous or sold in markets using
different means such as billboards, websites, TV, Radio…
-Safety: refers to the set of measures taken by the authorities to protect consumers.
-GMFS: Genetically modified food
-Consumers: are people buying or purchasing products or a typical type of good.
-Organic food: is a type of food raised naturally without the addition of chemicals and fertilizers
-Conventional food: is another type of food available in markets it is raised with chemical products
and fertilizers
-Energy balance: it is a state of equivalence between the physical activities that people practice
and the food they consume
-Obesity: is a state of overweight that result generally from consuming too much fast food and
sugary and salty also
Unit03: Astronomy and the solar system
1-Used to and used for are used to express the function or the purpose of an object
Used to +infinitive
Used for+ (verb+ing)

2-Questions about size and measurements

Dimension Shape Distance Weight

Q: How long is Q: what is its shape? Q: How far is the Q: How much does
it? Hubble Telescope from it weigh?
A: It is cylindrical in the earth?
A: It is 13 m shape. A: It weighs more
long. A: it is 610kms away than 11 tons.

3-Comparisons: is of three types

A-Comparative of superioritywith short adjectives= adj+er

With long adjectives= more+ adj+ than

B-Comparative of equality = As+ adj+ As

C-Comparative of inferiority: less+ adjective+than

4-Expressing similarities and differences

-A number of conjunctions and connectors are used to express relations of similarities and
differences among pairs of sentences.
Similarities: similar to, like, both…and

The same, as, similarly, both….of

Ex: Like bribery, corruption is immoral and dishonest.

Both Venus and mars are planets in our solar system

Differences: Unlike, whereas

While, on the other hand
However, but
Comparing to, in comparison

-The moon orbits the earth whereas the earth orbits the sun.

5- Conditional type2 “if”

-This type of conditional is used to talk about unreal situations in the present.
If + past simple conditional (would + stem)

Ex: if I were you,I would go to the nearest embassy.

6- Expressing concession:
This type of clauses show an expected result based on the independent clause. It is expressed
through a number of connectors
Although
Though + subject+ verb…..
Even though
Ex: Although he was ill, he went to his work.

Inspiteof +Noun or gerund.

Despite
Ex: Despite earning a low salary, Linda gave money to her parents.

Forming the plural

-We usually form the plural of nouns by adding either the s or the es to some words while there are
some irregular plural forms
-Adding the” s”
book books
word words
gap gaps
planet planets

-we add the “es” to nouns that end with s, ss, ch, x, z.
Gas Gasses
class Classes
beach Beaches
box Boxes

-for some nouns that end with the letter “f”, we replace it by vand we add the es
knife knives
life Lives
leaf Leaves
-if the noun end with a consonant followed by y, it changes to an I then we add the es.

Story Stories
Society Societies

-Some words or nouns has an irregular plural form.

man men
woman women
child children
feet foot
mouse mice
ox oxen
-Formation of nouns: a number of suffixes are used to form nouns in English.
Ance –ence Assistance- preference
Dom -ment Freedom-enjoyment
Ism-ist Marxism-terrorist
Er-or Employer-actor
hood Childhood-likelihood
Ity- Reality-generosity
Ness-ship Friendship- happiness
Tion-sion Admission -combination

-Conditional type 02:

-This type is used to speak about unreal situations in the present.

Past simple Conditional

If I had money, I would travel to all world countries.

Asking questions about underlined words

-To ask question about underlined words we should first know the category of the word it means if
it is a (verb, noun, object,…..).Based on this we use a number of question words.

1-For the subject we generally ask question by using” who”

-John booked a room in the hotel
-Who booked a room in the hotel?
2-For the verb (action) we use the question word what plus the auxiliary to do in the tense of the
verb.
-John booked a room in the hotel
-What did john book in the hotel?
3-For the place we use the question word where plus the auxiliary do
John booked a room in the hotel
Where did john book a room?
4- For the time we use the question word when
-John booked a room in the hotel yesterday.
-When did john book a room in the hotel?

5-For the adverb of manner we use the question word “how”.

-John booked a room in the hotel easily
-How did john book a room in the hotel?
6-For the cause we use the question word “why”
John booked a room in the hotel to meet his friend
Why did john book a room in the hotel?
7-Asking question depends on the tense of the verb
ExJohnbooks a room in the hotel
What does john do?
-John will book a room in the hotel
-What will jiohn do in the hotel?
-John is booking a room in the hotel
-What is john doing in the hotel?
Task: Ask question on the underlined words Karim went to the airport yesterday to see his mother.