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Measurability of Functions in Product Spaces

Article  in  Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society · February 1972

DOI: 10.1090/S0002-9939-1972-0291403-X

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE
AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY
Volume 31, No. 2, February 1972

MEASURABILITY OF FUNCTIONS IN PRODUCT SPACES

kohur gowrisankaran

Abstract. Let/be a function on a product space XxY with

values in a separable metrizable space such that it is measurable in
one variable and continuous in the other. The joint measurability
of such a function is proved under certain conditions on A"and T.

Let X and Y be Hausdorff topological spaces. Let / be a complex

valued function on the product space XxY such that f (■,}>) is Borel
measurable on X for every ye Y and /{x, •) continuous on Y for every x
in X. The problem of proving measurability of / on XxY, as a function
of the variables together is of interest and has occupied the attention of
many mathematicians ([2], [3], [3bis], [5], [6]). For instance, in [2, p. 122],
it is proved that if Tis a locally compact separable metric space (and A any
measure space, not necessarily a topological space) then / is jointly
measurable. (See also [3].) In a recent paper, while considering the iterated
fine limits of holomorphic functions [1], we had to prove the measura-
bility of functions of the form/ as above, but with values in a separable
metric space where neither X nor Y is necessarily locally compact. Our
proof in this case carries over to more general situations. We state below
the main results.

Theorem 1. Let X and Y be Hausdorff topological spaces such that

every compact subspace of Y is metrizable. Let fx and v be any two Radon
measures on X and Y respectively [4]. Let f:XxY^-A, where A is a
separable metrizable space, be such that it is p-measurable on X for every
yeY and continuous on Yfor every xeX. Then,f is p X v-Lusin measurable.

Theorem 2. Let (X, t) be a measurable space (i.e. a set X with a a-

algebra r of subsets of X); and Y a Suslin space. Let B be the a-algebra
of all measurable subsets for a locally finite measure p on the Borel a-
algebra of Y. Then, a function fon Xx Y with values in a separable metriz-
able space A, r-measurable for every yeY and continuous on Y for each
xeX, is t X B-measurable on XxY.

Received by the editors September 15, 1970 and, in revised form, April 6, 1971.
AMS 1969 subject classifications. Primary 2820.
Key words and phrases. Measurability, product spaces, Radon measures, Suslin space,
Polish space.
© American Mathematical Society 1972

485

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 486 KOHUR GOWRISANKARAN [February

We are thankful to the referee for pointing out some of the references to
earlier work on the topic.
Before proving the results, we recall
Definition 1. A Radon measure /iona Hausdorff topological space
A is a positive measure defined on the o--algebra of Borel subsets of X
(generated by the open sets) such that (i) p is locally finite and (ii) for
every Borel subset B of X, /n(B) = sup{ii(K): compact K^B}.
Definition 2. Let X and Y be Hausdorff topological spaces and p a
Radon measure on X. A function/: A—>- Y is said to be ^a-Lusin measurable
(resp. /^-Borel measurable) if, for every e>0 and any compact set
K<^X, 3 a compact set CcK satisfying (i) p(C)> p{K) —e and (ii) fjC is
continuous (resp./_1(P) is //-measurable for every Borel subset B of T).
Proof of Theorem 1.
Case I. Let Y be compact metric and / a real valued function. We
deduce from [2, p. 122] that /is //xv-Borel measurable. However such a
function is necessarily /xxv-Lusin measurable [4].
Case II. Let Y be as in the theorem, but/a real valued function. Let
p and v be as in the statement of the theorem and C<=XxY a. compact set.
Let K=p1(C)xp2(C) wherepx andp2 are respectively the projections onto
X and Y. Now, p2(C) is compact and metrizable (hypothesis) and hence,
by the Case I,/restricted to K is p xv-Lusin measurable. This completes
the proof in this case.
Case III. General case. Let d be a metric on A, compatible with its
topology. For z0eA, e>0, let P(z0, e) be the open ball of radius e and
centre at z0. Now, (x, y)-*d[z0,f (x, y)] is easily seen to be a function of the
nature considered in Case II and hence is /^Xv-Lusin measurable on
XxY. This implies the pXv-Bore\ measurability of /. Hence,
{(x,y):d(z0,f (x,y))<e} is p x^-measurable. However, this set is the same
as /"1(P(z0, e)). This is true for every e>0 and z0eA. Hence, for a
base of open sets V<=A, viz., all open balls,/_1(F) is p x ^-measurable.
But every open set of A is a countable union of open balls; we deduce that
/_1(F) is px^-measurable for every open set V<^A. Now, by standard
argument we get that / is p x v-Borel measurable. However, since A is
separable and metrizable, this implies the ^Xv-Lusin measurability of /
[4, Chapter I]. This completes the proof of the theorem.
Now we recall
Definition 3. A Suslin space is a Hausdorff topological space which
is the continuous image of a Polish (separable, complete metrizable) space.
Proof of Theorem 2. Let us suppose first of all that Y is a Polish space
and / real valued and B the Borel c-algebra of Y. For every keN, let the
open balls Bn-k, neN of radius \jk and centres at y„yk cover Y. LetaeP.

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1972] measurability of functions in product spaces 487

Then

{(x, y):f(x, y) > a} = U U PI U \[x:f(x, yn,k)> a +-} x Bnl

mgllSl ki!ln=l\_[ mj j

For if (x0, y0)eL.H.S., then by the continuity of /(x0, •) there exists an

open ball of radius 2//0 and centre y0 such that for every y£B(y0, 2//0),
f(x0,y)>a-\-\lm0 for some m0. For every kzll0, if y0eBnkk with centre
at ynt.k then {x0,ya)e{x\f(x,y„k,k)>a+\lm0}xBnk,k and this shows that
L.H.S.c R.H.S. On the other hand, if (x0,y0)eR.H.S., then 3 some m0
and /0 such that for every k^.l0, there is an integer nk such that
f(x0,ynk,k)>a+llm0 andy0eBn^k. Let y'k=ynt,k. Then, since the distance
between y'k and y0 is less than l/k for every k, we get that y^—>-tvBy the
continuity of /(x0,-) we deduce that /(x0, j0)^a+l/w0>a. Hence the
two sides are identical and we conclude that {(x,y):f(x,y)>a} belongs
to txB.
Now, in case / is with values in a separable metrizable space, the
txB measurability of/is proved exactly in the same way as in the general
case (III) of Theorem 1.
To complete the proof, we have to consider the case when Y is a Suslin
space. Then 3 a Polish space P and a continuous onto mapping cp of
P-*Y. By what we have proved already the function g(x, p)=f[x, q>(p)]
on Xx P is tx jB'-measurable, where B' is the Borel c-algebra of P. How-
ever, there exists a mapping it: Y-*P such that 93077is identity on Tand
tt^iB) is v-measurable for every locally finite measure v on Y for every
BeB [4, Chapter II].
Now, let v be a locally finite Borel measure on Y and B the class of all
r-measurable sets. Since, Ixtt:(XxY, txB)^-(XxP, txB) and Ixcp:
(XxP, rxB)h->(Xx Y,txB) are both measurable, where / is the identity
map on X, we deduce that/=/o(/x q>)o(Ix 7r)=go(/x 77)is rxÄ-measur-
able. The proof is complete.
Remark. In case Tis just a separable metrizable space (not necessarily
complete) a function / as in the hypothesis of the theorem is measurable
where B is the Borel cr-algebra of T.
Theorem 3. Let X be a set with a a-algebra t of subsets. Let f .Xx
R\-^A be t-measurable for every yeR and right continuous on R for every
xeX, where A is a separable metrizable space. Then f is measurable with
respect to txB where B is the Borel a-algebra of R.
Proof. As in the earlier theorems, it is enough to prove the theorem
assuming that the values are taken on R. Let, for every keN, In k be the
interval ((«— \)jk, n/k] for neZ. Then as in the proof of Theorem 2, it
could be verified that

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 488 kohur gowrisankaran

{(x, y):f(x, y)>a}

=m=ll
UU = lkil
PIneZölx:f(x,A>a+Mx('^,f.
{ \ K/ m0j \ K K_

This shows that/is rxB-measurable, completing the proof.

Remark 1. A similar result is true if we have left continuity off(x, •),
for every xgX, instead of right continuity.
Remark 2. Some sort of continuity in at least one of the variables
seems to play an important role in proving the above measurability
properties. There is an example (due to Sierpinski [5]) of a function which
is upper semicontinuous in each variable but not jointly measurable.

Bibliography
1. K. Gowrisankaran, Iteratedfine limits and iterated nontangential limits (to appear).
2. G. W. Mackey, Induced representations of locally compact groups. I, Ann. of Math.
(2) 55 (1952), 101-139. MR 13, 434.
3. M. E. Mahowald, On the measurability of functions in two variables, Proc. Amer.
Math. Soc. 13 (1962), 410-411. MR 25 #1261.
3bis. W. Rudin, Real and complex analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966, p. 150.
MR 35 #1420.
4. L. Schwartz, Rado measures on general topological spaces, Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research Monographs, 1971 (to appear).
5. W. Sierpinski, Sur un probleme concernant les ensembles measurables super-
ficiellment.Fund. Math. 1 (1920), 112-115.
6. H. D. Ursell, Some methods of proving measurability, Fund. Math. 32 (1939),
311-330.

Department of Mathematics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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