Simple Harmonic Motion and Waves: Sunshine Series Physics Class 10

SUNSHINE SERIES PHYSICS 5 Class 10th
UNIT 10
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION AND

WAVES
After studying this unit, the students will be able to:
 state the conditions necessary for an object to oscillate with SHM.
 explain SHM with simple pendulum, ball and bowl examples.
 draw forces acting on a displaced pendulum.
 solve problems by using the formula T  2 for simple pendulum.

g
 understand that damping progressively reduces the amplitude of
oscillation.
 describe wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in rope, slinky spring
and by experiments with water waves.
 describe that waves are means of energy transfer without transfer of
matter.
 distinguish between mechanical and electromagnetic waves.
 identify transverse and longitudinal waves in mechanical media, slinky
and springs.
 define the terms speed (v), frequency (f), wavelength , time period
(T), amplitude, crest, trough, cycle, wavefront, compression and
rarefaction.
 derive equation v = f.
 solve problems by applying the relation f = 1/T and v = f.
 describe properties of waves such as reflection, refraction and
diffraction with the help of ripple tank.
Science, Technology and Society Connections:
The students will be able to:
 explain the diffraction of radiowaves but not of T.V waves (transmission
can be heard in such areas where the waves cannot reach directly).
10.1 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

Q.1: Define
(i) Vibratory Motion (ii) Vibration
(iii) Time period (iv) Frequency
(v) Displacement (vi) Amplitude
Ans. (i) Vibratory Motion: (RWP. 17-I)
To and fro motion of an object about a mean position is called vibratory
motion.
Examples:
(i) motion of mass attached to spring.
(ii) motion of simple pendulum
(ii) Vibration: (RWP. 16-I)
A complete round trip of a vibrating body about its mean position is
called one vibration.
(iii) Time Period: (GRW. 14-I, BWP. 16-I)
Time to complete one vibration is called time period.
(iv) Frequency: (GRW. 14-I, SGD. 16-II, RWP. 17-II, SGD. 17-I)
No. of vibrations completed in 1 sec is called For your information
1
frequency. It is reciprocal of time period i.e. f = .
T
Its unit is Hz.
(v) Displacement:
Distance of the vibrating body on the either
side of the mean position is called displacement. A spider detects its prey
(vi) Amplitude: (DGK. 17-I, MLN. 17-II) due to vibration produced
Maximum displacement of the vibrating body in the web
is called amplitude.
Q.2: Define restoring force. (MLN. 14-I, BWP. 16-II, FBD. 15-II, 19-I,
RWP. 16-II, 19-II, SGD. 16-II, BWP. 17-I, RWP. 17-I, SGD. 17-II, RWP. 18-I)
Ans. The force that comes back the vibrating body to its mean position called
restoring force.
OR
The force that restores the mean position is called restoring force.
Q.3: Define S.H.M. (GRW. 14-II, MLN. 15-II, BWP. 14-I, 15-I,
SGD. 14-II, DGK. 15-II, 16-I, SWL. 14-II, 15-II, FBD. 17-I, BWP. 16-I, DGK. 16-I)
Ans. Simple Harmonic Motion:
(i) A vibratory motion which is periodic is called simple Harmonic motion.
(ii) A motion in which acceleration is directly proportional to displacement
and its direction is towards mean position is called simple harmonic
motion.
Q.4: Write characteristics of S.H.M.
Ans. Characteristics: (DGK. 17-II), BWP. 16-I, RWP. 16-II, DGK. 16-I)
(i) Amplitude of vibration remains same.
(ii) Single frequency exists.
(iii) Simple Harmonic motion is always under restoring force.
(iv) Acceleration of vibrating body is directly proportional to displacement
and is always directed towards the mean position.
(v) Its velocity is maximum at the mean position and zero on the extreme
position.
Q.5: Show that motion of mass attached to spring in Simple Harmonic
Motion. OR
Explain the motion of mass attached to spring.
(FBD. 17-I, SWL. 17-I, SGD. 17-I, RWP. 17-I, DGK. 17-I, MLN. 14-II, 16-I, BWP. 14-II,
FBD. 14-I, RWP. 14-I, SWL. 16-I, LHR. 18-I)
Ans. Motion of mass attached to Spring consider a mass 'm' attached to
spring placed on friction less horizontal surface
as shown in fig 10.1 (a).
Displace a mass from its mean position,
then according to hook's law applied force will be
F = Kx … (i)
Where x is displacement and k is spring
constant. It is defined as
K = F/x … (ii)
The value of ‘K’ is a measure of the
stiffness of the spring. Stiff spring has large k
value and soft springs have small k values.
The spring applies an opposite force to the
applied force whose magnitude is equal to applied force and it is called
restoring force. The restoring force will be
F = –Kx … (iii)
Negative sign shows that its direction is always opposite to the
displacement of the mass. According to Newton’s second law .
F = ma
So equation (iii) will be
ma = –kx
 a= k
m
 a = –constt x
 a–x
Explanation:
When mass ‘m’ is released from extreme position ‘A’.
(i) Restoring force pulls it towards the mean position ‘O’. So direction of
acceleration is towards the mean position.
(ii) Mass moves back towards the mean position.
(iii) Displacement decreases so restoring force decreases and also
acceleration decreases.
(iv) When mass reaches at mean position its displacement is zero and
restoring force is zero, so acceleration is zero.
(v) When a mass moves from extreme to mean, its velocity increases and
becomes maximum at mean position.
Due to inertia, mass does not stop at the mean position "O" but continues
its motion and reaches the extreme position B.
When mass ‘m’ moves from mean position to extreme position B.
(i) Restoring force pulls it towards the mean For your information
position. So direction of acc is towards the
mean position.
(ii) Magnitude of restoring force increases
because displacement is increasing so
acceleration increases.
(iii) When mass moves from mean to extreme
position, its velocity decreases and Kinetic and potential energy at
different positions in a mass-
becomes zero at extreme position. spring system.
Conclusion:
So it is clear, the acc of oscillating mass attached to spring under
restoring force is directly proportional to displacement and its direction is
towards the mean position so its motion is S.H.M.
Time period of mass attached to spring: Tidbit
The time period T of the simple harmonic A human eardrum can oscillate
motion of man ‘m’ attached to a spring is given back and forth up to 20,000
by the following equation. times in one second.
T = 2 m .… (10.3)
k
Q.6: Show that motion of ball moving in bowl is S.H.M.
Ans: Ball and Bowl system: (LHR. 16-II, GRW. 16-II, SGD. 16-II)
Consider a ball and bowl system as shown in figure 10.2
When ball is at mean position "O"
(i) Weight of ball acts down ward and equal to the upward normal force ‘R’
of the surface of the bowl.
(ii) So net force is zero. So there is no motion.
When ball is released from extreme position "A"
(i) Ball moves towards the mean position due to
restoring force caused by its weight.
(ii) At position "O" the ball gets maximum speed.
(iii) Due to inertia it moves towards the extreme
position B. Fig. 10.2
When ball moves from mean position ‘O’ to extreme position B:
(i) Restoring force acts towards the motion.
(ii) Speed of the ball decreases due to the restoring force.
(iii) At the position B, the ball stops for a while and the then again moves
towards the mean position “o” under the action of the restoring force.
Conclusion:
This to and fro motion of the ball continues about the mean position "O"
till all its energy is lost due to friction, so the to and fro motion of the ball about a
mean position placed in a bowl is an example of simple harmonic motion.
Quick Quiz
 What is the displacement of an object in SHM when the K.E and P.E are equal?
Ans. When
1 x
Displacement x = o
2
1
= × amplitude
2
then K.E and P.E will be equal in S.H.M.
Q.7: What is simple pendulum? Show that its motion is S.H.M.
Ans: Simple Pendulum: (FBD. 17-II, FBD. 16-I, DGK. 16-I)
A small bob of mass 'm' attached to inextensible
and massless string of length L suspended with rigid Time Period
and frictionless support is called simple pendulum.
Motion of simple pendulum is S.H.M.
Proof:
A simple pendulum is shown in fig 10.3.
We will prove that its motion is S.H.M. We
discuss two positions of simple pendulum.
(1) When bob is at equilibrium position: Time period of a pendulum
When bob is at equilibrium position, then two is the time to complete one
forces act on the bob. cycle.
(i) Weight which acts vertically downwards
(ii) Tension in the string which acts vertically upward. Since bob is at rest,
so net force is zero.
(2) When bob is at extreme position:
When we bring the bob to extreme position A, then at this position,
resolve the weight into two components.
(i) mgcos (ii) mgsin
mg cos will balance the tension.
The direction of “mgsin” is towards the
mean position. So mgsin acts as restring force.
Motion of Simple pendulum is under
restoring Force:
(i) Due to restoring force "mgsin", the bob
starts moving towards the mean position
"O".
(ii) At "O" the velocity becomes maximum.
(iii) Due to inertia bob does not stop at "O"
and continues to move towards the extreme position B.
(iv) When bob moves from “O” to B, its velocity decreases due to restoring
force.
(v) When bob reaches at extreme position B its velocity becomes zero.
(vi) The restoring force mgsin still acts towards the mean positon "O" and
"due to the force the bob again starts moving towards the mean position
"O". In this way, the bob continues its to and fro motion about mean
position O.
Results: For your information
The period of a pendulum is
(i) It is clear from above discussion that
independent of its mass and
speed of the bob increases while moving amplitude.
from point “A” to O due to the restoring
force which acts towards “O”. Therefore acceleration of the bob is also
directed towards “O”. For your information
(ii) Similarly when bob moves from “O” to
“B”, its speed decreases due to restoring
force which again acts towards "O". So,
acceleration of the bob is again directed
towards “O”.
(iii) It follows that the acceleration of the bob
is always directed towards the mean
position “O”. Hence the motion of a Christian Huygens invented the
pendulum clock in 1656. He
simple pendulum is S.H.M.
was inspired by the work of
Time period: Galileo who had discovered
The time period of simple pendulum is that all pendulums of the same
length took the same amount
given by formula
of time to complete one full
T  2 L swing. Huygens developed the
g first clock that could accurately
Where L is length of simple pendulum measure time.
and g is acceleration due to gravity.
Check your Understanding
Tell whether or not these motions are examples of simple harmonic motion:
(a) Up and down motion of a leaf in water pond
Ans: Yes
(b) Motion of a ceiling fan
Ans: No, it performs rotatory motion.
(c) Motion of hands of clock
Ans: No, it performs rotatory motion.
(d) Motion of a plucked string fixed at both its end
Ans: Yes
(e) Movement of honey bee
Ans: No, it performs random motion.
10.2: DAMPED OSCILLATIONS

Q.8: Define Damped oscillations. Explain one of its practical
applications. (SGD. 17-II, LHR. 16-I, MLN. 17-II)
OR What is meant by damped oscillations. Explain.
Ans: Damped oscillation:
The oscillations, in which amplitude and
mechanical energy of system decreases with time
are called damped oscillations. Damped
oscillation are shown in fig 10.4.
Practical application:
Shock absorbers in automobiles are one practical application of damped
oscillation.
Shock absorber:
A shock absorber consist of a piston which
moves through a liquid such as oil shown in
fig.10.5.
The upper part of the shock absorber is firmly
attached to the body of the car. When the car travels
over a bumb on the road, the car may vibrate
violently. The shock absorber damp these vibrations
and convert their energy into heat energy of the oil.
So shock absorbers prevent from excessive oscillations.
10.3: WAVE MOTION

Q.9: Define wave. Explain the production and propagation of waves.
Ans. Wave: (LHR. 18-II, RWP. 19-I)
A disturbance in the medium which causes the particles of the medium
to undergo vibratory motion about their mean position in equal intervals of
time is called wave.
Waves are carries of energy and informations over large distances.
Production and Propagation of waves:
Waves requires some oscillating or vibrating source. Let we demonstrate
the production and propagation of different waves with the help of vibratory
motion of object.
Activity – 1:
(i) Dip one end of a pencil into a tub of water.
(ii) Move it up and down vertically as shown in Fig. 10.6.
Observation:
(i) The disturbance in the form of ripples produces water waves, which
move away from the source.
(ii) When the wave reaches a small piece
of cork floating near the disturbance, it
moves up and down about its original
position while the wave will travel
outwards.
(iii) The net displacement of the cork is
zero. The cork repeats its vibratory
motion about its mean position.
Activity -2:
(i) Take a rope and mark a point ‘P’ on it.
support
(ii) Tie one end of the rope with a support and
stretch the rope by holding its other end in
your hand (Fig 10.7)
(iii) Move the rope up and down regularly.
Observation:
(i) A wave will be set up in the rope which
will travel towards the fixed end.
(ii) The point P on the rope will start vibrating
up and down as the wave passes across it.
(iii) The motion of point P will be perpendicular to the direction of the
motion of wave.
Q.10: Define mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves with
examples.
Ans: Mechanical waves:
The waves which require medium for their propagation are called
mechanical waves.
Examples:
(i) Sound waves For your information
(ii) Water waves
(iii) Waves produced on the strings and
springs.
Electromagnetic waves: (BWP. 17-I, FBD. 17-II)
The waves which do not require any Electromagnetic waves consist
medium for their propagation, are called of electric and magnetic fields
electromagnetic waves. oscillating perpendicular to
Examples: each other.
(i) Heat and Light waves (ii) Radio Waves
(iii) TV Waves (iv) X rays etc.
Quick Quiz
 Do mechanical waves pass through vacuum, that is empty space?
Ans. No. Because they require medium to propagate.
10.4: TYPES OF MECHANICAL WAVES

Q.11: What are types of mechanical waves explain them.
Ans: Types of Mechanical waves: (MLN. 17-II, BWP. 16-II)
Mechanical waves are of two types:
(i) Longitudinal waves
(ii) Transverse Waves
Longitudinal Waves: (RWP. 18-I)
The waves in which particles of the medium move parallel to the
direction of propagation of waves are called longitudinal waves.
Explanation:
When one end of a slinky spring is tied to a hook in a wall and the other
end is moved forward and backward, then every turn of the spring oscillates
parallel to the length of the spring and longitudinal waves propagate through
the spring as shown in fig 10.8.
If the whole spring is observed, then we find that at some places the
turns of the springs are seen to be closer and at some other places they are
seen to be farther than in the normal state of the spring. The places where the
turns are closer are said to be in the state of compression while the places
where turns are farther are said to be in the state of refraction.
For your information

Longitudinal waves move
faster through solids than
Support
through gases or liquids.
Transverse waves move
through solids at a speed of
Displacement of particles less than half of the speed
of longitudinal waves. It is
because the restoring force
exerted during this up and
down motion of particles of
the medium is less than the
restoring force exerted by a
back and forth motion of
particles of the medium in
case of longitudinal waves.
Transverse Waves:
The waves in which particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of waves are called transverse waves.
Explanation:
If a slinky spring is tied at one end and the other end is moved up and
down, a disturbance in the form of pulse travels along the length of the spring
and particles of the spring vibrate along a direction perpendicular to the
direction along which the disturbance travels as shown in fig. 10.9. So these
waves are transverse. Transverse waves travels in the form of crests and
troughs.
The crests are the highest points while the troughs are the lowest points
of the particles of the medium from the mean position. The crests and troughs
move perpendicular to the direction of the waves.
Q.12: Explain that the waves are carriers of energy. (LHR. 14-II, BWP. 15-II)
Ans: Waves as Carriers of Energy:
Waves are carriers of energy. Energy can be transferred from one place
to another through waves.
Explanation:
To understand that waves are carrier of energy, we take two examples.
Example 1:
When we shake the stretched string up and down, we provide our
muscular energy to the string. As a result a set of waves can be seen travelling
along the string and sets them in motion. These particles then transfer their
energy to the adjacent particles in the string. Energy is thus transferred from
one place of the medium to the other in the form of wave.
Factors:
The amount of energy carried by the wave depends on the
(i) Distance of the stretched string from its rest position.
(ii) The amplitude of the wave.
(iii) Frequency of the wave; if we shake the string faster, we give more energy
per second to produce wave of higher frequency, and wave delivers more
energy per second to the particles of the string as it moves forwards.
Note:
To generate a high frequency wave require more energy per second than
to generate a low frequency wave. So a high frequency wave carries more
energy than a low frequency wave of the same amplitude.
Example 2: Water Waves:
Water waves also transfer energy from one place to another. To
understand it, we perform an activity.
Activity:
(i) Drop a stone into a pond of water.
Water waves will be produced on
the surface of water and will travel
outwards as shown in fig. 10.10
(ii) Place a cork at distance from the
falling stone, when waves reach
the cork, it will move up and
down along with motion of the
water particles by getting energy from the wave.
Conclusion: For your information
This experiment shows that water waves Generating a high frequency
like other waves transfer energy from one place wave, requires more energy
per second than to generate a
to other without transferring matter i.e. water. low frequency wave. Thus a
Note: high frequency wave carries
Wave equation is true, for all type of more energy than a low
waves i.e. longitudinal transverse etc. frequency wave of the same
amplitude.
Q.13: What is wave equation. Derive a
relation between speed, frequency and wavelength of wave.
OR Prove that v = f.
(LHR. 19-I, DGK. 16-II, 14-I, SGD. 16-II, 19-I, MLN. 17-I, GRW. 15-II, AJK. 15-II)
Ans: Wave equation:
The relation between the speed, frequency and wavelength of the wave is
known as wave equation.
Derivation of Formula: Do you know?
Wave is a disturbance in the medium which Earthquake produces waves
through the body of the Earth
travels from one place to other. The speed with in the form of seismic waves.
which a wave move is called wave speed. By studying such waves, the
It is defined as geophysicists learn about the
internal structure of the Earth
Speed = distance and information about the
time
occurrence of future Earth
vd activity.
t
If time taken by wave in moving from one point to another is equal to
the time period then the distance covered by the wave will be equal to one
wave length. So we can write
v
T
But time period T is reciprocal of the frequency i.e.
T= 1
f
So V= 
1
f
V=f
Q.14: What is ripple tank? Explain its construction and following
properties of waves with the reference of ripple tank experiment.
(i) Reflection (ii) Refraction (iii) Diffraction
OR What is meant by Ripple tank? Describe its structure and function.
Ans: Ripple Tank: (LHR. 19-I, MLN. 19-II, RWP. 17-II, SWL. 17-II)
Ripple Tank is a device to produce water waves and to study their
characteristics.
Construction:
Ripple tank consists of a rectangular tray having glass bottom and is
placed nearly half meter above the surface of a table as shown in figure 10.11.
Waves can be produced on the surface of water present in the tray by
means of vibrator (paddle).
This vibrator is an oscillating electric motor fixed on a wooden plate
over the tray such that its lower surface just touches the surface of water.
Wave patterns on a viewing screen
On setting the vibrator on, thin wooden plate

starts vibrating to generate plane water waves. An
electric bulb is hung above the tray to observe the
image of water waves on the paper or screen. The
crests and troughs of the waves appears as bright
and dark lines respectively, on the screen as shown
in figure. 10.12.
Now we explain the reflection, refraction and
diffraction of water waves with the help of ripple
tank.
Reflection: (BWP. 17-I, II)
When waves moving in one medium fall on
the surface of another medium they bounce back
into the first medium such that the angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. The
phenomenon is called reflection of waves.
Explanation:
Place a barrier in the ripple tank. The water
waves will reflect from the barrier which is placed
at an angle to the wave front. The reflected waves
can be seen to obey the law of reflection i.e. the
angle of the incident wave along the normal will be
equal to the angle of the reflected wave as shown
in figure 10.13.
Refraction:
When waves from one medium enter in the second medium at some
angle their direction of travel may change. This phenomenon is called
refraction of waves.
Explanation:
The speed, of a wave in water depends on the depth of water. If a block
is submersed in the ripple tank, the depth of water in the tank will be
shallower over the block than else where. When water waves enter the region
of shallow water their wavelength decreases as shown in fig. (10.14) But the
frequency of the water waves remains the same in both parts of water because
it is equal to the frequency of the vibrator.
For the observation of refraction of water waves, we repeat this
experiment such that the boundary between the deep and shallower water is at
same angle to the wave front (Fig. 10.15)
Now we will observe that addition to the change in
wavelength, the waves change their direction of
propagation as well. The direction of propagation is
always normal to the wave fronts.
This change of path of water waves while passing
from a region of deep water to that of shallower is called
refraction.
Diffraction:
The bending or spreading of waves around the sharp edges or corners of
obstacles is called diffraction.
Explanation:
We observe the phenomena of diffraction of
water waves. Generate plane waves in a ripple and
place two obstacles in line in such a way that
separation between them is equal to the wavelength
of water waves. After passing through a small slit
between the two obstacles, the waves will spread in
every direction and change into almost semicircular
pattern as shown in figure 10.16.
Fig 10.17 shows the diffraction of waves while
passing through a slit with size larger than the
wavelength of the wave. Only a small diffraction occurs near the corners of
the obstacle.
Condition for the diffraction:
Diffraction of waves can only be observed
clearly if the size of the obstacle is comparable with
the wavelength of the waves.
Quick Quiz
 What do the dark and bright fringes on the scream
of ripple tank represent?
Ans. They represent through and crest of waves
respectively.
Activity
 Study Figure 10.18 to answer following questions:
1. What happens to the angel of refraction when
water waves pass from deep to shallow part of the
water?
Ans. When water waves pass from deep to shallow part
of the water, the angle of refraction decreases. It is
due to the decrease in the speed of water waves in
shallow water.
2. Are the magnitudes of angle of incidence and angle of refraction equal?
Ans. No, magnitudes of angle of incidence and angle of refraction are not equal.
3. Which will be greater?
Ans. In this case Angle of incidence will be greater than angle of refraction.
SUMMARY
 Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a to and fro oscillatory motion in
which acceleration of the body is directly proportional to the
displacement of the body from the mean position and is always directed
towards the mean position.
 The motion of a mass attached to a spring, simple pendulum and that of
a ball inside a bowl is SHM.
 Time taken by the simple pendulum to complete one cycle is called its
time period. It depends upon the length of the pendulum and is
independent of the mass and amplitude of the pendulum.
 The number of cycles completed in one second is called frequency of a
vibrating body. It is reciprocal of time period.
 The maximum displacement from mean position of a body performing
SHM is called amplitude.
 Wave is a phenomenon of transferring energy from one place to another
without the transfer of matter.
 Mechanical waves are those waves which require some medium for their
propagation.
 Electromagnetic waves do not require any medium for their propagation.
 Transverse waves are the mechanical waves in which particles of the
medium vibrate about their mean position perpendicular to the
propagation of the waves.
 Compressional (longitudinal) waves are the mechanical waves in which
particles of the medium vibrate about their mean position along the
direction of propagation of the waves.
 The speed (v) of a wave is equal to the product of frequency (f) and
wavelength  i.e.,v = f .
 Ripple tank is a device used to produce water waves and to demonstrate
different properties of water waves like reflection, refraction and
diffraction.
 When a wave travelling from one medium falls on the surface of another
medium, it may bounce back into the first medium. This phenomenon is
called reflection of waves.
 When waves from one medium enter the second medium at some angle
their direction of travel may change. This phenomenon is called
refraction of waves. The speed and wavelength of wave change with
different media but frequency does not change.
 The bending of waves around obstacles or sharp edges is called
diffraction of waves.
Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer from the following choices:
i. Which of the following is an example of simple harmonic motion?
(a) The motion of simple pendulum (b) the motion of ceiling fan
(c) the spinning of the Earth on its axis
(d) a bouncing ball on a floor
ii. If the mass of the bob of a pendulum is increased by a factor of 3,
the period of the pendulum's motion will: (LHR. 19-I)
(a) be increased by a factor of 2 (b) remain the same
(c) be decreased by a factor of 2 (d) be decreased by a factor of 4
iii. Which of the following devices can be used to produce both
transverse and longitudinal waves?
(SGD. 15-II, FBD. 15-II, MLN. 14-I, DGK. 19-I)
(a) a string (b) a ripple tank
(c) a helical spring (slinky) (d) a tuning fork
iv. Waves transfer:
(BWP. 16-I, RWP. 16-II, 17-I, AJK. 15-I, GRW. 17-II, FBD. 17-II, 19-I, SWL. 17-II)
(a) energy (b) frequency (c) wavelength (d) velocity
v. Which of the following is a method of energy transfer?
(GRW. 16-I, 15-I, MLN. 16-I, BWP. 17-I, SGD. 17-I, 14-II, RWP. 14-II,
FBD. 15-I, 16-I&II)
(a) conduction (b) radiation (c) wave motion (d) all of these
vi. In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves have the same:
(MLN. 17-II, 18-I, SWL. 17-I, FBD. 17-I, SWL. 16-I&II, BWP. 14-II,
RWP. 16-II, DGK. 17-II, LHR. 18-II, BWP. 18-II, SGD. 18-II)
(a) speed (b) frequency (c) amplitude (d) wavelength
vii. A large ripple tank with a vibrator working at a frequency of 30 Hz
produces 25 complete waves in a distance of 50 cm. The velocity of
the wave is: (LHR. 14-II)
–1 –1 –1
(a) 53 cms (b) 60 cms (c) 750 cms (d) 1500 cms–1
viii. Which of the following characteristics of a wave is independent of
the others? (DGK. 16-I, RWP. 15-I, 19-II, LHR. 17-II,
MLN. 14-I, FBD. 15-I, 16-II, SGD. 14-I&II, 19-I, SWL. 15-I)
ix. The relation between v, f and  of a wave is:
(GRW. 15-I, 16-I, 18-II, FBD. 16-II, MLN. 15-I, 16-I, RWP. 15-I, 16-I, 19-I,
SGD. 16-II, 17-II, MLN. 18-I, 19-II, LHR. 18-I, DGK. 16-II, SWL. 19-I)
(a) vf   (b) f   v (c) v  f (d) v   / f
Answers:
(i) motion of a simple pendulum (ii) remain the same
(iii) a helical spring (slinky) (iv) energy
(v) all of these (vi) speed (vii) 60 cms–1
(viii) amplitude (ix) f   v
Review Questions
10.1. What is simple harmonic motion? What are the necessary
conditions for a body to execute simple harmonic motion?
Ans: Simple Harmonic motion:
A vibratory motion which is periodic is called Simple Harmonic motion.
Necessary Condition (LHR. 17-II)
(i) Amplitude of vibration remains same.
(ii) Single frequency source exists.
(iii) Simple harmonic motion is always under restoring force.
(iv) Acceleration of vibrating body is directly proportional to displacement
and is always directed towards the mean position.
10.2. Think of several examples of motion in everyday life that are
simple harmonic.
Ans. (i) Motion of simple pendulum
(ii) Motion of mass attached to spring
(iii) Motion of ball in bowl system.
(iv) Motion of prong of the tunning fork.
10.3: What are damped oscillations? How damping progressively
reduces the amplitude of oscillation. (BWP. 19-I, GRW. 19-I)
Ans: Damped oscillations:
The oscillations, in which amplitude and Decreasing
Displacement
amplitude
meananical energy of system decreases with time
Time
are called damped oscillations. Damped
oscillation are shown in fig. "Envelope" of
the damping
Damping resources amplitude:
In damped oscillation energy of system decreases so amplitude decreases.
10.4. How can you define the term wave? Elaborate the difference
between mechanical and electromagnetic waves? Give examples
of each. (MLN. 16-I, FBD. 16-I, SWL. 14-I)
Ans. Wave: A disturbance in the medium which causes the particles of the
medium to undergo vibratory motion about their mean position in equal
intervals of time is called wave.
Mechanical Waves Electromagnetic Waves
(i) Mechanical waves require (i) Electromagnetic waves do not
medium for their propagation. require medium for their
propagation.
(ii) Mechanical waves may be (ii) Electromagnetic waves are
longitudinal or transverse. only transverse.
Examples of Mechanical Waves:
(i) Sound waves (ii) Water waves
(iii) Waves produced on the strings and springs.
Examples of electromagnetic waves:
(i) Heat and light waves (ii) Radio waves
(iii) TV waves (iv) X rays etc.
10.5. Distinguish between longitudinal and transverse waves with
suitable examples.
Ans. (LHR. 14-II, GRW. 15-II, DGK. 14-II, MLN. 17-II, SGD. 19-II)
Longitudinal Waves Transverse Waves
(i) In longitudinal waves the (i) In transverse waves particles
particles of medium move back of medium vibrate
and forth along the direction of perpendicular to the motion of
the propagation of wave. wave.
(ii) Compression and rarefaction are (ii) Crest and trough are produced
produced in longitudinal waves. in transvers waves.
Examples: sound waves, earth quack, Examples: Waver waves
vibration in gas.
10.6. Draw a transverse wave with an amplitude of 2 cm and a
wavelength of 4 cm. Label a crest and trough on the wave.
Ans.  = 4cm
Amplitude = 2cm crest
2cm
2cm
trough
10.7. Derive a relationship between velocity, frequency and

wavelength of a wave. Write a formula relating velocity of a
wave to its time period and wavelength.
Ans. See theory Q.No.13
10.8. Waves are the means of energy transfer without transfer of matter.
Justify this statement with the help of a simple experiment.
Ans. Waves transfer energy without transfer of matter.
Justification:
Drop a stone into pond of water. Water waves will be produced. Place a
cork at some distance from fall stone. When waves reach the cork, transfer
their energy to cork and cork moves up and down along with the motion of the
water particles. The cork does not move in the direction of waves. This shows
that waves transfer energy without transfer of matter.
10.9. Explain the following properties of waves with reference to
ripple tank experiment.
a. Reflection b. Refraction c. Diffraction.
Ans. See theory Question No. 14
10.10. Does increasing the frequency of a wave also increase its
wavelength? If not, how are these quantities related?
v
Ans. As we know that v = f  =
f
By increasing the frequency of wave, the wavelength decreases if speed
of wave is kept constant.
Conceptual Questions
10.1. If the length of a simple pendulum is doubled, what will be the
change in its time period? (DGK. 17-II, MLN. 17-I)
Ans. We know that time period of simple pendulum is
l
T  2
g
If length is doubled then, new time period will be:
2l L
T   2  2 × 2  2T
g g
So, new time period will be increased 2 times of initial value.
10.2. A ball is dropped from a certain height onto the floor and keeps
bouncing. Is the motion of the ball simple harmonic? Explain.
(RWP. 14-II)
Ans. A ball dropped from a certain height onto a floor keeps bouncing up and
down. Its motion is not SHM because its motion does not fulfils the
necessary conditions of SHM such as:
(a) There is no restoring force.
(b) The system is not frictionless and etc.
10.3. A student performed two experiments with a simple pendulum.
He/She used two bobs of different masses by keeping other
parameters constant. To his/her astonishment the time period of
the pendulum did not change! Why?
Ans: We know that time period of simple pendulum is:
L
T  2
g
Since time period of simple pendulum is independent of mass of the bob,
so time period remains same if experiments are performed with different
masses if other parameters (size of bob and length of thread) are kept constant.
10.4. What types of waves do not require any material medium for
their propagation?
Ans. Electromagnetic waves do not require any material medium for their
propagation. For example X rays, heat and light waves, radio waves etc.
10.5. Plane waves in the ripple tank undergo refraction when they
move from deep to shallow water. What change does occur in the
speed of the waves?
Ans. The wavelength of the waves decreases on passing from the deep water
to shallow water. Since frequency remains same because it depends on
source. So by relation
V = f, speed decreases as wavelength decreases.
Extra Short Questions

Q.1. With respect to simple pendulum, what is difference between
vibration and amplitude. (LHR. 14-I)
Ans. Vibration:
A complete round trip of a bob of a simple pendulum is called vibration.
Amplitude:
Maximum displacement of the bob of a simple pendulum on the either
side of mean position is called amplitude.
Q.2: Define Simple pendulum. Write down its time period equation.
Ans. Simple pendulum: (FBD. 14-I, BWP. 17-II)
A small bob of mass ‘m’ attached to inextensible and massless string of
length L suspended with rigid and frictionless support is called simple
pendulum.
Time Period:
The time period of simple pendulum is given by equation.
L
T  2
g
Where L is length of simple pendulum and g is gravitational acceleration.
Q.3: Define Wave equation and write down its formula.
Ans. Wave equations: (RWP. 14-I, SWL. 17-II)
The relation between the speed, frequency and wavelength of the wave is
known as wave equation.
Formula:
V = f
Where ‘v’ is wave speed, ‘f’ is frequency and ‘’ is wavelength.
Q.4: Calculate the frequency of sound waves of speed 340m/s and
wavelength 0.5m.
Ans. V = 340 m/s
 = 0.5 m
f = ?
We know that
V = f
v 340 m/s
f = = = 680 Hz.
 0.5m
Q.5: State Hook’s law. (LHR. 15-II, GRW. 19-I&II, MLN. 19-I)
Ans. The external force ‘F’ acting on the spring is directly proportional to
increase in length ‘x’ of the spring i.e.
F  x
F = constt x
F = Kx
Where ‘k’ is constant of proportionality and is called spring constant. Its
value depends upon the nature of the spring and system of units.
Q.6: How does the stiffness of the spring effect the value of ‘K’?
Ans. We know that
F
K=
x
‘K’ changes with the stiffness of the spring. If same force is applied on
the hard and soft spring, then extension ‘x’ in the hard spring will be less than
that of soft spring. So from above equation hard spring will have greater value
of ‘k’ then that of soft spring.
Q.7: When ball is at the center of the bowl what will be the net force?
Ans. When the ball is at the center of the bowl the net force acting on the ball
is zero because at this position weight of the ball acts downward and is
equal to the upward normal force of the surface of the bowl.
Q.8: If we replace iron bob of simple pendulum with wooden bob.

What will be the effect on the time period of simple pendulum.
Ans. No effect.
Reason: We know that
L
T  2
g
It is clear that time period is independent of mass of the bob of simple
pendulum provided that the length of simple pendulum is kept constant.
Q.9: What is difference between compression and rarefaction?
Ans.
Compression (SWL. 17-I) Rarefaction
The region of a wave where particles The region of a wave where the
of medium are closed to each other particles of medium are spaced apart
is called compression. is called rarefaction.
Q.10: What is difference between crest and trough? (BWP. 14-I)
Or What is meant by crest and trough? (DGK. 19-I, RWP. 19-I)
Ans. Crest Trough
The position of the wave where The portion of the wave where
particles vibrate above the particles vibrate below the mean
mean level is called crest. level is called trough.
Q.11: A wave moves on a stinky, with frequency of 4Hz and
wavelength of 0.4m. What is the speed of the wave?
Ans. f = 4Hz (BWP. 18-II, SGD. 19-I)
 = 0.4 m
V = ?
We know that
V = f
= 4 × 0.4 = 1.6 m/s
Q.12: How energy can be transferred from one place to other?
Ans. Energy can be transferred from one place to other with help of waves.
Q.13: Define reflection of waves. (LHR. 16-I, 19-II)
Ans. Reflection of waves:
When waves moving in our medium fall on the surface of another
medium they bounce back into the first medium such that the angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. The phenomenon is called
reflection of waves.
Q.14: Define refraction of waves. (GRW. 16-II)
Ans. Refraction of waves:
When waves from one medium enter in the second medium at some
angle, their direction of travel may change. This phenomenon is called
refraction of waves.
Q.15: Define diffraction of waves. (BWP. 14-I, 19-I, SGD. 15-II, 17-I,
Ans. Diffraction of waves: GRW. 17-I, 18-II, FSD. 19-I)
The bending or spreading of waves around the sharp edges or corners of

obstacles is called diffraction.
Q.16: Define mechanical waves? Write names of its types.
Ans. Mechanical Waves: (LHR. 15-I, 19-II, BWP. 14-I, SGD. 15-I, BWP. 17-II)
The waves which require medium for their propagation are called
mechanical waves.
Examples: (i) Water waves (ii) Sound waves etc.
Types of mechanical waves:
There are two types of mechanical waves:
(a) Longitudinal waves (b) Transverse waves
Q.17: Write two features of simple harmonic motion.
(GRW. 16-II, MLN. 14-II, SWL. 17-I)
Or Write the characteristics of S.H.M. (SGD. 19-II, BWP. 19-II, LHR. 19-I)
Ans. (i) Acceleration of body in SHM is directly proportional to
displacement.
(ii) Direction of body in SHM is always towards the mean position.
Q.18: What is spring constant? Write its formula. (AJK. 16-I, SWL. 17-II)
Ans. The ratio of force (F) acting on the spring to the displacement from the
mean position is called spring constant.
F
Formula: K =
x
Q.19: Define wave. (SGD. 17-II, MLN. 16-II, DGK. 17-II)
Ans. A wave is a disturbance in the medium which causes the particles of the
medium to undergo vibratory motion about their mean position in equal
intervals of times.
Q.20: Define wavelength of wave. (BWP. 16-I)
Ans. The distance between two consective crests or troughs is called
wavelength.
Q.21: Define Transverse waves. (FBD. 14-II, 17-II, 19-II, DGK. 17-I, 19-I)
Ans. The waves in which particles of medium vibrate perpendicular to the
motion of waves.
For example, water waves.
Q.22: Define Longitudinal waves. (SGD. 14-II, DGK. 14-II, RWP. 17-II, FSD. 19-II)
Ans. The waves in which particles of medium vibrates along the direction of
propagation of waves.
For example sound waves.
Q.23: What is the function of ripple tank? (DGK. 15-II)
Ans. Ripple tank is used to produce water waves and to study their
characteristics.
Q.24: If time period of simple pendulum is 1.99 second find its frequency.
Ans. T = 1.99 sec (GRW. 19-I, FSD. 19-II)
f = ?
We know that
1 1  0.502
f = = Hz
T 1.99
Q.25: If the length of simple pendulum is doubled, what will be the
change in its time period? (RWP. 19-II, FSD. 19-I, DGK. 17-II, MLN. 17-I)
Ans. We know that
T = 2
g
If length is made doubled, then new time period will be:
 
T = 2 2 = 2  2 = 2T
g  g 
Q.26: Define simple pendulum. Write its time period equation. (FBD. 18-II)
Ans. Simple pendulum:
A small bob of mass m attached to inextensible and massless string of
length L suspended with rigid and friction less support is called simple
pendulum.
Time period:
Time period of simple pendulum is
T = 2 L
g
Q.27: What is relation between frequency and time period? (DGK. 19-II)
Ans. Frequency is reciprocal of time period. Mathematical
1
f =
T
Q.28: If v = 340 ms–1 and  = 0.5m then f = ?
Ans. v = 340 ms–1
 = 0.5 m
f = ?
We know that
v = f
v
 f =
λ
340
=
0.5
= 680 Hz
Q.29: Differentiate between time period and frequency. (BWP. 19-I)
Ans. Difference between time period and frequency.
Time period Frequency
The time taken by vibrating body The number of vibrations in
to complete one vibration is one second is called frequency.
called time period.
Q.30: If l = 1m, g = 10ms–2, then find the value of T. (BWP. 19-II)
Ans. l = 1m
g = 10 ms–2
T = ?
We know that
l
T = 2
g
l
= 2 ×3.14 = 1.98 sec
10
Q.31: What is reciprocal of time period? Define it. (MLN. 19-I)
Ans. The reciprocal of time period is frequency.
Frequency (f): The number of vibrations in one second is called
frequency. It is reciprocal of time period.
1
f =
T
Q.32: How does crest and trough are produced in a water wave?
(MLN. 19-II)
Ans. When disturbance is produced in water the kinetic energy is transferred
to water which produces waves in it in the form of crest and trough. In
this way crest and trough are produced on the surface of water.
Q.33: Why are sound waves called as mechanical waves? (GRW. 19-I)
Ans. Sound waves require some material medium for their propagation, so
these are called mechanical waves.
Q.34: Calculate the speed of wave, when frequency is 2Hz and wave
length is 0.1m. (GRW. 19-II)
Ans. v = ?
f = 2Hz
 = 0.1m
We know that
v = f
= (2)(0.1)
= 0.2 m/s
Q.35: What is meant by compression? (LHR. 19-II)
Ans. Compression: The region of a wave where particles of medium are
closed to each other is called compression.
Numerical Problems
10.1. The time period of a simple pendulum is 2s. What will be its
length on the Earth? What will be its length on Moon if
g m = g e / 6 ? Where ge = 10ms-2 . (FBD. 15-I)
Solution: Given Data:
Time period = T = 2 sec
ge = 10 m/sec2
ge 10
gm =   1.67ms2
6 6
Length of pendulum on Earth Le = ?
Length of pendulum on moon Lm = ?
L
Time period of simple pendulum = T = 2 …(i)
g
Squaring both sides eq. (i) we get
L
T2 = 4 2
g
gT 2
L =
4π 2
g T2
For earth, length of pendulum will be Le = e 2 … (ii)
Putting the values in eq. (2) we get 4π
10  (2)2
Le =  40
4  (3.14) 2
39.44
Le = 1.014 m
gmT2
For moon we get Lm =
42
1.67  (2)2
Lm =  6.68  0.17m
4  (3.14) 2
39.44
10.2. A pendulum of length 0.99 m is taken to the Moon by an
astronaut. The period of the pendulum is 4.9 s. What is the value
of g on the surface of the Moon? (MLN. 15-II)
Solution: Given Data:
Length L = 0.99 m
Period T = 4.9 sec
The value of g on the surface of moon = g = ?
Formula: For the time period of simple pendulum
T = 2 L … (1)
g
Squaring eq. (1) both side we get
T2 = 42 L
g
 g = 42 L2 … (2)
T
Putting the values we get
0.99
g = 4 × (3.14)2 ×
(4.9) 2
g = 4 × 9.86 × 0.99  39.0456  1.63m/s2

24.01 24.01
10.3. Find the time periods of a simple pendulum of 1 metre length,
placed on Earth and on Moon. The value of g on the surface of
moon is l/6th of its value on Earth, where ge is 10 ms–2.
Solution: Length L = 1m
ge = 10 ms–2
ge 10
gm =   1.67ms2
6 6
Time period of simple pendulum on earth = Te = ?
Time period of simple pendulum on moon = Tm = ?
L
Time period of simple pendulum T = 2 … (1)
g
L
For earth time period will be Te = 2 … (2)
ge
L
For moon time period will be Tm = 2 … (3)
gm
Putting the values in eq. (2) we get
1
Te = 2 × 3.14 ×
10
Te = 6.28 × (0.316)
Te = 1.98 sec
or Te = 2 sec
Putting the values in eq. (3) we get
1
Tm = 2 × 3.14
1.67
Tm = 2 × 3.14 × 0.774
Tm = 4.9 sec
10.4. A simple pendulum completes one vibration in two seconds.
Calculate its length, when g = 10.0 ms–2.
Solution: (LHR. 14-I, FBD. 14-II, RWP. 16-II, DGK. 14-I)
Time period T = 2 sec
ge = 10 m sec–2
Length of simple pendulum = L = ?
L
Wek now that T = 2
g
Squaring both sides we get
T2 = 4 2 L
g
gT 2
L =
4 2
10  (2)2
L =
4  2
40
L = = 1.02 m
4  9.86
10.5. If 100 waves pass through a point of a medium in 20 seconds,
what is the frequency and the time period of the wave? If its
wavelength is 6 cm, calculate the wave speed.
Solution:
No. of waves passed = 100
Time taken = 20 sec
Frequency = ?
6 m  0.6m
Wave length  = 6cm =
100
Wave speed v = ?
No. of waves passed
We know that: Frequency =
Time taken
100  5Hz
f =
20
We know that
1
T =
f
1  0.2sec
T =
5
We know that
v = f
= 5 × (0.6)
v = 0.3 ms–1
10.6. A wooden bar vibrating into the water surface in a ripple tank
has a frequency of 12Hz. The resulting wave has a wavelength of
3cm. What is the speed of the wave? (RWP. 14-I)
Solution:
Frequency f = 12 Hz
3 m
Wave length  = 3cm = = 0.03 m
100
Speed v = ?
We know that v = f
v = (12) × (0.03)
v = 0.36 ms–1
10.7. A transverse wave produced on a spring has a frequency of 190Hz
and travels along the length of the spring of 90 m, in 0.5 s.
(a) What is the period of the wave?
(b) What is the speed of the wave?
(c) What is the wavelength of the wave?
Solution:
Frequency f = 190 Hz
Length of spring d = s = 90 m
t = 0.5 sec
T = ?
V = ?
 = ?
We know that
1
T =
f
T = 1 = 0.005 sec
190
We know that s = vt
s
v =
t
v = 90
0.5
v = 180 ms–1
v
 =
f
 = 180 = 0.95 m
190
10.8. Water waves in a shallow dish are 6.0 cm long. At one point, the
water moves up and down at a rate of 4.8 oscillations per second.
(a) What is the speed of the water waves?
(b) What is the period of the water waves?
Solution:
Wave length  = 6.0 cm = 6.0 = 0.06 m
100
Frequency f = 4. 8 Hz
(a) Speed v = ?
(b) Period T = ?
We know that
1
T =
f
= 1 = 0.21 sec
4.8
We know that
v = f
Putting the values, we get
v = (4.8) (0.06)
= 0.29 ms–1
10.9. At one end of a ripple tank 80 cm across, a 5 Hz vibrator
produces waves whose wavelength is 40 mm. Find the time the
waves need to cross the tank.
Solution:
Length of ripple tank d = 80 cm = 80 = 0. 8 m
100
Frequency f = 5 Hz
Wave length  = 40 mm = 40 = 0.04 m
1000
Time t = ?
First we find the speed v of waves
We know that
v = f
Putting the values v = (5) × (0.04)
= 0.2 ms–1
We know that
d = vt
 t = d
v
0.8
t =
0.2
= 4 sec
10.10. What is the wavelength of the radiowaves transmitted by an FM
station at 90 MHz? Where 1M = 106, and speed of radiowave is
3×108ms–1.
Solution:
Frequency f = 90 MHz
= 90×106 Hz
Speed of radio wave c = 3×108 ms–1
Note: (For speed of radio wave we write c instead of “v”)
Formula: c = f
c
 =
f
 = 3  108
90  106
= 3.33 m
Examples
Example 10.1: Find the time period and frequency of a simple pendulum
1.0m long at a location where g = 10.0 ms–2. (AJK. 14-II, MLN. 18-I, FBD. 14-II)
Solution:
L = 1.0m
g = 10.0 ms–2
T = time period = ?
Frequency f = ?
We know time period of simple pendulum
L
T = 2
g
1.0
T = 2 × (3.14)
10
T = 2 × (3.14) × (0.316) = 1.99 sec.
1
We know that T =
f
1
 f =
T
1
f = = 0.50 Hz
1.99
Example 10.2: A wave moves on a slinky with frequency of 4 Hz and
wavelength of 0.4 m. What is the speed of the wave?
Solution: f = 4Hz
wavelength  = 0.4m
Speed of wave v = ?
v = (4) × (0.4) = 1.6 ms–1
Example 10.3: A student performs an experiment with waves in water.
The student measures the wavelength of a wave to be 10cm. By using a
stopwatch and observing the oscillations of a floating ball, the student
measures a frequency of 2 Hz. If the student starts a wave in one part of
a tank of water, how long will it take the wave to reach the opposite
side of the tank 2m away?
Solution:
10m  0.1m
Wavelength  = 10 cm =
100
Frequency f = 2 Hz
Distance travel d = 2m
t = ?
= 2 × 0.1 = 0.2 ms–1
d
We know that v =
t
d 2
 t = =  10 s
v 0.2
Extra M.C.Qs
10.1 Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
10.2 Damped Oscillation
1. Spring constant k depends on:
(a) Nature of spring (b) System of units
(c) Both a and b (d) None of these
2. Which spring will have large value of k?
(a) stiff spring (b) soft spring (c) both a & b (d) none of these
3. Formula of Hook’s law. (DGK. 18-II, FBD. 18-II, BWP. 17-I)
2F
(a) F = kx (b) F = –kx (c) K = (d) K = –Fx
x
4. A force which always pushes or pulls the object performing
oscillatory motion towards the mean position is called:
(a) applied force (b) restoring force (c) resistive force (d) none of these
5. Restoring force in case of mass attached to spring is:
-k x
(a) F = kx (b) F = –kx (c) F = (d) F = 
x k
6. Restoring force is max at:
(a) mean position (b) extreme position
(c) both a and b (d) none of these
7. S.H.M is always under:
(a) restoring force (b) frictional force
(c) external force (d) all of these
8. S.H.M is:
(a) vibratory (b) periodic (c) both a and b (d) none of these
9. The time period of mass attached to spring is:
(LHR. 15-II, MLN. 17-I, SWL. 19-II)
(a) T = 2 m (b) T = 2 k (c) T = 2 mk (d) T = 1 k

k m 2 m
10. Time period of mass attached to spring depends on:
(a) mass (b) spring constant (c) both a & b (d) none of these
11. If mass attached to spring is made four times then, time period will be:
(a) double (b) four times (c) half (d) decreases
12. The time period of vibrating mass spring system when its mass
becomes doubled. (MLN. 19-I)
(a) remains same (b) becomes half (c) increased (d) decreased
13. If F = 0.08N and X = 4cm then the value of K is:
(a) 4 Nm–1 (b) 0.2 Nm–1 (c) 0.4 Nm–1 (d) 2 Nm–1
14. When a ball is gently displaced from the centre of a bowl, it starts
oscillating about the center due to:
(a) force to friction (b) force of gravity
(c) elastic force (d) magnetic force
15. For which spring, the time period of mass attached to spring will be
small:
(a) stiff spring (b) soft spring (c) both a and b
(d) independent of nature of spring
16. When the ball is at mean position ‘O’ that is, at the centre of the
bowl, net force acting on the ball is:
(a) minimum (b) maximum (c) zero (d) none of these
17. In S.H.M speed is max at:
18. In S.H.M, speed is zero (minimum) at:
19. In S.H.M K.E is max at:
(c) at the onid of mean and extreme position (d) all of these
20. In S.H.M K.E is min (zero) at:
(c) at the mid of mean and extreme position (d) all of these
21. In S.H.M P.E is max at;
(c) at the mid position (d) all of these
22. In S.H.M P.E is min (zero) at:
(c) at the mid position (d) all of these
23. Which is correct for S.H.M.
(a) T.E = constant (b) T.E = 0 at mean position
(c) T.E = max at extreme position (d) None of these
24. In S.H.M acc is directly proportional to:
(a) displacement (b) Velocity (c) Mass (d) All of these
25. In S.H.M acc is zero at:
26. In S.H.M acc is max at:
27. The pendulum clock was invented by:
(a) Newton (b) Galileo (c) Huygens (d) Faraday
28. Time period of simple pendulum is: (GRW. 16-II, LHR. 19-II)
g m k
(a) T = 2 (b) T = 2 (c) T = 2 (d) T = 2
g p k m
29. The time period of simple pendulum is independent of its:
(a) mass and amplitude (b) amplitude and force of gravity
(c) length (d) all of these
30. If length of simple pendulum is made doubled, its time period will be:
T
(a) 2T (b) T (c) 2T (d)
2 2
31. The SI unit of spring constant is:
(a) Nm–2 (b) NCm–2 (c) NCm–1 (d) Nm–1
32. The product of frequency and time period is:
(a) V (b) 1 (c)  (d) 0
33. If length of simple pendulum is halved, its time period T will be:
T
(a) (b) 2T (c) 2T (d) T
2 2
34. Which of the following can be the examples of S.H.M.
(a) mass attached to spring (b) simple pendulum
(c) ball bowl system (d) all of these
35. Motion of simple pendulum will be slowest at:
(a) Murree (b) Karachi (c) Multan (d) Lahore
36. Motion of simple pendulum will be fastest at:
(a) Murree (b) Karachi (c) Multan (d) Lahore
37. The unit of frequency is:
(a) N (b) m (c) Pa (d) Hz
38. In motion of simple pendulum restoring force is provided by:
(LHR. 14-I, GRW. 14-I)
(a) Resistance (b) Tension in string (c) force of gravity (d) Inertia
39. When L = 1m the time period of simple pendulum is:
(BWP. 14-I, RWP. 18-I)
(a) 1.99 sec (b) 2.11 sec (c) 1.89 sec (d) 1.88 sec
40. If length of simple pendulum on earth is 1m, then its time period will
be:
(a) 2 sec (b) 10 sec (c) 1 sec (d) 6 sec
41. What is the length of second’s pendulum?
(a) 1.02 cm (b) 1.02 km (c) 1.02 m (d) 1.02 mm
42. The SI unit of amplitude is: (LHR. 14-I)
(a) sec (b) Hz (c) m (d) cm
43. If mass of the bob is increased by the factor 3, then period of
pendulum. (GRW. 16-II)
(a) increased by the factor 2 (b) remain same
(c) decreased by the factor 2 (d) decreased by the factor 4
44. The oscillation of a system in the presence of some resistive force are
called:
(a) forced oscillation (b) damped oscillation
(c) harmonics (d) none of these
45. The example of shock absorber of the vehicles are: (LHR. 14-I)
(a) SHM (b) vibratory motion
(c) damped motion (d) motion
46. In damped oscillations energy of the system with time:
(a) remains same (b) decreases (c) increases
(d) first decreases then increases
47. In damped oscillation amplitude of vibration with time:
(a) remains same (b) decreases (c) increases
(d) first decreases then increases
10.3 Wave Motion
10.4 Types of Mechanical Waves
48. Waves are carriers of:
(a) energy (b) information (c) matter (d) both a and b
49. Waves require some oscillating or _________ source:
(a) moving (b) vibrating (c) both a and b (d) none of these
50. The main categories of waves are: (LHR. 17-I, DGK. 17-I)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
51. Waves which require any medium for their propagation are called:
(a) Electromagnetic waves (b) Mechanical waves
(c) Compressional waves (d) All of these
52. _________ is an example of Mechanical waves:
(a) Water waves (b) Electromagnetic waves
(c) Radio waves (d) All of these
53. __________ is example of Mechanical wave.
(a) Waves produced on the string (b) Waves produced on the spring
(c) Sound waves (d) All of these
54. Waves which do not require any medium for their propagation are
called:
(a) Electromagnetic waves (b) Compressional waves
(c) Mechanical waves (d) All of these
55. _________ is an example of electromagnetic waves.
(a) Waves produced on the string (b) Waves produced on spring
(c) Heat and light waves (d) All of these
56. ___________ is an example of electromagnetic waves.
(a) Radio waves (b) Television waves (c) X-rays (d) All of these
57. In a vaccum all electromagnetic waves have the same.
(BWP. 19-II, DGK. 19-II)
(a) speed (b) frequency (c) amplitude (d) wave length
58. Mechanical waves may be classified as:
(a) Transverse waves (b) Longitudinal waves
(c) Water waves (d) Both a and b
59. _______ is an example of longitudinal waves.
(SGD. 17-I, 19-II, SWL. 17-II, MLN. 17-II, BWP. 17-II, RWP. 17-I, DGK. 17-I&II)
(a) Sound waves (b) Light waves (c) Radio waves (d) Water waves
60. Electromagnetic waves consist of electric and magnetic fields
oscillating _______ to each other.
(a) Parallel (b) Perpendicular (c) Equal (d) All of these
61. The waves in which the particles of medium move back and forth
along the direction of propagation of wave. (GRW. 19-I)
(a) water waves (b) sound waves (c) radio waves (d) light waves
62. In case of _________ the vibratory motion of particles of the
medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of waves.
(a) Longitudinal waves (b) Transverse wave
63. Longitudinal waves moves faster through __________ than through
_______ or
(a) solids, gases, liquids (b) gases, liquids, solids
(c) liquids, solids, gases (d) none of these
64. Transverse waves move through solids at a speed of less than
_______ of the speed of longitudinal waves.
(a) equal (b) double (c) triple (d) half
65. Energy can be transferred from one place to another through _____
(a) Matter (b) Mechanical waves (c) Waves (d) All of these
66. Wave equation (or relation between f,  and v in). (LHR. 15-I, GRW. 15-I)
f 
(a) V  (b) V  (c) V = f (d) all of these
 f
67. The distance between two consecutive crests or troughs is called:
(a) time period (b) amplitude (c) wave length (d) frequency
68. The number of waves passing through a point in one sec is called:
(GRW. 17-I)
69. Time taken for one complete wave is known as:
70. In a vacuum all electromagnetic waves have the same.
(SWL. 17-I, FSD. 17-I, MLN. 17-II)
(a) Velocity (b) Speed (c) Frequency (d) Amplitude
71. Which of the following characteristics of a wave is independent of
others?
72. ________ of waves does not depends upon other properties of waves.
73. Radio waves are:
(a) Longitudinal waves (b) Mechanical waves
(c) Electromagnetic waves (d) All of these
74. Which form of energy sound is.
(GRW. 14-I, DGK. 17-II, SGD. 17-II, LHR. 17-II, GRW. 17-II, MLN. 17-I, SWL. 17-I)
(a) Electrical (b) Mechanical (c) Thermal (d) Chemical
75. Which of the following is a method of energy transfer?
(GRW. 16-I, 15-I, BWP. 17-II, SGD. 17-I, RWP. 17-II, LH?R. 15-II)
OR _________ method is / are used to transfer the energy.
(a) conduction (b) Radiation (c) Wave motion (d) All of these
76. Frequency of wave is 4Hz and wave length is 0.4m then its speed will
be:
(a) 16 ms–1 (b) 1.6 ms–1 (c) 16 m (d) 1.6 m
77. Wave length for waves can be defined by ratio of:
(a) speed and frequency (b) time period and frequency
(c) distance and speed (d) frequency and speed
–1
78. If the speed of wave is 340 ms and wave length is 0.5m, then
frequency will be: (FSD. 17-II)
(a) 170 Hz (b) 340 Hz (c) 3400 Hz (d) 680 Hz
79. The relation between time, speed and distance is:
t2
(a) V  t (b) V = dt (c) V  d (d) V 
d t d
80. If the time period is given then frequency is calculated as:
1 2 3 4
(a) f  (b) f  (c) f  (d) f 
T T T T
10.5 Ripple Tank
81. The part of a wave, where the particles of medium are lowest from
the mean position is called. (GRW. 19-II)
(a) crest (b) trough (c) wave front (d) wave length
82. The part of a wave, where the particles of medium are highest from
the mean position is called:
(a) crest (b) trough (c) wave front (d) wave length
83. In a ripple tank, the crests of wave appear on white paper as:
(a) bright lines (b) dark lines (c) coloured lines (d) none of these
84. In a triple tank, the troughs of wave appear on white paper as:
(a) bright lines (b) dark lines (c) coloured lines (d) none of these
85. In the expression V = f, which quantity depends upon the
properties of the medium?
(a) V only (b)  only (c) V and f (d) V and 
86. The laws of reflection of water waves and laws of reflection of light
are:
(a) different (b) identical (c) Proportional (d) none of these
87. In reflection of waves angle of incidence is _____ angle of reflection.
(a) equal to (b) greater than (c) smaller than
(d) all are possible
88. The refraction of waves occurs due to the change in their:
(a) wave length (b) frequency (c) speed (d) both a and c
89. The speed of water waves depends upon the:
(a) nature of water (b) colour of water
(c) shape of water (d) depth of water
90. The speed of water is reduced when it enters in:
(a) deep water (b) shallower water
(c) may be shallower or deep water (d) none of these
91. The speed of water waves is increased when it enters in:
(a) deep water (b) shallower water
(c) may be shallower or deep water
(d) none of these
92. When water waves enter from deep to shallower part their wavelength:
(a) decreases (b) increases
(c) remains the same (d) none of these
93. When water waves enter from deep to shallower region, they always:
(a) bend away from the normal (b) bend towards the normal
(c) remains straight (d) none of these
94. Bending of waves around the obstacles or sharp edges is called:
(BWP. 19-I)
(a) reflection (b) refraction (c) diffraction
(d) damped oscillation
95. In order to observe the diffraction of waves on water surface, the
size of slit or obstacle is nearly equal to the:
(a) amplitude of the wave (b) frequency of the wave
(c) time period of the wave (d) wavelength of the wave
96. _________ is a device to produce water waves and to study their
characteristics.
(a) vibrator (b) Ripple tank (c) Shock absorber (d) all of these
97. When a wave from one medium enters into the second medium at
some angle, its direction of travel changes. This phenomenon is
called ________ of waves.
(a) Refraction (b) Reflection (c) Diffraction (d) All of these
98. A large ripple tank with vibrator working at frequency of 30Hz
produce 25 complete waves in a distance of 50cm. The velocity of
waves in:
(a) 53 cms–1 (b) 60 cms–1 (c) 750 cms–1 (d) 1500 cms–1
99. Ripple tank is a device which is used to study properties of:
(a) Mechanical waves (b) Light waves
(c) Radio waves (d) Electromagnetic waves
100. Which of the following quantities is not changed during refraction of
waves. (FSD. 17-I)
(a) Its speed (b) Its direction (c) Its frequency (d) Its wavelength
Answers:
1- c 2- a 3- a 4- b 5- b
6- b 7- a 8- c 9- a 10- c
11- a 12- c 13- d 14- b 15- a
16- c 17- a 18- b 19- a 20- b
21- b 22- a 23- a 24- a 25- a
26- b 27- c 28- a 29- a 30- a
31- d 32- b 33- d 34- d 35- a
36- b 37- d 38- c 39- a 40- a
41- c 42- c 43- b 44- b 45- c
46- b 47- b 48- d 49- b 50- c
51- b 52- a 53- d 54- a 55- c
56- d 57- a 58- d 59- a 60- b
61- b 62- b 63- a 64- d 65- c
66- c 67- c 68- d 69- a 70- b
71- b 72- c 73- c 74- b 75- d
76- b 77- a 78- d 79- c 80- a
81- b 82- a 83- a 84- b 85- d
86- b 87- a 88- d 89- d 90- b
91- a 92- a 93- b 94- c 95- d
96- b 97- a 98- b 99- a 100- c
Time allowed: Total Marks:
2 hrs. SUNSHINE SELF TEST 60
Time: 15 min. (OBJECTIVE TYPE) Marks: 12
Q.1: Tick the correct one.
(i) Which of the following characteristics of wave is independent of the
other:
(ii) The relation between v, f and  of the wave is:
(a) vf =  (b) f = v (c) v = f (d) v =

f
(iii) Which of the following is a method of energy transfer?
(a) conduction (b) radiation (c) wave motion (d) all of these
(iv) In a vacuum all electromagnetic waves have the same.
(v) Time period of simple pendulum is independent of:
(a) mass of bob (b) amplitude (c) length (d) both a and b
(vi) In simple pendulum the component of weight which produces
restoring force in:
(a) mg cos (b) mg sin (c) mg tan (d) mg cot
(vii) When l = 1m then time period of simple pendulum is:
(a) 1.99 sec (b) 1.88 sec (c) 2.11 sec (d) 2.6 sec
(viii) The motion of simple pendulum will be slowest at:
(a) Muree (b) Karachi (c) Multan (d) Lahore
(ix) In damped oscillation energy of system:
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains same (d) become zero
(x) Shock absorber is an example of:
(a) Damped oscillation (b) SHM
(c) Natural oscillations (d) Resonance oscillations
(xi) Sound waves are:
(a) Mechanical waves (b) Longitudinal waves
(c) Electromagnetic waves (d) Both a and b
(xii) Ripple tank is device which is used to study:
(a) Mechanical waves (b) Light waves
(c) Radio waves (d) Electromagnetic waves
Time Allowed:
(SUBJECTIVE TYPE) Marks: 48
1 hour 45 min.
PART - 1
Q.2: Write the short answers of any five questions. 5×2=10
(i) Define restoring force.
(ii) Define vibratory motion.
(iii) Distinguish between longitudinal and transverse waves with suitable
examples.
(iv) Define diffraction of waves.
(v) Prove that v = f .
(vi) What is difference between mechanical waves and electromagnetic
waves?
(vii) Define simple pendulum. Write down its time period equation.
(viii) A wave moves on slinky, with frequency of 4Hz and wavelength of
0.4m. What is the speed of the wave?
PART - II
Note: Attempt any one questions. 4+5 = 9
Q.3: (a) Prove that the motion of a body attached to one end of a spring is
simple harmonic motion. (4)
(b) A simple pendulum completes one vibration in two seconds.
Calculate its length, when g = 10 ms–2. (5)
Q.4: (a) Define refraction of waves. Discuss this phenomenon with the help
of Ripple tank. (4)
(b) What is the wavelength of the radio waves transmitted by an FM
station at 90 MHz? Where 1M = 106 and speed of radio waves is
3×108ms–1. (5)

Simple Harmonic Motion and Waves: Sunshine Series Physics Class 10

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Simple Harmonic Motion and Waves: Sunshine Series Physics Class 10

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SUNSHINE SERIES PHYSICS 5 Class 10th

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION AND

 solve problems by using the formula T  2 for simple pendulum.

10.1 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

10.2: DAMPED OSCILLATIONS

10.3: WAVE MOTION

10.4: TYPES OF MECHANICAL WAVES

For your information

Wave patterns on a viewing screen

On setting the vibrator on, thin wooden plate

Multiple Choice Questions

10.7. Derive a relationship between velocity, frequency and

Extra Short Questions

Q.8: If we replace iron bob of simple pendulum with wooden bob.

The bending or spreading of waves around the sharp edges or corners of

g = 4 × 9.86 × 0.99  39.0456  1.63m/s2

(a) T = 2 m (b) T = 2 k (c) T = 2 mk (d) T = 1 k

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