Lecture 2

September 15, 2020

09/15/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 2 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 1

Learning Outcomes

• Understand power and its relationship to current and voltage

• Explain the difference between independent and dependent

sources

• Define and apply Ohm’s Law

• Introduce and apply common circuits such as current and voltage

dividers

09/15/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 2 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 2

 Circuits

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Circuits
• An electrical circuit must form a loop

Example: light bulb

• In this example, if the switch is closed, charge flows through the bulb filament,
which heats it up and gives off energy in the form of thermal photons or light.

• Here: Chemical energy (battery) → electrical energy → heat + light

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Circuits
• What if we add another battery?

• Batteries provide energy and serve as a source

• Elements absorb (dissipate) electrical energy

• These need to balance as a result of conservation

Let’s check the units of Voltage and current

𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑊
𝑉= 𝑖= → 𝑉)𝑖 = ) =
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐽
𝑉)𝑖 = = = 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠

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 Power

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Power
• Both voltage 𝑉 and current 𝑖 can vary in time and likewise so does power 𝑃

𝑃 𝑡 = 𝑉(𝑡) ( 𝑖(𝑡)

• The energy 𝑊 delivered in a time frame ∆𝑡 = 𝑡! − 𝑡" is given by:

! !
𝑊 = ∫! $ 𝑃 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫! $ 𝑉(𝑡) ( 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
# #

• Note that both 𝑉 and 𝑖 have an associated sign which means 𝑃 similarly has a sign
corresponding to whether power is either supplied (negative) or absorbed (positive)

• If current enters a positive voltage terminal → power absorbed

• If current leaves the positive voltage terminal → power supplied

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Power
• Returning to our example of the light bulb

• Conservation laws apply which implies conservation of charge, energy, and power.

• The sum of powers supplied will equal the sum of powers dissipated – refer to Tellegen’s Theorem

• Tellegen’s Theorem: The sum of the powers absorbed/supplied by all elements in an electrical network
is zero. In other words, the power supplied in a network is exactly equal to the power dissipated.

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 Sources

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Sources – Current and Voltage
• Circuits require power be supplied to them, we can represent this as ideal sources. A real
source can be modeled fairly accurately using an ideal source with a loss element (resistor).

• In the course, will see independent sources that allow us to provide specific values of voltage and
current and dependent sources that will have outputs that are dependent on specifics of the circuit

• Independent voltage source – specified voltage will be maintained between terminals regardless of
current passing through it (represented by a circular symbol)
V

• Note that in the example above we have plotted 𝑉 vs. 𝑖 which is common for describing a
circuit element. These quantities may have a time dependence.
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Sources – Current and Voltage
• Independent current source – maintains a specified current regardless of voltage across the terminals
V

i(t)
Specific current

• Independent sources usually supply power to a circuit, but they can also absorb power (e.g. battery
charging)

• Note, that a real source cannot provide infinite power. Output of voltage source will decrease as the
current increases. A real current source will exhibit a decreasing current as the voltage increases.

• In this course we will deal mostly but not entirely with independent sources

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Sources – Current and Voltage

• Dependent sources – provide voltage or current determined by another voltage or current at

a specified location in the circuit.

• These are used to model more complex electrical components such as transistors which can be either
voltage or current controlled (represented by a diamond symbol). You will see these in the problem sets.

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 Ohm’s Law

09/15/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 2 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 13

Ohm’s Law
• The voltage across a resistor is proportional to the current running through it.

• A resistive element is called a resistor 𝑅 then

"%
V 𝑡 =𝑖 𝑡 )𝑅 𝑅 > 0 R is measured in Ohms 1Ω =
&

• For an ideal resistor which remains constant regardless of the current running through it. In practice, the
resistor heats up with current and the resistance will change depending on its composition (ohmic heating).

Recall power P 𝑡 = 𝑉(𝑡) ) 𝑖(𝑡)

% ' %(')!
Using Ohm’s law: P 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑡 ) =
( (

Alternatively: P 𝑡 = 𝑖 𝑡 ) 𝑅 ) 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖 ! 𝑅

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Ohm’s Law
"
• Sometimes it is useful to use another quantity called conductance 𝐺 = (units of Siemens 𝐴/𝑉)
(

+! '
• Then 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐺 ) 𝑉(𝑡) and P 𝑡 = ,
= 𝐺𝑉 ! (𝑡)

• We can make note of limiting cases

If 𝑅 → 0. V 𝑡 = 𝑅 ) 𝑖 𝑡 = 0 for any 𝑖 𝑡 , this is known as a “short circuit”

% '
If 𝑅 → ∞. 𝑖 𝑡 = = 0 for any V(𝑡), this is known as an “open circuit”
(

• We have now introduced enough elements to begin circuit analysis, however we will come up with more
formal methods as the course progresses.

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Ohm’s Law

Example
𝑉" =8V

-+
I=?

2 𝑘Ω

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Ohm’s Law

Example
𝑉" =4V
𝑉
-+ 𝐼=
𝐼 =? 𝑅

8𝑉
𝐼=
2𝑘Ω

𝐼 = 4𝑚𝐴
2 𝑘Ω

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Ohm’s Law

Example

09/15/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 2 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 18

Ohm’s Law

Example

09/15/2020 ELEC2501: Lecture 2 [Kupchak Fall 2020] 19

Ohm’s Law

Example

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Ohm’s Law

Example
We can now calculate powers

Source: 𝑃- = 10𝑉 ) −5𝑚𝐴 = −50𝑚𝑊

1st Resistor: 𝑃" = 5𝑚𝐴 ! ) 1𝑘Ω = +25mW

2nd Resistor: 𝑃! = 5𝑚𝐴 ! ) 1𝑘Ω = +25mW

Conservation when keeping track of signs

𝑃- + 𝑃" + 𝑃! = −50𝑚𝑊 + 25𝑚𝑊 + 25𝑚𝑊 = 0

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