Introduction to

Computing
LYNDON D. ALBERCA
Eastern Visayas State University
What is Computer?

• is an electronic, digital and programmable device that can store,

retrieve, and process data.
• is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data)
and manipulates it for some result based on a program, software, or
sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.
Four Basic Parts of Computer

• A computer is made up of four basic parts which are the following:

Hardware
The physical parts that make up the computer are called hardware.
The hardware part of a computer is consist of interconnected
electronic device that are use to control the computer operations like
input and output.
Four Basic Parts of Computer

Software
Software makes the computer perform certain tasks by means of a set
of instruction.
People
They are the ones who operate a computer, aka users.
Four Basic Parts of Computer

Data
This is consist of individual facts or bits of information, which by
themselves may not make sense to a person. The computer stores and
read all kinds of data and information whether words, numbers,
images or sounds in the form of numbers.
Computer Data Cycle

• Input – the process of entering data into the computer.

• Process – the process of converting data into information.
• Output – the end result of process.
• Storage – the process of storing data/information for future use.
Evolution of Computers

The evolution of computers is divided into five generations.

1. First Generation (Vacuum Tubes) 1946-1959
This computer generation is mainly consist of vacuum tubes. These tubes
are used as the basic component for the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output
devices. The computer in this generation use machine code as
programming language.
Evolution of Computers

2. Second Generation (Transistors) 1959-1956

The second generation of computers were based on Transistors
instead of vacuum tubes. Due to the presence of transistors instead of
vacuum tubes, the size of electron component decreased. This result
in reducing the size of a computer as compared to first generation of
computers.
Evolution of Computers

3. Third Generation (Chip/Integrated Circuit (IC)) 1965-1971

In the 3rd generations, the semi-conductor increased the efficiency and
speed of computers. Operating Systems where developed, monitor
and keyboards become popular as the input and output devices. With
this inventions, the scientist has thought of a possible way on how
they could speed up the computer operations as well as offer the
computer that not so bulky.
Evolution of Computers

4. Fourth Generation (Microprocessor) 1971-1980

1972, Intel introduced the 8080 microprocessor. A microprocessor primary
function is to integrates all of a central processing unit (CPU) capability on a
single integrated circuit or IC.
In this generation, the technology is based on Microprocessors. Graphical User
Interface (GUI) technology was exploited to offer more comfort to users.
Evolution of Computers

5. Fifth Generation (Under the development) 1980 and beyond

Computer system under the fifth generation is going to be based on
principles of Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language recognition.
Looking Inside a Computer

1. The Processor
The processor (also known as central processor, or microprocessor,
CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the central processing unit of the
computer. A computer’s CPU handles all instructions it receives from
the hardware and software running on the computer.
Looking Inside a Computer

It consist of two (2) parts.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
The ALU is responsible for all arithmetic operations and logical processes within a
computer.
Control Unit
The control unit supervises the task of the CPU. It directs and coordinates the
Operation of the entire computer according to the instructions laid out in the
program.
Looking Inside a Computer

2. Memory
This is the storage which contains the program and data. It is known as the
“primary memory” or “main memory”.
When applications are launched, it is loaded into the memory. It is also in the
memory where data executes.
Memory is measured by byte – the amount of memory it takes to store a single
character, such as letter of the alphabet or numeral. Terms such as kilobyte (KB),
megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB) and terabyte (TB) to describe the values.
Looking Inside a Computer

The main memory contains two (2) types of memory:

ROM (Read Only Memory)
Programs stored in the ROM cannot be changed nor deleted.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM is a non-permanent type of memory, meaning to say that in case
you happen to turn-off the computer while using it, all data in RAM will
be erased.
Looking Inside a Computer

3. Input and Output Devices

Input devices accept data and instructions from the user or from
another computer system. Output devices return processed data to the
user or to another computer system.
Input devices
Popular input devices are keyboard, mouse, trackballs, touchpad,
joysticks, scanner, digital cameras and microphones.
Looking Inside a Computer

Output devices
Popular output devices are monitors, printers and speakers.
Looking Inside a Computer

4. Storage Device
A computer storage is designed to hold data permanently. People new
to computers usually confused storage with memory.
Looking Inside a Computer

There are three major distinctions between storage and memory.

CPU – executes programs
Memory – stores program operations and data while a program is
being executed.
Storage – stores programs and files long term, even when they are not
use. Devices such as hard drives, USB, SD are used to store files
such as photos, music and software applications long term.
Capabilities of Computer
Limitations of Computer
Uses of Computers
Uses of Computers
Uses of Computers
Uses of Computers
Uses of Computers
Classes of
Computers
Desktop Computers

is a personal computer in a form intended

for regular use at a single location, as
opposed to a mobile laptop or portable
computer
Laptop Computer

• Portable and all in

one case.
Tablet PC

Like laptops, but with

a touch-screen,
sometimes entirely
replacing the physical
keyboard.
Smartphones
Small handheld computers
with limited hardware.
Game Consoles

is an interactive computer
that produces a video
display signal which can
be used with a display
device
(a television, monitor, etc.)
to display a video game.
Mini Computer

is a class of multi-
user computers that
lies in the middle
range of the
computing spectrum
Mainframe Computer

was created to distinguish the

traditional, large, institutional
computer intended to service multiple
users from the smaller, single user
machines. These computers are
capable of handling and processing
very large amounts of data quickly.
Mainframe computers are used in
large institutions such as government,
banks and large corporations.
Super Computer

is focused on performing
tasks involving intense
numerical calculations such
as weather forecasting, fluid
dynamics, nuclear
simulations, theoretical
astrophysics, and complex
scientific computations.
The Hardware
Computer Case
also known as the computer chassis,
cabinet, tower, box, enclosure, housing or
simply case) is the enclosure that contains
the main components of a computer.
Power Supply Unit

is the component that

supplies power to a
computer.
Motherboard

primary circuit board

making up a complex
electronic system,
such as a modern
computer.
Central Processing
Unit

sometimes just called

processor, is a description
of a class of logic
machines that can execute
computer programs.
Video Card

also referred to as a
graphics accelerator card,
display adapter, graphics
card, and numerous other
terms, is an item of personal
computer hardware whose
function is to generate and
output images to a display.
Keyboard

is a peripheral
partially modeled
after the typewriter
keyboard.
Mouse

is a pointing device that

functions by detecting two-
dimensional motion relative
to its supporting surface.
Monitor

is a piece of electrical equipment

which displays viewable images
generated by a computer without
producing a permanent record.
RAM

is a type of computer data

storage. Today it takes the
form of integrated circuits
that allow the stored data to
be accessed in any order, i.e.
at random.
Hard Disk Drive

commonly referred to as
a hard drive, hard disk or
fixed disk drive, is a
non-volatile storage
device which stores
digitally encoded data on
rapidly rotating platters
with magnetic surfaces.
Hard Disk Drive

for medium-term
storage of data.
PC Software
Operating System

An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS) is the software

component of a computer system that is responsible for the
management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the
resources of the computer. The operating system acts as a host for
application programs that are run on the machine. As a host, one of
the purposes of an operating system is to handle the details of the
operation of the hardware.
Examples of
Operating System

• Mac OS X Lion
Examples of
Operating System

Ubuntu Linux
Examples of
Operating
System

Windows OS
Examples of
Operating System

Windows 95
Examples of
Operating System

Windows 98
Examples of
Operating System

Windows ME
Examples of
Operating System

Windows Vista
Examples of
Operating System

Windows 8
Examples of
Operating
System
Windows 8.1
Examples of
Operating System

Windows 10
Application
Software

Imaging Software
Application
Software

Corel Draw
Architectural
Software
Office
Software
Entertainment
Software
Computer Virus

is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without
permission or knowledge of the user. The term "virus" is also commonly
used to refer to many different types of malware and adware programs. The
original virus may modify the copies, or the copies may modify themselves,
as occurs in a metamorphic virus. A virus can only spread from one
computer to another when its host is taken to the uninfected computer, for
instance by a user sending it over a network or the Internet, or by carrying it
on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, or USB drive.
Classes of Virus

Macro viruses
A macro virus, often written in the scripting languages for programs
such as Word and Excel, is spread by infecting documents and
spreadsheets.
Classes of Virus

Network viruses
This kind of virus is proficient in quickly spreading across a Local
Area Network (LAN) or even over the Internet. Usually, it propagates
through shared resources, such as shared drives and folders.
Classes of Virus

Logic bomb
employs code that lies inert until specific conditions are met. The
resolution of the conditions will trigger a certain function (such as
printing a message to the user and/or deleting files).
Classes of Virus

Boot sector viruses

alters or hides in the boot sector, usually the 1st sector, of a bootable
disk or hard drive. The boot sector is where your computer starts
reading your operating system. By inserting its code into the boot
sector, a virus guarantees that it loads into memory during every boot
sequence. A boot virus does not affect files; instead, it affects the
disks that contain them.
Virus Categories

Adware or advertising-supported software is any software package

which automatically plays, displays, or downloads advertising
material to a computer after the software is installed on it or while the
application is being used. Some types of adware are also spyware and
can be classified as privacy-invasive software.
Virus Categories

A computer worm is a self-replicating computer program. It uses a

network to send copies of itself to other nodes (computer terminals on
the network) and it may do so without any user intervention. Unlike a
virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Worms
almost always cause harm to the network, if only by consuming
bandwidth, whereas viruses almost always corrupt or modify files on
a targeted computer.
Virus Categories

Keystroke logging (often called keylogging) is a method of capturing

and recording user keystrokes. Keylogging can be useful to determine
sources of errors in computer systems, to study how users interact and
access with systems, and is sometimes used to measure employee
productivity on certain clerical tasks. Such systems are also highly useful
for law enforcement and espionage—for instance, providing a means to
obtain passwords or encryption keys and thus bypassing other security
measures. Keyloggers are widely available on the Internet.
Virus Categories

Malware is software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer

system without the owner's informed consent. The term is a
portmanteau of the words malicious and software. The expression is
a general term used by computer professionals to mean a variety of
forms of hostile, intrusive, or annoying software or program code.
Virus Categories

Spams are unsolicited or undesired bulk electronic messages.

is software designed by or for spammers. Spamware varies widely,
but may include the ability to import thousands of addresses, to
generate random addresses, to insert fraudulent headers into
messages, to use dozens or hundreds of mail servers simultaneously,
and to make use of open relays. The sale of spamware is illegal in
eight U.S. states.
Virus Categories

A Trojan horse, or simply trojan, is a piece of software which appears to

perform a certain action but in fact performs another such as transmitting
a computer virus. Contrary to popular belief, this action, usually encoded
in a hidden payload, may or may not be actually malicious, but Trojan
horses are notorious today for their use in the installation of backdoor
programs. Simply put, a Trojan horse is not a computer virus. Unlike
such malware, it does not propagate by self-replication but relies heavily
on the exploitation of an end-user (see Social engineering).