Computer Studies

For SSC 1 (IX)

By
Inqilab R. Patel
MCS
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Introduction to Computer
Chapter No 1
Q. No. 1) Define Computer.
Computer:-
The word computer is derived from a word “Compute” which means “to
calculate”. Computer may be defined as:
“A computer is an electronic data processing machine that accepts data and
instructions (programs) as input, processes the data according to given instructions and
produces information as output.”
Computer can also be defined as:
“A computer is an electronic data processing machine, which works under control
of stored programs, accepts the data, processes the data according to instructions
(programs) and gives information (result).”
Q. No. 2) Write down the differences between Hardware and Software.
Ans.: The Differences Between Hardware & Software:-
Hardware and software are two different terms. The major differences between Hardware
and Software are given below:
S Hardware Software
No
1 Definition “The physical components of “The programs and data given to
computers are called computer are called software.”
Hardware.”
2 We can see and touch and see Software make computer
the hardware (parts of useable but we cannot touch
computers). software
3 Examples Keyboard, mouse, CPU, DOS, Windows, MS Office,
printer, monitor, speakers, Virus, Antivirus are examples of
cables, graphic cards, USB Software.
drives are examples of
Hardware.

Q. No. 3)Write down capabilities of computer.

Capabilities of Computer:-
The capabilities of computer are given below:
1. Speed:-
A computer can process the data faster than any other machine.
2. Repetitions:-
A computer can perform the same operations millions of times in exactly the
same way without getting bored or feeling tiredness.

3. Accuracy:-
A computer processes the data with high-accuracy.

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4. Logical Operations:-
The computer can make decisions if it is provided some conditions and their
alternatives.

5. Store and Recall Information:-

Computer has memory and storage devices where data, programs and
information are stored and recalled back.

6. Self-Checking:-
The computer verifies the accuracy of its own work by means of a parity check.

7. Self-Operating:-
Computer can execute the instruction on its own without human intervention, if
the data and programs are fed into computer memory.

Q. No. 4) Write down limitations of computer.

Limitations of Computer:-

Though a computer is a very efficient device but there are some limitations of this
device. Some of them are given below:

 A computer cannot generate information on its own.

 A computer cannot correct instructions if they have mistakes.

 A computer cannot come with an original decision.

Q. No. 5) Differentiate between data and Information?

Differences b/w data and Information:-

Some difference between data and information are give below:-

S. No Data Information
1 Data is set of facts and figures required Information is the result of processing.
to solve a problem.
2 Data is unprocessed Information Information is processed data.
3 Data is input for computer. Information is output for computer.
4 For Example
Obtained marks and Maximum marks Percentage, grade and result calculated are
are data examples of Information

Q. No. 5) Write a brief note on history of computers?

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HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS

Computer is a fast growing technology. At the early age people used pebbles, stones, sticks,
scratches, symbols and finger tips to count, which were later replaced by numbers. Since
then computers are developed continuously.

The history of computing is divided into three ages during which man invented and
improved different types of calculating machines. These ages are,

 Dark age 300 BC to 1890 AD

 Middle age 1890 AD to 1944 AD
 Modern age since 1944 AD

Q. No. 6) Describe calculating devices used in dark ages.

Dark Age (3000 BC to 1890 AD)

In darks ages following calculating devices are used:

ABACUS

About 3000 years BC, Chinese developed the first calculating machine named Abacus or
Soroban.

Abacus consists of a rectangular wooden frame having rods which carry round beads.
Counting is done by shifting the beads from one side to another.

OUGHTRED’S SLIDE RULES

In 1632 AD William Oughtred, an English mathematician developed a slide rule. This

device consists of two movable rules placed side by side on which number were marked.

PASCAL’S CALCULATOR

Blasé Pascal (1623-1662), a French developed the first mechanical calculating machine in
1642. This machine consists of gears, wheels and dials. It was capable of adding and
subtracting operations.

GOTTEFRIED WILHOLM LEIBNITZ

In 1671, a German, Gottfried Von Leibnitz (1646-1716) improved Pascal’s calculator to

make it capable of performing all maths operations.

JACQUARD’S LOOM

In 1801, a French, Joseph Marie Jacquard developed the first punch card machine.

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BABBAGE DIFFERENCE ENGINE

Charles Babbage (1792-1871) an English mathematician also called Father of modern

computer. As he gave the true concept of computer at Cambridge University, he developed
Babbage Difference Engine in 1823 and Babbage Analytical Engine in 1833.

Lady Ada Augusta an assistant of Babbage is called the first programmer.

Q. No. 7) Write a short note on Middle Ages

Middle Age (1890 AD TO 1944 AD)

The middle age of computer history started in 1890 AD and ended at 1944 AD. The major
developments of middle ages are given below:

HOLLERITH’S CARD READER:-

In 1880s Herman Hollerith an American developed a machine which used punch card
system. The machine could sense and punch holes, recognize the number and make required
calculations. This machine was first used in 1890s by American Census Bureau.

Mark–1:-

In 1937, Professor Howard Aiken build the first digital computer Mark-1, by trying to
combine Babbage’s theory and Hollerith’s punching technologies. He completed his project
in 1944 with the help of IBM Engineers.

ABC (ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER)

ABC a special purpose computer was developed in 1938 by Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff and
Clifford Berry at Iowa State College, USA.

Q. No. 8) Write down generations of computer.

Generations of computer:-
Computer is a fast growing technology. Modern age of computer started in 1940. Since
then computers are developed continuously. So computers of modern age are divided into five
generations on the basis of inventions effecting computers.

First Generation of Computers: (1940-1956)

Large number of vacuum tubes are used in those computers. They were large in size.
They consumed high electric power and emitted a lot of heat.
They were very fast (5000 additions in a second). In these computers data are stored on
punch cards. Machine language is used to operate them.

Duration 1940-56

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Major invention Vacuum tubes

Major device Punching card
Language Machine language
Examples The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC)
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)

Second Generation of Computers: (1956-63)

In this generation transistors replaced vacuum tubes.
Transistors were made of semi-conducting material which controls the flow of electricity.
They were cheaper and smaller than vacuum tubes. They also generated a lot of heat and caused
malfunctions in computers. But computers became more reliable, smaller and cheaper than
before. In this generation magnetic media is used to store data.
Assembly language and earlier versions of high level languages were developed like COBOL
(COmmon Business Oriented Language), PASCAL, FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) etc.

Duration 1956- 63
Major invention Transistors
Major device Magnetic Media
Language Assembly Language
High Level Languages (earlier versions)
Examples UNIVAC III, International Business Machines (IBM 1401)

Third Generation of Computers: (1964-71)

The integrated circuits (ICs) signified the beginning of the 3rd generation of computer.
ICs are single complete electronic semi-conductor or circuit contained on piece of silicon called
chip. On ICs many transistors can be built on a small chip. So ICs reduced the size, increased
speed and efficiency and decreased the price of computers.
Keyboard and monitors were invented to provide interface with an operating system.
High level languages were developed like RPG (Report Program Generator), Pascal, BASIC
(Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), COBOL etc.

Duration 1964-71
Major invention Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Major device Keyboard, Monitors, Magnetic storage
Language High Level Languages like BASIC, COBOL, Pascal, Fortran, RPG
etc.
Examples Intel 4004, IBM 360, DEL, PDP-8

Fourth Generation: (1971-Present)

In fourth generation of computer Large Scale of Integration (LSI) of transistors on a chip
is used. Microprocessors are developed as a result of LSI.
The size of computer became smaller and smaller. Microcomputers are developed. The
Intel 4004 chip was developed in 1971 on which CPU, memory and input/output controls are
located on a single chip.

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IBM introduced computer for home user in 1981 while in 1984 Apple introduced
Macintosh.
Computers connected with each other with LAN and Internet. GUI (Graphical User
Interface) are developed. Floppy disk, hard disk, CDs and mouse are developed.

Duration 1971-Present
Major invention Microprocessor
Major device Advanced magnetic storage,
Hard disk, floppy disk, CDs
and Mouse
Major Software GUI, Word processors,
Spreadsheet, File handling,
Graphics
Examples AT & XT computers, 386,
486, PI, PII, PIII, PIV etc.,
Apple II
Fifth Generation: (Present-Beyond)
Now the technology is diverging towards Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Expert System
(ES). The parallel processing and superconductors are helping in bringing Artificial Intelligence
(AI) into reality. Scientists are trying to develop computers which can respond to natural
language.

Duration Present – Beyond

Major invention Artificial Intelligence and
Expert System
Major resources Quantum computation and
molecular and
nanotechnology
Language Natural language
Examples Still in progress

Q. No. 9) Draw generation of computer table.

Generation Table:
The generation table is given below:

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation 4th Generation 5th Generation
Duration 1940-56 1956- 63 1964-71 1971-Present Present –
Beyond
Major Vacuum tubes Transistors Integrated Microprocessor Artificial
invention Circuits (ICs) Intelligence and
Expert System
Major Punching card Magnetic Keyboard, Advanced Quantum
device Media Monitors, magnetic computation and
Magnetic storage, Hard molecular and

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storage disk, floppy nano technology

disk, CDs and
Mouse
Language Machine Assembly High Level GUI, Word Natural language
language Language Languages like processors,
High Level BASIC, Spreadsheet,
Languages COBOL,etc. File handling,
(earlier Graphics
versions)
Examples ENIAC UNIVAC III, Intel 4004, AT & XT Still in progress
EDVAC IBM 1401 IBM 360, DEL, computers,
UNIVAC PDP-8 386, 486, PI,
PII, PIII, PIV
etc., Apple II

Q. No. 10) Write down types of computer.

Types of Computer:-
Computers are divided into many types on basis of:
a) Purpose
b) Data Handled
c) Capacity

a) Classification According to Purpose:

According to purpose computers are divided into following two types:
i) General Purpose Computer:
“A computer which is designed to handle variety of different tasks and to meet
different needs is called General Purpose Computer.”
General purpose computers are strong in versatility but are week in speed and
efficiency.
Examples:
A general purpose computer is used for payroll, accounts, word processing,
budgeting, graphics designing sales analysis etc.

ii) Special Purpose Computer:

“A computer which is designed to handle any specific problem or to perform
specific tasks is called Special Purpose Computer.”
Special purpose computers are strong in speed and efficiency.
Examples:
Special purpose computers are used in traffic control system, industrial process
control, toll collection system, and satellite tracking system etc.

b) Classification According to Data Handled:

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According to type of data handled computers are divided into following three types:
1) Analog Computer:
“Computers which work on continuous form of data and gives continuous form of
output are called Analog Computers.”
Word analog is derived from a word analogous means similar. Analog
computers operate numbers representing continuously changing measurable quantities like
temperature, speed, pressure, voltage etc.

Examples:
Speedometer, voltmeter, thermometer, stop watch etc.

2) Digital Computers:-
“A computer which works on discrete type of data is called Digital Computers.”
Digital computers operate binary data consists on 0s and 1s which are discrete in nature.
They are more popular than analog computers due to cost, data integrity, utilization,
integration of data, fast speed and accurate result.

Examples:
Calculator and micro computer etc.

3) Hybrid Computers:
“A computer in which both analog and digital devices are combined is called Hybrid
Computer.”

In hybrid computers the digital and analog devices are connected in such a way that data can
be transformed between them. The digital unit is able to control the analog unit by means of
instructions given to it.
In computerised machines instructions are given to digital part in digital form which controls
the working of machine.

Examples:
Electronic petrol pumps, digital meters, and all types of computerised machinery.

c) Classification According to Capacity:

According to working and storage capacity computers are divided into following four types:
1) Super Computers:
Super computers are the most powerful computer, in term of processing. They are used
problems requiring complex calculations in scientific research.

They are very sophisticated machines. Speed of super computer is 50 million operations per
second. They are used to model a very dynamic system such as weather patterns, weather
fore-casting, satellite tracking and cold-testing of atomic and nuclear weapons.

2) Mainframe Computers:

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Mainframe computers are the largest general purpose computers having hundreds terminals
connected to them.
A terminal consists of a keyboard and a monitor. Mainframe computers provide multi-user
environment so hundreds of operators can operate a single mainframe computer simultaneously a
time. That’s why used in big organisations involving thousands of customers, employees and
transactions like banks NADRA, governments departments, Yahoo etc.
Mainframe computers are very expensive so only big organisations purchase them.

3) Mini-Computers:
Mini- computers very powerful and have all the facilities of mainframe computers but they
are smaller and slower than mainframe computers. They are cheaper than mainframe computers
so small companies can purchase them.
Mini-computers also create multi-user environment but 4 to 200 terminals can be attached
them.
DEC VAX and IBM AS/400 are common examples of mini-computers.

4) Microcomputers:

Microcomputers are the smallest computers which creates single user environment so as only
on user can operate it at a time.
They are also called SINGLE-CHIP PROCESSOR or a SYSTEM-ON-A-CHIP. They are the
cheapest computer so individuals can purchase them and use for word processing, graphic
designing, accounting, record keeping (database), playing games and communicating on internet.

Q. No.11) What is a programming language?

Programming Language:
“A set of rules that provide a way of telling computer what operation to perform is called
a Programming Language.”

Computer needs instructions to perform a task. Program is set of step by step instruction
which directs computer to do the task and to produce results. There are some rules and
regulations to write programs and these rules and regulations are programming languages.
Different types of programming languages are given below:

1) Machine Language: (Low Level Language)

Machine languages are the most basic languages. They consist of a series of current
signals ‘On’ and ‘Off’. On is represented by ‘1’ and off is represented by ‘0’. It is 1 st generation
of language.
Machine language is also called Binary Digits. It is computer’s language in which
different parts of computer communicate with each other. 0s and 1s are called bit (binary digit).
Machine language is easy for computer and difficult for programmer. Every computer
has its own unique machine language. It means machine for Apple Macintosh is different from
IBM compatible.

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Machine Language Code

0001001011110101010011110101010100
0100110000111110101010111100011110
0010101010100101000011111010101011
1101010001111101010111011001001100
00101010010101010111110111111

2) Assembly Language: (Middle Level Language)

Assembly language consists of English like symbolic codes known as mnemonics. It is a
second generation of language.
They represent common strings of machine codes. A language translator, Assembler, is
used to convert source code of Assembly language program into object code of machine
language. Though Assembly languages are easier than machine language but they are highly
detailed and cryptic. So programmers seldom write programs in Assembly language. Instead
programmers use Assembly languages to fine-tune important parts of programs written in a high
level language.

Assembly Code (Source code)

SCR: MOV AH; 09
LEA DX, String
INT 4H
RET

3) High Level Languages

High-level languages consist of familiar English words as result programmers can read,
write and understand programs easily.
A language translator (compiler or interpreter) translates source code of High Level
Language into object code. That's why the program of High Level Language can be executed on
any machine.

High Level Code (Source code)

For a=1 to 10
Print ''Allah''
Next a

Examples: COBOL, Pascal, FORTRAN, GWBASIC, C++, JAVA, VISUAL BASIC.

Q. No. 12) Differentiate Source Code and Object Code.

Write a note on Source Code and Object Code.

Source Code:

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''A program written in any language except the machine language is called Source Code.''
Programmers can write programs in Machine Language, Assembly Language and High
Level Languages like COBOL, PASCAL, and GWBASIC etc. The programs, written in
Assembly Language or any High Level Language are called Source Code.

Object Code:

''A program written in Machine Language is called Object Code.''

Computer can understand only machine language code. Language translators converts
source code of High Level Language into machine code, these converted codes are Object
Codes.

Source Language Object

Code Translator Code
(Program in (Compiler or (Program
Assembly or Interpreter) converted in
High Level Machine
Q. No.Language)
13) Write a note on language translator. Language)

Differentiate Assembler, Interpreter and Compiler.

Language Translator:
''Language Translators are programs that convert or translate the instructions in Assembly
Language or High Level Language i.e. source code into instructions of machine language i.e.
object codes are called Language Translators.''
Computer can understand only machine language. Programs written in Assembly
Language and High Level Language are translated into Machine Language so as computer
can understand execute them.

Following are three types of language translators:

1) Assembler
2) Compiler
3) Interprator

Assembler:-
''Assembler is a language translator that translates source program written in Assembly
Language into object code in machine language.''
Computer can understand only machine language. Assemblers translate programs written
in Assembly Language into Machine Language so as computer can understand execute them.

Assembly Machine
Language Assembler Language
Source Code Object Code

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Interpreter:-
''An interpreter is a language translator that translates source program written in High
Level Language into object code in machine language during step by step execution of program.''

Computer can only understand instruction written in machine language. Interpreters

translate one by one instruction of High Level Language source code into object code of
Machine Language.
Interpreter translates one instruction which is executed before translation of next
instruction. The object code is not saved so the source code is interpreted every time before the
execution.
Each high level language has its own language translator.

High Level Machine

Language Interpreter Language
Source Code
Compiler:- Object Code
''A compiler is a language translator that translates whole source program written in High
Level Language into object code in machine language before execution of program.''

Compilers translate all instructions before executions. The object code is saved as object
file, which is executable. Object files don't need compiler or language for execution.

High Level Machine

Language Language
Source Code Compiler Object Code
(Executable file)

Q. No. 14) Write some draw backs of internet.

Drawbacks of Internet:-

Internet is a very useful technology. We can obtained latest information through

internet. But there are some drawbacks of internet like:-

1. Much of the information on internet is not checked and can be incorrect

and irrelevant.

2. Messages sent across the internet can easily be interrupted and are open
to abuse by others.

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3. Message sent ac

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Computer Components
Chapter No 2

Q. No. 1) Describe CPU?

CPU:
''The CPU or Central Processing Unit is the brain of computer. It is the part which
performs all the processing activities.''
CPU receives data and instructions from input devices, processes them and gives output.
In microprocessor CPU is housed in a small chip of silicon called microprocessor while
in main frame and mini frame computer CPU is built in printed circuit board (pcb).

Functions of CPU:
 Interprets the data and instructions.
 Generates control signals.
 Performs arithmetic & logical operations.
 Produces the address bits needed by memory.

Components of CPU:
Typical components of CPU are given below:
1. Arithmetic & Logical Units
2. Memory Unit
3. Registers

1. Arithmetic & Logical Unit (ALU):

Arithmetic Unit performs all arithmetical operations like +, -, x, and ÷.
Logical Unit performs comparison between two data pieces.
ALU processed the data received from primary storage according to instruction received
from Control Unit.

2. Control Unit:
CU is the main part of CPU which manages all the resources of CPU. It is like a traffic
cop directing flow of data.
The functions of CU are given below:
 Interprets and carries out instruction of program.
 Selects program statements from memory.
 Moves these instructions to instruction registers
 Carries out instructions
 Directs flow of data between components of CPU and to and from other devices.

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3. Registers:
Registers are high speed volatile or temporary memory built in CPU.
Data currently being processed is stored in registers. There are 14 basic registers shared
by ALU and CU.

MOTHERBOARD
CPU
CONTROL ARITHMETIC
UNIT (CU) & LOGICAL
UNIT (ALU)

REGISTER

PRIMARY MEMORY
INPUT OUTPUT
RAM ROM

SECONDARY
STORAGE

Data Bus

Control Bus

Address Bus

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Q. No. 2) Write a note on Memory Unit.

Memory Unit:-
''Memory is the storage device inside computer where data, information and instruction
reside.''
Memory is divided into two groups Internal Memory and External Memory.

Internal Memory:
The internal memory is situated at the motherboard near CPU so data travels quickly
between memory unit and CPU.
Internal memory is also called Primary Storage or Main Memory. There are two basic
types of internal memory:

(1) ROM (2) RAM

ROM:
ROM (Read Only Memory) is firmware as data and instructions are stored in it by
manufacturer.
ROM contains the computer's essential programs that are necessary to start up the
computer.
User can only use it but cannot change or erase it. BIOS of motherboard is an example of
ROM. It is non-volatile or permanent memory as it retains data even when the computer is
turned off.

RAM:
RAM (Random Access Memory) is working space which holds program that is currently
running and the data needed by the program.
RAM is users' memory as user can read and write in it. It is volatile or permanenty as its
contents are lost when computer is turned off.

External Memory:
The external memory are storage devices which are physically separated but connected to
the motherboard.
Hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic tape, and CD-ROMs are external memory. They are
also called Secondary Storage or Auxiliary Devices. CPU cannot directly access external
memory. The contents of external memory are firstly copied in RAM and then CPU accesses
them.
External memory is non-volatile or permanent memory as it retains data even when the
computer is turned off. It is the slowest and the cheapest form of memory.

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Q. No. 3) Write a note on Buses.

Buses:
''The set of wires used to travel signals to and from CPU and different components of
computer is called Bus.''

Bus is a group of parallel wires that is used as a communication path.

As a wire transmits a single bit so 8-bits bus can transfer 8 bits (1 byte) at a time and 16-
bits bus can transfer 16 bits (2 bytes) and so on.

There are three types of buses according to three types of signals, these are:
a) Data Bus
b) Control Bus
c) Address Bus

a) Data Bus:
''The buses which are used to transmit data between CPU, memory and peripherals are
called Data Bus.''

b) Control Bus:
''The buses which are used to transmit control information between CPU and other
devices are called Control Buses.''
The control bus transmits the status report signals of different devices for example either
CPU is reading memory or writing.

c) Address Bus:
''The buses which are connecting the CPU with main memory and used to identify
particular locations (address) in main memory where data is stored are called Address
Buses.''
Address Buses transmit the address of memory location from which CPU will read or to
which CPU will write.

Q. No. 4) Define Ports or Interfaces. Compare and contrast Serial Ports and
Parallel Ports.

Ports:-
“The sockets, at the back of computer, which are used to attach different devices with
computer are called Ports or Interfaces.”
Basically ports are used to plug-in various peripherals with motherboard. There are some
internal ports, used to attach disk drives etc. and some external ports, used to connect printers,
scanners etc.
Ports are divided into following two types:
1) Serial Ports
2) Parallel Ports

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1) Serial Ports:
“A port with which data bits are transmitted one at a time through a single wire is called
Serial Port.”
A serial port has 9 or 25 pins and also called male connector. It is general purpose, and can
be used for any device like mouse, printers etc.

2) Parallel Ports:
“A port which is connection of eight or more wires through which 8 or more data bits can
flow simultaneously is called Parallel Port.”
A parallel has 25 holes and is also called female connector. There may be 8, 16 or 32 wires.
Each wire carry one bit of data, so eight wires can carry 8 bits at a time.
A parallel port can handle higher volume of data than serial port.
Monitors, most printers, extra C ROMs are attached at parallel port.

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Input/Output Devices
Chapter No 3

Q. No. 1) What are input and output devices?

3) Input Devices:
“The physical equipments which are used to enter data and instruction into computer are
called Input devices.”
The data of computer may be consisted of alphabet, numbers, images, audio or video. Input
devices read these data and translate them into electronic impulses (binary pattern). They are
then sent to memory unit.

Examples:
Keyboard, mouse, track ball, joystick, scanner, microphone and digital camera are
examples of input devices.

4) Output Devices:
“The physical equipments, which are used to obtain information (results of processing)
from computer.”
CPU produces information or results of processing in the form of electronic impulses.
Output devices translate these impulses in human understandable form. It may be softcopy
(screen or speaker output) or Hardcopy (printed version).

Examples:
Monitor, printer, plotter, speaker etc.

Q. No. 2) Describe keyboard.

Keyboard:-
“Keyboard is the primary text input device.”
Keyboard is consisted of set of keys fixed on a board. When any key pressed electrical
signals are produced which are send to CPU.
In standard arrangement of keys there are keys of Q, W, E, R T, Y at upper left row. This
arrangement is called QWERTY. There are usually 100 keys in a standard keyboard.

Different parts of keyboard are given below:

a) Alphanumeric keypad:
“The part of keyboard which is like typewriter is called Alphanumeric Keyboard.”
This part has alphabetical keys from a to z, A to Z, numerical keys from 0 to 9, special
characters like #, @, $, ., >, <, :, ?, keys of Backspace, Spacebar, Enter, Shift, Caps Lock and
TAB.

b) Numeric keypad:

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“The part of keyboard which is like a simple calculator is called Numeric Keypad.”
This part has numerical keys from 0 to 9 and decimal (.) point, operator keys of +, -, *
and / and Num Lock key.
On deactivating Num Lock key the Numeric Keypad performs functions of Editing and
Screen Navigation Keypad.

c) Screen Navigation & Editing Keypad:

“The keypad which is used for onscreen editing of document and cursor movements is
called screen navigation & editing keypad.”
Delete and Insert are used to edit document. While Up, Down, Left & Right arrows,
Home, End, Page Up and Page Down are used for onscreen movement of cursor in document.

d) Function Keypad:
“The keypad which is used to input commands without typing long statements and to
activate different menus or dialog boxes is called Function Keypad.”
There 12 function keys from F1 to F12. Different function keys have different functions
in different programs. Usually F1 is a help key in most programs.

e) Modifier Keypad:
“The keypad which is used to modify input of other keys is called Modifier Keypad.”
Shift, Alt and Control are modifier keys. Users press other keys while holding down
modifier keys to perform a task. For example S key is pressed while holding down Ctrl key to
save document.

f) Special Function Keypad:

“This keypad has keys of Esc, PrintScreen, ScrollLock, pause etc. which perform
different functions.”
For example:
Esc key is commonly used as cancel button.
Printscreen key is used to capture screen contents as image.

Q. No. 3) Describe Mouse.

Mouse:
“Mouse is a primary pointing input device.”
Mouse is used to move pointer on screen, to select options and o draw graphics. It is an
integral part of GUI. Firstly Apple Computers made it standard part of computer.
A mouse consists of following parts:
a) Metal of plastic casing,
b) A ball at base which is tolled on flat surface,
c) One or more buttons
d) A cable connecting mouse with CPU

The casing of mouse has sensors. When mouse is moved on a surface sensors send
impulses to the CPU which moves moue pointer on screen.

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Q. No. 4) Describe Trackball.

Trackball:-
“A trackball is an upside-down mouse like pointing input device.”
In trackball ball there is a ball at upside and 1, 2 or three buttons. User moves the ball
with fingers or palm in any direction which results pointer movement on screen.
Trackball is very popular among heavy computer user because it remains stationary so
does not require much space and it also can be placed in any type of surface.

Q. No. 5) Describe Joystick.

Joystick:-
“A joystick is a handheld stick like pointing input device.”
A joystick is like a vertical handle with one or more push buttons called triggers.
A joystick is used in playing computer games. Handle is used to move objects in any
direction while buttons are used for shooting, jumping etc.
Joysticks are also used for CAD/CAM systems and other applications.

Q. No. 6) Describe Light Pen.

Light Pen:-
“A Light Pen is a pen like pointing input device.”
A light pen is about 3.5 inches long and 0.5 inch in diameter. It contains a photo or light
detector. It is connected with CPU with a cable. There is a switch at the tip of light pen.
Light pens are used with specially designed monitors or display screens. When pen is
pressed against the screen the button is activated and signals are sent to CPU.

Q. No 7) Describe microphones?
Microphone:-
“A microphone is an audio input device.”
It is like a common microphone connected with CPU.
Microphones are used in voice recognition systems in which voice commands can be
given to computer. The are also used as mouth piece of telephone in making calls from
computer. They are also used in video and audio conferences on internet.

Q. No. 8) Describe Digital Camera.

Digital Camera:-
“A digital camera is also an input device to capture images.”
A digital camera has memory where snapshots can be stored. The memory can also
accept additional memory. Digital camera is connected to the CPU. The images cab copied into

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computer. The images can be edited, deleted and printed. It has made photography less
expensive.

Q. No. 9) Describe Scanner.

Scanner:-
“A scanner is an input device which reads texts and images as input, converts into digital
data and transmits to CPU.”

Q. No. 10) Describe monitors.

Monitors:-
“A monitor is an output device used to display on a screen, text and graphics (soft copy)
generated by CPU.”
It is also called Video Display Unit. It is the most popular output device. The picture
elements or dots which display images and text on screen are called pixels.

Screen Size:
The screen size of monitor is measured in diagonal inches i.e. the distance from one
corner to other diagonal corner. A typical size of monitor is 14 inches. A monitor that is 16 or
more inches diagonally is called full-page monitors. A monitor may be portrait (height greater
than width) or landscape (width greater than height).

Types of Monitor:

1) CRT Monitors: They have a large vacuum tube called Cathode Ray Tube like TV.
2) Flat-Panel Monitors: These monitors create images with a special kind of liquid
crystals that when charged with electricity become opaque to display images. That’s
why they are also called Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). They are commonly used in
portable computers.

Classification According to Colour:

1) Monochrome Monitors: They have one foreground and one background colour.
Like white & black, green & black and amber & black.

2) Gray-Scale Monitors: They display different shades of gray.

3) Colour Monitors: They can display from 16 to more than 1 million different colours.
They generate text and graphics with the help of three basic colours, red, green &
blue that’s why they are also called RGB.

Qualities of Monitors:
The factors which determine the quality of monitors are given below:

Resolution of Monitors:

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The degree of sharpness of image determined by the number of pixels on screen is called
Resolution.
The image of higher resolution monitors is sharper.

Bandwidth of Monitors:
“The amount of signal frequencies that a monitor can handle is called Bandwidth.”
Bandwidth determines how much data can be processed therefore how cast it can refresh
at higher resolutions.

Refresh Rate of Monitors:

“The number of times per second that each pixel on screen is redrawn is called Refresh
Rate.”
Refresh rate is measured in hertz (Hz). To avoid flickering, the refresh rate should be 72
Hz.

Dot Pitch of Monitors:

“The amount of space between pixels is called Dot Pitch.”
The image monitors with smaller dot pitch, is sharper.

Convergence of Monitors:
“The clarity and the sharpness of each pixel is called Convergence.”

Q. No. 11) Describe Printers

Printers:
“A printer is an output device used to print on paper output (hard copy) generated by
CPU.”

Printers are divided into two basic categories:

1) Impact Printers
2) Non-impact Printers

1) Impact Printers:
“A printer which prints by using pins or head to press inked ribbon against paper is called
Impact Printer.”
Impact printers are noisier than other printers.
Daisy-wheel, dot matrix and line printers are examples of impact printers

 Daisy-wheel Printer:
A daisy-wheel printer has a spinning, metallic or plastic wheel with character embossed
around its edges.
Daisy wheel moves across page and rotate to bring required character into position. To
print a hammer presses the character of daisy-wheel against inked ribbon which in turn
makes an ink stain on paper.
Daisy-wheel printers produce letter-quality print but cannot generate graphics.

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 Dot-matrix Printer:
A dot-matrix printer has a cluster or matrix of pins arranged one or more columns.
A dot-matrix printer prints by striking pins against inked ribbon, which in turn
makes a dot on paper. The combination of dots form characters and graphics.

 Line Printer:
A Line printer has a chain of characters or pins that print an entire line at a time.
Line printers are very fast. They produce low quality output.

A Chain Printer is a line printer in which a set of embossed metallic characters are
attached with a chain.

A Drum Printer is a line printer has a drum or barrel to print a line.

2) Non-impact Printers:
“A printer which does not strike paper but uses others means to print is called
Non-impact Printer.”
They are quiet printers as they produce very low noise.

Ink-jet Printer, Laser Printer, LCD & LED and Thermal Printers are examples of non-
impact printer.
 Ink-Jet Printer:
Ink-jet printer uses tiny nozzles to spray droplets of ink onto the page.
Ink-jet printers produce high-quality text and graphics.

 Laser-Jet Printer:
Laser printer uses heat to bond microscopic particles of toner to specific parts of he paper
like photocopiers.

Laser-jet printers produce a very high quality text and graphics.

 LCD & LED Printer:

LCD & LED printers use liquid crystal or light emitting diodes to produce image on the
drum.

LCD & LED printers produce a very high quality text and graphics.

 Thermal Printer:
Thermal printer prints by pushing heated pins against heat-sensitive paper.
They are cheap and used calculators and fax machines.

Characteristics of Printers:
Printers are classified by the following characteristics:

a) Print Quality:

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The print quality are called letter quality (like typewriters), near letter quality and draft
quality.
Daisy-wheel, ink-jet and laser printers produce letter quality output. Dot matrix printers
produce near letter quality and draft quality output.

b) Resolution:
The image quality (sharpness) is known as Resolution.
Resolution is measured in Dot Per Inch (DPI).
Ink-jet and laser printers print 300 or 600 dots per inch.

c) Speed:
Printer speed is measured in characters per second (cps) or pages per minute (ppm) the
printer can print.
Speed of daisy-wheel is up to 30 cps. Line printers are fastest as they print up to 3000
lines per minute. Dot-matrix printers print up to 500 cps. Laser printers print 4 to 20 pages per
minute.

d) Graphics:
Daisy-wheel printers print only text while dot-matrix, ink-jet and laser printers print text
and graphics both.

e) Fonts:
Dot-matrix and some other printers are limited to one or few printers. Laser and ink-jet
printers can print unlimited range of fonts.

f) Colours:
Colour printers can produce a colourful output. They have two cartridges one black and
one colour. They are usually very expensive.

Q. No. 12) Describe Plotter and its types.

Plotter:
“A plotter is an output device used to print using pen on paper output (hard copy)
generated by CPU.”
Plotters are used in engineering applications to draw maps, graphs, and drawings of
machine components. Plotters draw lines with the help of pens. Plotters draw continuous lines.
Multicolour plotters use different-coloured pens.
Plotters are divided into two basic types:
3) Pen Plotter
4) Electrostatic Plotter

3) Pen Plotter:
Pen plotters have a ink pen attached to draw graphics.
Pen Plotters are further divided in following types:
Drum Plotter
Flatbed Plotters

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Drum Plotters: In drum plotter paper is mounted on a drum, while pen is moved in a
single axis track.
The width of graphics is limited by width and can be of any length.
Flatbed Plotters: In flatbed plotter page is fixed on a flat surface and pens are move over
whole page to draw.
The width and height are limited by size of plotter’s bed.

4) Electrostatic Plotter:
Electrostatic plotters paper is charged with high voltage which attracts toner. The toner is
then melted to the paper with heat.
They are fast but generate less quality graphics when compare to pen plotters.

Q. No. 13) Describe dual purpose devices (Input/out devices).

Dual Purpose Devices:

“A device which is used as an input device as well as out device is called Dual Purpose
Device or I/O Device.”

These devices perform following two tasks:

Writing Data: Writing data or recording data on the surface of a disk or
tapes, where it is stored for later use.
Reading Data: Reading or retrieving the data from the surface of a disk or tape,
then transferring it into the computer’s memory.

Following are the most common I/O devices:

1) Disk Drive
2) CD Writer

1) Disk Drive:
Disk drives read and write data and information on disks like hard disks and also called
storage devices.
Disk drives have a motor to rotate the disk and read/write heads, which are positioned
over desired track.
As an input device, disk drive reads data from disk while as output device disk drive
write data on disk.
The redial motion of head is called “Seeking”. The set of locations which are accessible
with the heads in a given radial position is called “Cylinder”. The Seek Time” is the time taken
to seek a different cylinder. The disk is continuously rotating and the heads move backward and
forward until desired location is found.

2) CD Writer:
CD Writer is a dual purpose device used to write data and information on CD-R and CD
RW discs and read data and information from them.
CD-R discs are once writable while CD-RW discs are rewritable and erasable.

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The speed of CD Writer is measured in “X” where 1X equals 150 KiloBytes/Second.

CD Writers are also called CD-R drive or Compact Disk Recordable Drive

Q. No. 14) Write down differences between Hard Copy and Soft Copy.

Softcopy:-
“A machine-readable form of corresponding hardcopy is called softcopy.”
Softcopy is screen output of document. It is intangible and temporary.

Hardcopy:
“A print-out on paper of document is called Hardcopy.”
Hardcopy is printer version of document. It is tangible and permanent.

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Storage Devices
Chapter No 4

Q. No. 1) Write a note on ROM.

ROM (Read Only Memory):

ROM (Read Only Memory) is firmware as data and instructions are stored in it by
manufacturer.
ROM contains the computer's essential programs that are necessary to start up the
computer.
User can only use it but cannot change or erase it. BIOS of motherboard is an example of
ROM. It is non-volatile or permanent memory as it retains data even when the computer is
turned off.
There are three basic types of ROM:
i. Programmable ROM (PROM)
ii. Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)
iii. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM)

i. PROM:
“A ROM in which programs can be stored by user once is called Programmable ROM.”
Data store in PROM cannot be then erased of changed as it is also non-volatile.

ii. EPROM:
“A special type of PROM in which programs can be stored and can be erased by
exposing it to ultraviolet rays is called EPROM.”
After that it can be reused.

iii. EEPROM:
“A special type of PROM in which programs can be stored and can be erased by
exposing it to an electrical charge. Is called EEPROM.”
After that it can be reused.

Q. No. 2) Describe RAM.

RAM (Random Access Memory):

RAM (Random Access Memory) is working space which holds program that is currently
running and the data needed by the program.

RAM is users' memory as user can read and write in it. It is volatile or temporary as its
contents are lost when computer is turned off. It is fastest but most expensive.

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There are two basic types of RAM:

i. Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
ii. Static RAM (SRAM)

i. Dynamic RAM:
DRAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. It is the most common type
of RAM.

ii. Static RAM:

SRAM does not need to be refreshed. It can hold contents longer than DRAM. It is faster
than DRAM and more expensive.

Q. No. 3) Describe SIMM and DIMM.

SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module):

“A small circuit board which contains one or many RAM chips and connecting with
computer with the help of pins at one side of circuit board is called SIMM.”
The memory chips on SIMM are DRAMs (dynamic RAMs). SIMMs come with 32 data
bit (36 bits counting parity bits) path to connect that required a 72-pin connector. SIMMs usually
come in memory chip of multiple of 4 megabytes.
SIMMs must be installed in in-line pairs because each SIMM supports 32 bits path.
Single SIMM cannot be used.
DIMM (Double Inline Memory Module):
“A small circuit board which contains one or many RAM chips and connecting with
computer with the help of pins at both sides of circuit board is called SIMM.”

The memory chips on DIMM are DRAMs (dynamic RAMs) or Synchronous DRAM
(SDRAM). SDRAM are improved form of RAM.

DIMMs has 168-pin connector and supports 64-bit data transfer. So single DIMM can be
installed in computer.

Q. No. 4) Describe units of memory.

Units of Memory:
Computer memory is measured in Bytes. Each byte consists of 8 bits. Each bit is capable
of storing either 0 or 1.
The smallest unit of memory is bit but the smallest accessible unit of memory is Byte.
A group of 4 bits is called Nibble. Two nibbles form 1 byte.

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Units of computer memory are given in the following table:

Prefix Symbols Power of 10 Power of 2 Equivalent

Kilo K or K** 103 210 1024 Bytes
Mega- M 106 220 1024 K Bytes
Giga G 109 230 1024 M Bytes
Tera T 1012 240 1024 G Bytes

Q. No. 4) Differentiate between Primary Storage (Internal Memory) and

Secondary Storage (External Memory).

S No Primary Storage Secondary Storage

Internal Memory External Memory
1 Internal Memory/ Primary Storage is External Memory/Secondary Storage
situated at the motherboard near CPU. are storage devices, which are
physically separated but connected to
motherboard.
2 In Primary Storage or Internal Memory Data of secondary storage cannot be
data can be directly processed by CPU. directly processed by CPU. It must be
first copied into Primary Storage.
3 It is fast. It is slowest.
4 It is expensive. It is cheapest.
5 RAM and ROM are Primary Storage or Floppy Disk, Hard Disk, CD-ROM
Internal Memory. and Magnetic Tape are Secondary
Storage or External Memory.

Q. No. 5) Write a note on Floppy Disk Drive.

Floppy Disk :

“Floppy Disk is a small portable and flexible magnetic storage device.”

Floppy disk is a non-volatile secondary storage device. Floppy disk is made up of metal
oxide compound coated polyester film. It is like a 45 rpm phonogram record but it is enclosed in
a square jacket. They are flexible they may be single sided and double sided. Computer reads
floppy disk with the help of disk drives.

The formats of IBM PCs compatible floppy diskettes are given below:
Name Side Density Width Capacity
2DSD Double Side Double Density 5.25” 360 KB
2DHD Double Side High Density 5.25” 1.2 MB
2DSD Double Side Double Density 3.4” 720 KB
2DHD Double Side High Density 3.4” 1.44 MB

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Q. No. 6) Write a note on Hard Disk.

Hard Disk:
“A Hard disk is a small fixed and hard magnetic secondary storage device.”
A hard disk is less portable. Its capacity is much more than floppy disk i.e.
up to 80 GB. It is also faster.
It is a set of stacked disks. Their diameter is about 3.5”. The surface of each disk is
divided into a number of evenly spaced concentric circular tracks. The tracks which can be
accessed with moving head are called cylinder. Each track is divided into sectors. Data is electro-
magnetically recorded on tracks. Each disk is double sided so two heads one at each side of a
disk read and write data on disk. “Seek” is an rotation of disk. Rotation speed varies from 4500
rpm (rotation per minute) to 7200 rpm (rotations per minute).

Q. No. 7) Write a note on Compact Disk.

CD-ROM:
CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) is a portable and non-volatile optical
storage device.”
CD is a secondary storage device. The size of CD is 4.75 inches in diameter. Its storage
capacity is 650 MB. Some CDs have capacity up to 1 GB.
CD Drives are used to read CDs. Speed of CD drive is measure in X. 1X equals to 150
Kilobytes per second.
CD ROMs are used to store and distribute large databases, software, multimedia
applications, audio and video.
Data is stored in CDs in spiral tracks starting from centre of disk and ending at outmost
edge of disk. The track pitch can range from 1.5 to 1.7 microns.

Q. No. 8) Write a note on Magnetic Tape.

Magnetic Tape:
Magnetic Tape is portable magnetic storage device in which data is stored serially.”
Magnetic tapes, like audio cassettes, have plastic tape coated with magnetic material at
one side. The width of tape is 1.27 cm (1/2 inch) while length may be up to 731.5 m. They come
in 25.4 cm diameter reels. There is a write-protect ring at the back of magnetic tape to protect it
from writing or erasing data in it.
Magnetic tape is divided into logical blocks. One file can take up many blocks but must
take up one whole block at least.
There are two kinds of gaps or block spots:
 Interblock Gap: It separates logical blocks.
 Interrecord Gap: It is wider and separates records.
Magnetic Tape is the cheapest magnetic media. It is used for storage of large files. The
data stored in it remain unchanged unless altered by external magnetic field.
One disadvantage of magnetic tape is that it is sequential media which makes it very
slow.

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Data Representation
Chapter No 5

Q. No. 1) What is data? Write down types of data.

DATA:
The word data is derived from a Latin word Datum. Data is defined as:

“Data is set of facts and figures, computer requires for processing to solve a problem.”

Computer needs some facts and figures to solve any problem. For example to find out
percentage of a student computer needs his obtained marks and the maximum marks of
examination. These obtained marks and maximum marks are data.

Types of Data:
Main types of data are given below:
i) Numeric Data
ii) Character Data
1) Numeric Data:
“The data which consist of numbers from ‘0’ to ‘9’, decimal point ‘.’, ‘+’ and ‘-‘ sign is
called Numeric Data.”
Numeric data is divided into following two types:
i. Integer Data
ii. Real Data

i. Integer Data:
“The data that is in the form of whole numbers and does not contain any decimal point is
called Integer Data.”
Integer data may be positive and negative.

Example:
Number of students in a class, number of computers in office, number of buses in the
city, 54645, -987, 0, +345 etc.

i. Real Data:
“The data that is in the form of fractional number and contains decimal point is called
Real Data.”
Real data may be fixed point data and floating-point data.

a) Fixed Point Data:

“The real data which includes digits (0-9), a decimal point and +/- sign is called Fixed
Point Data.”

Examples:
Percentage, weight, height speed distance, etc.

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b) Floating Point Data:

“The real data which includes digits (0-9), a decimal point, +/- sign and scientific
notation is called Floating Point Data.”

Examples:
1.62 X 10-19 (charge of electron in columb)
2.9997 X 108 (Velocity of lignt in m/sec)

2) Character Data:
“The data, which consists of alphabets, alphanumerics, pictures, charts etc. is called
Character Data.”
There are two types of character data:
i) String Data
ii) Graphical Data
i. String Data:
“The data which consist of alphabets, numbers, special characters and spaces is called
string data.”
There are types of string data.
a) Alphabetical Data
b) Alphanumerical Data

a. Alphabetical Data:
Alphabetical Data consists of English alphabets like Name, ItemName etc.

b. Alphanumerical Data:
Alphanumerical data consists of alphabets and numbers like address, telephone etc.

ii. Graphical Data:

“The data, which consists of pictures, charts and graphs is called Graphical Data.”

Usually graphical data is entered in computer by using scanners.

Q. No. 2) Differentiate between data and Information?

Differences b/w data and Information:-

Some difference between data and information are give below:-

S. No Data Information
1 Data is set of facts and figures required Information is the result of processing.
to solve a problem.
2 Data is unprocessed Information Information is processed data.
3 Data is input for computer. Information is output for computer.
4 For Example
Obtained marks and Maximum marks Percentage, grade and result calculated are
are data examples of Information

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Q. No. 3) Give hierarchy of data?

Hierarch of Data:-
Hierarchy of data is given below:

Data

Numerical Data Character Data

Integer Data Real Data Graphical Data String Data

Fixed Point Data Floating Point Alphabetical Alphanumerical

Data Data Data

Q. No. 4) What is a number system?

Number System:-
“The system of counting and calculating is called number system.”

Number system is based on some characters called digits. The number of digits is known
as base or radix of the number system. For example binary number system uses two characters 0
and 1 and its base is 2.
Computer uses following four numbers:
i) Decimal number system
ii) Binary number system
iii) Octal number system
iv) Hexadecimal number system

Q. No. 5) Describe Decimal Number System.

Decimal Number System:-
“The number system which is based on 10 characters from 0 to 9 is called decimal
system.”

It is the most common number system. The digits of decimal system are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, and 9. The value of each digit in a figure depends upon its weight. The weights are based on
power of 10.
The weights of digits according to their positions are given below:
Position 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
Weight 104=10000 103=1000 102=100 101=10 100=1

For example 76854 can be expressed as:

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76854 = 7 x 104 + 6 x 103 + 8 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 4 x 100

= 7 x 10000 + 6 x 1000 + 8 x 100 + 5 x 10 + 4 x 1
= 70000 + 6000 + 800 + 50 + 4
= 76854

Q. No. 6) Describe Binary Number System.

Binary Number System:-
“The number system which is based on 2 characters from 0 and 1 is called binary
system.”

Computer circuitry represents data in a pattern of ON and OFF states of electric current.
The state ON is represented by ‘1’ and OFF is represented by ‘0’. Binary system is used for
internal working of electronic computers.
The value of each digit in a figure depends upon its weight. The weights are based on
power of 2.

The weights of digits according to their positions are given below:

Position 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st

Weight 24=16 23=8 22=4 21=2 20=1

For example 1001112 can be expressed as:

1001112= 1 x 25 + 0 x 24 + 0 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 20
= 1 x 32 + 0 x 16 + 0 x 8 + 1 x 4 + 1 x 2 + 1 x 1
= 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1
= 3910

Q. No. 7) Describe Octal Number System.

Octal Number System:-
“The number system which is based on 8 characters from 0 to 7 is called Octal system.”

The digits of octal system are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The value of each digit in a figure
depends upon its weight. The weights are based on power of 8.
The weights of digits according to their positions are given below:
Position 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
Weight 84=4096 83=512 82=64 81=8 80=1

For example 12348 can be expressed as:

12348 = 1 x 83 + 2 x 82 + 3 x 81 + 4 x 80
= 1 x 512 + 2 x 64 + 3 x 8 + 4 x 1
= 512 + 812 + 800 + 50 + 4
= 217810

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Q. No. 8) Describe Hexadecimal Number System.

Hexadecimal Number System:-
“The number system which is based on 16 characters from 0 to 9 and A, B, C, D, E & F
is called Hexadecimal system.”

Hexadecimal system is used to store data on disk. The digits of hexadecimal system are
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F. The value of each digit in a figure depends upon its
weight. The weights are based on power of 16.
The weights of digits according to their positions are given below:
Position 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
Weight 164=65536 163=4096 162=256 161=16 160=1

For example 213416 can be expressed as:

213416 = 2 x 163 + 1 x 162 + 3 x 161 + 4 x 160
= 2 x 4096 + 1 x 256 + 3 x 16 + 4 x 1
= 8192 + 256 + 48 + 4
= 850010

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Boolean Algebra
Chapter No 6

Q. No. 1) What is Boolean Algebra?

Boolean Algebra:
“Boolean Algebra is a convenient and systematic way of expressing and analysing the
operation of logical circuits.”
George Boole, an English mathematician, developed a mathematical system for
formulating logical statements with symbols. This system is applied in design and analysis of
digital systems.
Boolean Algebra provides the operations and the rules for working with the set (0,1).
Boolean Algebra is now being used extensively in designing the circuits used in computers.

Q. No. 2) Describe following terms of Boolean algebra?

(a) Boolean Constant (b) Boolean Variable (c) Complement
(d) Truth Table (e) Logical Operator

(a) Boolean Constant:-

“ ‘0’ and ‘1’ are Boolean Constant as their values cannot be changed.”

(a) Boolean Variable:-

“Letters A, B, C, x, y, z etc. are called Boolean variables as their can values can be
changed.”
Boolean variables can have values only 0 or 1.

(c) Complement:-
“The inverse of a variable is called Complement.”
Complement of variable is indicated by a bar over it.
Complement of A is Ā. If A=1 then Ā=0 or if A=0 then Ā=1.

(d) Truth Table:

“A truth table is a table which represents the condition of input and output circuit
involving two or more variables.”

A truth table is systematic listing of the values for the dependent variables in term of all
the possible values of independent variable.

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Following is an example of Truth Table:

INPUTS OUTPUT
A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

(e) Logical Operators:

In Boolean algebra following operators are used:
(i) OR (ii) AND (iii) NOT

OR operator:
“In Boolean algebra logical addition or Boolean Sum is called OR operation.”
OR operation is represented by ‘+’.
For example, if two variable A & B are ORed then
A + B = C (reading A OR B is equal to C)
The Truth table of OR operation is given below:

INPUTS OUTPUT
A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

AND operator:
“In Boolean algebra logical multiplication is called AND operation.”
AND operation is represented by dot ‘.’.
For example, if two variable A & B are ANDed then
A . B = C or AB=C (reading A AND B is equal to C)
The Truth table of AND operation is given below:

INPUTS OUTPUT
A B A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

NOT operator:
“In Boolean algebra logical complement is called NOT operation.”
NOT or inverse operation is represented by prime “ ” or bar(-) on the variable. It is a
unary operator and is defined on a single variable.

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For example, if a variable is A then its complement is Ā or NOT A.

The Truth table of AND operation is given below:

INPUTS OUTPUTS
A Ā
0 1
1 0

Q. No. 3) What is Boolean Expression?

Boolean Expression:
Boolean expression is an arrangement of logical variables and operators which express
the operation of a logical circuit.
For example
A+B
Ā.B.C
AĀ
A(A+B)

Q. No. 4) What is Boolean Function?

Boolean Function:
Boolean function is an expression formed with variables, logical operators parentheses
and equal sign.
The value of Boolean function can be either 0 or 1.

For example if variable W is function of X, Y, and Z it can be written as:

W=F(X, Y, Z)

Q. No. 5) Describe Boolean Operator Precedence.

Boolean Operator Precedence:

Boolean expressions are evaluated with following operator precedence:
1) Boolean expressions are scanned from left to right
2) At first Parentheses are evaluated if there is any,
3) Then NOT operation is evaluated
4) Then ON operation
5) At last OR operation is evaluated.

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Q. No. 6) Describe laws of Boolean algebra.

Laws of Boolean algebra:

The three basic laws of Boolean algebra are given below:
(i) Commutative laws
(ii) Associative laws
(iii) Distributive laws

(i) Commutative laws:-

(a) According to Commutative law of addition :

“The order in which variables are ORed (added) makes no difference.”

A+B=B+A

(a) According to Commutative law of multiplication:

“The order in which variables are ANDed (multiplied) makes no difference.”

A.B=B.A

(ii) Associative laws:-

(a) According to Associative law of addition:

“When ORing more than two variables, the result is the same regardless of the grouping
of the variables.”

A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C

(a) According to Associative law of multiplication:

“When ANDing more than two variables, the result is the same regardless of the
grouping of the variables.”

A (B C) = (A B) C

(iii) Distributive laws:-

“ORing two or more than two variables and then ANDing the result with a single variable
is equal to ANDing the variables with each of the two or more variables and then ORing
the product”

A (B + C) = (AB + AC

Q. No. 7) Describe Rules of Boolean algebra

Ans. From page 104 of text book

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Q. No. 8) Describe De Morgan’s Theorems and construct Truth tables.

De Morgan’s Theorems:-
A mathematician DeMorgan presented two theorem to simplify complicated logical
expression. These two theorems are given below:

De Morgan’s First Theorem:-

According to first theorem of De Morgan:
“The complement of a product of variable is equal to the sum of the complements of the
variables.”
XY = X + Y
This theorem can be proved with the help of following Truth table:

X Y X.Y X.Y X Y X+Y

0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0

Equals

De Morgan’s Second Theorem:-

According to second theorem of De Morgan:
“The complement of a sum of variable is equal to the product of the complements of the
variables.”
X+Y = X . Y
This theorem can be proved with the help of following Truth table:

X Y X+Y X+Y X Y X.Y

0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0

Equals

Q. No. 9) What is Karnaugh Map?

Karnaugh Map:-
“Karnaugh map is a systematic method of simplifying Boolean expressions.”
Karnaugh map or K-map produces simplest SOP (Sum Of Products) or POS (Product Of
Sums).

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K-map is an array of cells in which each cell represents a binary value of the input
variables. It is used for expression with two, three, four, and five variables. The number of cells
in a K-map equals to total number of possible input variable combinations.
For example:
For 2-variable expression 22=4cells
For 3-variable expression 23=8cells
For 4-variable expression 24=16cells
For 5-variable expression 25=32cells

The 2-variable K-map:

For 2-variable K-map the number of cells will be 22 i. e. 4 and K-map will be as follows:

B B
0 1 0 1
A A
0 0

1 1

The 3-variable K-map:

For 3-variable K-map the number of cells will be 23 i. e. 8 and K-map will be as follows:

C C
0 1 0 1
AB AB
00 00

01 01

11 11

10 10

The 4-variable K-map:

For 4-variable K-map the number of cells will be 24 i. e. 16 and K-map will be as
follows:

CD CD
01 01 11 10 01 01 11 10
AB AB
00 00

01 01

11 11

10 10

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Q. No. 10) What are SOP and POS? Write down the forms of Boolean expressions.

Forms of Boolean Expressions:-

There are two standard forms of Boolean expressions:
1) The Sum-Of-Products (SOP)
2) The Product-Of-Sums (POS)

1) The Sum-Of-Products (SOP):-

“When two or more product terms are summed by Boolean addition, the resulting
expression is called SOP.”
For example:
A+ ABC
ABC+CDE+BCD

1) The Product-Of-Sums (POS):-

“When two or more sum terms are multiplied by Boolean multiplication, the resulting
expression is called POS.”
For example:
(A+ AB)(C+D)
A(BC+CD)(E+BCD)

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Computer Software
Chapter No 7
Q. No. 1) What is a command?
Command:-
“Commands are specific words used to make computer perform specific tasks.”
DOS command is a way of communicating with the computer.
There are following two types of DOS commands:
1) Internal Commands
2) External Commands

1) Internal Commands:
Internal commands are stored in COMMAND.COM file and load in computer memory at
the time of boot.
These commands are always available to use.
Internal commands are not seen in the directory.

Examples:
DIR CLS DATE TIME COPY
VER VOL DEL TYPE REN
PROMPT MD or MKDIR RD RMDIR CD or CHDIR PATH

2) External Commands:
External commands are stored in separately on disk as program file.
They must be present on disk to be executed.
External commands have extension of COM, EXE, BAT etc.

Examples:
FORMAT CHKDSK LABEL DISKCOPY
PRINT SYS EDIT XCOPY
DELTREE DOSKEY

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Introduction To Windows Operating System

Chapter No 8

Q. No. 1) What is Windows operating system?

Windows Operating System:-

MS Windows is an operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation. At the
beginning Windows was an application, running in DOS environment. In 1995 true operating
system of Windows is launched called Windows 95. Other versions of Windows are given
below:
Windows 95, Windows 97, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000,
Windows XP, Windows me.

Some important properties of Windows operating system are given below:

1) Windows provide Graphical User Interface (GUI). In GUI commands are located on
screen in form of pictures called Icons. User gives command by clicking the icons.
2) Windows is user friendly as it is easy to learn and operate.
3) Windows provides multitasking (running more than one program at a time).
4) Windows creates an multi-user environment with the help of networking.

Q. No. 2) What is Windows Desktop?

Windows Desktop:
“The first screen displayed when Windows is started is called Desktop.”
Windows Desktop is working desk. It contains following items:

 Icons
 Task Bar
 Start Buttons

Q. No. 3) Write a note on Icons.

ICONS:-
“Icon is a small colourful graphical picture on Windows desktop.”
Each icon has a label, which identifies it. Label of icon can be changed. Icons represent
objects like file, folder, program and hardware component of computer.

Following icons are usually present on Windows desktop:

1) My Computer
2) My Network Places

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3) My Documents
4) Recycle Bin
5) Internet Explorer

Q. No. 4) Write a note on Taskbar.

Taskbar:-
“ The bar at the bottom of Windows desktop is called Taskbar.”
A taskbar has following items:
1) Start Button: It is at left corner of taskbar. Using Start button user can open programs,
installed in the computer.

2) System Tray: It is at right corner of taskbar. It has graphical representation of various

background operations like messengers, printer system clock.

3) Program Names: It shows the name of program which are currently running.

Q. No. 5) Write a note on Control Panel.

Control Panel:
“Control Panel is an item of Windows which provides facility to change the way
Windows works and looks.”
Control panel contains list of icons through which user can change the setting of
computer. The most common items in control panel are given below:
 Accessibility Option: It is used to make computer easier for people with disabilities.
Such as Sticky Keys, ShowSounds etc.
 Add New Hardware: It is used to install a new hardware to the computer with the help of
its device driver program.
 Add/Remove Programs: It is used to install new program or to remove a program form
computer.
 Date/Time: It is used to change or set the Date and Time of computer system.
 Display: It is used to change the display setting co the monitor like |
Background/Wallpaper, Screen Saver, Appearance, Effects, Web and Setting.
 Fonts: It is used to add new fonts in the computer.
 Internet Option: It is used to change the setting of web browser software.
 Modems: It used to install modem driver and to change it dialling setting.
 Mouse: It is used to change mouse pointer style and setting of mouse buttons.
 Printers: It is used to add or remove a printer driver, and to change printer setting.
 System: It is used to view system information about all devices attached with computer.
 Sound: It is used to add or remove sound with any event.
 Users: It is used to manage different users of the computer.

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Q. No. 6) Write down differences between Virus and Antivirus.

VIRUS:
“A program which can infect other programs by modifying them and causing data loss is
called Virus.”
Virus is a hidden program. It attaches itself to other programs and executes secretly every
time the host program is executed.
Virus replicates itself within computer system. Some viruses execute at a particular time
and are called Time Bomb Viruses.

Harms of computer viruses are given below:

1) It infects other programs.
2) It destroys the data on disk.
3) It spreads from one disk to another.
4) Sometimes it makes the computer unusable.
5) It increases the file size and replicates itself, thus making wastage of memory.

Some common viruses are given below:

Joshi, Brains, Jerusalem, Friday 13th, Chernobyl, etc.

ANITVIRUS:
“Antivirus is a software that when executed, removes virus programs from the disk.”
Viruses are very harmful for computer systems. Antivirus The anti viruses are used to
save computer from the harms of virus.
Following are some important anti virus software:
 Nortron Anti Virus (NAV)
 Mcafee
 PC Clean
 AVG

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