UNIT-III - COMPLEX INTEGRATION

KEY POINTS:

'
1. Cauchy’s Integral Theorem : If f(z) is analytic and f ( z ) is continuous inside and on

∫ f ( z) dz = 0.
a simple closed curve C, then C
2. Cauchy’s Integral Formula : If f(z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve C
1 f ( z)
f (z 0 ) = ∫ dz .
and z0 is any point inside C, then 2π i C z − z 0
3. Cauchy’s integral formula for the derivatives of an Analytic function : If f(z) is
analytic within and on a simple closed curve C and z0 is any point lying in it, then
( n) n! f ( z)
f (z 0 ) = ∫ dz
2 π i C ( z − z 0 )n + 1
4. Taylor Series Expansion: If f(z) is an analytic at all the points inside a circle C, with its
center at the point a and the radius R, then at each point z inside C then
2
( z−a ) ' '
' f ( a)+. ..
f(z) = f(a) + ( z- a) f (a ) + 2!
2
z ''
f (0)+..............
Note: Putting a = 0, we get f(z) = f(0) + z f (0 ) + 2 !
'

5. Singular point: A point z = a at which a function f(z) fails to be analytic is called a

singular point (or) singularity of the function f(z).
n
lim ( z − a) f ( z) ≠ 0
6. Poles : If we can find a positive integer n such that z → a then z = a is
called a pole of order n for f(z).
1
7. Residue: The coefficient b1 of z − a in the Laurent’s series expansion of f(z) called the
1
=
2π i
∫ f ( z) dz
residue of f(z) at z = a. b1 C

1
[ f ( z )]z = a = ∫ f ( z) dz
8. Residue at a Pole : Res
2π i C

9. Evaluation of Residues :
 Residue at a simple pole a ( ie., pole of order 1 is) is given by
(i).
Re s [ f ( z) ] z = a = lim ( z − a) f ( z)
z→a

m −1
1 d
Re s [ f ( z) ]z = a = lim m 1
[ ( z − a)m f ( z)]
z → a (m − 1) ! dz
−
(ii). Residue at a poles of order m is

10. . Cauchy’s Residue theorem : If f(z) is analytic at all points inside and on a simple
10
closed curve C, except at a finite number of poles
a1 ,a2 , a3 , ......,an within C, then

∫ f ( z ) dz = 2πi (Sum of the residues).

C

11. Evaluation of Contour Integration :

2π

∫ f ( cos θ , sin θ ) dθ
Type 1: Integral of the form 0 where f is a rational function
of cos θ and sin θ .
Type2: Integral of the form
∞
f ( x)
∫ F ( x) dx where f ( x) and F ( x) are polynomials in x .
−∞ In this type F(x) has no
real roots and the degree of F(x) is greater than the degree of f(x) by atleast two.
∞ ∞
∫ sin ax f ( x) dx or ∫ cos ax f ( x) dx or
Type 3: Integral of the form −∞ −∞

Part - A

∫ e z dz ,, C is |z|= 1.
1. Evaluate C

Ans:
iθ
Put z=e
iθ
d z= i e dθ
2π
iθ iθ
z
∫e dz = ∫ e e i e dθ
C 0
iθ
Sub x = e when θ = 0 ⇒ x=1
 iθ
dx = i e dθ when θ = 2 π ⇒ x=1
1
=∫ e x dx = ( e x )11 = 0
1
cos π z
∫ dz if C is |z|= 2.
2. Evaluate C z − 1
Ans: We know that by Cauchy’s integral theorem,

f ( z)
∫z−z dz = 2π i f ( z 0 )
C 0

cos π z
∫ dz if C is |z|= 2.
Given C z − 1

Here f(z)= cos π z , z0=1 which lies inside the C |z|= 2.

Therefore f(1) = cos π (1) = cos π = − 1

cos π z
∫ dz = 2π i f ( z 0 ) = 2πi(−1) = −2πi .
C z −1

1
∫ 2z − 3 dz where C is |z|= 1.
3. Evaluate C

f ( z)
∫z−z dz = 2π i f ( z 0 )
Ans: We know that by Cauchy’s integral theorem C 0

1 1 1
f (z ) = =
2z − 3 2
( )
z−
3
2 .

1
3
z−
Hence 2 is not analytic at z = 3/2.

But z = 3/2 = 1.5 lies outside |z|= 1.

1
∫ 2z − 3 dz = 0.
∴ By Cauchy’s theorem C
 2 dz
∫ ( z − 1) ( z + 3) |z − 1|= 2.
C where C is the circle
4. Evaluate

f ( z)
∫z−z dz = 2 π i f ( z 0 )
Ans : We know that by Cauchy’s integral theorem C 0

2
dz
2 dz ( z+3 ) 2
∫ ( z − 1) ( z + 3) ∫ ( z−1 )
C = C where f(z)= ( z +3 )

|z − 1|= 2.
The point z = 1 lies inside the circle

= 2 π i f (1) by Cauchy’s integral formula

=
2πi ( 24 ) = π i
e z dz 1
∫ z+1 |z + |= 1.
C where C is the circle 2
5. Evaluate

f ( z)
∫z−z dz = 2π i f ( z 0 )
Ans : We know that by Cauchy’s integral theorem C 0

z
Here f (z ) = e , the point z+1= 0 ⇒ z = −1
Z= - 1 lies inside the circle C, therefore,

ez
∫ z − z dz = 2π i f (−1) = 2 π i e− 1 = 2 eπ i
C 0

dz
∫ ( z − 3 )2 |z|=1.
6. Evaluate C where C is the circle

Ans :

Here z0 = 3 , which lies out the circle |z|=1.

 dz
∴ ∫ ( z − 3 )2
C = 0 by Cauchy’s theorem.

π
z =− .
7. Find the Taylor’s series of the function cos z about 2
2
( z−a) ' '
' f ( a)+..............
Ans : we know that, f(z) = f(a) + ( z- a) f (a ) + 2!
π
f ( z ) =cos z ⇒ f (− ) = 0
2
π
f ' ( z ) = −sin z ⇒ f ' (− ) = 1
2
'' '' π
f ( z ) =−cos z ⇒ f (− ) = 0
2
'' '' π
f '( z ) =sin z ⇒ f ' (− ) = −1
2
π
( z + )2
π π ' π 2 '' π
− f (− ) f (− )+... .... ..... ..
f(z) = f( 2 )+(z+ 2 ) 2 + 2! 2
π
( z + )3
π 2
+..............
f(z) = ( z + 2 ) - 3!
1
8. Expand z − 2 at z = 1 as a Taylor’s series.
1 1 −1
= −1
Ans: z − 2 = ( z − 1) − 1 (1 − ( z − 1)) = − [ 1 − ( z − 1) ]
2 3
= − [ 1 + ( z−1) + ( z − 1) + ( z − 1) + ........... ]

9. Obtain the expansion of log (1 + z) where |z| < 1.

 Ans : f (z ) = log(1+ z ) ⇒ f (0 ) = 0
1
f '( z) = ⇒ f ' (0 ) = 1
1+z
−1
f ' '( z ) = 2
⇒ f '' (0 ) = −1
(1 + z )
2
f ' '' ( z ) = 3
⇒ f ' ' ' (0 ) = 2
( 1+ z )
−6
f 1v ( z) = 4
⇒ f 1 v (0) = −6
(1 + z)
2
( z−a ) ' '
' f ( a)+. ..
we know that, f(z) = f(a) + ( z- a) f (a ) + 2!
Here put a = 0
2 3
( z−0) ( z−0 )
(−)+ (1)...
f(z) = f(0) + ( z- 0) (1) + 2! 2!
2 3 4
z z z
z − + − + ...
Using Taylor’s series, log(1+z) = 2 3 4
10. Define Poles and simple pole.
n
lim ( z − a) f ( z) ≠ 0
Ans : If z →a then z = a is called a pole of order ‘n’.

If n=1 then z = a is called simple pole.

12. Find the residue of f(z) = cot z at its pole.

cos z P ( a)
cot z = = ' π ± 1, ± 2 …
Ans : sin z Q (a) The poles of f(z) are sinz = 0 ⇒ z=n ,n= .
13. Define Removable singularity with an example.

lim f ( z)
Defn : The singular point z = a is called Removable singularity of f(z) if z →a exist.

sin z
f (z ) =
For example: z =0 is removable singular point of z since
sin z
lim = 1.
z →0 z

PART-B
 z+4
∫ z2 +2 z+5 dz
1. Using Cauchy’s integral formula, find the value of where C is the circle
| z+1−i|= 2.

Sol: Given circle is |z+1−i|= 2 | z−(−1+i )|= 2

Centre is -1+ i and radius is 2

f ( z)
∫z−z dz = 2 π i f ( z 0 )
We know that by Cauchy’s integral theorem C 0

2
z +2 z+5 = [ z−(−1+2 i) ][ z−(−1−2 i) ]

Here −1+2i lies inside C and −1−2i lies outside C

z+4
z+4 z+1+2i z +4
∫ z2 +2 z+5 dz ∫ z−(−1+2 i) dz
Therefore, = C where f(z) = z+1+2 i

= 2 π i f (−1+2i)

−1+2i+4
= 2π i −1+2i+1+2i

2 i+3 π
(2i+3 )
= 2π i 4i = 2

z2
2. Find the residue of at each of the poles.
(z−1)2 (z+ 2)

Sol: Equating Dr = 0. ( z−1)2 ( z +2 )=0

Z = 1 is pole of order 2 and z = -2 is a simple pole.

d
{ Re s φ (z )}z = 1 = lim [( z−1)2 φ (z )]
z→ 1 dz
2
d z
= lim [( z−1)2 ]
z → 1 dz ( z−1)2 ( z+2)
 d z2
= lim [ ]
z → 1 dz ( z+2)
2 z.( z+2)−z 2 .1
= lim [ ]
z→1 ( z+2)2
2
z +4 z 5
lim [ 2
]=
= z → 1 ( z+2) 9

{ Re s φ (z ) }z = −2 = lim [( z+2) φ( z)]

z → −2
2
z
= lim [(z+2 ) ]
z → −2 ( z−1 )2 ( z+2)
2
z 4
= lim [ 2
]=
z → −2 ( z−1) 9

(2 z−1)
∫ z ( z+1 ) ( z−3) dz
3. Evaluate C , where C is the circle |z| = 2.

Sol:
Equating Dr = 0. z (z+ 1) ( z−3 )=0
Z = 0, -1, 3 are simple poles.
Z = 0, -1 are lie inside circle C. Z= 3 lies outside C.

{ Re s φ (z )}z = 0 = lim [(z −0) φ (z )]

z →0
(2 z−1 )
= lim [ z . ]
z→0 z ( z+1 ) ( z−3 )
(2 z−1) 1
= lim [ ]=
z → 0 ( z+1 ) ( z−3) 3
{ Re s φ (z )}z = −1 = lim [( z+1 ) φ( z)]
z → −1
(2 z−1)
= lim [( z+1)[ ]
z → −1 z ( z+1 ) (z−3)
(2 z−1) −3
= lim [ ]=
z → −1 z( z−3 ) 4
{ Re s φ (z )}z = 3 = 0
By Cauchy’s residue theorem
 (2 z−1)
∫ z ( z+1 ) ( z−3) dz=2 πi
C [sum of the residues]
1 3
=2 πi[ − +0 ]
3 4
=−5 πi/6

1
4. Expand ( z − 1 ) ( z − 2 ) in the region | z | > 2 and 0 < | z − 1| < 1.
1
Sol : Let ( z − 1) ( z − 2)

1
=
A B
+ −−−−−−−−−−−−−− (1)
Consider ( z − 1) ( z − 2) z −1 z −2

1 A ( z − 2) + ( z − 1)
=
( z − 1) ( z − 2) ( z − 1)( z − 2)

1= A ( z − 2) + B ( z − 1)
Put z = 1 and z = 2 in the above equation, we get the values of A and B
Therefore, A = -1 and B= 1.
−1 1
∴ f ( z) = +
z − 1 z −2
(i). In the region |z| > 2 .
−1 1 2
∴ f ( z) = + given | z |> 2 ; | | < 1
1 2 z
( ) (
z 1−
z
z 1−
z )
−1 −1
−1 1 1 2
f (z) =
z
1−
z( ) ( ) +
z
1−
z
2 3 2 3
−1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
z ( z z ( ) ( ) ) z ( z z z ) +.....)
( ) (
f (z) = 1 + + + +..... + 1 + + +
z
∞ n ∞ n
−1 1 1 2
f (z) =
z
∑ ( z) z ( z) .
n=0
+ ∑
n= 0
 z
f (z ) = in 1 <| z |< 2.
5. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of ( z2 + 1 ) ( z2 + 4 )

1
f (z ) = (u sin g partial fractions )
Sol : ( z2 + 1) ( z2 + 4)
1 1 1 1
f (z )= = [ 2 − 2 ]
( z + 1) ( z + 4 ) 3 z + 1 z + 4
2 2
--------------------------- (1)

1 z 1 z
f (z ) = − 2
3 z +1 3 z + 4
2
------------------------ (2)

Given 1 <|z|< 2 ⇒ 1 <|z|, |z|< 2

1 | z| 1 | z |2
⇒ <1 , <1 ⇒ 2< 1 , <1
|z| 2 |z| 4

1 1 1 1

Equ (3) becomes

f (z ) =
( ) ( )
z2
−
3 z 2 1 + 1 12 z 2
4
+1

z2
−1
1 1 −1 1
3z z ( )
f (z ) = 2 1 + 2 −
12
1+
4 ( )
1 1 1 1 z2 z4
f (z ) =
3 z2 (
1 − +
z2 z4
− .. .. .. −
12
1 −
) (
+ −... .....
4 16 )
2
z −1
6. Obtain Taylor’s series to represent the function ( z + 2 ) ( z + 3 ) in the region |z| < 2.
2
z −1
f (z ) =
Sol : Let ( z + 2 ) ( z + 3 ) ( reduce the power of Nr to use partial fractions)
2
z −1 A B
=1+ +
( z + 2) ( z + 3) ( z + 2 ) ( z + 3 ) ---------- (1)

2
z −1 = ( z + 2) ( z + 3) +A ( z + 3) +B ( z + 2)
 Put z = -2 and z = -3 in the above equation, we get A= 3 and B = -8.
Sub A and B in the equ (2)
2
z −1 3 8
=1+ −
( z + 2) ( z + 3) ( z + 2) ( z + 3)
Equ (10 becomes ,
3 8
f (z ) = 1 + −
( z + 2) ( z + 3) . Given
z z
| z | < 2, ie .,| |< 1. clearly | | < 1.
2 3
3 8
f (z ) = 1 + −
2 1+( 2z ) 3 ( 1 + 3z )
−1 −1
3 z 8 z
f (z ) = 1 + 1 +
2 2 ( ) ( ) − 1+
3 3
By using binomial theorem, we get.
3 z z2 z3 8 z z2 z3
f (z ) = 1 +
2 (
1 − + − +...... − 1 − + − +.......
2 4 8 3 3 9 27 ) ( )
3 ∞
zn 8n
∞
znn
f (z ) = 1 + ∑ ( − 1 ) 2n − 3 ∑ (− 1 ) 3 n
2 n=0 n=0 .

dz
∫
7. Evaluate C ( z2 + 4 ) 2 where C is the circle |z − i|= 2.
dz
∫
Sol : Let C ( z + 4)2
2

The poles of f(z) are z = ± 2 i of order 2, among this only z = 2i lies inside C
dz dz
∫ =∫
then C ( z2 + 4 ) 2 C ( z 2 + 22 ) 2
dz
=∫
C [ ( z + 2i ) ( z − 2i ) ]2
 dz
dz ( z + 2i )2
=∫ =∫
C [ ( z + 2 i )2 ( z − 2 i )2 ] C ( z − 2i )
2

1
2
and z 0 = 2 i.
Here f(z) = ( z + 2i )

' −2 ' −2 1
f ( z) = ⇒ f (2i ) = .= .
( z + 2i )3 ( 2i + 2i )3 32 i
By Cauchy’s integral formula we have
f (z ) 1 π
∫
C ( z − z0)
2 ( )
dz = 2 πi f ' ( z 0 ) = 2 πi
32i
=
16

2 2
∫ sin( π z )+2 (cos π z) dz around | z |= 3.
8. Using Cauchy’s residue theorem to evaluate z−1 z−2
2 2
∫ sin( π z )+2 (cos π z) dz = ∫ f ( z) dz .
Sol : Let z−1 z−2 C
2 2
sin π z + cos π z
Where f(z) = ( z − 1 )2 ( z − 2 )
The poles of f(z) are z = 1 (order 2) and z = 2 (simple pole) both the poles
lie inside C.
∴ { Re s φ (z ) }z = 2 = lim ( z− 2 ) f ( z).
z→ 2
2 2
sin π z + cos π z
= lim ( z− 2 )
z→ 2 ( z − 1 )2 ( z−2 )
2 2
sin π z + cos π z
= lim = sin 4 π + cos 4 π = 1
z→ 2 ( z − 1 )2
d
∴ { Re s φ (z ) }z = 1 = lim { ( z− 1 )2 f ( z ) } .
z → 1 dz

d sin π z 2 + cos π z 2
= lim
z → 1 dz {
( z− 1 )2
( z − 1 )2 ( z − 2 ) }
d sin π z 2 + cos π z 2
= lim
z→ 1 dz { ( z − 2) }
 ( z − 2 ) [ 2 π z cos π z 2 − 2 π z sin π z 2 ]− (sin π z 2 + cos π z2 )
= lim
z→ 1 { ( z − 2 )2 }
= − 2π + 1 .
∫ f ( z) dz = 2 π i (sum of the residue of f (z ) at its poles)
By residue theorem we have C

= 2 π i [ −2π+1+1 ]

= 4 π i [ − π+1 ]
2π

∫ 13 + dθ5 sin θ
9. Evaluate 0 using contour integration.

dz dz
dz = eiθ i dθ ⇒ dθ = =
Sol: Put z = e
iθ
then i e iθ i z
1 1
sin θ =
2i( )
z−
z
dz
2π
1 iz
∴ ∫ dθ = ∫
13 +5 sin θ C 13 + 5 z − 1
0
2i z ( ) where C is the unit circle |Z| =1

dz
iz dz/ i z
∫ 5 1 = ∫ 26iz + 5 z2 − 5
C 13 +
2i
z−
z
C
( )
2iz

dz
=2∫ 2
= 2 ∫ f ( z) dz ( say)−−−−(1)
C 5 z + 26 zi − 5 C

1
Where f(z) = 5 z 2 + 26 zi − 5

−i
5 z 2 + 26 zi − 5=0 , therefore z = , −5i .
The poles of f(z) are given by 5

−i
z=
Among these poles, only 5 lies inside C.
 [ z = −i/5 ] = lim [ z − (−i/5 ) ] f (z )
Therefore, Res z → −i/5

1
= lim [ z +i/5 ] 2
z → −i/5 5 z +26 zi −5
1
= lim [ z +i/5 ]
z → −i/5 5 ( z + i/5 ) ( z + 5i )

1 1
= lim =
z → −i/5 5 ( z + 5i ) 24 i

∫ f ( z) dz= 2 π i (241 i ) = 12π

By Residue theorem C

2π
∴ ∫ 13 +51 sin θ dθ = 2 (12π ) = π6 .
0

2π

∫ 5 − dθ4 sin θ ,
10. Evaluate 0 using contour integration.

dz dz
dz = eiθ i dθ ⇒ dθ = =
Sol: Put z = e
iθ
then ie iθ iz
1 1
sin θ =
2i ( )
z−
z
dz
2π
1 iz
∴ ∫ dθ = ∫
5 − 4 sin θ C 5 − 4 z−1
0
2i z ( ) where C is the unit circle |Z|=1.

dz
iz dz/ i z
∫ 4 1 = ∫ 5iz − 2 z2 + 2
C 5−
2i
z−
z( )
C
iz

dz
=∫ 2
= ∫ f ( z ) dz (say )−−−−(1)
C −2 z + 5 zi +2 C
 1
f (z )=
Where −2 z 2 + 5 zi +2

i
−2 z2 + 5 zi +2=0 , therefore z = , 2 i.
The poles of f(z) are given by 2

i
z= .
Out of these two poles only 2 lies within the unit circle |z| = 1.
[ z = i/2 ] = lim [ z − ( i/2 ) ] f ( z )
Therefore, Res of f(z) at z → i/2

1
= lim [ z −i/2 ]
z → i/2 ( 2 z − i ) ( − z + 2i )

2 z −i 1
= lim
z → i/2 [ ]2 ( 2 z − i ) ( − z + 2i)

1 1
= lim =
z → i/2 2 (− z + 2i ) 3i

∫ f ( z) dz= 2 π i ( 3i1 ) = 23π

By Residue theorem C

2π
∴ ∫ 13 +51 sin θ dθ = 23π .
0

2π

∫ a + bdθcos θ = 2π
, a >¿ b > 0 ¿
11. Prove that 0 √ a2 − b2 using contour integration.

dz dz
dz = eiθ i dθ ⇒ dθ = =
Sol : Put z = e
iθ
then ie iθ iz
1 1
cos θ =
2( )
z+
z
dz
2π
dθ zi 1 dz
∫ a + b cos θ = ∫ 1 1
= ∫
zi C 2az + b z 2 + b
0 C a+ b z+
2 z ( ) [ 2z ]
 2 dz 2
= ∫ =
i C 2az + b z2 + b i C
∫ f (z ) dz
----------- (1)
2
The poles of (z) are given by the roots of b z + 2za + b = 0

− 2a ± √ 4 a2 − 4b2 − a ± √ a2 − b 2
z= =
ie., 2b b
− a + √ a2 − b 2 − a − √ a2 − b 2
z= ,
b b
− a + √ a2 − b2 − a − √ a2 − b2
α= , β=
ie., z = α and z = β where b b

Since a > b > 0, |β |> 1.

Therefore z = β lies outside C : |z| = 1
z= α lies outside C : |z| = 1, since | α β | = 1.
2
Since z = α and z = β are the roots of b z + 2za + b = 0 , we can write
b z 2 + 2za + b = b ( z − α ) ( z − β )
1
f (z ) =
Hence b ( z−α )( z−β )
Re s [ f ( z) ]z → α = lim ( z − α ) f ( z)
z →α
Now
1
Res [ f ( z) ]z → α = lim ( z − α )
z →α b ( z −α )( z − β )
1 1 1
Re s [ f ( z) ]z → α = lim = = .
z →α b ( z − β ) b ( α − β ) 2 √ a − b2
2
------------ (2)
∫ f ( z) dz = 2 π i ( sum of the residue of f (z ))
By residue theorem C

1 πi
∫ f ( z) dz = 2 π i
C
(√ )
2 a2 − b2
=
√ a2 − b 2
Sub in equ(1) , we get
2π

∫ a + bdθcos θ = 2i ( πi
2 2
=
2π
)
2 2
.
0 √a − b √a − b
 ∞ 2
∫ ( 2 x )dx( 2 ) = 10π .
12. Using Residue theorem, prove that 0 x + 4 x + 9
2
z dz
∫ φ (z ) dz = ∫ ( z2 + 4 ) ( z2 + 9)
Sol : Let us consider the integral C C

Where C is the contour consists of the Semi-circleΓ and the line segment –R to
+R above the X-axis.
z2
φ( z) =
Where ( z2 + 4 ) ( z2 + 9 )
R

∫ φ(z ) dz = ∫ φ( z) dz + ∫ φ(z ) dz
Then C Γ −R -------------------------------------- (1)
2 2 2 2
Now the poles of φ( z) are given by ( z + 4 ) ( z + 9 )=0
⇒ ( z +2i ) ( z − 2i) ( z + 3i ) ( z− 3i) = 0
⇒ z = 2i, −2i ,3i ,−3i
clearly z =± 2i , ± 3i are the poles of order 1 ( simple pole ) and z = 2i , 3i lies in the
upper half plane.
Z = - 2i , - 3i are lie outside the the upper half plane. Therefore its residue at that point is
zero.
∴ { Re s φ( z)} z = 2i = lim ( z − 2 i ) φ( z)
z → 2i
2
z
= lim ( z − 2i)
z → 2i ( z − 2i ) ( z + 2i ) ( z − 3i ) ( z + 3i )
2
z
= lim
z → 2 i ( z + 2i ) ( z − 3i ) ( z + 3i )

( 2i )2 −4
= =
( 2i + 2i ) ( 2i − 3i) ( 2i + 3i) ( 4i ) ( 5 )
−1
=
( 5i )
∴ { Re s φ( z) } z = 3i = lim ( z − 3i ) φ( z)
z → 3i
2
z
= lim ( z − 3i )
z → 3i ( z − 2i ) ( z + 2i ) ( z − 3i ) ( z + 3i )
2
z
= lim
z → 3i ( z − 2i ) ( z + 2i ) ( z + 3i )
 ( 3i )2 −9
= =
( 3i − 2 i ) ( 3i + 2 i ) ( 3i + 3 i ) ( i ) ( 5i ) ( 6 i)
9 3
= =
( 30i ) 10 i

By Cauchy’s residue theorem,

∫ φ(z ) dz = 2 π i ( sum of the residue of φ( z) at the poles )
C
−1 3 − 10 i + 15 i
∫ φ(z ) dz = 2 π i
C
[ +
5 i 10 i ] [
= 2π i
50 i ]
5 1 π
= 2 πi ( ) = 2π ( ) =
50 i 10 5
Therefore equ (1) becomes
∞ 2
∫ ( 2 x ) dx( 2 ) = π5
−∞ x + 4 x + 9

∞ 2
∫ ( 2 x ) dx( 2 ) = 10π
0 x +4 x +9

∞ 2
∫ ( 2 x2)(dx2 2 ) = a π+ b , a > 0 ,b> 0
13. Prove −∞ x + a x + b by using contour integration.
z 2 dz
∫ ( 2 2 ) ( 2 2)
Sol: Consider the given integral is C z +a z +b
Where C is the contour consists of the Semi-circleΓ and the line segment –R to
+R above the X-axis.
R

∫ φ(z ) dz = ∫ φ( z) dz + ∫ φ(z ) dz
Then C Γ −R -------------------------------------- (1)
Now the poles of φ( z) are given by ( z 2 + a2) ( z2 + b 2 )
⇒ ( z +ai) ( z − ai ) ( z + bi) ( z− bi) = 0
⇒ z = ai , −ai ,bi ,−bi
clearly z = ± ai , ± bi are the poles of order 1 ( simple pole ) and z = ai , bi lies in the
upper half plane.
Z = - ai , -bi lies outside the the upper half plane. Therefore its residue at that point is
zero.
 ∴ { Re s φ( z) } z = ai = lim ( z − ai ) φ( z)
z → ai
2
z
= lim ( z − ai )
z → ai ( z − ai ) ( z + ai ) ( z − bi ) ( z + bi )
2
z
= lim
z → ai ( z + ai ) ( z − bi ) ( z + bi )
( ai )2 − a2
= =
( ai + ai ) ( ai − bi ) ( ai + bi ) ( 2 ai ) (− a2 + b2 )
−a
=
( 2i ) ( b 2 −a2 )

∴ { Re s φ( z) } z = bi = lim ( z − bi) φ (z )
z → bi
2
z
= lim ( z − bi )
z → bi ( z − ai ) ( z + ai ) ( z − bi ) ( z + bi )
2
z
= lim
z → ai ( z + ai ) ( z − ai ) ( z + bi )
( bi )2 − b2
= =
( bi + ai ) ( bi − ai ) ( bi + bi) (2 bi ) (− b 2 + a2 )
b
=
( 2i ) ( b 2 −a2 )

By Cauchy’s residue theorem,

∫ φ(z ) dz = 2 π i ( sum of the residue of φ( z) at the poles )
C
−a b
∫ φ (z ) dz = 2 π i
C [ +
2 i ( b − a ) 2 i ( b2 − a 2 )
2 2 ]
b− a b−a π
=2π
[ 2 ( b2 − a2 ) ] [ =π =
]
( b − a ) ( b + a ) ( b+a )
------- (3)

Sub (3) in (2), we get

∞ 2
∫ ( 2 x2 ) dx( 2 2) = ( b π+ a )
−∞ x + a x + b

∞
cos ax dx
∫ 2
, a > 0.
14. Evaluate 0 x +1
 e ia z dz
∫ z2 +1 , a > 0
Sol : Consider C , where C is the contour consists of the Semi-
circleΓ and the line segment –R to +R above the X-axis.
ia z
e
φ( z) =
Let z 2 +1
2
The poles are the solution of z +1 = 0

( z- i ) ( z+i ) = 0
∴ z = i , −i are the poles of φ( z).

Here the pole z = - i lies below the real axis and hence the residue of
φ( z) at z = -i is zero. But z = i lies above the real axis.

[ φ( z) ]z = i = lim ( z − i ) φ( z)
Res z →i

ia z ia z −a
e e ie
= lim ( z − i ) = lim =−
z→i ( z − i) ( z + i) z → i ( z + i) 2

By Cauchy’s residue theorem,

∞ −a
∫−∞ cosx2ax+1dx = 2 π i − i2e[ ] = π e− a

∞ −a
∫ cosx 2ax+1dx = π e2 .
0