01 Atomic Structures WS

1 0
In the radioactive decay of an isotope of lead to an isotope of bismuth, a particle –1X is emitted.
0 33
2
Which particle is –1X?
Atomic Structure WS 11
Section A
A electron
For each question there are four possible answers,2 A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to be
B ion
correct.
Section
Section A
A
C neutron
alt
1For
1 each
InDthequestion
proton theredecay
are four possible answers, A, an
B, C, and D.
ofChoose
bismuth,the one you consider
0 to be
correct.
radioactive of an isotope of lead to isotope a particle –1X is emitted.
Which particle is 0
–1X?
2 As a simplification, an adult human can be considered to have a daily diet of 1.80 kg of
1 The use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
Acarbohydrate
electron (empirical formula CH2O).
is the number of molecules in 500 cm3 of oxygen under room conditions?
Whation
B
Which mass of carbon dioxide does a person produce each day if all the carbohydrate eaten is
C neutron
Adigested
1.25 x and
1022oxidised?
!D
BA proton
1.34 x 1022
0.267 kg B 0.800 kg C 1.32 kg D 2.64 kg
[S'02 P1 Q01]
C 3.0 x 1022
22 As
D a3.0simplification,
x 1026 an adult human can be considered to have a daily diet of 1.80 kg of
3 The diagram
carbohydrate shows the
(empirical massCH
formula spectrum of a sample of naturally-occurring copper.
2O).
2 Which mass of carbon

In the preparation of softdioxide doesglyceryl
margarine, a person produce each day if all the carbohydrate eaten is
7 trieleostearate
digested and oxidised?
6
A 0.267 kg CHB3(CH 2)3CH CHCH 5 CHCH CH(CH
D 2)72.64
CO2CH
0.800 relative C 1.32 kg
kg kg 2
abundance 4
CH3(CH2)3CH CHCH CHCH CH(CH2)7CO2CH
3
3 The diagram shows the mass spectrum of2a sample of naturally-occurring copper.
CH3(CH2)3CH CHCH CHCH CH(CH2)7CO2CH2
1
7
is suitably hydrogenated so that, on average, one63of64its
61 62 65side-chains
66 67 68 is converted into the
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7CO 6 residue and two side-chains are converted into the
2 m/e
residue. 5
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2relative
abundance 4
How
Whatmany moles
is the of hydrogen
relative are required
atomic mass of 3thistocopper?
convert one mole of glyceryl trieleostearate into the
soft margarine? 2
1
! AA 463.3 B 5
B 63.5
C 6
C
D
63.6
9
D 64.0
[S'02 P1 Q03]
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
m/e
33 Which isotope of an element in the third period of the Periodic Table contains the same number of
32
neutrons as 16 S?
What is the relative atomic mass of this copper?
23
A 11 Na
A 63.3
24 B 63.5 C 63.6 D 64.0
B 12 Mg
28
C 14 Si
31
D 15 P
!
[S'03 P1 Q03]
9701/1/M/J/02
4 The successive ionisation energies, in kJ mol–1, of an element X are given below.
870 1800 3000 3600 5800 7000 13 200
What is X?
A 33As B 40Zr C 52Te D

9701/1/M/J/02 53I
9701/1/M/J/03
Bilal Hameed Atomic Structure 11

1 Granular urea, CON2 H4 , can be used to remove NO2 from the flue gases of power stations,
234
3
converting it into harmless nitrogen.
Section A + yH O + zN
4 2CON2 H4 + x NO2 → 2CO
4 Unnilpentium is an artificial element. One of its isotopes is 262
105Unp.
2 2 2
For each
Whatquestion there are
are the values four
of x, possible
y and z in aanswers,
balancedA,equation?
B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to
Which of the following statements is correct?
be correct.
262Unp
alt
A has a nucleon number of 105.
x y z
1 105hydrocarbon
A pure is used in bottled gas for cooking and heating.
1½ 260 2 262
B The atom 105X is an isotope of 105Unp.
A 1¼
When
B 10 2 cm3 of the4 hydrocarbon
3
3 262is burned in 70 cm3 of oxygen (an excess), the final gaseous
Cmixture
There are 262
contains 30 neutrons
3
in 105dioxide
cm of carbon Unp. and 20 cm of unreacted oxygen. All gaseous volumes
were
C measured
3 under
4 identical
3½
262
conditions.
D The proton number of105 Unp is 262.
! What
D is the
3 formula4of the hydrocarbon?
3
[W'03 Q04]
5 The
A table
C2H6 gives the successive
B C3H6 ionisation C energies
C3H8 for an element
D C4HX.
5
10
2 The diagram shows the mass spectrum of a sample of zinc. Use the data to calculate the relative
atomic mass of the sample.
2 1st due to2nd
On collision, airbags in cars inflate rapidly 3rd of 4th
the production nitrogen. 5th 6th
100
ionisation
The nitrogen is formed / kJ mol–1
energyaccording to the950 1800
following 2700
equations. 4800 6000 12300
80
2NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2
What could be the formula of the chloride
60
of X ?
relative
10Na + 2KNO3 → K2O + 5Na2O + N2
abundance / %
A XCl B XCl2 C XCl3 D XCl4
40
How many moles of nitrogen gas are produced from 1 mol of sodium azide, NaN3?
A 1.5 B 1.6 20C 3.2 D 4.0

6 Which molecule contains only six bonding electrons?
0
3 AThe C 2 4 B C
firstHsix ionisation
2F6
energies C elements,
of four D65D, are
H2O 64A to NF663
67
given.
Ar
Which element is most likely to be in Group IV of the Periodic Table?
3
7 ! Chemists
A 65 have beenBinterested 65.25 in the properties
C 65.5 of hydrogen D selenide,
65.66 H2Se, to compare it with
‘bad egg’ gas
ionisation hydrogen sulphide, H S.
2 this question. [W'04 Q02]
4 Use of the Data Booklet 1stis relevant
2nd to 3rd 2 4th 5th 6th
energy / kJ mol−1
63 Which
The foul
It isSH, setsmell
now of data
thought would
that skunks
that the spray
where hydrogen selenide
is due
an element molecule
to a number
exists
Section as
of be
A several expected
isotopes, tothe
thiols, have?
one of which is methanethiol,
stable ones usually
CH 3 which burns as follows.
contain aA‘magic number’ 494 of neutrons.
4560 One 6940 9540
of these magic 13400
numbers 16600 is 126.
For each number B ofthere
question lone pairs CH3SH
are
736 four 1450bond
possible+ 3Oangle
answers,
7740 A, B,
10500 C, and
13600D. Choose
18000 the one you consider to
2 → CO2 + SO2 + 2H2 O
Which isotope is unstable?
Con Se atom
be correct.
3 1090 2350 4610 6220 37800
3 47000
AA sample
209
Bi of 10 cm ofBmethanethiol
208 was exploded
C 210Powith 60 cm Dof oxygen. 208
!A
Pb Tl
D 1 1400 2860 104 °
4590 7480 9400 53200
1 What
The petrol
wouldadditive tetraethyl-lead(IV),
be the final Pb(C2Hmixture
volume of the resultant 5)4, is now banned
of gases when in cooled
many to room [W'04
countries. WhenQ04]
it is
Bcompletely burned
temperature? 2 in air, lead(II) oxide, 104CO° 2 and H2O are formed.
74
5 An atom has eight electrons.
C In which species
How20
A many 2 are
cm3 moles
the numbers
ofBoxygen30 cm 3
are 109C°to burn
of electrons
required
and neutrons
3
50 cmone
equal?
mole ofDPb(C 702cm H5)34?
Which 9 diagram shows the 19 electronic configuration +of this atom in18its lowest energy state?
DA 4 Be 2 180C° 11 Na
23 2–
! A 9.5
B 9F D O
B 11 C 13.5 D 8 27
© UCLES 2004 9701/01/O/N/04 [S'05 Q04]
A
82 Which ion has more electrons than protons and more protons than neutrons?
B [H = 11 H ; D = 2
1H ;O= 16
8 O]
D– H3O+ OD– OH–

!
A B C D
© UCLES 2005
C
9701/01/M/J/05 [W'05 Q02]
3 What is the electronic configuration of an element with a second ionisation energy higher than
that of each of its neighbours in the Periodic Table?
9701/1/O/N/03 [Turn over
D 1s22s22p63s2
A
1s22s22p
AtomicBStructure
6 2
11 3s 3p
1
Bilal Hameed
6 CThe 1s
gecko,
2 2 a6 small
2s 2p 3s 3p2 2 lizard, can climb up a smooth glass window. The gecko has millions of
microscopic hairs on its toes and each hair has thousands of pads at its tip. The result is that the
1s22s22p
molecules
D 6
3s2pads
in the 3p3 are extremely close to the glass surface on which the gecko is climbing.
3 Gallium nitride, GaN, could revolutionise the design of electric light bulbs because only a small
–3
lengthisused
What as a filament
the minimum gives
volume of excellent
0.5 mol dmlight at low cost.
NaOH(aq) needed to dispose of 0.02 mol of N2O4?
3
A 8 cmnitride
Gallium is an B
ionic12.5 cm3
compound C 35 40 cm
containing
3
the Ga3+ ion. D 80 cm3
What is the electron arrangement of the nitrogen ion in gallium nitride?

92 A sample of chlorine containing isotopes of 2 mass numbers 35 and 37 was analysed in a
A 1s2 2s2
mass-spectrometer.
B 1s2 2s2 2p3 Section A
How many peaks corresponding to Cl 2+ were recorded?
alt
2
C 1s
For each 2s2 2pthere
question
4
are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to
! D 1s2 2s2 2p6
A 2
be correct. B 3 C 4 D 5
[S'06 Q02]
10
13 The isotopic
Gallium composition
nitride, GaN, couldof an element is indicated
revolutionise
201
the designbelow.
of electric light bulbs because only a small
4 A radioactive
length used asisotope of thallium,
a filament 81 Tl, is
gives excellent used
light at to
lowassess
cost. damage in heart muscles after a heart
attack. 5
Gallium nitride is an ionic compound containing the Ga3+ ion.
Which statement about 201 4
81 Tl is correct?
What is the electron arrangement of the nitrogen ion in gallium nitride?
relative 3
A This 2 isotope has a nucleon number of 120.
A 1s 2s 2
abundance 2
B The number of electrons2 in one atom of this isotope is 81.
B 1s2 2s2 2p3
C The number of neutrons1 in one atom of this isotope is 201.
Section A
C 1s2 2s2 2p4
D 201
For each question
822X is
there are four
2 an6 isotope of 81 0Tl.possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to
201
! D
be correct.1s 2s 2p 9 10 11 12
mass number [S'06 Q04]
114 A radioactive isotope of thallium, 201

Tl, is used to assess damage in heart muscles after a heart
1 The
What isotopic
is composition
the relative of anofelement
atomic mass 81 is indicated
the element? below.
attack.
A 10.2 B 10.5 5 C 10.8 D 11.0
Which statement about 201 81 Tl is correct?
4
2© UCLES
Use
A of
2006the Data Booklet is relevant to this 9701/01/M/J/06
This isotope has a nucleon number ofquestion.
120.
relative 3
abundance
Oxides
B The ofnumber
nitrogenofare pollutant
electrons ingases which
one atom of are
this emitted
isotope from
is 81.car exhausts.
2
C urban
In The traffic,
number of neutrons
when in oneone
a car travels atom of this isotope
kilometre, is 201.
it releases 0.23 g of an oxide of nitrogen NxOy,
occupies 120 cm3. 201 1
which201
D 82 X is an isotope of 81 Tl.
What are the values of x and y?0

9 10 .) 11 12
3
(Assume 1 mol of gas molecules occupies 24.0 dm
A x = 1, y = 1 mass number
BWhat
x =is1,the
y = relative
2 atomic mass of the element?
C x = 2, y = 1
!D
A 10.2
© UCLES 2006
B 10.5 C 10.8
9701/01/M/J/06
D 11.0
x = 2, y = 4
[S'07 Q01]
12
3
2 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
John Dalton’s atomic theory, published in 1808, contained four predictions about atoms.
Oxides of nitrogen are pollutant gases which are emitted from car exhausts.
Which of his predictions is still considered to be correct?
AIn urban
Atoms traffic,
are verywhen
smalla3incar travels one kilometre, it releases 0.23 g of an oxide of nitrogen NxOy,
size.
which occupies 120 cm .
B No atom can be split into simpler parts.
What are the values of x and y?
C All the atoms of a particular element have the same3mass.
(Assume 1 mol of gas molecules occupies 24.0 dm .)
! DA Allx the atoms of one element are different in mass from all the atoms of other elements.
= 1, y = 1
[S'07 Q03]
B x = 1, y = 2
© UCLES
C 2007x = 2, y = 1 9701/01/M/J/07
Bilal Hameed
D x = 2, y = 4 Atomic Structure 11
3 John Dalton’s atomic theory, published in 1808, contained four predictions about atoms.
be correct.
Section A
1 ForIneach
the question
Basic Oxygen steel-making
there are four possibleprocess
answers,the P4 O
A, B, impurity
C,10 and is removed
D. Choose the oneby
youreacting
considerittowith
36 is3 the salt calcium phosphate, Ca (PO ) .
be calcium
correct. oxide. The only product of this reaction
3 3 4 2
134 In4 this

The diagrams
reaction,
The diagrams howshow
show many the possible
moles
the possible
paths oxide
ofpaths
calcium of subatomic particles
reactparticles
of subatomic with moving
one moving
mole P4 in
of in O10an
an ? electric field in a
electric field in a
vacuum.
! Use1 of the Data Booklet
1 vacuum.
A B 1.5
is relevant to this question.
C 3 D 6
+ + +
Titanium(IV) oxide, TiO+2, is brilliantly white and much of+ the oxide produced is used +in the
alt
manufacture of paint.
2 Use electrons
of the Data Booklet is relevant to neutrons
this question. protons
electrons
What is the maximum amount of neutronsTiO2 obtainable from 19.0 tonnes protons
of the ore ilmenite, FeTiO3?
– – –
A typical solid fertiliser for use with household plants and shrubs contains the elements N, P, and
KAin the
10.0 tonnes
ratio –12.7
of 15 g :B30 g
31
:15 gtonnes
per 100 g Cof fertiliser.
14.0 tonnes – D 17.7 tonnes
The recommended usage of fertiliser–is 14 g
2 3
1 of water.
of fertiliser per 5 dm 2 3
2 WhatWhich
Carbon diagrams
disulphide
is diagrams
the are correct?
vapour
concentration ofburns in oxygen
nitrogen atomsaccording to the following equation.
in this solution?
Which are correct?
A 1mol
AA 0.03 and 2 –3
only CS2(g) + 3O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)
1 and 2 dm only
B 1 and 3 –3 only3
BB 0.05
A sample
1 andmol 10 cm of carbon disulphide was burned in 50 cm3 of oxygen. After measuring the
3ofdm
only
volume
C 2ofand gas3 remaining,
only
–3 the product was treated with an excess of aqueous sodium hydroxide
CC 0.42
and 2the
mol
and 3 dm
only of gas measured again. All measurements were made at the same temperature
volume
!D
Dpressure,
and0.75 1, 2 andunder
–33 such conditions that carbon disulphide was gaseous.
D 1, 2 mol
anddm 3
[S'07 Q04]
What were the measured volumes?
5 The CN– ion is widely used in the synthesis of organic compounds.
1453 SkinCN
The –
cancer
ion iscan be used
widely treated using
in the a radioactive
synthesis of organicisotope of phosphorus, 15
compounds. 32
P . A compound
What is volume
the patternof gas
of electron 32pairs volume
3 − in this ion?of gas after
containing the phosphide / cmion
3 , wrapped
15 P adding in a plastic
NaOH(aq) / cm3 sheet, is strapped to the affected
What is theafter burning
pattern of electron pairs in this ion?
area.
A bonding 30pairs of lone pairs on lone
0 pairs on
electrons carbon atom nitrogen atom
What isbonding pairs of oflone
the composition the pairs on
phosphide lone32pairs
ion, 15 P
3 − on
?
B electrons30 carbon atom 20
nitrogen atom
A 2 1 1
C
A 2 50 1 20 1
B protons 2 neutrons 2electrons 1
D
BA C 2 50 2 40 1
15 3 17 1 18 1
C D
B 153 3 17 1 1
32 1 2
3 In which pair do both atoms have one electron only in an s orbital in their ground states?
D 3 1 2
C 17 15 17
A Ca, Sc B Cu, Be C H, He D Li, Cr
6 DPlastic bottles
32 for ‘fizzy 17 drinks’ are made 15 from a polymer with the following structure.
6 ! Plastic bottles for ‘fizzy drinks’ are made from a polymer with the following structure.
H [S'08 Q03]
X
15 H C
Hard water contains calcium ions and hydrogencarbonate X ions arising from dissolved calcium
hydrogencarbonate, Ca(HCO3)2. C C
H
C H n
How many electrons are present in the hydrogencarbonate anion?
H
H n
! A 30
The ability of theBpolymer 31 to preventCescape 32 of carbon dioxideD 33 through the wall of the bottle
depends on the ability of the group X to form hydrogen bonds with the carbon dioxide in the drink.
The ability of the polymer to prevent escape of carbon dioxide through the wall of the [W'08 Q04]
bottle
depends on the ability of the group X to form
Which group X best prevents loss of carbon dioxide? hydrogen bonds with the carbon dioxide in the drink.
Which
© UCLES A
2008 group
Cl X best prevents
B CN loss of carbon Cdioxide?
CO2 CH3
9701/01/M/J/08 D OH
A Cl B CN C CO2 CH3 D OH
© UCLES 2008 9701/01/O/N/08
© UCLES 2007 9701/01/M/J/07 [Turn over
Atomic Structure 11 Bilal Hameed

Section
For each question there are four possible answers, A and D. Choose the one you consider to
A, B, C,
be correct.
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to
37
be correct.
1 The molecular energy distribution curve represents the variation in energy of the molecules of a
gas at room temperature.
16
1 An element X consists of four isotopes. The mass spectrum of X is shown in the diagram.
100
proportion
alt
of 80 3
molecules
2 In the ideal gas equation, pV = nRT, what are the units of n and T ?
relative 60
abundance
n T
% 40 0
0
A no units °C energy
B curve
no applies
20 K
units for the same
Which gas at a lower temperature?
C mol °C
A0 B
D mol K 90 91 92 93 94
2
m/e
proportion
3 The reaction VI) proportion
ions, Cr2O7 , and aqueous Fe2+ ions results in the
Section A 2–
is the between acidifiedmass
dichromate(
of dichromate(VI) ions being reduced to Cr3+ ions.of
What relative atomic of X?
molecules
For each question there are four possible answers, molecules
A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to
! What
A 91.00 B 91.30
is the correct equation for this reaction?
be correct. C 91.75 D 92.00
[W'09 P1 Q04]
2– 2+ + 3+ 3+
A 0 2O7 + Fe + 14H → 2Cr + Fe + 7H2O 0
Cr
17
21 0.200 0 He,
Helium,mol of a hydrocarbon undergo complete 0
combustion
is the2+second +element3+in the Periodic Table. to give 35.2 g of carbon dioxide and
B Cr O
14.4 2 7
g of 2–
+
water 2Fe
as energy
+
the 14H
only → 2Cr
products. + 2Fe 3+
+ 7H2O energy
3
2–the isotope
C Cr2Ois
Tritium 7 + 3Fe2+ + of
14H
C
+
→ 2Cr3+
hydrogen H.+ 3Fe3+ + 7H O
D
What is the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon?2
2– 2+ + 3+ 3+
D Cr2is
What O7the +same atom→of2Cr
6Fe in +an14H 4
+ 6Fe
He and + 7H
an atom of2O
3
H?
A C 2 H4 B C2 H6 C C 4H 4 D C 4H 8
proportion
A the number of electrons
4 Sodium azide, NaN3 is an explosive used to inflateproportion
airbags in cars when they crash. It consists of
of positive
B thesodium
numberions
of and negative azide ions. of
neutrons
molecules molecules
What
C the are number
the numbers of electrons in the sodium ion and the azide ion?
of protons
D 0the relative atomic mass 0
sodium ion
0 azide ion 0
! energy energy [S'11 P12
A
Q01] 10 20
2 Which diagram correctly shows the bonding in the ammonium ion, NH4+?
B 10 22
18
2 In which species are the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons all different?
key C 12 20A B
AN 11electron + 11 +
19 − 23 + 24 2+
! D 5 B
12
B 9 F
22
C Na D 12 Mg
H H [S'12 P12 Q02]
H electron
19 H N H H N H
5 The 68Ge isotope is medically useful because it undergoes a natural radioactive process to give
an isotope of a different element, 68X, which can be used to detect tumours. This transformation
H
of 68Ge occurs when an electron enters the
H
nucleus and changes a proton into a neutron.
© UCLES 2012 9701/12/M/J/12
Which statement about the composition of an atom of 68X is correct?
A It has 4 electrons in its outerCp orbitals. D

B It has 13 electrons in its outer shell. + +
H H
C 2009
© UCLES It has 37 neutrons. 9701/11/O/N/09
!D Its proton number isH32. N H H N H

[S'12 P1 Q02]
H H

© UCLES 2016 9701/11/O/N/16 [Turn over
reactants
What is the order of their first ionisation energies?
C +5 +3 enthalpy
0 –2
D least
+5 +3 +4 +6 most
endothermic 38
endothermic
products
202 A Fr Ra Rn
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
B Fr Rn progress
Ra of reaction
In which species are the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons all different?
C
Which Ra change could
enthalpy Fr the diagramRn 2not apply to?
A 199 F B 23 31 32 2 −
− +
alt
Na C 15 P D 16 S
! D Rn
11
Ra Fr
Section A
A enthalpy of atomisation [S'10 P1 Q01]
For
3 each question there areenergies
four possible answers, A, B,
areC,given.
and D. Choose the one you consider to
21be
BThe enthalpy
first of combustion
six ionisation of four elements
5 correct.
In which species are the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons all different?
C enthalpy of formation −
Which
27 element is most likely
B 35 to be in Group IVSof
32 2 − the Periodic Table?
D 39
+
A 13 Al 17 Cl C 16 19 K
! D diagram
1 The enthalpybelow
of neutralisation
represents, for a given temperature, the Boltzmann distribution of the kinetic
−1
/ kJ molthat [S'13 P1 Q05]
energy of the molecules inionisation
a mixtureenergy
of two gases react slowly together.
6 An experiment is set up to measure the rate of hydrolysis of ethyl ethanoate.
22
4
1st
Use activation
of the Data
2nd
Booklet
3rd
is relevant
4th 5th 6th
The energy for the reaction, to
Ea,this question.
is marked.
A 494 4 560CH3CO26C2940 H5 + H29 O 540 CH 3CO
13 4002H + 16
C2600H5OH
When the reaction
The most common is ion-molecule
catalysed, the reaction
rate of reaction
in gas increases
clouds ofathe
little.
Universe is as shown.
TheB hydrolysis
736 is found
1 450to be 7slow 740 in neutral
10 500aqueous solution
13 600 18 but000it proceeds at a measurable
What will be
rate when the
the positionis of
solution Ea forHthe
acidified catalysed
with + reaction?
hydrochloric acid. +
2(g) + H2 (g) → H(g) + H3 (g)
C 1 090 2 350 4 610 6 220 37 800 47 000
What is
What the function of the hydrochloric acid?
+
D could be the 2composition
1 400 860 of an H
4 590 ion?
37 480 9 400 53 200
A to dissolve the ethyl ethanoate
protons number of
neutrons electrons
B to ensure that the reaction reaches equilibrium
molecules
C A to increase
2 the reaction1 rate by catalytic
1 action
D B to suppress
2 ionisation1 of the ethanoic
2 acid formed
C 3 0 kinetic
1 Ea
energy
D 3 0 2
! A B C D
[S'14 P13 Q04]
23
5
2
The electrolysis of brine using the diaphragm cell is an important industrial process.
What happens at the anode?
In some types of spectroscopy, it is important to know if ions are isoelectronic. This means that
© UCLES 2013
2
they contain equal
A Chloride ionsnumbers of electrons. 9701/13/M/J/13
are oxidised.
Which ion is notgas
isoelectronic with K+? Section A
B Hydrogen is produced.
!A
2+ there are four– possible answers,
For each
C Ca
question
Hydroxide ionsBareCl formed. C S2–A, B, C, and D Ti3+
D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.
[W'14 P13 Q02]
D The electrode reaction is 2Cl –(aq) + 2e– → Cl 2(g).
24
3
1
Which row shows properties of a ceramic material?
© UCLES 2013
melting
In which do all boiling
optionpoint point
three particles conductivity
have the same electronic configuration and the
9701/11/M/J/13
same
[Turn over
/K
number of neutrons? /K of solid
A A 15N3– 1562–
16
O 19 –
F 352 none
B B 18O2– 922–
19
F 20
Ne 1380 good
C C 19F– 2130
20
Ne 23
Na+ 2943 good
D 3125 3873 none
D 22Ne 23 24
Mg2+
!
Na
[S'15 P12 Q01]

2 The shell of a chicken’s egg makes up 5% of the mass of an average egg. An average egg has a
mass of 50 g.
Assume the egg shell is pure calcium carbonate.
Atomic Structure
© UCLES
How 2014 11
many complete would be needed to neutralise 50 cm3 of 2.0Bilal
9701/13/O/N/14
chicken’s egg shells mol Hameed
dm–3
ethanoic acid?
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
16
[H = 11 H; D = 2
1 H; O= 8 O]
A D– B H3O+ C OD– D OH–

39
25
4 Which species contains the smallest number of electrons?
!A B3+ B Be2+ C H– D He+

3 [M'16 P12 Q04]
alt
26
4 When nuclear reactions take place, the elements produced are different from the elements that
reacted. Nuclear equations, such as the one below, are used to represent the changes that
occur.
235 1 144 89
92 U + 0n → 56 Ba + 36 Kr + 3 01 n
The nucleon (mass) number total is constant at 236 and the proton number total is constant
at 92.
2
In another nuclear reaction, uranium-238 is reacted with deuterium atoms, 1 H. An isotope of a
new element, J, is formed as well as two neutrons.
238 2
92 U + 1H → J + 2 01 n
What is isotope J?
238 238 240 240
!
A Np B Pu C Np D Pu
3 [S'16 P1 Q04]
27
5 Dicarbon monoxide, C2O, is found in dust clouds in space. The structure of this molecule is
4 The relative
C=C=O. atomic mass
The molecule of copper
contains is 63.5.electrons.
no unpaired
Which
How chart
many is apairs
lone correct mass spectrum
of electrons thatinwould
are present lead toofthis
a molecule C2O?value?
© UCLES 2016 9701/12/F/M/16
A 1 B 2 A C 3 D 4 B
100%
abundance abundance 50%
6 A white powder is known to be a mixture of magnesium oxide and aluminium oxide.
33%
17% oxide in x grams of the
100 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) is just sufficient to cause the aluminium
mixture to dissolve.
61 62 63 64 65 66 61 62 63 64 65 66
– –
m/e
The reaction occurring is Al 2O3 + 2OH + 3H 2 O → 2Al (OH)4 . m/e
800 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 HCl (aq) is just sufficient to cause all of the oxide in x grams of the mixture
to dissolve. C D
The reactions occurring are Al 2O3 + 6H+ → 2Al 3+ + 3H2O
abundance abundance
74%
and MgO + 2H+ → Mg2+ + H2O. 33% 33%
22%
26%
How many moles of each oxide are present in x grams of the mixture? 12%
aluminium61 62magnesium
63 64 65 66 61 62 63 64 65 66
! oxide oxide m/e m/e
[S'16 P13 Q04]
A 0.05 0.25
5 Which
B isolated
0.05 gaseous atom
0.50 has a total of five electrons occupying spherically shaped orbitals?
AC boron 0.10 0.25
BD fluorine
0.10 0.50
C sodium
D potassium
6 Carbon and silicon have the same outer electronic structure.
C N–H covalent bonds are stronger than P–H covalent bonds.
D There is one lone pair in each ammonia molecule but no lone pair in each phosphine
molecule.
40
282 Neutrons are passed through an electric field. The mass of one neutron relative to 1
the mass of
12
a 12C atom and any deflection in the electric field is recorded.
Which row is correct?
alt
mass of behaviour of beam of
neutron neutrons in an electric field
2
A 0 2
deflected
Section A
B 1 deflected Section A
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to
be C 0 not deflected
Forcorrect.
each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.
D 1 not deflected 2
Use of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some questions.
Use of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some questions. [S'18 P13 Q02]
Section A
13 In
29 The tablepair
which refers to the
do the electron
atoms distribution
contain the sameinnumber
the second shell of an atom with eight protons.
of neutrons?
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to
1 correct.
be In which
Which
11 rowpair do the atoms
for thiscontain
atom? the same number of neutrons?
A B andis12correct
C
A 711Data
Use of B and9 12C
B the Li and Booklet
Be may be appropriate for some questions.
7 orbital9 shape orbital shape
B Li and Be
C 24Mg and 28Si
C 24Mg
1 What and 28
Si number of number of trifluoride?
D 14are the
Norbital
and 16shapes
type
O of the molecules
electrons
of type
orbital water and boron
electrons
D 14N and 16O
A Hp2O BF
2 3 s 4 [W'17 P12 Q01]
2 Two hydrocarbons have the formulae CWHX and CYHZ. W, X, Y and Z represent different whole
AB hydrocarbons
302 numbers.
Two
linear
p pyramidal
have 4 the formulae sCWHX and CY2HZ. W, X, Y and Z represent different whole
numbers.
BC linear
s trigonal
2 p 4
W = Y
CD non-linear
s pyramidal
4 p X
W Z2
= Y
D non-linear trigonal X Z
Which row is correct when comparing the two hydrocarbons?
Which row is correct when comparing the two hydrocarbons?
2 The electronic empirical
configuration ofmolecular
the two outermost relative
shells of an atom is 3s23p63d54s2.
formula
empirical formula
molecular molecular mass
relative
What formula
is thisdifferent
atom? formula molecular mass
A2018
© UCLES same different
9701/13/M/J/18
ABAmanganese different
different same
same different
same
Bphosphorus
BC different
same same
different same
different
Cstrontiumsame
CD same different
different different
same
D same different same
D vanadium
3 The airbags in cars contain sodium azide, NaN3, and an excess of potassium nitrate, [W'17
KNO3P12
. Q02]
33
31 The airbags
Drinking in may
water cars contain
In a car accident,
contain dissolved
sodium azide,
the reactions
NaNhydrogencarbonate,
shown calcium
3, and an excess of potassium
occur, producing Ca(HCO
nitrogen. This
nitrate,
causes3)2the
KNO3.
. airbag to inflate
rapidly.
In a car accident, the reactions shown occur, producing nitrogen. This causes the airbag to inflate
How many electrons are present in a hydrogencarbonate anion?
rapidly.
2NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2
A 30 B 31 C 32 D 33
2NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2

10Na + 2KNO3 → K2O + 5Na2O + N2 [M'18 P12 Q03]
4 Which molecule contains a10Na + 2KNO

nitrogen → K
atom3with sp2Ohybridised
+ 5Na2Oorbitals?
+ N2
How many moles of nitrogen gas are produced in total when 1 mol of sodium azide, NaN3,
decomposes
AHowCH many in an airbag?
moles of
B nitrogen
HNO3 gas are C produced
HCN in total when 1 mol of sodium azide, NaN3,
3CH2NH 2 D NH 3
decomposes in an airbag?
A 1.5 B 1.6 C 3.2 D 4.0
5 A 1.5mass of solid Bresidue
Which 1.6 is obtainedCfrom 3.2 D 4.0
the thermal decomposition of 4.10 g of anhydrous
calcium nitrate?
Atomic
A Structure
0.70 g 11 B 1.00 g C 1.40 g D 2.25 g Bilal Hameed
arequestions in thisonly
For each of the are one or moreonly
section, of the is
arethree numbered statements 1 to 3 may
be correct. correct correct correct correct
41
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
No other combination of statements is used as a correct response.
the statements that you consider to be correct).
Section B
1
The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of
31 The isotope cobalt-60 ( 60
27 Co ) is used to destroy cancer cells in the human body.
alt
A B C D
12 are correct?
Which statements about an atom of cobalt-60
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 Section B 2 and 3 1 only
1 It contains 33 neutrons.
are only are only are is
2 Its
For each correct
nucleus
of the has ina this
questions relativecorrect
charge
section, of more
one or correct correct
27+. of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
be correct.
! whether
3 It has a different number of neutrons from the atoms of other isotopes of cobalt.
No other
Decide combination
each of of
thestatements is or
statements is used ascorrect
is not a correct
(youresponse.
may find it helpful to put a tick against
the statements that you consider to be correct). [S'04 P1 Q31]
32 The conversion of graphite has only a small positive value of !H.
2 responses
The
31 A to
The relative D should be
molecular selected
mass on the basis
of a molecule of of
chlorine is 72.
C (graphite) " C (diamond) !H = +2.1 kJ mol –1
Which properties
A of the atoms
B in this molecule C are the same? D
12
However, the production of synthetic diamonds using this reaction is very difficult.
1 radius
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
Which
2 nucleon
correct number
explain this?Section
statements help tocorrect B
correct correct
For each of the questionsenergy
in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
! 3 relative isotopic mass
1 The activation of the reaction is large.
be correct.
2 An equilibrium exists between diamond and graphite. [S'05 P1 Q31]
3 statements
32
the 3Which
Onlymolecules
that you are
exothermic planar?
reactions
consider to becan be made to occur readily.
correct).
1 BCl3 A to D should be selected
The The
responses on the basisand
of has been found in lobsters and seaweed
technetium–99 isotope (99Tc) is radioactive
33 adjacent
Which
2 NHstatements
3
about
to nuclear fuel the properties
reprocessing plants.of a catalyst are correct?
A B C D
13 A
Which PHcatalyst
statements
3 increases the
are correct average
about an atom of 99Tc?
kinetic energy of the reacting particles.
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
2 ItAhas
1 catalyst increases
13 more
are
neutronsthe
thanrate of the reverse
protons.
only are
reaction.
only are is
correct correct correct o correct
33 23Boron
ItAhasis 43
a non-metallic
catalyst protons. element
has no effect on thewhich is placed
enthalpy changeabove
!H ofaluminium in Group III of the Periodic
the reaction.
Table. It forms a compound with nitrogen known as boron nitride which has a graphite structure.
!3 It has 99 nucleons.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this information? [S'07 P1 Q31]
32 Which of the following solids contain more than one type of chemical bond?
4 On
31 1 aThe
scaleempirical
in whichformula of boron
the mass of a 12nitride
C atomisisBN.
12 the relative molecular mass of a particular
1 brass
sample of (an alloy is
chlorine of 72.
copper and zinc)
2 2004
! UCLES The boron and nitride atoms are likely to be arranged alternately in a hexagonal pattern.
9701/01/M/J/04 [Turn over
2 graphite
Which properties
3 Boron ofhas
nitride the atoms
a layerinstructure
this sample arevan
with always the same?
der Waals’ forces between the layers.
3 ice
1 radius
2 nucleon number
33 Many crude oils contain sulphur as H2S. During refining, by the Claus process, the H2S is
! converted
3 isotopicinto solid sulphur, which is then removed.
mass
reaction I 2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) → 2H2O(l) + 2SO2(g) [S'09 P1 Q31]

32 An ideal gas obeys the gas laws under all conditions of temperature and pressure.
reaction II 2H2S(g) + SO2(g) → 2H2O(l) + 3S(s)
Which of the following are true for an ideal gas?
Which statements about the Claus process are correct?
1 The molecules have negligible volume.
1 H2S is oxidised in reaction I.
2 There are no forces of attraction between molecules.
2 SO2 oxidises H2S in reaction II.
3 The molecules have an average kinetic energy which is proportional to its absolute
3 SO2 behaves as a catalyst.
temperature.

33UCLES
© For2007
which reactions does the value of ∆Ho represent both a standard enthalpy change of
9701/01/M/J/07
combustion and a standard enthalpy change of formation?
Decide
2 whether
as part each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
of a cation
3 in an oxidation state of +5
42
532 The phosphide ion 31 P 3– and sulfide ion 3212 13
2–
A 15 B 16 S have the same number of which sub-atomic
C D
particles? Section B
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 Section2 andB3 1 only
1 neutrons
For each arequestions in thisonly
of the are one or more
section, only
of are
the three numberedisstatements 1 to 3 may
alt
For each ofcorrect
be correct.
the questions in this section, one or more
correct of the three numbered
correct correct statements 1 to 3 may
2 electrons
be correct.
Decide3 whether
No other protonseach of
combination of the statements
statements is oras
is used is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
Decide
the whether
statements each
that youof the statements
consider is or aiscorrect
to be correct).
response.
not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
the statements that you consider to be correct). [S'12 P12 Q32]
633 responses
The
31
Which substances
The 1H3+ ion A to
was
have abe
D should giant structure?
selected
first characterised onJ.the
by J. basis of over a century ago. 6Li is a rare isotope of
Thomson
lithium forms the 6Li+ ion.
whichoxide
1 calcium
A B C D
Which
2 A
statements are correct?
calcium B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
13 Both1, 2are
baked claycontain
and
ions 3found in only
thecrockeryare
1 and
same 2
number only2 are
of protons. and 3 is 1 only
correct
are correct
only are correct
only are correctis
2 Both ions contain the same
correct number of electrons.correct
correct correct
No other combination
3 Both of statements
ions contain the sameisnumber
used as
ofaneutrons.
correct response.

No other combination of statements is used as a correct response. [S'04 P13 Q31]
7 In
31
32 The 2011 an international
diagram group
represents the of scientists
Boltzmann agreed
distribution to add two
of molecular new elements
energies to temperature.
at a given the Periodic
Table. Both elements had been made artificially and were called ununquadium (Uuq) and
31 ununhexium that contains both Br2 and Cl 2 , a process takes place that produces BrO3 – ions.
In a solution(Uuh).
The process is represented by the following equations.

Uuq
13 Uuh
equation 1 2 + Hnumber
Brproton 2 O → HBr + 114 HBrO
number Section B 116
of molecules 3HBrO
© UCLES 2012 equation 2 nucleon+ number
Cl 2 → –
2Cl 289 –
+ Br2 + 3H+
+ BrO3 292
9701/13/O/N/12 [Turn over
For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
be correct.
Whichstatements
Which statementsabout
aboutthese
these reactions
elements areare correct?
correct?
11 whether
Decide Chlorine
One atom is
ofreduced
each of the
Uuh in equation
hasstatements
one is2.or is than
more neutron not correct
one atom(you may find it helpful to put a tick against
of Uuq.
22 One Uuq2–ision
Bromine has theinsame
oxidised both number
equation and energy
of 1electrons as one2.atom of Uuh.
equation
The 3
responses A+toionD should beboth
selected on
of the basis of Uuq– ion.
3 One can be explained using such a Boltzmann
Uuh
Bromine is has
reducedthe same number electrons as one2.
Which of the factors that in
affect equation
the rate of 1a and equation
reaction
distribution? [S'14 P13 Q31]
A B C D
8 P
32
32 and
Which
1 Qstatements
are two
increasing theliquid compounds
are correct
concentration when with r values.
similartoMthe
referring
of reactants Molecules
isotopes of Pelement?
of a single attract each other by
hydrogen bonds.
1, 2 and 3 Molecules of Q attract
1 and 2 each other by van
2 and 3der Waals’ forces
1 only.
only
2 increasing
1 The are the temperature
isotopes have different only are
masses. only are is
How docorrect
the properties of P and Q differ?
correct correct correct
3
2 the
Theaddition
isotopes of have
a catalyst
different numbers of nucleons.
1 P has higher surface tension than Q.
3 The
No other
2
isotopesof
combination have differentischemical
statements used asreactions.
P has a higher boiling point than Q.
a correct response.

[S'14 P13 Q32]

3 P is less viscous than Q.
9 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this
© UCLES 2013
31 9701/13/O/N/13
question.
Which statements about the phosphide ion, 31P3–, and the chloride ion, 35Cl –, are correct?
1 They have the same number of electrons.

2 They have the same number of neutrons.
3 They have the same number of protons.
[S'15 P12 Q31]

© UCLES 2014 9701/13/M/J/14
32 Why does aluminium chloride, Al2Cl6, sublime at the relatively low temperature of 180 °C?
1 The intermolecular forces between the Al 2Cl 6 molecules are weak.

2 The co-ordinate bonds between aluminium and chlorine are weak.
3 The covalent bonds between aluminium and chlorine are weak.
correct correct correct correct
For each of the questions in this section, one or more 10 of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
be correct.
No other combination of statements is usedSection
43 B
as a correct response.
the each
For statements
of the that you consider
questions in this to be correct).
section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
10 correct.
be
31 X is a particle with 18 electrons and 20 neutrons.
Decide
Whatwhether
couldeach of symbol
be the the statements
of X? is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
the statementsAthat you consider toBbe correct). C D
alt
38
1 Ar
1, 2 and
A to3 D should be1selected
and 2 on the basis
2 and
of 3 1 only
18
The responses
40 are
2+ only are only are is
2 20 Ca
A B C D
39 +
No !other 19
1,K2 and 3 of statements
1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
3
combination is used as a correct response.
[S'16 P1 Q31]
11
31 What
32 A sample of boron
are basic contains aluminium
assumptions as the
of the kinetic onlyas
theory impurity.
appliedAtomass spectrum
an ideal gas? of the mixture
shows three lines corresponding to three ions, X+, Y+ and Z+.
1 Gas particles are in continuous random motion.
Use 2
of the Data may be ion
Bookletexperience
appropriate X+
for some Y+
questions.Z+
Gas particles no intermolecular forces.
m/e 10 11 27
3 The volume of each gas particle is zero.
31 For complete combustion, 1 percentage
mol of an organic
15.52compound
74.48 X10.00
requires 2.5 mol of O2.
abundance
33 Which
Brominecompounds
reacts withcould be X?
water.
Which statements are correct?
1 C2H5OH
Br2 + H2O HOBr + HBr
1 There are more electrons in Z+ than in X+.
2 C2H2
2 The
Which Ar of boron
oxidation in the
states ofsample
bromineis 10.83 to four significant
are present figures. mixture?
in the equilibrium
3 CH3CHO
13 +3There are more protons in Y+ than in X+.
32
12 In2 which
0 pairs do both species have the same number of electrons?
32 Which elements can form bonds in their compounds?
13 35
–1Cl and 37Cl
1 carbon
2 35Cl – and 40Ar
2 oxygen
3 40Ar and 40K+
3 nitrogen [S'18 P12 Q32]
33 For which reactions does the value of H o represent both a standard enthalpy change of
33 combustion
For which enthalpy changes enthalpy
and a standard is the value of Hofalways
change negative?
formation?
11 2016
© UCLES combustion
C(s) + O (g) 2 → CO2(g) 9701/11/M/J/16 [Turn over
2 hydration
2 2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g)
3 solution
3 CO(g) + 21 O2(g) → CO2(g)
© UCLES 2016 9701/11/O/N/16
© UCLES 2018 9701/12/M/J/18

44
Atomic Structure
2
WS 12 For
2 For
Examiner’s
Examiner’s
Use
Use
1 11 (a)
(a) Define
Define an
an isotope
isotope in
in terms
terms of
of its
its sub-atomic
sub-atomic particles.
particles.
alt
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
[1]
[1]
(b)
(b) In
In aa mass
mass spectrometer
spectrometer some
some hydrogen
hydrogen chloride molecules will
chloride molecules will split
split into
into atoms.
atoms. The
The
mass spectrum of HCl is given. Chlorine has two isotopes. The hydrogen involved here
is the isotope 111H only.
1
100
80
60
relative
abundance
40
20
0
35 40
m /e
(i) What particle is responsible for the peak at mass 35? .............................................
(ii) What particle is responsible for the peak at mass 38? .............................................
[2]
(c) Use the relative heights of the peaks to determine the proportions of the two isotopes of
(c)
chlorine. Explain simply how you obtained your answer.
[2]
(d) Use your answer to (c) to explain why chlorine has a relative atomic mass of 35.5.
(d)
[1]
[1]
[Total : 6]
[Total : 6]
9701/2/M/J/03
9701/2/M/J/03
45 [2]
(d) Use your answer to (c) to explain why chlorine has a relative atomic mass of 35.5.
alt
2
[1]
Answer all the questions in the space provided.

[S'03 P1 Q01] For
[Total : 6] Examiner’s
2 1 Iron and cobalt are adjacent elements in the Periodic Table. Iron has three main naturally Use
9701/2/M/J/03
occurring isotopes, cobalt has one.
(a) Explain the meaning of the term isotope.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The most common isotope of iron is 56Fe; the only naturally occurring isotope of cobalt
is 59Co.
Use the Data Booklet to complete the table below to show the atomic structure of 56Fe
and of 59Co.
number of
isotope protons neutrons electrons
56Fe
59Co
[3]
(c) A sample of iron has the following isotopic composition by mass.
isotope mass 54 56 57
% by mass 5.84 91.68 2.17
(i) Define the term relative atomic mass.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) By using the data above, calculate the relative atomic mass of iron to three
significant figures.
..................................................................................................................................
46
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) By using the data above, calculate the relative atomic mass of iron to three
significant figures.
alt
[5]

[S'05 P1 Q01]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2005 9701/02/M/J/05

2
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. For

47 Examiner’s
Use
3 1 In the 19th and 20th centuries, scientists established the atomic theory and showed that
three sub-atomic particles, electron, neutron and proton, exist. The masses and charges of
these three particles were subsequently determined.
When separate beams of electrons, neutrons or protons are passed through an electric field
alt
in the apparatus below, they behave differently.
+ –
beam of particles
(a) (i) Which of these three particles will be deflected the most by the electric field?
.........................................
(ii) In which direction will this particle be deflected?
..................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain your answer.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) (i) Define the term proton number.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Why is the proton number of an atom of an element usually different from the
nucleon number of an atom of the element?
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2006 9701/02/O/N/06

48 3
(c) Protons and neutrons have been used in nuclear reactions which result in the formation For
of artificial elements. In such processes, protons or neutrons are accelerated to high Examiner’s
speeds and then fired like ‘bullets’ at the nucleus of an atom of an element. Use
Suggest why neutrons are more effective than protons as ‘nuclear bullets’.
alt
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) In some cases, when neutrons are fired at atoms of an element, the neutrons become
part of the nucleus of those atoms.
What effect does the presence of an extra neutron have on the chemical properties of
the new atoms formed? Explain your answer.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]

[W'06 P2 Q01]

2
49
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. For
Examiner’s
4 1 Magnesium, Mg, and radium, Ra, are elements in Group II of the Periodic Table. Use
Magnesium has three isotopes.
alt
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
A sample of magnesium has the following isotopic composition by mass.
% by mass 78.60 10.11 11.29
(b) Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of magnesium to four significant figures.
Ar = ………………
3 [2]
Radium, proton number 88, and uranium, proton number 92, are radioactive elements. For
Examiner’s
The isotope 226Ra is produced by the radioactive decay of the uranium isotope 238U. Use
(c) Complete the table below to show the atomic structures of the isotopes 226Ra and
238U.
number of
isotopes protons neutrons electrons

226Ra
238U
[3]
(d) Radium, like other Group II elements, forms a number of ionic compounds.
(i) What is the formula of the radium cation?
© UCLES 2009 ……………… 9701/21/O/N/09
(ii) Use the Data Booklet to suggest a value for the energy required to form one mole of
the gaseous radium cation you have given in (i) from one mole of gaseous radium
Bilal Hameed atoms. Explain your answer. Atomic Structure 12
..................................................................................................................................
226Ra
238U
50 [3]
(d) Radium, like other Group II elements, forms a number of ionic compounds.
(i) What is the formula of the radium cation?
………………
alt
(ii) Use the Data Booklet to suggest a value for the energy required to form one mole of
the gaseous radium cation you have given in (i) from one mole of gaseous radium
atoms. Explain your answer.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2
............................................................................................................................. [3]

Answer all the questions in the space provided. For

[W'09 P2 Q01]
[Total: 10] Examiner’s
51 The element magnesium, Mg, proton number 12, is a metal which is used in many alloys Use
which are strong and light.
Magnesium has several naturally occurring isotopes.
(a) What is meant by the term isotope?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Complete the table below for two of the isotopes of magnesium.
number of number of number of

isotope
protons neutrons electrons
24Mg
26Mg
[2]
A sample of magnesium had the following isotopic composition:

© UCLES
24 2009 9701/21/O/N/09
Mg, 78.60%; 25Mg, 10.11%; 26Mg, 11.29%. [Turn over
(c) Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of magnesium in the sample.
Express your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
[2]

..........................................................................................................................................
51
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Complete the table below for two of the isotopes of magnesium.
number of number of number of

isotope
protons neutrons electrons
alt
24Mg
26Mg
[2]
A sample of magnesium had the following isotopic composition:

24Mg,78.60%; 25Mg, 10.11%; 26Mg, 11.29%.
(c) Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of magnesium in the sample.
Express your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
2
[2]

Answer all the questions in the space provided. [W'10 P23 Q01] For
Examiner’s
6 1 Sulfur, S, and polonium, Po, are both elements in Group VI of the Periodic Table. Use
Sulfur has three isotopes.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) A sample of sulfur has the following isotopic composition by mass.

© UCLES 2010 9701/23/O/N/10
% by mass 95.00 0.77 4.23
Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of sulfur to two decimal places.
Ar = ...............
[2]
(c) Isotopes of polonium, proton number 84, are produced by the radioactive
Bilal Hameed decay of12
Atomic Structure
several elements including thorium, Th, proton number 90.
213 232
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
52
......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[2]
(b)
(b) A
A sample
sample of
of sulfur
sulfur has
has the
the following isotopic composition
following isotopic composition by
by mass.
mass.
% by mass 95.00 0.77 4.23
alt
Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of sulfur to two decimal places.
places.
r
...............
Arr = ...............
[2]
[2]
(c)
(c) Isotopes of polonium, proton number 84, are produced by the radioactive
radioactive decay
decay of
of
several elements including thorium, Th, proton number 90.
The isotope 213Po is produced from the thorium isotope 232Th.
213Po and 232

isotopes 213
Complete the table below to show the atomic structures of the isotopes Po and 232Th.
Th.
number of
isotope protons neutrons electrons

213Po
232Th
[3]
[3]
© UCLES
© UCLES 2011
2011 9701/23/O/N/11

53 3
Radiochemical reactions, such as nuclear fission and radioactive decay of isotopes, can be For
represented by equations in which the nucleon (mass) numbers must balance and the proton Examiner’s
numbers must also balance. Use
For example, the nuclear fission of uranium-235, 235

92 U, by collision with a neutron,
1
0n,
alt
produces strontium-90, xenon-143 and three neutrons.
235 1 90 143 1
92 U + 0n 38Sr + 54 Xe + 3 0n
In this equation, the nucleon (mass) numbers balance because: 235 + 1 = 90 + 143 + (3x1).
The proton numbers also balance because: 92 + 0 = 38 + 54 + (3x0).

232
(d) In the first stage of the radioactive decay of 90 Th, the products are an isotope of
element E and an alpha-particle, 42 He.
(i) By considering nucleon and proton numbers only, construct a balanced equation
for the formation of the isotope of E in this reaction.
232 4
90 Th ................. + 2
He
Show clearly the nucleon number and proton number of the isotope of E.
nucleon number of the isotope of E ...........
proton number of the isotope of E .............
(ii) Hence state the symbol of the element E.

2
............ .................................................................................................................
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. [3]

[W'11 P23 Q01]

[Total: 10]
7 1 (a) Explain what is meant by the term nucleon number.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Bromine exists naturally as a mixture of two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, with relative isotopic
masses of 78.92 and 80.92 respectively.
(i) Define the term relative isotopic mass.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Using the relative atomic mass of bromine, 79.90, calculate the relative isotopic abundances
of 79Br and 81Br.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
254
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
(ii) Using the relative atomic mass of bromine, 79.90, calculate the relative isotopic abundances
of 79Br and 81Br.
1 (a) Successive ionisation energies for the elements magnesium to barium are given in the table.
1st ionisation 2nd ionisation 3rd ionisation
alt
element
energy / kJ mol–1 energy / kJ mol–1 energy / kJ mol–1
Mg 736 1450 7740

Ca 590 1150 4940
Sr 548 1060 4120
Ba 502 966 3390
[3]
(i) Explain why the first ionisation energies decrease down the group.
(c) Bromine reacts with the element A to form a compound with empirical formula ABr3. The
.............................................................................................................................................
percentage composition by mass of ABr3 is A, 4.31; Br, 95.69.
.............................................................................................................................................
Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of A.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Explain why, for each element, there is a large increase between the 2nd and 3rd ionisation
energies.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Ar of A = .......................[2][3]
.......................................................................................................................................
[S'14 P22 Q01]

8 (b) A sample of strontium, atomic number 38, gave the mass spectrum shown. The percentage
abundances are given above each peak.
© UCLES 2014 9701/22/M/J/14
100
82.58
percentage
abundance
9.86 7.00
0.56
0
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
atomic mass units
© UCLES 2014 9701/21/O/N/14

(i) Complete the full electronic configuration of strontium.
55
1s2 2s2 2p6 ................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why there are four different peaks in the mass spectrum of strontium.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
alt
(iii) Calculate the atomic mass, Ar, of this sample of strontium.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
Ar = ............................. [2]

[W'14 P22 Q01]

(c) A compound of barium, A, is used in fireworks as an oxidising agent and to produce a green
colour.
(i) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, what is meant by the term oxidising agent.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) A has the following percentage composition by mass: Ba, 45.1; Cl , 23.4; O, 31.5.
Calculate the empirical formula of A.
empirical formula of A ........................................... [3]

2

56
9 1 (a) Chemists recognise that atoms are made of three types of particle.
Complete the following table with their names and properties.
name of particle relative mass relative charge
alt
0
1/1836
[3]
(b) The relative atomic mass of an element can be determined using data from its mass spectrum.
The mass spectrum of element X is shown, with the percentage abundance of each isotope
labelled.
60
49.61
50
40
percentage
abundance 30
23.77
20
10 9.37 7.63 8.73
0.89
0
73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83
m/e
(i) Define the terms relative atomic mass and isotope.
relative atomic mass ...........................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
isotope ................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
© UCLES 2015 9701/21/M/J/15

573
(ii) Use the data in the mass spectrum to calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of X.
Give your answer to two decimal places and suggest the identity of X.
alt
Ar of X ....................................
identity of X ....................................
[2]
(c) The element tellurium, Te, reacts with chlorine to form a single solid product, with a relative
formula mass of 270. The product contains 52.6% chlorine by mass.
(i) Calculate the molecular formula of this chloride.
molecular formula .................................... [3]
[M'15 P21 Q01]

(ii) This chloride melts at 224 °C and reacts vigorously with water.
State the type of bonding and structure present in this chloride and explain your reasoning.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Suggest an equation for the reaction of this chloride with water.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

2

58
10 1 (a) Chemists recognise that atoms are made of three types of particle.
Complete the following table with their names and properties.
name of particle relative mass relative charge
alt
+1
1/1836
[3]
(b) Most elements exist naturally as a mixture of isotopes, each with their own relative isotopic
mass. The mass spectrum of an element reveals the abundances of these isotopes, which can
be used to calculate the relative atomic mass of the element.
Magnesium has three stable isotopes. Information about two of these isotopes is given.
relative percentage
isotope
isotopic mass abundance
24
Mg 24.0 79.0
26
Mg 26.0 11.0
(i) Define the term relative isotopic mass.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The relative atomic mass of magnesium is 24.3.
Calculate the percentage abundance and hence the relative isotopic mass of the third
isotope of magnesium. Give your answer to three significant figures
percentage abundance = .................................
isotopic mass = .................................

[3]
© UCLES 2015 9701/22/M/J/15

.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
59
(c) Neon has three stable isotopes.
isotope mass number percentage abundance
1 9.25
alt
2 20 90.48
3 21 0.27
(i) Define the term relative atomic mass.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Use the relative atomic mass of neon, 20.2, to calculate the mass number of isotope 1.
mass number = ................................. [2]

[S'15 P23 Q01]
© UCLES 2015 9701/23/M/J/15

2

60
11 1 (a) Complete the table to show the composition and identity of some atoms and ions.
name of nucleon atomic number of number of number of overall

element number number protons neutrons electrons charge
alt
lithium 6 3 +1
............. ............. .............
oxygen 9 10
............. ............. ............. .............
54 26 26 24
............. ............. .............
17 18 0
............. ............. ............. .............
[4]
(b) Beams of protons, neutrons and electrons behave differently in an electric field due to their
differing properties.
The diagram shows the path of a beam of electrons in an electric field.
Add and label lines to represent the paths of beams of protons and neutrons in the same field.
electron beam
[3]
© UCLES 2016 9701/21/M/J/16

61
4
(d) A sample of strontium exists as a mixture of four isotopes. Information about three of these
isotopes is given in the table.
mass number 86 87 88
alt
abundance 9.86% 7.00% 82.58%
(i) Calculate the abundance of the fourth isotope.
abundance = ............................. % [1]
(ii) The relative atomic mass of this sample of strontium is 87.71.
Calculate the mass number of the fourth isotope.
mass number = ............................. [2]

[S'16[Total:
P21 Q01]
16]
© UCLES 2016 9701/21/M/J/16

62
3
12 (c) A sample of oxygen exists as a mixture of three isotopes. Information about two of these
isotopes is given in the table.
mass number 16 17
alt
abundance 99.76% 0.04%
(i) Calculate the abundance of the third isotope.
abundance = ............................. % [1]
(ii) The relative atomic mass of this sample of oxygen is 16.0044.
Calculate the mass number of the third isotope. You must show your working.
mass number = ............................. [2]

[S'16[Total:
P22 Q01]
11]

5 63
13(iii) A naturally occurring sample of cerium contains only four isotopes. Data for three of the
isotopes are shown in the table.
isotope 136
Ce 138
Ce 140
Ce 142
Ce
alt
relative to be
135.907 137.906 139.905
isotopic mass calculated
percentage to be
0.185 0.251 88.450
abundance calculated
The Ar of the sample is 140.116.
Use these data to calculate the relative isotopic mass of the fourth isotope in this sample
of cerium.
Give your answer to three decimal places.
relative isotopic mass = .............................. [3]

[M'17 P2 Q01]
[Total: 17]
Bilal
© UCLES Hameed
2017 9701/22/F/M/17 Atomic[Turn
Structure
over12
2

64
14
1 The composition of atoms and ions can be determined from knowledge of atomic number, nucleon
number and charge.
(a) Complete the table.
alt
atomic nucleon number of number of number of
symbol
number number electrons protons neutrons
3Li
6 +
3 2
23 26 32
[2]
:
(b) Boron occurs naturally as a mixture of two stable isotopes, 10B and 11B. The relative isotopic
masses and percentage abundances are shown.
isotope relative isotopic mass abundance / %

10
B 10.0129 19.78
11
B to be calculated 80.22
(i) De ne t e ter relative isotopic mass.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Calculate the relative isotopic mass of 11B.
Give your answer to six signi cant gures. o our or ing.
[2]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2017 9701/22/M/J/17

on t e asis o resu ts o taine ro an e eri2 ent using go eta oi .
(a) o ete t e ta eAnswer

it in all
or the
ation or t o in
questions o the
t e spaces in an ato o 197Au.
artic esprovided.
65
relative relative location tota nu er in
15
1 particle
e o e o t emassnuc ear ato c as argerst ro ose withinrnest
atom ut er or . an e atom
e e oof e197Au
t is o e
on t e asis o resu ts o taine ro an e eri ent using go eta oi .
electron 0.0005 –1 79
(a) o ete t e ta e it in or ation or t o o t e artic es in an ato o 197Au.
neutron nucleus
alt
relative relative location tota nu er in
particle
mass c arge within atom an atom of 197Au [4]
electron 0.0005 –1 79
(b) tate t e t e o on ing in go .
neutron nucleus
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[4]
(c) sa e o go oun in t e eart consists o on one isoto e.
(b) tate t e t e o on ing in go .
(i) ain at is eant t e ter isotopes.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) sa.............................................................................................................................................
e o go oun in t e eart consists o on one isoto e.
(i) .......................................................................................................................................
ain at is eant t e ter isotopes. [2]
(ii) i erent sa e o go contains ore t an one isoto e.

.............................................................................................................................................
uggest t is i erent sa e o go as t e sa e chemical properties as the sample
.............................................................................................................................................
found in the earth.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) i erent sa e o go contains ore t an one isoto e.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
uggest t is i erent sa e o go as t e sa e chemical properties as the sample
found in the earth.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2018 9701/22/O/N/18
© UCLES 2018 9701/22/O/N/18

66
3
(d) Tumbaga is an a o o co er an go . sa e o tu aga as ana se . e ass

spectrum of the sample is shown.
56.36
alt
percentage
abundance 25.14
x
0
63 65 197
m/e
(i) a cu ate t e ercentage a un ance o go x in t e sa e o tu aga.
x = .............................. % [1]
(ii) a cu ate t e re ati e ato ic ass Ar o t e co er resent in t is sa e.

i e our ans er to two decimal places.
Ar (Cu) = .............................. [2]

[W'18 P22 Q01]
[Total: 11]

01 Atomic Structures WS

Uploaded by

01 Atomic Structures WS

Uploaded by

1 0

2 Which mass of carbon

870 1800 3000 3600 5800 7000 13 200

A 33As B 40Zr C 52Te D

Bilal Hameed Atomic Structure 11

A 1.5 B 1.6 20C 3.2 D 4.0

D– H3O+ OD– OH–

What is the electron arrangement of the nitrogen ion in gallium nitride?

114 A radioactive isotope of thallium, 201

What are the values of x and y?0

134 In4 this

© UCLES 2007 9701/01/M/J/07 [Turn over

© UCLES 2007 9701/01/M/J/07 [Turn over

Atomic Structure 11 Bilal Hameed

Which statement about the composition of an atom of 68X is correct?

A It has 4 electrons in its outerCp orbitals. D

!D Its proton number isH32. N H H N H

Bilal Hameed Atomic Structure 11

[S'15 P12 Q01]

Assume the egg shell is pure calcium carbonate.

A D– B H3O+ C OD– D OH–

!A B3+ B Be2+ C H– D He+

AC boron 0.10 0.25

Which row is correct?

2NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2

4 Which molecule contains a10Na + 2KNO

reaction I 2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) → 2H2O(l) + 2SO2(g) [S'09 P1 Q31]

Bilal Hameed Atomic Structure 11

No other combination of statements is used as a correct response. [S'04 P13 Q31]

The process is represented by the following equations.

[S'14 P13 Q32]

1 They have the same number of electrons.

[S'15 P12 Q31]

1 The intermolecular forces between the Al 2Cl 6 molecules are weak.

© UCLES 2016 9701/11/O/N/16

© UCLES 2018 9701/12/M/J/18

Bilal Hameed Atomic Structure 11

Answer all the questions in the space provided.

(a) Explain the meaning of the term isotope.

isotope protons neutrons electrons

(c) A sample of iron has the following isotopic composition by mass.

% by mass 5.84 91.68 2.17

(i) Define the term relative atomic mass.

Atomic Structure 12 Bilal Hameed

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. For

(ii) In which direction will this particle be deflected?

(iii) Explain your answer.

© UCLES 2006 9701/02/O/N/06

Bilal Hameed Atomic Structure 12

© UCLES 2006 9701/02/O/N/06 [Turn over

Atomic Structure 12 Bilal Hameed

Magnesium has three isotopes.

(a) Explain the meaning of the term isotope.

A sample of magnesium has the following isotopic composition by mass.

% by mass 78.60 10.11 11.29

isotopes protons neutrons electrons

(i) What is the formula of the radium cation?

© UCLES 2009 ……………… 9701/21/O/N/09

(i) What is the formula of the radium cation?

Answer all the questions in the space provided. For

which are strong and light.

Magnesium has several naturally occurring isotopes.

(a) What is meant by the term isotope?

number of number of number of

A sample of magnesium had the following isotopic composition:

Atomic Structure 12 Bilal Hameed

number of number of number of

A sample of magnesium had the following isotopic composition:

Sulfur has three isotopes.

(a) Explain the meaning of the term isotope.

(b) A sample of sulfur has the following isotopic composition by mass.

The isotope 213Po is produced from the thorium isotope 232Th.

213Po and 232

isotope protons neutrons electrons

Atomic Structure 12 Bilal Hameed

For example, the nuclear fission of uranium-235, 235