Log4J

About the Tutorial

Log4j is a popular logging package written in Java. Log4J is ported to the C, C++, C#,
Perl, Python, Ruby, and Eiffel languages.

Audience
This tutorial is prepared for beginners to help them understand the basic functionality
of Log4J logging framework.

Prerequisites
As you are going to use Log4J logging framework in various Java-based application
development, it is imperative that you should have a good understanding of Java
programming language.

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Table of Contents
About the Tutorial .......................................................................................................................................... i

Audience ........................................................................................................................................................ i

Prerequisites .................................................................................................................................................. i

Copyright & Disclaimer ................................................................................................................................... i

Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... ii

1. OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................ 1

History of log4j .............................................................................................................................................. 1

log4j Features ................................................................................................................................................ 1

Pros and Cons of Logging ............................................................................................................................... 2

2. INSTALLATION ........................................................................................................................... 3

3. ARCHITECTURE ......................................................................................................................... 5

Core Objects .................................................................................................................................................. 5

Support Objects ............................................................................................................................................. 6

4. CONFIGURATION ...................................................................................................................... 8

log4j.properties Syntax .................................................................................................................................. 8

log4j.properties Example ............................................................................................................................... 8

Debug Level ................................................................................................................................................... 9

Appenders ..................................................................................................................................................... 9

Layout ......................................................................................................................................................... 11

Layout Formatting ....................................................................................................................................... 11

5. SAMPLE PROGRAM ................................................................................................................. 12

Using log4j in Java Program ......................................................................................................................... 12

Compile and Execute ................................................................................................................................... 13

6. LOGGING METHODS ............................................................................................................... 14

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Logging Methods ......................................................................................................................................... 14

7. LOGGING LEVELS .................................................................................................................... 17

How do Levels Work? .................................................................................................................................. 17

Setting Levels using Configuration File ........................................................................................................ 18

8. LOG FORMATTING .................................................................................................................. 20

The Layout Types ......................................................................................................................................... 20

HTMLLayout ................................................................................................................................................ 20

PatternLayout.............................................................................................................................................. 22

The Layout Methods .................................................................................................................................... 26

9. LOGGING IN FILES ................................................................................................................... 28

FileAppender Configuration......................................................................................................................... 28

Logging in Multiple Files .............................................................................................................................. 30

Daily Log File Generation ............................................................................................................................. 31

10. LOGGING IN DATABASE........................................................................................................... 34

JDBCAppender Configuration ...................................................................................................................... 34

Log Table Configuration ............................................................................................................................... 34

Sample Configuration File ............................................................................................................................ 35

Sample Program .......................................................................................................................................... 36

Compile and Execute ................................................................................................................................... 37

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1. OVERVIEW

Log4j is a reliable, fast, and flexible logging framework (APIs) written in Java, which
is distributed under the Apache Software License.

Log4j has been ported to the C, C++, C#, Perl, Python, Ruby, and Eiffel languages.

Log4j is highly configurable through external configuration files at runtime. It views

the logging process in terms of levels of priorities and offers mechanisms to direct
logging information to a great variety of destinations, such as a database, file, console,
UNIX Syslog, etc.

Log4j has three main components:

 loggers: Responsible for capturing logging information.

 appenders: Responsible for publishing logging information to various preferred

destinations.

 layouts: Responsible for formatting logging information in different styles.

History of log4j
 Started in early 1996 as tracing API for the E.U. SEMPER (Secure Electronic
Marketplace for Europe) project.

 After countless enhancements and several incarnations, the initial API has
evolved to become log4j, a popular logging package for Java.

 The package is distributed under the Apache Software License, a full-fledged

open source license certified by the open source initiative.

 The latest log4j version, including its full-source code, class files, and
documentation can be found at http://logging.apache.org/log4j/.

log4j Features
 It is thread-safe.

 It is optimized for speed.

 It is based on a named logger hierarchy.

 It supports multiple output appenders per logger.

 It supports internationalization.

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 It is not restricted to a predefined set of facilities.

 Logging behavior can be set at runtime using a configuration file.

 It is designed to handle Java Exceptions from the start.

 It uses multiple levels, namely ALL, TRACE, DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR, and
FATAL.

 The format of the log output can be easily changed by extending

the Layout class.

 The target of the log output as well as the writing strategy can be altered by
implementations of the Appender interface.

 It is fail-stop. However, although it certainly strives to ensure delivery, log4j

does not guarantee that each log statement will be delivered to its destination.

Pros and Cons of Logging

Logging is an important component of the software development. A well-written
logging code offers quick debugging, easy maintenance, and structured storage of an
application's runtime information.

Logging does have its drawbacks also. It can slow down an application. If too verbose,
it can cause scrolling blindness. To alleviate these concerns, log4j is designed to be
reliable, fast, and extensible.

Since logging is rarely the main focus of an application, the log4j API strives to be
simple to understand and to use.

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2. INSTALLATION

Log4j API package is distributed under the Apache Software License, a full-fledged
open source license certified by the open source initiative.

The latest log4j version, including its full-source code, class files, and documentation
can be found at http://logging.apache.org/log4j/.

To install log4j on your system, download apache-log4j-x.x.x.tar.gz from the specified

URL and follow the steps given below.

Step 1
Unzip and untar the downloaded file in /usr/local/ directory as follows:

$ gunzip apache-log4j-1.2.15.tar.gz
$ tar -xvf apache-log4j-1.2.15.tar
apache-log4j-1.2.15/tests/input/
apache-log4j-1.2.15/tests/input/xml/
apache-log4j-1.2.15/tests/src/
apache-log4j-1.2.15/tests/src/java/
apache-log4j-1.2.15/tests/src/java/org/
.......................................

While untarring, it would create a directory hierarchy with a name apache-log4j-x.x.x

as follows:

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3565 2007-08-25 00:09 BUILD-INFO.txt

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2607 2007-08-25 00:09 build.properties.sample
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 32619 2007-08-25 00:09 build.xml
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 4096 2010-02-04 14:09 contribs
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 2010-02-04 14:09 examples
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2752 2007-08-25 00:09 INSTALL
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4787 2007-08-25 00:09 KEYS
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 11366 2007-08-25 00:09 LICENSE
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 391834 2007-08-25 00:29 log4j-1.2.15.jar
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 160 2007-08-25 00:09 NOTICE
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 10240 2007-08-25 00:27 NTEventLogAppender.dll

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-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 17780 2007-08-25 00:09 pom.xml

drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 2007-08-25 00:13 site
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 2010-02-04 14:08 src
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 2010-02-04 14:09 tests

Step 2
This step is optional and depends on what features you are going to use from log4j
framework. If you already have following packages installed on your machine then it
is fine, otherwise you need to install them to make log4j work.

 JavaMail API: The e-mail based logging feature in log4j requires the Java Mail
API (mail.jar) to be installed on your machine from
https://glassfish.dev.java.net/javaee5/mail/.

 JavaBeans Activation Framework: The Java Mail API will also require that
the JavaBeans Activation Framework (activation.jar) be installed on your
machine from http://java.sun.com/products/javabeans/jaf/index.jsp.

 Java Message Service: The JMS-compatible features of log4j will require that
both JMS and Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) be installed on your
machine from http://java.sun.com/products/jms.

 XML Parser: You need a JAXP-compatible XML parser to use log4j. Make sure
you have Xerces.jar installed on your machine
from http://xerces.apache.org/xerces-j/install.html.

Step 3
Now you need to set up the CLASSPATH and PATH variables appropriately. Here we
are going to set it just for the log4j.x.x.x.jar file.

$ pwd
/usr/local/apache-log4j-1.2.15
$ export CLASSPATH= \
$CLASSPATH:/usr/local/apache-log4j-1.2.15/log4j-1.2.15.jar
$ export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/apache-log4j-1.2.15/

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3. ARCHITECTURE

Log4j API follows a layered architecture where each layer provides different objects
to perform different tasks. This layered architecture makes the design flexible and
easy to extend in future.

There are two types of objects available with Log4j framework:

 Core Objects: These are mandatory objects of the framework. They are
required to use the framework.

 Support Objects: These are optional objects of the framework. They support
core objects to perform additional but important tasks.

Core Objects
Core objects include the following types of objects:

Logger Object
The top-level layer is the Logger which provides the Logger object. The Logger object
is responsible for capturing logging information and they are stored in a namespace
hierarchy.

Layout Object
The Layout layer provides objects which are used to format logging information in
different styles. It provides support to appender objects before publishing logging
information.

Layout objects play an important role in publishing logging information in a way that
is human-readable and reusable.

Appender Object
This is a lower-level layer which provides Appender objects. The Appender object is
responsible for publishing logging information to various preferred destinations such
as a database, file, console, UNIX Syslog, etc.

The following virtual diagram shows the components of a log4j framework:

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Support Objects
There are other important objects in the log4j framework that play a vital role in the
logging framework:

Level Object
The Level object defines the granularity and priority of any logging information. There
are seven levels of logging defined within the API: OFF, DEBUG, INFO, ERROR, WARN,
FATAL, and ALL.

Filter Object
The Filter object is used to analyze logging information and make further decisions on
whether that information should be logged or not.

An Appender objects can have several Filter objects associated with them. If logging
information is passed to a particular Appender object, all the Filter objects associated
with that Appender need to approve the logging information before it can be published
to the attached destination.

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ObjectRenderer
The ObjectRenderer object is specialized in providing a String representation of
different objects passed to the logging framework. This object is used by Layout
objects to prepare the final logging information.

LogManager
The LogManager object manages the logging framework. It is responsible for reading
the initial configuration parameters from a system-wide configuration file or a
configuration class.

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4. CONFIGURATION

The previous chapter explained the core components of log4j. This chapter explains
how you can configure the core components using a configuration file. Configuring
log4j involves assigning the Level, defining Appender, and specifying Layout objects
in a configuration file.

The log4j.properties file is a log4j configuration file which keeps properties in key-
value pairs. By default, the LogManager looks for a file named log4j.properties in the
CLASSPATH.

 The level of the root logger is defined as DEBUG. The DEBUG attaches the
appender named X to it.

 Set the appender named X to be a valid appender.

 Set the layout for the appender X.

log4j.properties Syntax
Following is the syntax of log4j.properties file for an appender X:

# Define the root logger with appender X

log4j.rootLogger = DEBUG, X

# Set the appender named X to be a File appender

log4j.appender.X=org.apache.log4j.FileAppender

# Define the layout for X appender

log4j.appender.X.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.X.layout.conversionPattern=%m%n

log4j.properties Example
Using the above syntax, we define the following in log4j.properties file:

 The level of the root logger is defined as DEBUG. The DEBUG the appender
named FILE to it.

 The appender FILE is defined as org.apache.log4j.FileAppender. It writes to a

file named "log.out" located in the log directory.

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 The layout pattern defined is %m%n, which means the printed logging message
will be followed by a newline character.

# Define the root logger with appender file

log4j.rootLogger = DEBUG, FILE

# Define the file appender

log4j.appender.FILE=org.apache.log4j.FileAppender
log4j.appender.FILE.File=${log}/log.out

# Define the layout for file appender

log4j.appender.FILE.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.FILE.layout.conversionPattern=%m%n

It is important to note that log4j supports UNIX-style variable substitution such as

${variableName}.

Debug Level
We have used DEBUG with both the appenders. All the possible options are:

 TRACE
 DEBUG
 INFO
 WARN
 ERROR
 FATAL
 ALL

These levels would be explained in Log4j Logging Levels.

Appenders
Apache log4j provides Appender objects which are primarily responsible for printing
logging messages to different destinations such as consoles, files, sockets, NT event
logs, etc.

Each Appender object has different properties associated with it, and these properties
indicate the behavior of that object.

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Property Description

layout Appender uses the Layout objects and the conversion pattern
associated with them to format the logging information.

target The target may be a console, a file, or another item depending on

the appender.

level The level is required to control the filtration of the log messages.

threshold Appender can have a threshold level associated with it independent

of the logger level. The Appender ignores any logging messages that
have a level lower than the threshold level.

filter The Filter objects can analyze logging information beyond level
matching and decide whether logging requests should be handled
by a particular Appender or ignored.

We can add an Appender object to a Logger by including the following setting in the
configuration file with the following method:

log4j.logger.[logger-name]=level, appender1,appender..n

You can write same configuration in XML format as follows:

<logger name="com.apress.logging.log4j" additivity="false">

<appender-ref ref="appender1"/>
<appender-ref ref="appender2"/>
</logger>

If you are willing to add Appender object inside your program then you can use
following method:

public void addAppender(Appender appender);

The addAppender() method adds an Appender to the Logger object. As the example
configuration demonstrates, it is possible to add many Appender objects to a logger
in a comma-separated list, each printing logging information to separate destinations.

We have used only one appender FileAppender in our example above. All the possible
appender options are:

 AppenderSkeleton
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 AsyncAppender
 ConsoleAppender
 DailyRollingFileAppender
 ExternallyRolledFileAppender
 FileAppender
 JDBCAppender
 JMSAppender
 LF5Appender
 NTEventLogAppender
 NullAppender
 RollingFileAppender
 SMTPAppender
 SocketAppender
 SocketHubAppender
 SyslogAppender
 TelnetAppender
 WriterAppender

We would cover FileAppender in Logging in Files and JDBC Appender would be covered in
Logging in Database.

Layout
We have used PatternLayout with our appender. All the possible options are:

 DateLayout
 HTMLLayout
 PatternLayout
 SimpleLayout
 XMLLayout

Using HTMLLayout and XMLLayout, you can generate log in HTML and in XML format
as well.

Layout Formatting
You would learn how to format a log message in chapter: Log Formatting.

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5. SAMPLE PROGRAM

We have seen how to create a configuration file. This chapter describes how to
generate debug messages and log them in a simple text file.

Following is a simple configuration file created for our example. Let us revise it once
again:

 The level of the root logger is defined as DEBUG and attaches appender named
FILE to it.

 The appender FILE is defined as org.apache.log4j.FileAppender and writes to a

file named "log.out" located in the log directory.

 The layout pattern defined is %m%n, which means the printed logging message
will be followed by a newline character.

The contents of log4j.properties file are as follows:

# Define the root logger with appender file

log = /usr/home/log4j
log4j.rootLogger = DEBUG, FILE

# Define the file appender

log4j.appender.FILE=org.apache.log4j.FileAppender
log4j.appender.FILE.File=${log}/log.out

# Define the layout for file appender

log4j.appender.FILE.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.FILE.layout.conversionPattern=%m%n

Using log4j in Java Program

The following Java class is a very simple example that initializes and then uses the
Log4J logging library for Java applications.

import org.apache.log4j.Logger;

import java.io.*;

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import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.*;

public class log4jExample{

/* Get actual class name to be printed on */
static Logger log = Logger.getLogger(log4jExample.class.getName());

public static void main(String[] args)

throws IOException,SQLException{

log.debug("Hello this is a debug message");

log.info("Hello this is an info message");
}
}

Compile and Execute

Here are the steps to compile and run the above-mentioned program. Make sure you
have set PATH and CLASSPATH appropriately before proceeding for the compilation
and execution.

All the libraries should be available in CLASSPATH and your log4j.properties file should
be available in PATH. Follow the steps given below:

 Create log4j.properties as shown above.

 Create log4jExample.java as shown above and compile it.
 Execute log4jExample binary to run the program.

You would get the following result inside /usr/home/log4j/log.out file:

Hello this is a debug message

Hello this is an info message

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6. LOGGING METHODS

Logger class provides a variety of methods to handle logging activities. The Logger
class does not allow us to instantiate a new Logger instance but it provides two static
methods for obtaining a Logger object:

 public static Logger getRootLogger();

 public static Logger getLogger(String name);

The first of the two methods returns the application instance's root logger and it does
not have a name.

Any other named Logger object instance is obtained through the second method by
passing the name of the logger. The name of the logger can be any string you can
pass, usually a class or a package name as we have used in the last chapter and it is
mentioned below:

static Logger log = Logger.getLogger(log4jExample.class.getName());

Logging Methods
Once we obtain an instance of a named logger, we can use several methods of the
logger to log messages. The Logger class has the following methods for printing the
logging information.

Sr. Methods and Description

No.

1 public void debug(Object message)

It prints messages with the level Level.DEBUG.

2 public void error(Object message)

It prints messages with the level Level.ERROR.

3 public void fatal(Object message);

It prints messages with the level Level.FATAL.

4 public void info(Object message);

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It prints messages with the level Level.INFO.

5 public void warn(Object message);

It prints messages with the level Level.WARN.

6 public void trace(Object message);

It prints messages with the level Level.TRACE.

All the levels are defined in the org.apache.log4j.Level class and any of the above-
mentioned methods can be called as follows:

import org.apache.log4j.Logger;

public class LogClass {

private static org.apache.log4j.Logger log = Logger
.getLogger(LogClass.class);
public static void main(String[] args) {
log.trace("Trace Message!");
log.debug("Debug Message!");
log.info("Info Message!");
log.warn("Warn Message!");
log.error("Error Message!");
log.fatal("Fatal Message!");
}
}

When you compile and run LogClass program, it would generate the following result:

Debug Message!
Info Message!
Warn Message!
Error Message!
Fatal Message!

All the debug messages make more sense when they are used in combination with
levels. We will cover levels in the next chapter and then, you would have a good

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understanding of how to use these methods in combination with different levels of

debugging.

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7. LOGGING LEVELS

The org.apache.log4j.Level class provides the following levels. You can also define
your custom levels by sub-classing the Level class.

Level Description

ALL All levels including custom levels.

DEBUG Designates fine-grained informational events that are most

useful to debug an application.

ERROR Designates error events that might still allow the application to
continue running.

FATAL Designates very severe error events that will presumably lead
the application to abort.

INFO Designates informational messages that highlight the progress

of the application at coarse-grained level.

OFF The highest possible rank and is intended to turn off logging.

TRACE Designates finer-grained informational events than the DEBUG.

WARN Designates potentially harmful situations.

How do Levels Work?

A log request of level p in a logger with level q is enabled if p >= q. This rule is at the
heart of log4j. It assumes that levels are ordered. For the standard levels, we have
ALL < DEBUG < INFO < WARN < ERROR < FATAL < OFF.

The following example shows how we can filter all our DEBUG and INFO messages.
This program uses the logger method setLevel (Level.X) to set a desired logging level:

This example would print all the messages except Debug and Info:

import org.apache.log4j.*;

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public class LogClass {

private static org.apache.log4j.Logger log = Logger.getLogger(LogClass.class);
public static void main(String[] args) {
log.setLevel(Level.WARN);

log.trace("Trace Message!");
log.debug("Debug Message!");
log.info("Info Message!");
log.warn("Warn Message!");
log.error("Error Message!");
log.fatal("Fatal Message!");
}
}

When you compile and run the LogClass program, it would generate the following
result:

Warn Message!
Error Message!
Fatal Message!

Setting Levels using Configuration File

Log4j provides you configuration file based level setting which sets you free from
changing the source code when you want to change the debugging level.

Following is an example configuration file which would perform the same task as we
did using the log.setLevel(Level.WARN) method in the above example.

# Define the root logger with appender file

log = /usr/home/log4j
log4j.rootLogger = WARN, FILE

# Define the file appender

log4j.appender.FILE=org.apache.log4j.FileAppender
log4j.appender.FILE.File=${log}/log.out

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# Define the layout for file appender

log4j.appender.FILE.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.FILE.layout.conversionPattern=%m%n

Let us now use our following program:

import org.apache.log4j.*;

public class LogClass {

private static org.apache.log4j.Logger log = Logger.getLogger(LogClass.class);
public static void main(String[] args) {
log.trace("Trace Message!");
log.debug("Debug Message!");
log.info("Info Message!");
log.warn("Warn Message!");
log.error("Error Message!");
log.fatal("Fatal Message!");
}
}

Now compile and run the above program and you would get following result in
/usr/home/log4j/log.out file:

Warn Message!
Error Message!
Fatal Message!

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8. LOG FORMATTING

Apache log4j provides various Layout objects, each of which can format logging data
according to various layouts. It is also possible to create a Layout object that formats
logging data in an application-specific way.

All Layout objects receive a LoggingEvent object from the Appender objects. The
Layout objects then retrieve the message argument from the LoggingEvent and apply
the appropriate ObjectRenderer to obtain the String representation of the message.

The Layout Types

The top-level class in the hierarchy is the abstract class org.apache.log4j.Layout. This
is the base class for all other Layout classes in the log4j API.

The Layout class is defined as abstract within an application, we never use this class
directly; instead, we work with its subclasses which are as follows:

 DateLayout
 HTMLLayout
 PatternLayout
 SimpleLayout
 XMLLayout

HTMLLayout
If you want to generate your logging information in an HTML-formatted file, then you
can use org.apache.log4j.HTMLLayout to format your logging information.

The HTMLLayout class extends the abstract org.apache.log4j.Layout class and

overrides the format() method from its base class to provide HTML-style formatting.

It provides the following information to be displayed:

 The time elapsed from the start of the application before a particular logging
event was generated.

 The name of the thread that invoked the logging request.

 The level associated with this logging request.

 The name of the logger and logging message.

 The optional location information for the program file and the line number from
which this logging was invoked.

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HTMLLayout is a very simple Layout object that provides the following methods:

S.N. Method & Description

1 setContentType(String)
Sets the content type of the text/html HTML content. Default is text/html.

2 setLocationInfo(String)
Sets the location information for the logging event. Default is false.

3 setTitle(String)
Sets the title for the HTML file. Default is Log4j Log Messages.

HTMLLayout Example
Following is a simple configuration file for HTMLLayout:

# Define the root logger with appender file

log = /usr/home/log4j
log4j.rootLogger = DEBUG, FILE

# Define the file appender

log4j.appender.FILE=org.apache.log4j.FileAppender
log4j.appender.FILE.File=${log}/htmlLayout.html

# Define the layout for file appender

log4j.appender.FILE.layout=org.apache.log4j.HTMLLayout
log4j.appender.FILE.layout.Title=HTML Layout Example
log4j.appender.FILE.layout.LocationInfo=true

Now consider the following Java Example which would generate logging information:

import org.apache.log4j.Logger;

import java.io.*;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.*;

public class log4jExample{

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/* Get actual class name to be printed on */

static Logger log = Logger.getLogger(
log4jExample.class.getName());

public static void main(String[] args)

throws IOException,SQLException{

log.debug("Hello this is a debug message");

log.info("Hello this is an info message");
}
}

Compile and run the above program. It would create an htmlLayout.html file in
/usr/home/log4j directory which would have the following log information:

Log session start time Mon Mar 22 13:30:24 AST 2010

Time Thread Level Category File:Line Message

0 main DEBUG log4jExample log4jExample.java:15 Hello this is a

debug message

6 main INFO log4jExample log4jExample.java:16 Hello this is an

info message

You would use a web browser to open htmlLayout.html file. It is also important to
note that the footer for the </html> and </body> tags is completely missing.

One of the big advantages of having the log file in HTML format is that it can be
published as a web page for remote viewing.

PatternLayout
If you want to generate your logging information in a particular format based on a
pattern, then you can use org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout to format your logging
information.

The PatternLayout class extends the abstract org.apache.log4j.Layout class and

overrides the format() method to structure the logging information according to a
supplied pattern.

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PatternLayout is also a simple Layout object that provides the following Bean
Property which can be set using the configuration file:

S.N. Property & Description

1 conversionPattern
Sets the conversion pattern. Default is %r [%t] %p %c %x - %m%n

Pattern Conversion Characters

The following table explains the characters used in the above pattern and all other
characters that you can use in your custom pattern:

Conversion Meaning
Character

c Used to output the category of the logging event. For example, for
the category name "a.b.c" the pattern %c{2} will output "b.c".

C Used to output the fully qualified class name of the caller issuing
the logging request. For example, for the class name
"org.apache.xyz.SomeClass", the pattern %C{1} will output
"SomeClass".

d Used to output the date of the logging event. For example,

%d{HH:mm:ss,SSS} or %d{dd MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss,SSS}.

F Used to output the file name where the logging request was issued.

l Used to output location information of the caller which generated the

logging event.

L Used to output the line number from where the logging request was
issued.

m Used to output the application supplied message associated with the

logging event.

M Used to output the method name where the logging request was
issued.

n Outputs the platform dependent line separator character or

characters.

p Used to output the priority of the logging event.

r Used to output the number of milliseconds elapsed from the

construction of the layout until the creation of the logging event.

t Used to output the name of the thread that generated the logging
event.

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x Used to output the NDC (nested diagnostic context) associated with

the thread that generated the logging event.

X The X conversion character is followed by the key for the MDC. For
example, X{clientIP} will print the information stored in the MDC
against the key clientIP.

% The literal percent sign. %% will print a % sign.

Format Modifiers
By default, the relevant information is displayed as output as is. However, with the
aid of format modifiers, it is possible to change the minimum field width, the maximum
field width, and justification.

Following table covers various modifiers scenarios:

Format left minimum maximum comment

modifier justify width width

%20c false 20 none Left pad with spaces if the

category name is less than
20 characters long.

%-20c true 20 none Right pad with spaces if the

category name is less than
20 characters long.

%.30c NA none 30 Truncate from the beginning

if the category name is
longer than 30 characters.

%20.30c false 20 30 Left pad with spaces if the

category name is shorter
than 20 characters.

However, if the category

name is longer than 30
characters, then truncate
from the beginning.

%-20.30c true 20 30 Right pad with spaces if the

category name is shorter
than 20 characters.

However, if category name

is longer than 30 characters,
then truncate from the
beginning.

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PatternLayout Example
Following is a simple configuration file for PatternLayout:

# Define the root logger with appender file

log = /usr/home/log4j
log4j.rootLogger = DEBUG, FILE

# Define the file appender

log4j.appender.FILE=org.apache.log4j.FileAppender
log4j.appender.FILE.File=${log}/log.out

# Define the layout for file appender

log4j.appender.FILE.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.FILE.layout.ConversionPattern=
%d{yyyy-MM-dd}-%t-%x-%-5p-%-10c:%m%n

Now consider the following Java Example which would generate logging information:

import org.apache.log4j.Logger;

import java.io.*;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.*;

public class log4jExample{

/* Get actual class name to be printed on */
static Logger log = Logger.getLogger(log4jExample.class.getName());

public static void main(String[] args)

throws IOException,SQLException{

log.debug("Hello this is a debug message");

log.info("Hello this is an info message");
}
}

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Compile and run the above program. It would create a log.out file in /usr/home/log4j
directory which would have the following log information:

2010-03-23-main--DEBUG-log4jExample:Hello this is a debug message

2010-03-23-main--INFO -log4jExample:Hello this is an info message

The Layout Methods

This class provides a skeleton implementation of all the common operations across all
other Layout objects and declares two abstract methods.

Sr. Methods and Description

No.

1 public abstract boolean ignoresThrowable()

It indicates whether the logging information handles any
java.lang.Throwable object passed to it as a part of the logging event. If
the Layout object handles the Throwable object, then the Layout object
does not ignore it, and returns false.

2 public abstract String format(LoggingEvent event)

Individual layout subclasses implement this method for layout specific
formatting.

Apart from these abstract methods, the Layout class provides concrete
implementation for the methods listed below:

Sr. Methods and Description

No.

1 public String getContentType()

It returns the content type used by the Layout objects. The base class
returns text/plain as the default content type.

2 public String getFooter()

It specifies the footer information of the logging message.

3 public String getHeader()

It specifies the header information of the logging message.

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Each subclass can return class-specific information by overriding the concrete

implementation of these methods.

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9. LOGGING IN FILES

To write your logging information into a file, you would have to use
org.apache.log4j.FileAppender.

FileAppender Configuration
FileAppender has the following configurable parameters:

Property Description

immediateFlush This flag is by default set to true, which means the output
stream to the file being flushed with each append operation.

encoding It is possible to use any character-encoding. By default, it is

the platform-specific encoding scheme.

threshold The threshold level for this appender.

Filename The name of the log file.

fileAppend This is by default set to true, which means the logging

information being appended to the end of the same file.

bufferedIO This flag indicates whether we need buffered writing enabled.

By default, it is set to false.

bufferSize If buffered I/O is enabled, it indicates the buffer size. By

default, it is set to 8 kb.

Following is a sample configuration file log4j.properties for FileAppender.

# Define the root logger with appender file

log4j.rootLogger = DEBUG, FILE

# Define the file appender

log4j.appender.FILE=org.apache.log4j.FileAppender

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# Set the name of the file

log4j.appender.FILE.File=${log}/log.out

# Set the immediate flush to true (default)

log4j.appender.FILE.ImmediateFlush=true

# Set the threshold to debug mode

log4j.appender.FILE.Threshold=debug

# Set the append to false, overwrite

log4j.appender.FILE.Append=false

# Define the layout for file appender

log4j.appender.FILE.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.FILE.layout.conversionPattern=%m%n

If you wish to have an XML configuration file equivalent to the

above log4j.properties file, then here is the content:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>

<!DOCTYPE log4j:configuration SYSTEM "log4j.dtd">
<log4j:configuration>

<appender name="FILE" class="org.apache.log4j.FileAppender">

<param name="file" value="${log}/log.out"/>
<param name="immediateFlush" value="true"/>
<param name="threshold" value="debug"/>
<param name="append" value="false"/>
<layout class="org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout">
<param name="conversionPattern" value="%m%n"/>
</layout>
</appender>

<logger name="log4j.rootLogger" additivity="false">

<level value="DEBUG"/>

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<appender-ref ref="FILE"/>
</logger>

</log4j:configuration>

You can try log4j - Sample Program with the above configuration.

Logging in Multiple Files

You may want to write your log messages into multiple files for certain reasons, for
example, if the file size reached to a certain threshold.

To write your logging information into multiple files, you would have to use
org.apache.log4j.RollingFileAppender class which extends the FileAppender class and
inherits all its properties.

We have the following configurable parameters in addition to the ones mentioned

above for FileAppender:

Property Description

maxFileSize This is the critical size of the file above which the file will be
rolled. Default value is 10 MB.

maxBackupIndex This property denotes the number of backup files to be created.

Default value is 1.

Following is a sample configuration file log4j.properties for RollingFileAppender.

# Define the root logger with appender file

log4j.rootLogger = DEBUG, FILE

# Define the file appender

log4j.appender.FILE=org.apache.log4j.RollingFileAppender
# Set the name of the file
log4j.appender.FILE.File=${log}/log.out

# Set the immediate flush to true (default)

log4j.appender.FILE.ImmediateFlush=true

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# Set the threshold to debug mode

log4j.appender.FILE.Threshold=debug

# Set the append to false, should not overwrite

log4j.appender.FILE.Append=true

# Set the maximum file size before rollover

log4j.appender.FILE.MaxFileSize=5KB

# Set the the backup index

log4j.appender.FILE.MaxBackupIndex=2

# Define the layout for file appender

log4j.appender.FILE.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.FILE.layout.conversionPattern=%m%n

If you wish to have an XML configuration file, you can generate the same as mentioned
in the initial section and add only additional parameters related to RollingFileAppender.

This example configuration demonstrates that the maximum permissible size of each
log file is 5 MB. Upon exceeding the maximum size, a new log file will be created.
Since maxBackupIndex is defined as 2, once the second log file reaches the maximum
size, the first log file will be erased and thereafter, all the logging information will be
rolled back to the first log file.

You can try log4j - Sample Program with the above configuration.

Daily Log File Generation

There may be a requirement to generate your log files on a daily basis to keep a clean
record of your logging information.

To write your logging information into files on a daily basis, you would have to use
org.apache.log4j.DailyRollingFileAppender class which extends the FileAppender class
and inherits all its properties.

There is only one important configurable parameter in addition to the ones mentioned
above for FileAppender:

Property Description

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 Log4J

DatePattern This indicates when to roll over the file and the naming
convention to be followed. By default, roll over is performed at
midnight each day.

DatePattern controls the rollover schedule using one of the following patterns:

DatePattern Description

'.' yyyy-MM Roll over at the end of each month and at the beginning
of the next month.

'.' yyyy-MM-dd Roll over at midnight each day. This is the default value.

'.' yyyy-MM-dd-a Roll over at midday and midnight of each day.

'.' yyyy-MM-dd-HH Roll over at the top of every hour.

'.' yyyy-MM-dd-HH-mm Roll over every minute.

'.' yyyy-ww Roll over on the first day of each week depending upon
the locale.

Following is a sample configuration file log4j.properties to generate log files rolling

over at midday and midnight of each day.

# Define the root logger with appender file

log4j.rootLogger = DEBUG, FILE

# Define the file appender

log4j.appender.FILE=org.apache.log4j.DailyRollingFileAppender
# Set the name of the file
log4j.appender.FILE.File=${log}/log.out

# Set the immediate flush to true (default)

log4j.appender.FILE.ImmediateFlush=true

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# Set the threshold to debug mode

log4j.appender.FILE.Threshold=debug

# Set the append to false, should not overwrite

log4j.appender.FILE.Append=true

# Set the DatePattern

log4j.appender.FILE.DatePattern='.' yyyy-MM-dd-a

# Define the layout for file appender

log4j.appender.FILE.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.FILE.layout.conversionPattern=%m%n

If you wish to have an XML configuration file, you can generate the same as mentioned
in the initial section and add only additional parameters related
to DailyRollingFileAppender.

You can try log4j - Sample Program with the above configuration.

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10. LOGGING IN DATABASE

The log4j API provides the org.apache.log4j.jdbc.JDBCAppender object, which can put
logging information in a specified database.

JDBCAppender Configuration
Property Description

bufferSize Sets the buffer size. Default size is 1.

driver Sets the driver class to the specified string. If no driver class is
specified, it defaults to sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver.

layout Sets the layout to be used. Default layout is

org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout.

password Sets the database password.

sql Specifies the SQL statement to be executed every time a logging

event occurs. This could be INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE.

URL Sets the JDBC URL.

user Sets the database user name.

Log Table Configuration

Before you start using JDBC based logging, you should create a table to maintain all
the log information. Following is the SQL Statement for creating the LOGS table:

CREATE TABLE LOGS

(USER_ID VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
DATED DATE NOT NULL,
LOGGER VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
LEVEL VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,

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 Log4J

MESSAGE VARCHAR(1000) NOT NULL

);

Sample Configuration File

Following is a sample configuration file log4j.properties for JDBCAppender which is
used to log messages to a LOGS table.

# Define the root logger with appender file

log4j.rootLogger = DEBUG, DB

# Define the DB appender

log4j.appender.DB=org.apache.log4j.jdbc.JDBCAppender

# Set JDBC URL

log4j.appender.DB.URL=jdbc:mysql://localhost/DBNAME

# Set Database Driver

log4j.appender.DB.driver=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver

# Set database user name and password

log4j.appender.DB.user=user_name
log4j.appender.DB.password=password

# Set the SQL statement to be executed.

log4j.appender.DB.sql=INSERT INTO LOGS
VALUES('%x','%d','%C','%p','%m')

# Define the layout for file appender

log4j.appender.DB.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout

For MySQL database, you would have to use the actual DBNAME, user ID, and
password, where you have created LOGS table. The SQL statement is to execute an
INSERT statement with the table name LOGS and the values to be entered into the
table.

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JDBCAppender does not need a layout to be defined explicitly. Instead, the SQL
statement passed to it uses a PatternLayout.

If you wish to have an XML configuration file equivalent to the

above log4j.properties file, then here is the content:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>

<!DOCTYPE log4j:configuration SYSTEM "log4j.dtd">
<log4j:configuration>

<appender name="DB" class="org.apache.log4j.jdbc.JDBCAppender">

<param name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost/DBNAME"/>
<param name="driver" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<param name="user" value="user_id"/>
<param name="password" value="password"/>
<param name="sql" value="INSERT INTO LOGS VALUES('%x',
'%d','%C','%p','%m')"/>
<layout class="org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout">
</layout>

</appender>

<logger name="log4j.rootLogger" additivity="false">

<level value="DEBUG"/>
<appender-ref ref="DB"/>
</logger>

</log4j:configuration>

Sample Program
The following Java class is a very simple example that initializes and then uses the
Log4J logging library for Java applications.

import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
import java.sql.*;
import java.io.*;

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 Log4J

import java.util.*;

public class log4jExample{

/* Get actual class name to be printed on */
static Logger log = Logger.getLogger(log4jExample.class.getName());

public static void main(String[] args)

throws IOException,SQLException{

log.debug("Debug");
log.info("Info");
}
}

Compile and Execute

Here are the steps to compile and run the above-mentioned program. Make sure you
have set PATH and CLASSPATH appropriately before proceeding for compilation and
execution.

All the libraries should be available in CLASSPATH and your log4j.properties file should
be available in PATH. Follow the given steps:

 Create log4j.properties as shown above.

 Create log4jExample.java as shown above and compile it.
 Execute log4jExample binary to run the program.

Now check your LOGS table inside DBNAME database and you would find the following
entries:

mysql > select * from LOGS;

+---------+------------+--------------+-------+---------+
| USER_ID | DATED | LOGGER | LEVEL | MESSAGE |
+---------+------------+--------------+-------+---------+
| | 2010-05-13 | log4jExample | DEBUG | Debug |
| | 2010-05-13 | log4jExample | INFO | Info |
+---------+------------+--------------+-------+---------+

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2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Note: Here x is used to output the Nested Diagnostic Context (NDC) associated with
the thread that generated the logging event. We use NDC to distinguish clients in
server-side components handling multiple clients. Check Log4J Manual for more
information on this.

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