Module 1: Defining the Self: Personal and Developmental

Perspectives on Self and Identity

Module Overview:

Dear students, welcome to College Education. You have entered another phase
of your life, the college level and this is very exciting. You are in a new school, where
you will form new friendships, meet your teachers and learn new things.

This module is designed to facilitate your exploration of the issues and

concerns regarding self and identity to arrive a better understanding of yourself. This
also strives to help you meet this goal by stressing the integration of the personal with
the academic—contextualizing matters discussed in the classroom and in your
everyday experiences, making for better learning, generating a new appreciation for
the learning process and developing a more critical and reflective attitude while
enabling you to manage and improve yourself to attain a better quality of life.

Module Objectives/Outcomes:

At the end of Module 1, you will be able to:

 demonstrate critical and reflective thought in analyzing the development of
one’s self and identity by developing a theory of the self.

Lessons in the Module:

Lesson 1: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspective

Lesson 2: The Self, Society and Culture

Lesson 3: The Self as Cognitive Construct

Lesson 4: The Self in Western and Eastern Thoughts

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 Module 1: Defining the Self: Personal and Developmental
Perspectives on Self and Identity
Lesson 1: The
Lesson SelfSelf
1: The from Various
from Philosophical
Various Perspectives
Philosophical Perspectives

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

a) articulate the various philosophical views about the self;
b) examine one’s thoughts and experiences according to the philosophers’ view
of the self; and
c) propose and answer to the question “WHO AM I?”

Time Frame: Week 2

Introduction:

You have entered another phase of your life that needs more focus and
concentration. In this lesson, you shall once and for all get in touch with yourself. You
will spend time to reflect on the issues that you think are important to you. And to aid
you in this endeavor, you will seek the wisdom of Philosophers like Socrates, Plato,
Augustine, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Feud, Ryle, Churchland and Merleau-
Ponty. They have all braved to answer the question, “WHO AM I?” and you will
learn with them as you also attempt to answer the same question.

Activity:

The world now is experiencing chaos. Please imagine that there is an

impending melting of planet earth because of COVID-19 pandemic. All people are
asked to submit a BIODATA to the World Screening Committee. The committe will
only select 1,000 citizens from each country to be sent to an earth-like Planet in the
neighboring galaxy. As to what the criteria are for the selection process in unkown to
anyone.
Because of the urgency of the situation, you are only given ten minutes to fill
up the biodata form. You are supposed to draw the self-portrait accurately as possible.
Further, in order to increase your chance to be selected, you have to fill in all the
necessary data and the form.

BIODATA

Name : ___________________________________________
Sex : ___________________________________________
City Address : ___________________________________________
Provincial Address : ___________________________________________

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Contact Number : ___________________________________________
Email Address : ___________________________________________
Date of birth : ___________________________________________
Place of birth : ___________________________________________
Civil status : ___________________________________________
Height : ___________________________________________
Weight : ___________________________________________
Religion : ___________________________________________
Citizenship : ___________________________________________
Special Skills : ___________________________________________
Best Friend : ___________________________________________
Fears : ___________________________________________
Nursery School and Awards: ___________________________________________
Kinder School and Awards: ___________________________________________
Elementary School and Awards:_________________________________________
High School and Awards: ___________________________________________
College School and Awards: ___________________________________________
Character Reference Name: ___________________________________________
Character Reference Position:___________________________________________
Contact Number : ___________________________________________

Why should we select you?

_____________________________________________________________________

What could be your contribution to the New World?

_____________________________________________________________________

Analysis
You have filled out the biodata and have answered the two questions that would
help the selection committee to select you as one of the 1,000 citizens of each country
to be sent to an earth-like planet in the neighboring galaxy. After filling out the
biodata, please consider the following questions:
1) Which part of the biodata form is the easisest to answer? How about the most
difficult?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2) What do you have in mind while writing your Biodata? Which part did you
answer first, why?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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 3) How did you feel while writing your biodata?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

4) What were your realizations after 10 minutes of completing your biodata?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
The activity taught you to take time to know yourself better and deeper than
anyone else. You may not always have the luxury of time to examine yourself and
truly connect with your deepest thoughts.

Abstraction

Since the ancient times until the postmodern discourses, many Philosophers
grappled to understand the meaning of human life. They have attempted to answer the
question “Who am I?” and most of their views have influenced the way you look at
your lives today.

DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES

IN THE EXPLANATION OF SELF
PHILOSOPHER PHILOSOPHICAL Theory
PERSPECTIVE ON SELF
Socrates The most important thing in life is the “Know Thyself”
state of an individual soul.

Self is the most immortal soul that in

some sense resides in the body and is
separated from it at death to be born
again after a period in the spirit world.
Plato Soul is indeed the most divine aspect of Theory of Forms
the human being which has three parts -Asserted that
namely: appetitive (sensual), rational physical world is not
(reasoning) and spirited (feeling). really the “real” world
because the ultimate
reality exists beyond
the physical world
St. Augustine Self was an inner immaterial “I” that
had self-knowledge and self-awareness.

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 He believed that the human being was
both a soul and body, and the body
possessed senses such as imagination,
memory, reason and mind through
which the soul experienced the world.
Rene Descartes Thinking identity could exist without the Rationalism
body because it is an immaterial
substance. Nevertheless, this immaterial
substance from a union with its body
and is so intimately bound/joined by it
that the self forms union with the body.
John Locke Self is identified with consciousness and Empiricism
this self consists of memory that the -the origin of all
person existing now is the same person knowledge is sense of
yesterday because he/she remembers the experience
thoughts, experiences or actions of the
earlier self.
David Hume Self was nothing but a series of Empiricism/Bundle
incoherent impressions received by the Theory
senses. -self of person is a
bundle of or a
Did not believe in the existence of self, collection of different
perceptions are only active as long as perceptions that are
one is conscious. moving in very fast
and successive
manner, therefore it is
in a perpetual flux
Eimmanuel Kant Human mind creates the structure of Theory of self-
human experience. consciousness

Self is transcendental which is related to

a spiritual or nonphysical realm.

Two components of self:

Inner self - includes rational, intellect,

and psychological state such as moods,
feelings, and sensations, pleasures and
pain.

Outer self - it includes your sense and

the physical world.
Sigmund Freud Levels of consciousness: Psychoanalytic
Theory
a) Conscious-awareness of present - Personality
perceptions, feelings, thoughts, theory based
memories and fantasies at any on the notion
particular moment that an
b) Pre-conscious/subconscious- individual gets
related to data that can readily be motivated by

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 brought to consciousness unseen forces,
controlled by
c) Unconscious-refers to date the conscious
retained but not easily available and the
to the individual’s conscious rational
awareness or scrutiny thought.
Gilbert Ryle Individual’s actions define his/her own
concept of self
Paul Churchland Immaterial soul does not exist because it Materialism
cannot be experienced by senses. -the belief that
nothing but matter
exists
Maurice Merleu- Self as an embodied subjectivity Existentialism
Ponty
Mind and body are intrinsically
connected

Body is part of the mind and the mind is

part of the body

Application
Please perform the following:
1. Formulate your own Philosophy of the Self. Explain.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. Answer the question “WHO AM I?” In answering the question, you may
consider the following instructions:
a) Write five adjectives that describe you.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
b) Make sentences using these adjectives and write about yourself.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Closure
Dear students, thank you for seriously doing the activities in Lesson 1.
Congratulations for a job well done. For your next lesson, please have an advance
reading on “The Self, Society and Culture”.

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 Module 1: Defining the Self: Personal and Developmental
Perspectives on Self and Identity

Lesson Lesson 2: The

1: The Self Self,
from SocietyPhilosophical
Various and Culture Perspectives

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
a) explain the relationship between and among the self, society and culture;
b) describe and discuss the different ways by which society and culture shape the
self;
c) compare and contrast how the self can be influenced by the different
institutions in the society; and
d) examine one’s self against the different views of self that were discussed in
the class.

Time Frame: Week 3

Introduction
In your previous lesson, you were taught on the philosophical views of the
different philosophers that have helped you create your own Philosophy of Self and
you were also guided to answer the question Who Am I and write something about
yourself.
In this lesson, series of activities will be introduced that will explain the
relationship between the self and the external world. We may be gifted with intellect
and the capacity to rationalize things but at the end of the day, our growth and
development and consequently ourselves are truly products of our interaction with
external reality.

Activity

“My Self Through the Years”

In a bond paper paste a picture of you when you were in elementary, in high
school and now that you are in college. Below the picture, list down your salient
characteristics that you remember.

My Elementary Self My High School Self My College Self

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Analysis
Now that you have examined yourself in different stages, answer the following
questions:
1. What similarities can you observe in your “self” in the three stages of your
life?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. What differences can you observe in your “self” across the three stages of
your life?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. What do you think are the possible reasons of those differences in you in the
three stages of you life?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Abstraction
WHAT IS THE SELF?
Characteristics of self Implication

Separate Self is distinct from other selves

Self-contained/independent Self in itself can exist
Consistent Self has personality that is enduring and
therefore can be expected to persist
Unitary Self is the center of all experiences and

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 thoughts that run through a certain person
Private Each person sorts out information, feelings
and emotions and thought processes within
the self

Sociological Perspective of Self

SOCIOLOGY - is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationship, social

interaction, and culture of our everyday life.

Social group - is describe as having Social Networks-refers to the ties or

two or more people interacting with connections that link you to your social group.
one another, sharing similar Connection with your family is blood relation,
characteristics, and whose members barkada is friendship, classmate is common
identify themselves as part of the interest to learn
group. (Family, Barkada,
Classmates)

Organic group-naturally occurring, Rational Groups-occur in modern societies,

highly influenced by family, formed made up of different people coming from
through traditional societies, you different places are formed as a matter of
join this group because your family shared interests, people join this group out of
is also part of it their own free will.

Stages of Development According to Mead

Language Gives the individual the capacity to express

himself or herself while at the same time
comprehending what other people are
conveying
Play Individual’s role play or assume the
perspective of others
Game The individual takes into account the societal
rules and adheres to it.

Two Sides of Self

Me The product of what a person has learned while

interacting with others and with the
environment. Learned behaviors and attitudes
and even expectations comprise the “me”. The
“me” exercises social control over the self. It
sees that the rule are not broken.

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 I The part of the self that is unsocialized and
spontaneous. It is individual’s response to the
community’s attitude toward the person. The
“I” presents impulses and drives. It enables him
to express individualism and creativity.

Application

Answer the following questions cogently but honestly in a piece of paper:

1. How would you describe yourself?

2. What are the influences of family in your development as an individual?
3. Think of a time when you felt you were your” true self”. What made you think
you were truly who you are during this time of your life?
4. Following the questions above, can you provide a time when you felt you were
not living your “true self”? Why did you have to live a life like that? What did
you do about it?
5. What social pressures help shape yourself? Would you have wanted it
otherwise?
6. What aspects of yourself do you think may be changed or you would like to
change?

Closure

Thank you for seriously doing the activities in Lesson 2. Congratulations for a
job well done. For your next lesson please have an advance reading on The Self as
Cognitive Construct.

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 Module 1: Defining the Self: Personal and Developmental
Perspectives on Self and Identity

LessonLesson
1: The3:Self
The SelfVarious
from as Cognitive ConstructPerspectives
Philosophical

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1) identify the different ideas in psychology about the “self”;
2) create your own definition of the self based on the definitions from
psychology; and
3) analyzing the effects of various factors identified in psychology in the
formation of the self.

Time Frame: Week 4

Introduction:

As discussed in the previous lessons, every field of study, at least in the social
sciences, have their own research, definition and conceptualization of self and
identity. Psychology may focus on the individual and the cognitive functions, but it
does not discount the context and other possible factors that affect the individual. This
lesson provides an overview of the themes of psychology regarding the said concept.

Activity:

“You” Through Others’ Eyes

This activity has two parts that try to compare how you look at yourself
against how people perceive you depending on how you present yourself to them. For
the first part, in a bond paper list ten (10) to fifteen (15) qualities or things that you
think define who you are around the human figure representing you.

For the second part, in the space below, write “I am _________ (your name).
Who do you think I am based on what you see me do or hear me say? Give your paper
to any member of the family after which, get the paper and read what has written on
it.

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Analysis:

Compare what you wrote about yourself to those written by any member of
your family. What aspects are similar and which are not? What aspects are always
true to you? What aspects are sometimes true or circumstantial? What aspects do you
think are not really part of your personality? Write your answers in a piece of paper.

Abstraction:

As mentioned earlier, there are various definitions of the self and other similar
or interchangeable concepts in psychology. Simply put, “self” is “the sense of
personal identity and if who we are as individuals.

Psychologists View of Self as Cognitive Construct

William James Viewed self as having two aspects-the “I” and the “me”. The
“I” is the thinking, acting, and feeling self, the “Me” is the
physical charcteristics as well as psychological capabilities tha
makes who ou are
Carl Rogers Captured this idea in his concept of self-schema or our
organized system or collection of knowledge about who we
are
Sigmund Freud Saw the sef, its mental processes, and one’s behavior as the
results of the interaction between the id, the ego and the
superego.
G.H Mead Argued that self is created and developed through human
interaction.

There are three reasons why self and identity are social
products:
a) We do not create ourselves out of nothing. Society
helped in creating the foundations of who we are and
even if we make our choices we still operate in our
scial and historical contexts in one way or the other.
b) Whether we like it or not, we actually need others to
allow and reinforce who we think we are.
c) What we think is important to us may also have been
influenced by what is important in our social or
historical context.
Carver and Scheier Identified two types of self that wen be aware of (1) the
private self or your internal standards and private thoughts and
feelings, and (2) the public self or your public image
commonly geared toward having a good presentation of
yourself to others.

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Baumeister, Smart Concluded that that programs, activities and parenting styles
and Boden to boost self-esteem should only be for rewarding good
behavior and other achievements and not for the purpose of
merely trying to make children feel better about themselves or
to appease them when they get angry or sad.

Application:

Do a research and list ten (10) things to boost your self-esteem or improve our
self-concept. Cite your sources. Analyze which of those tips are more likely to
backfire and make someone conceited or narcissistic and revise them to make the
statements both helpful to the individual as well as society in general.

Closure:

Congratulations for doing the activities well. Keep up the good work. For your
next lesson please have an advance reading on “The Self in Western and Eastern
Thoughts”.

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 Module 2: Defining the Self: Personal and Developmental
Perspectives on Self and Identity
Lesson1:
Lesson 4:The
TheSelf
Selffrom
in Western
Variousand Eastern Thoughts
Philosophical Perspectives

Intended Learning Outcomes:

 Differentiate the concept of self according to the Western thought against

Eastern/Oriental perspectives;
 Explain the concept of self as found in Asian thoughts;
 Create a representation of the Filipino self.

Time Frame: Week 5

Introduction

It is important in our understanding of the self that we realize the blending of

the eastern and oriental traditions of Asia and the pacific, and the western traditions of
Europe and North America. The concepts we have ourselves are actual appreciation
of the unity between East-West and the North-South. In this lesson, we will discover
the diverse Western and Eastern perspectives of the self, unravel the Asian thoughts
of self and lastly, make a representation of the Filipino self. It is essential to study
other cultures and one’s own culture to understand oneself and others.

Activity

Instruction: Check (/) the principle that you believe in. Your choices can either be in
column A, column B, column C or in columns ABC. Count your scores per column and write
on the space provided below

A B C

Self-actualization. Self is part of the Always respect the

universe. elders.
Self is part of the People are one with One should return
divine. nature. the favor.
Man is created by Self is a dynamic Festivals are
God, in His image. process. meaningful
celebrations.
Self-expression is We are flawed Moral values are
important. human beings. rooted in religious
doctrine.
Self is a separate Self is an achieved Family and society
entity to other personality. practices might
external objects. describe the self.

Total: Total: Total:

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Analysis

Answer the questions:

1. Which column has obtained the highest score?

2. What do you think are the distinctions of each column?

3. How do these beliefs affect your view to yourself and the world?

These characteristics and beliefs are diverse but has great impact on who a
person is and will become. Therefore, defining the “self.”

Abstraction

Western Concept of Self

The Ancient Greek philosophers see humans as the

bearer of irreplaceable values and these values are being
viewed and adapted as one’s principle in life up until today.
Some of the famous Greek philosophers are Aristotle, Plato
and Socrates.

Rene Descartes and his famous dictum, “I think,

www.azquotes.com/author/3897-
therefore I am” as the epitome of Western idea of self during Rene_Descartes
the Renaissance.

Frank Johnson (1985), a psychiatrist and professor, outlined four categories on how
the term “self” is used in contemporary Western discussion:

1. Analytical - By analytic, Johnson meant the “tendency to see reality as an aggregate

of parts.” The “self” is an observer separate and distinct from external objects (Me
versus Other).
2. Monotheistic - Monotheisminvolved the tendency toward unitary explanations of
phenomena and a closed-system view of “self” as modeled after a unitary, omnipotent
power (“Man was created by God, in His image).
3. Individualistic- Individualism is a quality of Western thinking where self-expression
and self-actualization are important ways of establishing who one is as well as in
finding satisfaction in the world.
4. Materialistic/rationalistic - Western thinking tends to discredit explanations that do
not use analytic-deductive modes of thinking. (Johnson, 1985; Goldin, 2000).

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Eastern Concept of Self

The earliest religious writing in the East is

the Vedas – a collection of poems, chants or hymns.
The Vedas illustrates the Eastern mindset of a non-
dual universe but rather a creation that is completely
unified with the creator, with no distinction (Watts,
1965;Wolter, 2013). It formed the Hindu
philosophy and dharma (the principle of cosmic
order). According to these sacred Hindu texts, the
true nature of humans is described as “Brahman” www.meditationexpert.info/daily-meditation/
which is the divine universal consciousness
encompassing the universe. The Brahman is the Self that is all within us. Thus, one of the
main points of Hinduism is “change your perception of the world to perceive the Brahman in
oneself and in others” (Watts, 1965; Wolter; 2013).

Buddhism is composed of the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama or Buddha. In

Buddhist traditions the “self” is a dynamic process. It is interdependent and ever changing.
Self is not an entity, a substance, or essence. Buddhist tradition believes that human being’s
inborn flawed view of “self” as an enduring entity is the causes his/ or her suffering because
he or she tries to hold on to that which is in constant flux (constantly flowing or constantly
changing) and has no existence outside of shifting contexts (Galin, 2003). Thus, a new
corrective experience of the “self” is needed.

In Confucianism, the quest for the “self” in terms of substance, of spirit, of body, or
of essence does not exist. The form which Confucius’ wrote about the concept of “self” is that
of personality. The qualities that form a person’s character are not something that exists
rather, in Confucian thought it is something that is formed through upbringing and the
environment (Klemme, 1999; Ames, 1994; Graham, 1990). Personality is not a given human
condition rather it is an achieved state of moral excellence. The Confucian concept of self is
deeply embedded within the family and society, and it is only in that context that the self
comes to be what it is (Quinlan, 2001; Chinavoc, 2007). Thus, such achieved personality, or
self, is not to be understood as primarily an individual entity.

Taoism does not regard the “self” as an extension of (or defined by) social
relationships unlike Confucianism. The “self” is part of the universe and one of the countless
manifestations of the Tao or “Way”. According to Chuang-tzu, “The perfect man has no self;
the spiritual man has no achievement; the true sage has no name". The ideal is thus
selflessness. In sum, Chuang-tzu's beginning of selfhood involves conscious self-
transformation leading to the qualities of a balanced life in harmony with both nature and
society (Ho, 1995).

In conclusion, the Western thoughts are more

individualistic, the focus is always looking towards the self -
trying to find meaning of life here and now with self at the
center, as it is already given and part of the divine. While the
Eastern thoughts are drawn more into groups or society or
people’s thoughts and actions as one in order to find meaning
in life as they try to get rid of the “false” me and find
meaning in discovering the “true” me in relation to everything
around them as part of the nature and society.

www.dreamstime.com/stock-illustration -
traditional-asian-culture-elements-nature-
image80765182

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The “Self” in Asian Thoughts

Asia is the world’s most populated continent in the world, its culture is diverse
and colorful making it immensely interesting. Collectively, Asians are very strongly
attached in their homelands which preserve their culture and tradition because of
people’s faithful practice – commonly rooted from their different religions.

Various languages, dresses, festivals, religious customs and other unique

Asian customs exist in Asia. Because of this diversity an individual has his or her own
definition of finding oneself or the “self”. One may discover the “self” from values
from one generation to another, majority base from their religions (considering that
Asia has existing hundreds of religions) and others were also influenced by other
practices from other parts of the world.

In the case of the Philippines, we can also consider the colonization

experience for differences and similarities with our Asian neighbors. We might also
find variation among provinces and regions due to geographical conditions.

Application

Create a diagram or concept map of the Self according to Filipino culture.

Provide a brief explanation of your output.

Closure

We have reached the end and you have successfully completed the activities of
this lesson. Congratulations for a job well done!

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Module Assessment

1) How your concept of self is compatible with how the philosophers conceived
of the self?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2) What are the influences of family in your development as an individual?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3) What aspects of your self do you think may be changed or you would like to
change?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4) Explain the effects of various factors identified in psychology in the formation
of the self.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5) Create a diagam or concept map of the SELF according to Filipino culture.
Provide a brief explanation of your output.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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Module Summary

This chapter introduced you to a philosophical, social and psychological

analysis of the self. We began by distinguishing the different philsophical
perspectives, self according to sociologist, psychologist and the oriental perspectives.
Topics on understanding how you think and feel about yourself, how you want to
think and feel about yourself and how these thoughts and feelings develop and guide
behavior were explored to help you in your quest in understanding who you are.

References

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Self. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Allan, K. (2012). Contemporary Social And Sociological Theory: Visualizing Social

Worlds. Sage.

David, R. (2002). Nation, Self, And Citizenship: An Invitation To Philippine

Sociology. Dept. of Sociology, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy
University of the Philippines.

Otig, V.S., Gallinero, W.B., Bataga, N.U., Salado, F.B. & Visande, J.C. (2018). A
Holistic Approach in Understanding the Self: A Workbook-Textbook for
College Students. Mutya Publishing House, Inc.: Malabon City.

Haffee, J. (2015). The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas.
5th Ed. Boston: Pearson.

Ganeri, J. (2012). The Self: Naturalism, Consciousness, and the First Person Stance.
New York: Oxford University Press.

Graham, A.C. (1990). “Studies in Chinese Philosophy and Philosophical Literature”.

State University of New York Press.

Marsella, A J., De Vos, G.A., & Hsu, F. (1985). Culture and Self: Asian and Western
Perspectives. Tavistock Publicatons.

Mead, G.H. (1934). Mind, Self and Society: From the Standpoint of a Social
Behaviorist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Plato. (2012). Six Great Dialogues: Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Phaedrus, Symposium.
The Republic of Massachusetts: Courier Corporation.

Rappe, S. L. (1995). “Socrates and Self-Knowledge.” Apeiron: A Journal for Ancient

Philosophy and Science 28 (1) 1-24.

Schlenker, B. R. (1985). The Self and Social Life. New York: McGraw-Hill.

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Watts, A. (1965). The Tao of philosophy: myth of myself. Original Live Recording
captured by Electronic University, San Anselmo, CA.

“What is Self-Regulated Learning?” Develop Self-Regulated Learners. (2017, June

8). Retrieved July 30, 2020 from https://serc.Carleton.edu/sage2yc/self
regulated/what.html

Villafuerte, S.L., Quillope, A.F., Tunac, R.C., & Borja, E.I. (2018). Understanding
the Self. Quezon City: Nieme Publishing House Co. LTD.

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