Ex. No.

: 6 PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS

AIM

To execute program with Procedures and Functions using PL/SQL.

PROCEDURES

A stored procedure or in simple a proc is a named PL/SQL block which performs one or
more specific task. A procedure has a header and a body. The header consists of the name of the
procedure and the parameters passed to the procedure. The body consists of the declaration
section, execution section and exception section. A procedure may or may not return any value.

FUNCTIONS

A function is a named PL/SQL Block which is similar to a procedure. The major difference
between a procedure and a function

SYNTAX

PROCEDURE

To create

CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name (parameter [,parameter])

IS
[declaration_section]
BEGIN
executable_section
[EXCEPTION
exception_section]
END [procedure_name];

To execute

Exec<procedure name> (parameters);

Procedures in PL/SQL:

Example 1:
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE welcome_msg (p_name IN VARCHAR2)
IS
 BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line ('Welcome'|| p_name);
END;
/
Procedure created.

SQL> EXEC welcome_msg('sudha');

Welcomesudha
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Example 2:
SQL> create table userinfo(id int,name varchar(20));

Table created.
SQL> create or replace procedure insert_user (id IN NUMBER, name IN VARCHAR2)
is
begin
insert into userinfo values(id,name);
dbms_output.put_line('record inserted successfully');

end;
/
Procedure created.
To call the procedure
SQL> exec insert_user(101,'raghul');
record inserted successfully
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select * from userinfo;

ID NAME
---------- --------------------
101 raghul

Example 3:
SQL>
create or replace PROCEDURE findMin(x IN number, y IN number, z OUT number) IS
BEGIN
IF x < y THEN
z:= x;
ELSE
z:= y;
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('Minimum value '|| z);
END;
 /
Minimum of (23, 45) : 23

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Example 4:

SQL> DECLARE
a number;
PROCEDURE squareNum(x IN OUT number) IS
BEGIN
x := x * x;
END;
BEGIN
a:= 23;
squareNum(a);
dbms_output.put_line(' Square of (23): ' || a);
END;
/
Square of (23): 529

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

FUNCTION

To create

CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name

(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type [, ...])
RETURN return_datatype
{
IS | AS
}
BEGIN
< function_body >
END [function_name];
Example 1:

SQL> DECLARE
a number;
b number;
c number;
FUNCTION findMax(x IN number, y IN number)
RETURN number
IS
z number;
 BEGIN
IF x > y THEN
z:= x;
ELSE
Z:= y;
END IF;
RETURN z;
END;
BEGIN
a:= 23;
b:= 45;
c := findMax(a, b);
dbms_output.put_line(' Maximum of (23,45): ' || c);
END;
/
Maximum of (23,45): 45

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Example 2:

SQL> select * from section1;

S_ID S_NAME STRENGTH

---------- -------------------- ----------
1 computer science 20
1 computer science 20
3 geeksforgeeks 60

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION totalstrength

RETURN number IS
total number := 0;
BEGIN
SELECT sum(strength) into total
FROM section1;
RETURN total;
END;
/

Function created.

SQL> DECLARE
answer number;
BEGIN
answer:= totalstrength();
dbms_output.put_line('Total Strength. of Students is: ' || answer);
 END;
/
Total Strength. of Students is: 100

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

RESULT

Thus the program using procedures and functions are executed.

Ex. No.: 4b DATABASE PROGRAMMING: IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT CURSORS

AIM

To create implicit and explicit cursors, in PL/SQL block.

CURSOR in PL/SQL

A cursor is a handle or pointer to this context area. PL/SQL allows the programmer to control the
context area and what happens to it as the statement is processed.

SYNTAX

Declaring a cursor

Syntax:

DECLARE

/* output variables to hold the results of the query */

/* bind variables used in the query*/

/* Cursor declaration*/

BEGIN

OPEN cursor_name;

FETCH cursor_name INTO cursor_variable;

.
 CLOSE cursor_name;

END;

Each cursor contains the followings 5 parts:

1. Declare Cursor: In this part we declare variables and return a set of values.
2. Open: This is the entering part of the cursor.
3. Fetch: Used to retrieve the data row by row from a cursor.
4. Close: This is an exit part of the cursor and used to close a cursor.
5. Deallocate: In this part we delete the cursor definition and release all the system
resources associated with the cursor

Example:
SQL> create table emp_det (id integer,name varchar2(10),age integer,address
varchar2(20),salary integer);
Table created.

SQL> select * from emp_det;

ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY

---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ----------

101 suresh 35 chennai 45500

302 ramesh 36 chennai 50500

306 sumit 28 hosur 50500

400 sujit 32 bangalore 60500

Explicit cursors:
Example 2:

SQL> set serveroutput on

SQL> DECLARE

e_id emp_det.id%type;

e_name emp_det.name%type;

e_addr emp_det.address%type;

CURSOR c_employees is

SELECT id, name, address FROM emp_det;

BEGIN

OPEN c_employees;

LOOP

FETCH c_employees into e_id, e_name, e_addr;

EXIT WHEN c_employees%notfound;

dbms_output.put_line(e_id || ' ' || e_name || ' ' || e_addr);

END LOOP;

CLOSE c_employees;

END;

101 suresh chennai

302 ramesh chennai

306 sumit hosur

400 sujit bangalore

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select * from bill;

NAME ADDRESS CITY UNIT

---------- -------------------- -------------------- ----------

sudha thanjavur thanjavur 100

kani thanjavur thanjavur 200

arivumalar chennai chennai 200

geetha chennai chennai 100

nithish bangalore bangalore 300

Result:

Thus implicit & explicit cursors were implemented in PL SQL

Ex. No.: 5 EXCEPTION HANDLING

AIM

To write a PL/SQL program with exception handling mechanism.

EXCEPTION HANDLING MECHANISM

PL/SQL provides a feature to handle the Exceptions which occur in a PL/SQL Block
known as exception Handling. Using Exception Handling we can test the code and avoid it
from exiting abruptly.
When an exception occur a message which explains its cause is received. PL/SQL
Exception message consists of three parts.
 1) Type of Exception
2) An Error Code
3) A message

SYNTAX

DECLARE

Declaration section

BEGIN

Exception section

EXCEPTION

WHEN ex_name1 THEN

-Error handling statements

WHEN ex_name2 THEN

-Error handling statements

WHEN Others THEN

-Error handling statements

END;

Program 2:

ZERO_DIVIDE = raises exception WHEN dividing with zero.

SQL> set serveroutput on

SQL> DECLARE

a int:=10;

b int:=0;

answer int;
 BEGIN

answer:=a/b;

dbms_output.put_line('the result after division is'||answer);

exception

WHEN zero_divide THEN

dbms_output.put_line('dividing by zero please check the values again');

dbms_output.put_line('the value of a is '||a);

dbms_output.put_line('the value of b is '||b);

END;

dividing by zero please check the values again

the value of a is 10

the value of b is 0

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

RESULT

Thus the PL/SQL program that handles exception has been implemented and output was
verified.

Ex. No.: 7 TRIGGERS

AIM

To execute program using Triggers.

SYNTAX
 Create or replace Trigger< Trigger name> [before/after]

[insert/update/delete] on <table name>

[for each statement/for each row]

[when<condition>]

begin

SQL statements;

end

SQL> create table stdn(rollno number(3),name varchar(2),m1 number(3),m2 number(3),m3

2 number(3),tot number(3),avrg number(3),result varchar(10));

Table created.

SQL> create or replace trigger t1 before insert on stdn

for each row

begin

:new.tot:=:new.m1+:new.m2+:new.m3;

:new.avrg:=:new.tot/3;

if(:new.m1>=50 and :new.m2>=50 and :new.m3>=50) then

:new.result:='pass';

else

:new.result:='Fail';

end if;

end;

12 /

Trigger created.
SQL> insert into stdnvalues(101,'SM',67,89,99,'','','');

1 row created.

SQL> select * from stdn;

ROLLNO NA M1 M2 M3 TOT AVRG RESULT

---------- -- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

101 SM 67 89 99 255 85 pass

RESULT

Thus the program using Triggers is executed.