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The General Mole Balance Equation: DN F G F DT

1) The document discusses the general mole balance equation for performing mole balances on any chemical system. It defines key terms like system boundaries and volume. 2) The general mole balance equation accounts for the rates of flow and generation of a species into and out of the system as well as the rate of accumulation within the system. 3) The document provides the specific mole balance equations that apply to different reactor types like batch, continuous stirred-tank (CSTR), and plug flow reactors (PFR). It also defines terms like conversion and describes methods for calculating reaction time.

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306 views

The General Mole Balance Equation: DN F G F DT

1) The document discusses the general mole balance equation for performing mole balances on any chemical system. It defines key terms like system boundaries and volume. 2) The general mole balance equation accounts for the rates of flow and generation of a species into and out of the system as well as the rate of accumulation within the system. 3) The document provides the specific mole balance equations that apply to different reactor types like batch, continuous stirred-tank (CSTR), and plug flow reactors (PFR). It also defines terms like conversion and describes methods for calculating reaction time.

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نزار الدهامي
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 3

The General Mole Balance Equation

To perform a mole balance on any system, the system boundaries must


first be specified. The volume enclosed by these boundaries will be
referred to as the system volume.

Gi

A mole balance on species j at any instant in time, t, yields the


following equation:
 rate of flow   rate of generation   rate of flow   rate of accumulation 
 of j into  of j by chemical   of j out of  of j withen 
    
 the system   reaction withen the   the system   the system 
       
 (moles/time)  system (moles/time)  (moles/time)  (moles/time) 
dN j
Fj 0  Gj  Fj  .....1
dt

Now express Gj in terms of reaction rate:


In a volume element ΔVj,, we have: G j 1  r j 1V 1
M M

Sum over all ΔVj,, we have: G j   G ji   r ji V i


i 1 i 1

As V i  0, we have V i  dV i
V
G i   r j dV

V
dN j
F j 0  F j   r j dV  .....2
dt

From this general mole balance equation we can develop the


design equations for the various types of industrial reactors

1
Lecture 3

1- Batch Reactor

Fj 0  Fj  0 Why ? 
V
dN j
F j 0  F j   r j dV  .....2
dt
V
dN
  r j dV
j

dt
If there is no spatial variation of reaction rate, we have
dN j
 r jV ....3
dt

Example: Write the mole balance for dimethyl ether in terms of the
reactor volume, concentration, and rate of formation of dimethyl ether for
both a constant-pressure and a constant volume batch reactor.

2- CSTR

From Equation 2
V
dN j
F j 0  F j   r j dV  .....2
dt
dN j
For steady state  0 , then
dt
V
F j 0  F j   r j dV  0

If there is no spatial variation of reaction rate, we have

Fj 0  Fj
Fj 0  Fj  r jV  0, V 
rj
v: Volumetric Flow Rate [dm3/s]
F j  C j ....4

  C j 0 C j 
V 
r j

2
Lecture 3

3- PFR
V
dN j
F j 0  F j   r j dV  .....2
dt
dN j
0
dt
Consider
V
V : Gj   r dV j  r j V

F j V   F j V  V   r j V  0
F j V  V   F j V 
rj  ......V  dV
V
dF j dC j
 rj or 0  rj .......5
dV dV

Definition of Conversion
1- for Batch System
Moles of A Reacted
XA 
Moles of A Fed
N A  N A 0  N A 0X A  N A 0  1  X A 

Design equation using batch reactor


V
dN
F j 0  F j   r j dV  j
.....2
dt
1 dN A
  rA
V dt
N A  N A 0  N A 0X A  N A 0  1  X A 
dX
N A0   rAV
dt
The reaction time
dX
dt  N A 0
rAV
For Non-constant Volume For Constant Volume
t X X
dX dX
V dt  N A 0 
0 0
 rA
.....6 t  N A0 
0
rA (V )
.......7

3
Lecture 3

2- for Flow System


Moles of A Reacted
XA 
Moles of A Fed
FA  FA 0  FA 0 X A  FA 0  1  X A 

Design equation using CSTR reactor


V
dN
F j 0  F j   r j dV  j

dt
FA 0  FA
FA 0  FA  rAV  0 V 
 rA
FA 0 X
from above V  ......8
rA
Design equation using PFR reactor
V
F j 0  F j   r j dV  0

dFA
 rA FA  FA 0 X
dV
dX
FA 0  rA
dV
X
dX
V  FA 0  ......9
0
rA

Space Time and Space Velocity


The space time, τ, is the time necessary to process one reactor volume of
fluid based on entrance conditions.
V
 ....10
0

It is the time it takes for fluid of the volume of the reactor size to enter the
reactor completely.
The space velocity, SV, is the reciprocal of the space time.
SV

. 1  0 ....11
 V

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