EC221 – BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (Hons) CIVIL (Infrastructure), FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA ,PULAU PINANG

LAB REPORT : OPEN ENDED LAB (LEVEL 2) TOTAL

COURSE CODE & NAME : CEM 472 – MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MARK (%)

LECTURER NAME : PN.SITI RAHIMAH BINTI ROSELLI

GROUP CEM 472 : PEC 2211A2
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 19/11/2020 EXPERIMENT NO: 5
10%
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: ELECTRIC MACHINES

DATE DATE
No. STUDENT ID GROUP MEMBER’S NAME SIGNATURE
SUBMITTED RECEIVED
1. 2020959929 MUHAMMAD LUQMAN AMMAR
2. 2020615306 MUHAMAD AIMAN SYAFIQ
3. 2020845154 MUHAMMAD ZAHIR BIN ZAMRI
26/11/2020
4. 2020853422 NUR HAMISHA BINTI ZAIFUL NIZAM

Instruction to Students (Reminder)

1) Lab report must be prepared after conducting a lab. One (1) week duration is given for lab report (COMPILE) submission after the end of each
level of the open ended lab. Any plagiarism found or not properly cited and late submission, the group will be penalized and marks will be
deducted.
2) Marks are solely based on PO10 Communication. However, students must include all elements according to the respective level of OEL. The actual mark shall
be HALF of the Total mark, if students DO NOT include any element as specified according to the respective level of OEL.

At the end of this laboratory, students should be able to

CO3 Present laboratory findings.
PO10 Ability to impart effectively complex engineering activities through written and/or verbal communications to all levels of society.

Table 1 : Rubric for Communication

RUBRIC MARKS (AFFECTIVE : COMMUNICATION) (PO10)
NO ELEMENT 1-2 / A1 3-4 / A2 5-6 / A3 7-8 / A3 9-10 / A4 Remarks
Written work Written work has Written work has Written work has clear Written work has well-
organizational weak beginning, adequate beginning, and appropriate defined beginning,
structure and development and development and beginning, development development and
1 Structure paragraphing have conclusion. conclusion. and conclusion. conclusion.
serious and persistent Paragraphing and Paragraphing and Paragraphing and Paragraphing and
errors. transitions are also transitions are transitions are also transitions are also clear
deficient. also adequate. clear and appropriate. and distinct.
Written work does not Written work does not Written work has Written work provides Written work provides
cover the assigned do an adequate job of sufficiently cover the in‐depth coverage of comprehensive coverage
2 Content topic, and assertions covering the assigned topic, and assertions the topic, and of the topic, and
are not supported by topic, and assertions are supported by assertions are clearly assertions are supported
evidence. are weakly supported evidence. supported by evidence. by easily understood
by evidence. evidence.
Written work has Written work has Written work is Written work has no Written work almost free
serious and persistent several major errors relatively free of major errors in word from errors in word
errors in word in word selection and errors in word selection and use, selection and use,
3 Mechanics selection and use, use, sentence selection and use, sentence structure, sentence structure,
sentence structure, structure, spelling, sentence structure, spelling, punctuation, spelling, punctuation,
spelling, punctuation, punctuation, and spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. and capitalization.
and capitalization. capitalization. and capitalization.
References Not able to Able to acknowledge Able to list and Able organize and Able to organize and
/Appended acknowledge some relevant acknowledge adapt very good adapt substantial
4 Materials references and no references and adequate relevant references with plenty relevant and recent
appended materials several appended references and some appended materials references as well as the
materials appended materials appended materials

TOTAL MARKS

Prepared by : Verify By:

 Table 2 : Element of OPEN END LAB
(LEVEL 1)
NO ELEMENT 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 Remarks
Data collected was Data collected is Data collected is relevant Data collected is Data collected is relevant,
Analysis and not relevant and not relevant but not and sufficient to analyze relevant, related to the related to the objectives,
sufficient to analyze sufficient to analyze and interpret objectives and sufficient sufficient to analyze and No mark
1 Interpretation
and interpret and interpret to analyze and interpret accurate interpretation of allocated
of Data
data.
No discussion on the Discussion on the Little discussion on what Description of result is Result and discussion are
meaning of results is very difficult result mean and generally clear. Some clearly stated, through
Discussion experimental results to follow, no implications of results. discussion on what discussion on what results
and very difficult to discussion on the Enough errors are made results mean and mean and implications of No mark
2 follow the discussion meaning of results to be distracting, but implications of results. results. Provide consistently allocated
and information is so some information is No significant errors are accurate information
inaccurate that makes accurate made
the report unreliable
No attempt was made Conclusion is derived Conclusion is good and Conclusion is good and Conclusion is excellent and
to conclude and from the collected and derived from the derived from the derived from the collected
objectives of the lab analyzed data but it is collected and analyzed collected and analyzed and analyzed data and not
were not answered not answering the data and not from other data and not from other from other sources. No mark
3 Conclusion
objectives sources but did not sources and directly Conclusion clearly answers allocated
directly answering the answer the objectives the objectives.
objectives.

Not able to Able to acknowledge Able to list and Able organize and Able to organize and adapt
acknowledge some relevant acknowledge adequate adapt very good substantial relevant and No mark
4 References
references references relevant references references recent references allocated

No mark
TOTAL MARKS
allocated

Table 3 : Scientific Enquiry Rubric

Establishing the level of independence and autonomy expected of students to carry out an assessment task
Level of Enquiry Description
The problem, procedure and methods for achieving solutions are provided to the student. The student performs the
0 experiment and verifies the results with the manual
The problem and procedure are provided to the student. The student interprets the data in order to propose viable
1
solutions
The problem is provided to the student. The student develops a procedure for investigating the problem, decides
2
what data to gather, and interprets the data in order to propose viable solutions
A “raw” phenomenon is provided to the student. The student chooses the problem to explore, develops a procedure
3
for investigating the problem, decides what data to gather, and interprets the data in order to propose viable solutions

Table 4 : Elements in a Laboratory Manual

WAYS & COMMON NAME OF DEGREE OF
LEVEL PREAMBLE PROBLEM ANSWERS
MEANS LAB ACTIVITIES OPEN ENDED

0 Given Given Given Given Traditional 0%

1 Given Given Given Open Partially open 33%
2 Given Given Open Open Partially open 66%
3 Given Open Open Open Fully open 100%
 RESULT AND ANALYSIS:

Electrical
machine

Transformer: defined as a
passive electrical device
that transfers electrical
Static machine energy from one circuit to
another through the process
of electromagnetic
induction.

AC generator (alternating
current): creates an
alternating current that
Generator: is a machine periodically reverses
that converts mechanical direction
energy into electrical energy

DC generator (direct
current): a direct current
flow in one direction

Dynamic
machine Synchronous motor:
The synchronous
motor rotates at the
same rate as the
frequency of the
supply current
Motor: is a machine that AC motor: AC motor are
converts electrical energy to powered from alternating Induction:  the electric
mechanical energy current (AC). current in the rotor
needed to produce
torque is obtained via
electromagnetic
induction from the
rotating magnetic field of
the stator winding

DC motor: DC motors are

powered from direct current
(DC), such as batteries, DC
power supplies or an AC-to-
DC power converter.
DISCUSSION:

TRANSFOMER

Based on this experiment we study about electric machine. As we all know, there
have a two type of electric machine is static machines and dynamic machine. In this report
we study how to work for two type electric machines. First and foremost, static machine
we know as a Transfomer. Transformer worked to step up and step down the voltage.
How to transformer work is for example we can see the electric generator, the voltage
sent is high but the voltage requirement is very low. using a transformer can reduce the
electric current with the same frequency. 2 distinct of windings or coils on rectangular
shape laminated iron core call as Isolation Transformer . coil at left side that connect with
AC supply call as primary winding and coil right side to connect to load voltage known as
secunder winding. the primary winding of a transformer is connected to the input voltage
supply and converts or transforms the electrical power into a magnetic field. While the job
of the secondary winding is to convert this alternating magnetic field into electrical power.

Figure 1 : flow transformer

AC GENERATOR

Dynamic static have two types which is generator and motor. Firstly we want explain
about generator. In generator have two type is AC generator and DC generator. Generally,
generator not create energy but there have changes mechanical energy to electrical
energy. Alternating current (ac) generator is a device that produces a potential difference.
AC generator work as principle of Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction. Main
component important in AC generator is rotor and stator. Function rotor is to rotate the
compenant and stator is stationary part of machines. Mostly, AC generator applied at
generating power from windmills, hydro-electric dams, and many more.

How to AC generator worked:

1. AC generator requires a coil to cut across the force lines of a magnetic field.
2. This coil is attached to two slip rings, which deliver the current to and from the load
destination, thus completing the circuit.
3. During first half turn, the coil cut cross at the magnet’s north pole. lower slip ring
becomes positively charged and electrons will travel up the wire.
4. When second half turn, the coil cut cross near the South Pole of the wire and lower
slip ring become negatively and electron will move down the wire.
5. the faster the coil exchange, the faster the electron movement. this can increase the
frequency of current produced by the generator.
6. Rotation AC generator can using Flamming right-hand rule.

Figure 2: AC generator Diagram

DC GENERATOR

DC generator same as AC generator where there convert mechanical energy to

electrical energy. DC generator has produced direct power not same as AC generator.
Main compenant in DC generator is Commutator. Function commutator is works like a
rectifier that changes AC voltage to DC voltage within the armature winding. It is designed
with a copper segment, and each copper segment is protected from each other with the
help of mica sheets. It is located on the shaft of the machine.

How to DC generator worked :

1. Commutator rotates with the loop of wire .

2. Each half commutator called as commutator segment & insulated - same with the
other half. Each end of rotating loop wire connect to commutator segment.
3. Two carbon brushes connected to the outside of circuit rest against the rotating
commutator. One of the brush will conducts the current to flow out of the generator
and the other brush feed it in/return back.
4. The armature in a large DC generator has many coils of wire and commutator
segments.
5. Using Flemming’s right-hand Rule to see rotation and flow current in the DC
generator

Figure 3: DC generator flow

AC MOTOR (INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS)

 AC motors are viable power sources for a range of applications due to their flexibility,
efficiency and quiet operation. General uses for AC motors include pumps, water heaters,
lawn and garden equipment, ovens, and off-road motorized equipment.

An AC motor is an electric engine driven by an alternating current (AC). The AC motor

commonly comprises of two essential parts, an exterior stator having coils provided with
alternating current to deliver a rotating magnetic field, and an interior rotor joined to the
yield shaft creating a second rotating magnetic field. The rotor attractive field may be
created by lasting magnets, hesitance saliency, or DC or AC electrical windings. There are
two type of AC motor which are induction and synchronous. For synchronous motor, stator
has axial slots that consist mechanical device winding wound for a selected range of
poles. Usually a salient pole rotor is employed on that rotor winding is mounted. Rotor
winding is fed with a DC offer with the assistance of slip rings. A rotor with permanent
magnets may be used. Therefore, for induction motor, stator winding is comparable to it of
an electric motor. It's wound for a selected range of poles. A cage rotor or a wound rotor is
used. In cage rotor, the rotor bars area unit for good short-circuited with finish rings. In
wound rotor, windings are for good short-circuited, therefore no slip rings area unit
needed.

How induction motor work:

1. Two sets of electromagnet curls, appeared here in red and blue, are stimulated
thus by an AC flexibly (not appeared, however coming in to the leads on the
right). The two red curls are wired in arrangement and invigorated together and
the two blue loops are wired a similar way. Since it's AC, the current in each
curl doesn't turn on and off unexpectedly (as this movement recommends), yet
rises and falls easily looking like a sine wave: when the red loops are at their
generally dynamic, the blue loops are totally inert, and the other way around. All
in all, their flows are conflicted (90° out of stage).

2. As the loops are invigorated, the attractive field they produce between them
 initiates an electric flow in the rotor. This current delivers its own attractive field
that attempts to contradict what caused it (the attractive field from the external
curls). The collaboration between the two fields makes the rotor turn.
3. As the magnetic field shifts back and forth between the red and blue curls, it
viably pivots around the motor. The pivoting magnetic field makes the rotor turn
a similar way and (in principle) at nearly a similar speed. Induction motor
practically speaking.

How synchronous motor work:

1. Stator and rotor of the electric motor have constant range of poles.
2. The stator coil is fed with the three-phase offer that produces the rotating force
field.
3. The rotor is fed with the DC offer that magnetizes the rotor.
4. The rotor is turned by some external force to bring it in synchronization with the
stator coil rotating force field.
5. Once the synchronization is established. the motor rotates at the synchronous
speed. The poles of the stator coil can try and attract the other pole of the rotor
and force are exerted.
6. The motor will operate in leading and insulant power issue. Therefore, it's
conjointly used for power issue correction.

DC MOTOR

Next is direct current(DC). A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that
converts direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. It works on the principle
of Lorentz Law, which states that “the current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic and
electric field experience a force”. The most common types rely on the forces produced by
magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either
electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current in part of the
motor.

CONCLUSION
 In the conclusion, we know that electrical machine have many benefit for us in this
age.An electrical machine is a device that can convert either mechanical energy to
electrical energy (generator) or electrical energy to mechanical energy (motor). Since any
given electrical machine can convert power in either direction, any machine can be used
as either a generator or a motor.Base on this experiment we have archieve the objective
which is to identify the different types of electrical machine. For example alternating
current(AC), direct curent(DC), tranformers and generators. They have different way of
work to produce the electric power. Each of them have their speciality and all of them are
very useful in electrical machine.

REFERENCE:

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