Introduction to Validation Based Protocol in DBMS

Validation based protocol in DBM is a type of concurrency control techniques that

works on the validation rules and time-stamps. It is also known as the optimistic

concurrency control technique. The protocol associated with three phases for managing

concurrent transactions such as read phase, validation phase, and write phase. The

optimistic approach of the protocol assumes less interference among concurrent

transactions, hence there is no checking process happening while the transactions are

executed. This protocol is preferable for short transactions. It uses the local copy of the

data for the rollback mechanism that is used to manage rare conflict scenarios and

avoids cascading rollbacks.

How Validation Based Protocol works in DBMS?

The Validation based protocol works based upon the following three phases

 Read and Execution Phase: Read phases involve read and execute an operation

for Transaction T1. The values of the multiple data items are being read in this

phase and the protocol writes the data in a temporary variable. The temporary

variable is a local variable that holds the data item instead of writing it to the

database.

 Validation Phase: The validation phase is an important phase of the concurrency

protocol. It involves validating the temporary value with the actual values in the

database and to check the view serializability condition.

 Write Phase: The write phase ensures valid data to be written to the database

that is validated in the validation phase. The protocol performs the rollback

operation in case of an invalid scenario of the validation phase.

Various Timestamps Associated

protocol. There are three timestamps that control the serializability of the validation

based protocol in the database management system, such as.

item being read and executed in the read phase of the validation protocol.

 Validation(Timestamp): The validation timestamp is the timestamp when T1

completed the read phase and started with the validation phase.

 Finish(Timestamp): The finish timestamp is the timestamp when T1 completes

the writing process in the writing phase.

To manage the concurrency between transactions T1 and T2, the validation test process

for T1 should validate all the T1 operations  should  follow TS(T1) < TS(T2) where TS is

the timestamp and one of the following condition should be satisfying

Finish T1 < Start T2

 In this condition, T1 completes all the execution processes before the T2 starts the

operations.

 It regulates maintaining the serializability.

Start(T2) <Finish(T1) <Validate(T2)

 The validation phase of T2 should occur after the finish phase of T1. This scenario

is useful for concurrent transaction serializability.

 The Transactions are able to access the mutually exclusive database resource at a

particular timestamp while validating the protocol conditions.

The validation based protocol relies on the timestamp to achieve serializability. The

validation phase is the deciding phase for the transaction to be committed or rollback in

the database. It works on the equation TS (T1) =Validation (T1) where TS is the time

stamp and T1 is the transaction.

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How does the Validation Protocol Work?
We will discuss an example scenario to demonstrate how the validation protocol works

 Transaction T1  Transaction T2

Read(A) Read(A)

Read(B) A=A-40

<Validate> Read(B)

Display(B+A) B=B+80

<Validate>

Write(A)

Write(B)

The transaction table is shown in the example associated with transaction T1 and

transaction T2. It represents the schedule produced using validation protocol.

The concurrent transaction process starts with T1 with a reading operation as Read

(A) where A is the numeric data element in the database. In the next step, the

transaction T2 also reads the same data variable A after some time. Transaction T2

performs an arithmetic operation by subtracting constant value 40 from the variable A.

It is represented as A=A-40 in the transaction table. The next step is a read operation

on transaction T2 where it’s reading another numerical value of variable B as the

Read(B). After the read operation completed, the transaction T2 immediately performs

an arithmetic operation on the variable B. It uses the addition operator ‘+’ for adding a

constant value as 80 to variable B. The addition operation is represented as B=B+80 in

the transaction table.

In the next step of the concurrent transaction, T1 reads the variable B with

operation Read (B). Now the validation based protocol comes into the action in the
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transaction T1 that validates the time stamp of the start phase of T2  lesser than the

finishing phase time stamp of Transaction T1 and that is a lesser timestamp as the

validate phase of Transaction T2.

Similarly, in the Transaction T2, the validation based protocol validates the

timestamps. In the example shown in the table indicates both the validation based

protocol is provided with a valid result based on the timestamp condition.

And, as the conclusive operations write operations are performed by the

transaction T2 using Write (A) and Write (B) statements.

It completes the concurrent transaction scenario with validation based protocol in DBMS.

Advantages and Disadvantages

based protocol in DBMS.

Advantages
Below are mentioned the advantages:

 The validation based protocol considers high priority to the greater degree of

concurrency resulting in fewer conflict scenarios.

 This protocol is known for less number of rollback while maintaining the

concurrency control mechanism.

Disadvantages
Below are mentioned some of the disadvantages:

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  The validation based protocol may arise in the scenario of transaction starvation.

This could be due to the short transaction conflicts associated with this protocol.

 The validation based protocol may not suitable for large transactions as it efficient

for maintaining the shorter conflicts in the transactions.

Conclusion
This protocol is implemented in various enterprise systems such as the banking system,

ticket booking system, traffic lighting management system where a shared datastore is

used for concurrency control. The validation based protocol in DBMS is a mostly used

technique that helps to maintain the data consistency, serializability in the multitasking

and multi-user environment.

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