The Magnetic Field

Outline
• Magnetic Interactions. Magnetic Field.
• Magnetic Field Lines.
• Lorentz Force
• Circulating of Charged particles and its
Applications
• Hall Effect
• Circulating charged particles
• Magnetic Force on Wire. Motors
 Magnetism
• Magnetic effects from natural magnets have been known for a
long time. Recorded observations from the Greeks more than
2500 years ago.
• The word magnetism comes from the Greek
word for a certain type of stone (lodestone)
containing iron oxide found in Magnesia,
a district in northern Greece.
• Properties of lodestones: could exert forces on similar stones
and could impart this property (magnetize) to a piece of iron it
touched.
• Small sliver of lodestone suspended with a string will always
align itself in a north-south direction—it detects the earth’s
magnetic field.
 Magnets
a) Natural permanent magnets
• Like poles repel, unlike attract
• come in pairs (no monopoles)
• Interact with earth;
define N (or north-seeking) pole as pole
attracted to North pole of earth
• b) Electromagnets

An electromagnet.
The current produces a
magnetic field that is
utilizable.

Using an electromagnet to collect and transport scrap metal.

 Bar Magnet
• Bar magnet ... two poles: N and S

Like poles repel; Unlike poles attract.

• Magnetic Field lines: (defined in same way as electric field lines,
direction and density)

S N

• Does this remind you of a similar case in electrostatics?

 Electric Field Lines
of an Electric Dipole

Magnetic Field Lines S N

of a bar magnet
 Field Lines Between Magnets
Unlike poles

Attraction N S Attraction

Leave N and
enter S

Repulsion N N Repulsion

Like poles
 Magnetic Fields in analogy with Electric Fields
Electric Field:
• Distribution of charge creates an electric field E(r) in the
surrounding space.
• Field exerts a force F=q E(r) on a charge q at r
Magnetic Field:
• Moving charge or current creates
a magnetic field B(r) in the
surrounding space.
• Field exerts a force F on a charge
moving q at r.
Fmax
B
|q|v
Right Hand Rule • Provides a convenient trick to remember the
spatial relationship between F, v, and B.
• Consider the motion of positive charge
• Direction of force reversed if negative charge.
Animation
 Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge
Imagine a tube that F
projects charge +q B
with velocity v into v
perpendicular B field.
N S
Experiment shows:
Upward magnetic force F on charge
F  qvB moving in B field.

Each of the following results in a greater magnetic

force F: an increase in velocity v, an increase in
charge q, and a larger magnetic field B.
 Force and Angle of Path

Deflection force greatest

N S when path perpendicular
to field. Least at parallel.

F  v sin
N S
F B
v sin  
v v
N S
The Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge
• The basic relationship between magnetic field and a
moving charge can be as
moving charge → magnetic field → moving charge
• The magnetic force on a charged particle, FB, is found to
be:
Fm  qv  B
• Here q is the charge of the particle, v is its velocity, and B
the magnetic field in the region. The magnitude of this
force is then:
Fm  qvB sin  , f is the angle between v and B.
• One way of indicating the directions of fields
perpendicular to a plane is to use crosses X
and dots ·.
Because the magnetic force is always perpendicular to the
velocity v , it cannot change the magnitude of v, it
changes the direction of v only.
The Lorentz Force
If both an electric field E and a magnetic field B act on a
charged particle, the total force on it can be expressed as

F  q E vB 
and this force is called the Lorentz force.
The SI unit of B is the tesla (T).
newton newton
1 tesla= 1 =1
coulomb×meter/second amper×meter
1N
1 T= ; 1T=104 gauss
1 A×m
28.3: The Definition of B:
 Crossed E and B Fields
The motion of charged particles, such as electrons, can
be controlled by combined electric and magnetic fields.

Note: FE on electron
+
is upward and
opposite E-field. x x x x e-
x x x x v
But, FB on electron is -
down (left-hand rule).
F B
B -
Zero deflection E -- v
when FB = FE E e v F
B
 The Velocity Selector
This device uses crossed fields to select only those
velocities for which FB = FE. (Verify directions for +q)

Source
When FB = FE : of +q +

qvB  qE x x x x
+q

x x x x v
E
v -
B Velocity selector

By adjusting the E and/or B-fields, a person can

select only those ions with the desired velocity.
Example 1. A lithium ion, q = +1.6 x 10-16 C, is projected
through a velocity selector where B = 20 mT. The E-field
is adjusted to select a velocity of 1.5 x 106 m/s. What is
the electric field E?
Source
+
E of +q
v x x x x
+q
B x x x x v

-
E = vB V

E = (1.5 x 106 m/s)(20 x 10-3 T); E = 3.00 x 104 V/m

 Circular Motion in B-field
The magnetic force F on a moving charge is always
perpendicular to its velocity v. Thus, a charge moving
in a B-field will experience a centripetal force.

2 Centripetal Fc = FB
mv
FC  ; FB  qvB; X X X X X X X
R
2 X X X+ X X X X
mv R
FC  FB  qvB X X X X X X X
R X X+ X Fc X X
X X
+
The radius of mv + X X
path is:
R
qB
 Mass Spectrometer
Ions passed through a
+q E
v velocity selector at
xx
+ B known velocity emerge
- xx Photographic
xx plate into a magnetic field as
R shown. The radius is:
xx
x x x x x x x x x x mv
slit x x x x x x x x x
R
x x x x x x x x
qB
x x x x x x x m2 The mass is found by
measuring the radius R:
mv 2 m1
qBR
 qvB m
R v
 Example 2 A Neon ion, q = 1.6 x 10-19 C, follows a path of
radius 7.28 cm. Upper and lower B = 0.5 T and E = 1000
V/m. What is its mass?

+q E
v E 1000 V/m
v 
xx + B Photographic
- xx plate B 0.5 T
xx R
v = 2000 m/s
xx
x x x x x x x x
slit
x x x x x x x x mv qBR
x x x x x x x m R m
x x x x x x qB v
x x

(1.6 x 10-19C)(0.5 T)(0.0728 m)

m m = 2.91 x 10-24 kg
2000 m/s
 Measurement of e/m ratio

J.J. Thompson made the experiment that led to the discovery

of the electron.
With B = 0, by measuring y (the vertical deflection of electron
at the edge of the capacitor), and knowing E, JJT realized
that the ‘charged’ particles are negatively charged!
With B ≠ 0, there is no deflection when
v = E/B

qEL2
But: y 2
2mv

q 2 yE
Therefore:  2 2
m BL

Thomson’s value for e/m at the experiment was 1.71011

C/kg , in good with the current value.
This is how one can measure the e-/m ratio for electrons!!
 A circulating charged particle
• Consider positively charge Bin
particle moving in a uniform       
magnetic field. q
• Suppose the initial velocity v r
  F    
of the particle is
perpendicular to the
direction of the field.       
• Then a magnetic force will
be exerted on the particle
and make follow a circular       
path.
 A circulating charged particle
If a charged particle is moving in a plane
perpendicular to a magnetic field, then:
F=q v B = mv2/r
Radius of circular motion:
r = mv/qB
Period for one rotation:

T = 2p m/(qB)
Frequency of rotation:
f = qB/(2p m)
 Angular frequency of circular motion:
w = qB/m
The nice thing is that T, f and w are independent of v!!
The final speed of the accelerated
The Cyclotron particle and its kinetic energy is

| q | BR q2 B2 R2
v , K .
m 2m
View from top
What happens if the velocity is not
perpendicular to the magnetic
field? Motion of charged particle.

inhomogeneous
magnetic field

The Van Allen

radiation belts
surrounding
the Earth

Helical paths
 The Hall Effect
• The force on a current-
carrying strip in a magnetic
field is really a force on the
current—the moving charged
particles. How does the force
get transmitted to the wire?
• Initially, the charges go in
curved paths, but then
charge piles up along the
edges of the strip until an
electric field balances the
magnetic force, and the
charges go again straight.
 The Hall Effect
• Imagine a strip thickness d,
magnetic field B into the
screen, negative charges
streaming (electrons) in from
the left. For charge (drift)
velocity vd, the charge layers
along the top and bottom must
generate an electric Hall field
EH = vdB for the current to go
straight.
Don’t confuse the Hall
The total voltage drop from top
field EH and the Hall emf
to bottom is called the Hall emf, EH!

VH  EH d  vd Bd The sing of EH and the emf are

opposite if the charge carries are
positive (p-type semiconductor) .
The number of charge carriers per unit volume (charge
density), n, can also be determined by measuring the
current in the conductor: Taking into account that
j i i Hall effect results for
vd    selected materials
ne neA nedt
Number
(area A =t·d) we obtain Metal n ( 1028 /m3) per atom
iBd iB Na 2.5 0.99
VH   . K 1.5 1.1
nedt net
The charge carries density Cu 11 1.3
Ag 7.4 1.3
in the strip equals to
Al 21 3.5
iB Sb 0.31 0.09
n .
et VH Si (p-
type) 10-7 210-5
Force on Straight Wire Carrying Current in
Constant Magnetic Field
The current in wire is created
by the electrons moving at
drift velocity, The magnetic
field acts on these charges
and the net force equals to
Fnet  nALevd  B.
Taking into account that
iL  nALevd .
we obtain
Deflection of a current-carrying FB  iL  B.
wire by magnetic field
Animation: Current carrying wire in
constant magnetic field
 Torque on a Current Loop
b
• Take first an ab rectangular •.
loop, horizontal, in a uniform
magnetic field with field lines
parallel to the end sides of the a
loop.
• The forces on the other sides
loop area A = ab
are vertical as shown, with
magnitude iℓB = iaB, and torque
about the axis:

  iaBb / 2  iaBb / 2  iabB  iAB

b/2
end
view
 Current Loop at an Angle
• The loop has a magnetic field
resembling that of a short bar magnet,
we define the direction of the loop
area A as that of the semi equivalent
bar magnet.
• The torque is

  iAB sin       B, current

  iA
out
b/2
•  is the magnetic dipole moment and current

this formula is good for round loops in
too.
  IA
• Note: for a coil with N turns, just
multiply the single-loop result by N. end
view
 Current Loop Potential Energy
• The torque is
  iAB sin     B,   iA
is the magnetic dipole
moment.
• The work needed to turn the
current
loop is b/2
out

U    d   iA sin  d current

in
   B cos      B
  IA
• taking the zero potential
end
energy to be at   p / 2. view
 Motor. Terminology
 The magnetic poles of the Armature field will attempt to
line up with the opposite magnetic poles on the Stator.
(Opposites ATTRACT).

 Once opposite poles align, the movement of the motor

would stop.

 However, to ensure continuous movement of the motor,

the poles of the Armature field are electronically reversed
as it reaches this point, so it keeps turning to keep the
motor shaft moving along in the same direction!

 This electronic switching of the Armature poles is

accomplished using Brushes and Commutators.
 DC Machine

Commutator
 The motor
• If the conductor is a loop, the torque can create an
electric motor.
Basics of a Electric Motor
A Four Pole DC Motor
Action of a Commutator
Armature of a DC Motor
Animation
Animation
More Animations
http://web.mit.edu/8.02t/www/802TEAL3D/visualizations/magnetostatics/
CurrentElement3d/CurrentElement.htm
http://web.mit.edu/8.02t/www/802TEAL3D/visualizations/magnetostatics/
RingMagField/RingMagField.htm
Sample Problems
• Q1. Find the forces exerted by the N poles of the magnets
to each other.(k=10-7N.m2/(Amp.m)2.

Solution:

where; k is the constant, m1 and m2 are the magnetic

intensities of the poles and d is the distance between them.
Q2. A particle with a positive charge Q begins at rest.
Describe the motion of the particle after switching on both a
homogeneous electric field with direction corresponding to
the z axis and a homogeneous magnetic field with direction
corresponding to the x axis.
Solution: It becomes to move in z
direction with acceleration, then
the velocity becomes nonzero it is
deflected to y direction. The
trajectory is a cycloid .
Q3. A long, straight wires carries a current of 5.00 A. At one
instant, a proton, 4 mm from the wire travels at 1500 m/s
parallel to the wire and in the same direction as the current.
Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic force
acting on the proton due to the field caused by the current
carrying wire.

v oi
X X X B directed FB  qvBEX BIN 
X X X in +z 2p r
X X X v directed (1.26 x106 )(5)
4mm
+ BIN   2.51 10- 4 (T)
in +y 2(3.14)(0.004)
X X X
X X X F directed FB  (1.6 x1019 )(1500)( Bwire ) 
X X X in -x 6.02  10- 20 (N)

5A
Q4. A wire having a length of 5 cm and a weight of 50 g is
hanged on two thin conductors. If the wire carries a
current of 10 A it deflects from the vertical in homogenous
magnetic field by an angel of 14°. Derive the expression
for the magnetic field and its value..
Solution:
Using the triangle with an angle α
and the tangent function we derive
the relation between the magnitudes
of these forces Fg a Fm.
tanα=Fm/Fg
We express the magnetic force Fm as
Fm= Fg tanα (1)
The magnitude of the magnetic force
Fm acting on a straight wire is
proportional to the current i
through the wire, to the length l of wire in the magnetic
field, and to the magnetic field B
• Fm=Bilsinβ,
• where β is the angle between the wire and the magnetic
field. In our case (see picture)
• β=90o⇒sinβ=1
We insert the force Fm into the expression (1)
• Bilsinβ= Fg tanα
From the previous expression we express the magnitude of
magnetic field B.
• B= Fg il tanα