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Basic Python Interview Questions

Q1. What is the difference between list and tuples in Python?
LIST vs TUPLES
LIST TUPLES
Lists are mutable i.e they can be Tuples are immutable (tuples are lists which
edited. can’t be edited).
Lists are slower than tuples. Tuples are faster than list.
Syntax: list_1 = [10, ‘Chelsea’, 20] Syntax: tup_1 = (10, ‘Chelsea’ , 20)
Q2. What are the key features of Python?
• Python is an interpreted language. That means that, unlike languages

like C and its variants, Python does not need to be compiled before it is run.
Other interpreted languages include PHP and Ruby.
• Python is dynamically typed, this means that you don’t need to state the types
of variables when you declare them or anything like that. You can do things
like x=111 and then x="I'm a string" without error
• Python is well suited to object orientated programming in that it allows the
definition of classes along with composition and inheritance. Python does not
have access specifiers (like C++’s public, private).
• In Python, functions are first-class objects. This means that they can be
assigned to variables, returned from other functions and passed into functions.
Classes are also first class objects
• Writing Python code is quick but running it is often slower than compiled
languages. Fortunately，Python allows the inclusion of C based extensions so
bottlenecks can be optimized away and often are. The numpy package is a
good example of this, it’s really quite quick because a lot of the number
crunching it does isn’t actually done by Python
• Python finds use in many spheres – web applications, automation, scientific
modeling, big data applications and many more. It’s also often used as “glue”
code to get other languages and components to play nice.
Q3. What type of language is python? Programming or scripting?

Ans: Python is capable of scripting, but in general sense, it is considered as a general-
purpose programming language. To know more about Scripting, you can refer to
the Python Scripting Tutorial.
Q4.How is Python an interpreted language?

Ans: An interpreted language is any programming language which is not in machine
level code before runtime. Therefore, Python is an interpreted language.
Q5.What is pep 8?
Ans: PEP stands for Python Enhancement Proposal. It is a set of rules that specify
how to format Python code for maximum readability.
Q6. How is memory managed in Python?

Ans:
1. Memory management in python is managed by Python private heap space.

All Python objects and data structures are located in a private heap. The
programmer does not have access to this private heap. The python interpreter
takes care of this instead.
2. The allocation of heap space for Python objects is done by Python’s memory
manager. The core API gives access to some tools for the programmer to code.
3. Python also has an inbuilt garbage collector, which recycles all the unused
memory and so that it can be made available to the heap space.
Q7. What is namespace in Python?

Ans: A namespace is a naming system used to make sure that names are unique to
avoid naming conflicts.
Q8. What is PYTHONPATH?

Ans: It is an environment variable which is used when a module is imported.
Whenever a module is imported, PYTHONPATH is also looked up to check for the
presence of the imported modules in various directories. The interpreter uses it to
determine which module to load.
Q9. What are python modules? Name some commonly used built-in modules in
Python?
Ans: Python modules are files containing Python code. This code can either be
functions classes or variables. A Python module is a .py file containing executable
code.
Some of the commonly used built-in modules are:
• os
• sys
• math
• random
• data time
• JSON
Q10.What are local variables and global variables in Python?

Global Variables:
Variables declared outside a function or in global space are called global variables.
These variables can be accessed by any function in the program.
Local Variables:
Any variable declared inside a function is known as a local variable. This variable is
present in the local space and not in the global space.
Example:
1
a=2
2 def add():
3 b=3
4 c=a+b
print(c)
5 add()
6
Output: 5
When you try to access the local variable outside the function add(), it will throw an
error.
Q11. Is python case sensitive?

Ans: Yes. Python is a case sensitive language.
Q12.What is type conversion in Python?

Ans: Type conversion refers to the conversion of one data type iinto another.
int() – converts any data type into integer type
float() – converts any data type into float type
ord() – converts characters into integer
hex() – converts integers to hexadecimal
oct() – converts integer to octal
tuple() – This function is used to convert to a tuple.
set() – This function returns the type after converting to set.
list() – This function is used to convert any data type to a list type.
dict() – This function is used to convert a tuple of order (key,value) into a dictionary.
str() – Used to convert integer into a string.
complex(real,imag) – This functionconverts real numbers to complex(real,imag)

number.
Q13. How to install Python on Windows and set path variable?
Ans: To install Python on Windows, follow the below steps:
• Install python from this link: https://www.python.org/downloads/

• After this, install it on your PC. Look for the location where PYTHON has been
installed on your PC using the following command on your command prompt:
cmd python.
• Then go to advanced system settings and add a new variable and name it as
PYTHON_NAME and paste the copied path.
• Look for the path variable, select its value and select ‘edit’.
• Add a semicolon towards the end of the value if it’s not present and then type
%PYTHON_HOME%
Q14. Is indentation required in python?

Ans: Indentation is necessary for Python. It specifies a block of code. All code within
loops, classes, functions, etc is specified within an indented block. It is usually done
using four space characters. If your code is not indented necessarily, it will not execute
accurately and will throw errors as well.
Q15. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists?

Ans: Arrays and lists, in Python, have the same way of storing data. But, arrays can
hold only a single data type elements whereas lists can hold any data type elements.
Example:
1 import array as arr

2 My_Array=arr.array('i',[1,2,3,4])
3 My_list=[1,'abc',1.20]
4 print(My_Array)
print(My_list)
5
Output:
array(‘i’, [1, 2, 3, 4]) [1, ‘abc’, 1.2]
Q16. What are functions in Python?

Ans: A function is a block of code which is executed only when it is called. To define
a Python function, the def keyword is used.
Example:
1 def Newfunc():
2 print("Hi, Welcome to Edureka")
Newfunc(); #calling the function
3
Output: Hi, Welcome to Edureka
Q17.What is __init__?
Ans: __init__ is a method or constructor in Python. This method is automatically
called to allocate memory when a new object/ instance of a class is created. All classes
have the __init__ method.
Here is an example of how to use it.
1
2 class Employee:
3 def __init__(self, name, age,salary):
self.name = name
4 self.age = age
5 self.salary = 20000
6 E1 = Employee("XYZ", 23, 20000)
7 # E1 is the instance of class Employee.
#__init__ allocates memory for E1.
8 print(E1.name)
9 print(E1.age)
10 print(E1.salary)
11
Output:
XYZ
23
20000
Q18.What is a lambda function?

Ans: An anonymous function is known as a lambda function. This function can have
any number of parameters but, can have just one statement.
Example:
1 a = lambda x,y : x+y
2 print(a(5, 6))
Output: 11
Q19. What is self in Python?
Ans: Self is an instance or an object of a class. In Python, this is explicitly included as

the first parameter. However, this is not the case in Java where it’s optional. It helps
to differentiate between the methods and attributes of a class with local variables.
The self variable in the init method refers to the newly created object while in other
methods, it refers to the object whose method was called.
Q20. How does break, continue and pass work?

Allows loop termination when some condition is met and the control is tra
Break
next statement.
Allows skipping some part of a loop when some specific condition is met a
Continue
transferred to the beginning of the loop
Used when you need some block of code syntactically, but you want to sk
Pass
This is basically a null operation. Nothing happens when this is executed.
Q21. What does [::-1} do?
Ans: [::-1] is used to reverse the order of an array or a sequence.
For example:
1 import array as arr
2 My_Array=arr.array('i',[1,2,3,4,5])
My_Array[::-1]
3
Output: array(‘i’, [5, 4, 3, 2, 1])
[::-1] reprints a reversed copy of ordered data structures such as an array or a list. the
original array or list remains unchanged.
Q22. How can you randomize the items of a list in place in Python?
Ans: Consider the example shown below:
1 from random import shuffle

2 x = ['Keep', 'The', 'Blue', 'Flag', 'Flying', 'High']
3 shuffle(x)
print(x)
4
The output of the following code is as below.
['Flying', 'Keep', 'Blue', 'High', 'The', 'Flag']

Q23. What are python iterators?
Ans: Iterators are objects which can be traversed though or iterated upon.
Q24. How can you generate random numbers in Python?

Ans: Random module is the standard module that is used to generate a random
number. The method is defined as:
1 import random
2 random.random
The statement random.random() method return the floating point number that is in the
range of [0, 1). The function generates random float numbers. The methods that are
used with the random class are the bound methods of the hidden instances. The
instances of the Random can be done to show the multi-threading programs that
creates a different instance of individual threads. The other random generators that
are used in this are:
1. randrange(a, b): it chooses an integer and define the range in-between [a, b).
It returns the elements by selecting it randomly from the range that is specified.
It doesn’t build a range object.
2. uniform(a, b): it chooses a floating point number that is defined in the range of
[a,b).Iyt returns the floating point number
3. normalvariate(mean, sdev): it is used for the normal distribution where the mu
is a mean and the sdev is a sigma that is used for standard deviation.
4. The Random class that is used and instantiated creates an independent
multiple random number generators.
Q25. What is the difference between range & xrange?

Ans: For the most part, xrange and range are the exact same in terms of functionality.
They both provide a way to generate a list of integers for you to use, however you
please. The only difference is that range returns a Python list object and x range
returns an xrange object.
This means that xrange doesn’t actually generate a static list at run-time like range
does. It creates the values as you need them with a special technique called yielding.
This technique is used with a type of object known as generators. That means that if
you have a really gigantic range you’d like to generate a list for, say one billion, xrange
is the function to use.
This is especially true if you have a really memory sensitive system such as a cell
phone that you are working with, as range will use as much memory as it can to create
your array of integers, which can result in a Memory Error and crash your program.
It’s a memory hungry beast.
Q26. How do you write comments in python?

Ans: Comments in Python start with a # character. However, alternatively at times,
commenting is done using docstrings(strings enclosed within triple quotes).
Example:
#Comments in Python start like this

print("Comments in Python start with a #")
Output: Comments in Python start with a #
Q27. What is pickling and unpickling?

Ans: Pickle module accepts any Python object and converts it into a string
representation and dumps it into a file by using dump function, this process is called
pickling. While the process of retrieving original Python objects from the stored string
representation is called unpickling.
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Q28. What are the generators in python?

Ans: Functions that return an iterable set of items are called generators.
Q29. How will you capitalize the first letter of string?

Ans: In Python, the capitalize() method capitalizes the first letter of a string. If the
string already consists of a capital letter at the beginning, then, it returns the original
string.
Q30. How will you convert a string to all lowercase?

Ans: To convert a string to lowercase, lower() function can be used.
Example:
1 stg='ABCD'
2 print(stg.lower())
Output: abcd
Q31. How to comment multiple lines in python?

Ans: Multi-line comments appear in more than one line. All the lines to be commented
are to be prefixed by a #. You can also a very good shortcut method to comment
multiple lines. All you need to do is hold the ctrl key and left click in every place
wherever you want to include a # character and type a # just once. This will comment
all the lines where you introduced your cursor.
Q32.What are docstrings in Python?

Ans: Docstrings are not actually comments, but, they are documentation strings.
These docstrings are within triple quotes. They are not assigned to any variable and
therefore, at times, serve the purpose of comments as well.
Example:
1
2 """
Using docstring as a comment.
3 This code divides 2 numbers
4 """
5 x=8
y=4
6 z=x/y
7 print(z)
8
Output: 2.0
Q33. What is the purpose of is, not and in operators?

Ans: Operators are special functions. They take one or more values and produce a
corresponding result.
is: returns true when 2 operands are true (Example: “a” is ‘a’)
not: returns the inverse of the boolean value
in: checks if some element is present in some sequence
Q34. What is the usage of help() and dir() function in Python?

Ans: Help() and dir() both functions are accessible from the Python interpreter and
used for viewing a consolidated dump of built-in functions.
1. Help() function: The help() function is used to display the documentation string
and also facilitates you to see the help related to modules, keywords, attributes,
etc.
2. Dir() function: The dir() function is used to display the defined symbols.
Q35. Whenever Python exits, why isn’t all the memory de-allocated?
Ans:
1. Whenever Python exits, especially those Python modules which are having
circular references to other objects or the objects that are referenced from the
global namespaces are not always de-allocated or freed.
2. It is impossible to de-allocate those portions of memory that are reserved by
the C library.
3. On exit, because of having its own efficient clean up mechanism, Python would
try to de-allocate/destroy every other object.
Q36. What is a dictionary in Python?

Ans: The built-in datatypes in Python is called dictionary. It defines one-to-one
relationship between keys and values. Dictionaries contain pair of keys and their
corresponding values. Dictionaries are indexed by keys.
Let’s take an example:
The following example contains some keys. Country, Capital & PM. Their
corresponding values are India, Delhi and Modi respectively.
1 dict={'Country':'India','Capital':'Delhi','PM':'Modi'}
1 print dict[Country]
India
1 print dict[Capital]
Delhi
1 print dict[PM]
Modi
Q37. How can the ternary operators be used in python?
Ans: The Ternary operator is the operator that is used to show the conditional
statements. This consists of the true or false values with a statement that has to be
evaluated for it.
Syntax:
The Ternary operator will be given as:

[on_true] if [expression] else [on_false]x, y = 25, 50big = x if x < y else y
Example:
The expression gets evaluated like if x<y else y, in this case if x<y is true then the
value is returned as big=x and if it is incorrect then big=y will be sent as a result.
Q38. What does this mean: *args, **kwargs? And why would we use it?
Ans: We use *args when we aren’t sure how many arguments are going to be passed
to a function, or if we want to pass a stored list or tuple of arguments to a function.
**kwargs is used when we don’t know how many keyword arguments will be passed
to a function, or it can be used to pass the values of a dictionary as keyword
arguments. The identifiers args and kwargs are a convention, you could also use *bob
and **billy but that would not be wise.
Q39. What does len() do?

Ans: It is used to determine the length of a string, a list, an array, etc.
Example:
1 stg='ABCD'
2 len(stg)
Q40. Explain split(), sub(), subn() methods of “re” module in Python.
Ans: To modify the strings, Python’s “re” module is providing 3 methods. They are:
• split() – uses a regex pattern to “split” a given string into a list.

• sub() – finds all substrings where the regex pattern matches and then replace
them with a different string
• subn() – it is similar to sub() and also returns the new string along with the no.
of replacements.
Q41. What are negative indexes and why are they used?
Ans: The sequences in Python are indexed and it consists of the positive as well as
negative numbers. The numbers that are positive uses ‘0’ that is uses as first index
and ‘1’ as the second index and the process goes on like that.
The index for the negative number starts from ‘-1’ that represents the last index in the
sequence and ‘-2’ as the penultimate index and the sequence carries forward like the
positive number.
The negative index is used to remove any new-line spaces from the string and allow
the string to except the last character that is given as S[:-1]. The negative index is also
used to show the index to represent the string in correct order.
Q42. What are Python packages?

Ans: Python packages are namespaces containing multiple modules.
Q43.How can files be deleted in Python?

Ans: To delete a file in Python, you need to import the OS Module. After that, you
need to use the os.remove() function.
Example:
1 import os
2 os.remove("xyz.txt")
Q44. What are the built-in types of python?
Ans: Built-in types in Python are as follows –
• Integers
• Floating-point
• Complex numbers
• Strings
• Boolean
• Built-in functions
Q45. What advantages do NumPy arrays offer over (nested) Python lists?
Ans:
1. Python’s lists are efficient general-purpose containers. They support (fairly)

efficient insertion, deletion, appending, and concatenation, and Python’s list
comprehensions make them easy to construct and manipulate.
2. They have certain limitations: they don’t support “vectorized” operations like
elementwise addition and multiplication, and the fact that they can contain
objects of differing types mean that Python must store type information for every
element, and must execute type dispatching code when operating on each
element.
3. NumPy is not just more efficient; it is also more convenient. You get a lot of
vector and matrix operations for free, which sometimes allow one to avoid
unnecessary work. And they are also efficiently implemented.
4. NumPy array is faster and You get a lot built in with NumPy, FFTs, convolutions,
fast searching, basic statistics, linear algebra, histograms, etc.
Q46. How to add values to a python array?

Ans: Elements can be added to an array using the append(), extend() and the insert
(i,x) functions.
Example:
a=arr.array('d', [1.1 , 2.1 ,3.1] )

1 a.append(3.4)
2 print(a)
3 a.extend([4.5,6.3,6.8])
print(a)
4 a.insert(2,3.8)
print(a)
5
6
7
Output:
array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.4])
array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.4, 4.5, 6.3, 6.8])
array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.8, 3.1, 3.4, 4.5, 6.3, 6.8])
Q47. How to remove values to a python array?

Ans: Array elements can be removed using pop() or remove() method. The
difference between these two functions is that the former returns the deleted value
whereas the latter does not.
Example:
1 a=arr.array('d', [1.1, 2.2, 3.8, 3.1, 3.7, 1.2, 4.6])

2 print(a.pop())
3 print(a.pop(3))
4 a.remove(1.1)
print(a)
5
Output:
4.6
3.1
array(‘d’, [2.2, 3.8, 3.7, 1.2])
Q48. Does Python have OOps concepts?

Ans: Python is an object-oriented programming language. This means that any
program can be solved in python by creating an object model. However, Python can
be treated as procedural as well as structural language.
Q49. What is the difference between deep and shallow copy?

Ans: Shallow copy is used when a new instance type gets created and it keeps the
values that are copied in the new instance. Shallow copy is used to copy the reference
pointers just like it copies the values. These references point to the original objects
and the changes made in any member of the class will also affect the original copy of
it. Shallow copy allows faster execution of the program and it depends on the size of
the data that is used.
Deep copy is used to store the values that are already copied. Deep copy doesn’t copy
the reference pointers to the objects. It makes the reference to an object and the new
object that is pointed by some other object gets stored. The changes made in the
original copy won’t affect any other copy that uses the object. Deep copy makes
execution of the program slower due to making certain copies for each object that is
been called.
Q50. How is Multithreading achieved in Python?

Ans:
1. Python has a multi-threading package but if you want to multi-thread to speed

your code up, then it’s usually not a good idea to use it.
2. Python has a construct called the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). The GIL makes
sure that only one of your ‘threads’ can execute at any one time. A thread
acquires the GIL, does a little work, then passes the GIL onto the next thread.
3. This happens very quickly so to the human eye it may seem like your threads
are executing in parallel, but they are really just taking turns using the same
CPU core.
4. All this GIL passing adds overhead to execution. This means that if you want to
make your code run faster then using the threading package often isn’t a good
idea.
Q51. What is the process of compilation and linking in python?

Ans: The compiling and linking allows the new extensions to be compiled properly
without any error and the linking can be done only when it passes the compiled
procedure. If the dynamic loading is used then it depends on the style that is being
provided with the system. The python interpreter can be used to provide the dynamic
loading of the configuration setup files and will rebuild the interpreter.
The steps that are required in this as:
1. Create a file with any name and in any language that is supported by the
compiler of your system. For example file.c or file.cpp
2. Place this file in the Modules/ directory of the distribution which is getting used.
3. Add a line in the file Setup.local that is present in the Modules/ directory.
4. Run the file using spam file.o
5. After a successful run of this rebuild the interpreter by using the make command
on the top-level directory.
6. If the file is changed then run rebuildMakefile by using the command as ‘make
Makefile’.
Q52. What are Python libraries? Name a few of them.
Python libraries are a collection of Python packages. Some of the majorly used python
libraries are – Numpy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Scikit-learn and many more.
Q53. What is split used for?

The split() method is used to separate a given string in Python.
Example:
1 a="edureka python"
2 print(a.split())
Output: [‘edureka’, ‘python’]
Q54. How to import modules in python?
Modules can be imported using the import keyword. You can import modules in
three ways-
Example:
1 import array #importing using the original module name

2 import array as arr # importing using an alias name
3 from array import * #imports everything present in the array module
OOPS Interview Questions
Q55. Explain Inheritance in Python with an example.
Ans: Inheritance allows One class to gain all the members(say attributes and
methods) of another class. Inheritance provides code reusability, makes it easier to
create and maintain an application. The class from which we are inheriting is called
super-class and the class that is inherited is called a derived / child class.
They are different types of inheritance supported by Python:
1. Single Inheritance – where a derived class acquires the members of a single

super class.
2. Multi-level inheritance – a derived class d1 in inherited from base class base1,
and d2 are inherited from base2.
3. Hierarchical inheritance – from one base class you can inherit any number of
child classes
4. Multiple inheritance – a derived class is inherited from more than one base
class.
Q56. How are classes created in Python?

Ans: Class in Python is created using the class keyword.
Example:
class Employee:
1 def __init__(self, name):
2 self.name = name
3 E1=Employee("abc")
print(E1.name)
4
5
Output: abc
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Next
Q57. What is monkey patching in Python?
Ans: In Python, the term monkey patch only refers to dynamic modifications of a class
or module at run-time.
Consider the below example:
1 # m.py
2 class MyClass:
3 def f(self):
print "f()"
4
We can then run the monkey-patch testing like this:
1
import m
2 def monkey_f(self):
3 print "monkey_f()"
4
5 m.MyClass.f = monkey_f
obj = m.MyClass()
6 obj.f()
7
The output will be as below:
monkey_f()
As we can see, we did make some changes in the behavior of f() in MyClass using the
function we defined, monkey_f(), outside of the module m.
Q58. Does python support multiple inheritance?

Ans: Multiple inheritance means that a class can be derived from more than one
parent classes. Python does support multiple inheritance, unlike Java.
Q59. What is Polymorphism in Python?

Ans: Polymorphism means the ability to take multiple forms. So, for instance, if the
parent class has a method named ABC then the child class also can have a method
with the same name ABC having its own parameters and variables. Python allows
polymorphism.
Q60. Define encapsulation in Python?

Ans: Encapsulation means binding the code and the data together. A Python class in
an example of encapsulation.
Q61. How do you do data abstraction in Python?

Ans: Data Abstraction is providing only the required details and hiding the
implementation from the world. It can be achieved in Python by using interfaces and
abstract classes.
Q62.Does python make use of access specifiers?

Ans: Python does not deprive access to an instance variable or function. Python lays
down the concept of prefixing the name of the variable, function or method with a
single or double underscore to imitate the behavior of protected and private access
specifiers.
Q63. How to create an empty class in Python?
Ans: An empty class is a class that does not have any code defined within its block.
It can be created using the pass keyword. However, you can create objects of this
class outside the class itself. IN PYTHON THE PASS command does nothing when
its executed. it’s a null statement.
For example-
1 class a:
2 pass
3 obj=a()
4 obj.name="xyz"
print("Name = ",obj.name)
5
Output:
Name = xyz
Q64. What does an object() do?
Ans: It returns a featureless object that is a base for all classes. Also, it does not take
any parameters.
Basic Python Programs

Q65. Write a program in Python to execute the Bubble sort algorithm.
1
2 def bs(a): # a = name of list
3 b=len(a)-1 # minus 1 because we always compare 2 adjacent va
4 for x in range(b):
5 for y in range(b-x):
6 if a[y]>a[y+1]:
a[y],a[y+1]=a[y+1],a[y]
7 return a
8 a=[32,5,3,6,7,54,87]
9 bs(a)
10
Output: [3, 5, 6, 7, 32, 54, 87]
Q66. Write a program in Python to produce Star triangle.

1 def pyfunc(r):
2 for x in range(r):
3 print(' '*(r-x-1)+'*'*(2*x+1))
pyfunc(9)
4
Output:
*
***
*****
*******
*********
***********
*************
***************
*****************
Q67. Write a program to produce Fibonacci series in Python.

1 # Enter number of terms needed #0,1,1,2,3,5....
a=int(input("Enter the terms"))
2 f=0 #first element of series
3 s=1 #second element of series
4 if a<=0:
5 print("The requested series is

",f)
6 else:
7 print(f,s,end=" ")
8 for x in range(2,a):
next=f+s
9
print(next,end=" ")
10 f=s
11 s=next</pre>
12
13
14
Output: Enter the terms 5 0 1 1 2 3
Q68. Write a program in Python to check if a number is prime.

1
2 a=int(input("enter number"))
3 if a>1:
for x in range(2,a):
4 if(a%x)==0:
5 print("not prime")
6 break
else:
7 print("Prime")
8 else:
9 print("not prime")
10
Output:
enter number 3
Prime
Q69. Write a program in Python to check if a sequence is a Palindrome.

1
a=input("enter sequence")
2 b=a[::-1]
3 if a==b:
4 print("palindrome")
else:
5 print("Not a Palindrome")
6
Output:
enter sequence 323 palindrome
Q70. Write a one-liner that will count the number of capital letters in a file. Your code
should work even if the file is too big to fit in memory.
Ans: Let us first write a multiple line solution and then convert it to one-liner code.
1
with open(SOME_LARGE_FILE) as fh:
2 count = 0
3 text = fh.read()
4 for character in text:
if character.isupper():
5 count += 1
6
We will now try to transform this into a single line.
1 count sum(1 for line in fh for character in line if character.isupper())

Q71. Write a sorting algorithm for a numerical dataset in Python.
Ans: The following code can be used to sort a list in Python:
1 list = ["1", "4", "0", "6", "9"]

2 list = [int(i) for i in list]
3 list.sort()
print (list)
4
Q72. Looking at the below code, write down the final values of A0, A1, …An.
1
A0 = dict(zip(('a','b','c','d','e'),(1,2,3,4,5)))
2 A1 = range(10)A2 = sorted([i for i in A1 if i in A0])
3 A3 = sorted([A0[s] for s in A0])
4 A4 = [i for i in A1 if i in A3]
5 A5 = {i:i*i for i in A1}
A6 = [[i,i*i] for i in A1]
6 print(A0,A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6)
7
Ans: The following will be the final outputs of A0, A1, … A6
A0 = {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'e': 5, 'd': 4} # the order may vary

A1 = range(0, 10)
A2 = []
A3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
A4 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
A5 = {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8: 64, 9: 81}
A6 = [[0, 0], [1, 1], [2, 4], [3, 9], [4, 16], [5, 25], [6, 36], [7, 49], [8, 64], [9, 81]]
Python Libraries Interview Questions

Q73. Explain what Flask is and its benefits?
Ans: Flask is a web microframework for Python based on “Werkzeug, Jinja2 and good
intentions” BSD license. Werkzeug and Jinja2 are two of its dependencies.
This means it will have little to no dependencies on external libraries. It makes the
framework light while there is a little dependency to update and fewer security bugs.
A session basically allows you to remember information from one request to another.
In a flask, a session uses a signed cookie so the user can look at the session contents
and modify. The user can modify the session if only it has the secret key
Flask.secret_key.
Q74. Is Django better than Flask?

Ans: Django and Flask map the URL’s or addresses typed in the web browsers to
functions in Python.
Flask is much simpler compared to Django but, Flask does not do a lot for you
meaning you will need to specify the details, whereas Django does a lot for you
wherein you would not need to do much work. Django consists of prewritten code,
which the user will need to analyze whereas Flask gives the users to create their
own code, therefore, making it simpler to understand the code. Technically both are
equally good and both contain their own pros and cons.
Q75. Mention the differences between Django, Pyramid and Flask.

Ans:
• Flask is a “microframework” primarily build for a small application with simpler

requirements. In flask, you have to use external libraries. Flask is ready to use.
• Pyramid is built for larger applications. It provides flexibility and lets the
developer use the right tools for their project. The developer can choose the
database, URL structure, templating style and more. Pyramid is heavy
configurable.
• Django can also be used for larger applications just like Pyramid. It includes an
ORM.
Q76. Discuss Django architecture.

Ans: Django MVT Pattern:
Figure: Python Interview Questions – Django Architecture

The developer provides the Model, the view and the template then just maps it to a
URL and Django does the magic to serve it to the user.
Q77. Explain how you can set up the Database in Django.

Ans: You can use the command edit mysite/setting.py, it is a normal python module
with module level representing Django settings.
Django uses SQLite by default; it is easy for Django users as such it won’t require any
other type of installation. In the case your database choice is different that you have
to the following keys in the DATABASE ‘default’ item to match your database
connection settings.
• Engines: you can change the database by using ‘django.db.backends.sqlite3’

, ‘django.db.backeneds.mysql’, ‘django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2’,
‘django.db.backends.oracle’ and so on
• Name: The name of your database. In the case if you are using SQLite as your
database, in that case, database will be a file on your computer, Name should
be a full absolute path, including the file name of that file.
• If you are not choosing SQLite as your database then settings like Password,
Host, User, etc. must be added.
Django uses SQLite as a default database, it stores data as a single file in the
filesystem. If you do have a database server—PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle,
MSSQL—and want to use it rather than SQLite, then use your database’s
administration tools to create a new database for your Django project. Either way, with
your (empty) database in place, all that remains is to tell Django how to use it. This is
where your project’s settings.py file comes in.
We will add the following lines of code to the setting.py file:
1
DATABASES = {
2 'default': {
3 'ENGINE' : 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
4 'NAME' : os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
}
5 }
6
Q78. Give an example how you can write a VIEW in Django?
Ans: This is how we can use write a view in Django:
1 from django.http import HttpResponse

import datetime
2
3 def Current_datetime(request):
4 now = datetime.datetime.now()
5 html = "<html><body>It is now %s</body></html> % now
6 return HttpResponse(html)
7
Returns the current date and time, as an HTML document
Q79. Mention what the Django templates consist of.

Ans: The template is a simple text file. It can create any text-based format like XML,
CSV, HTML, etc. A template contains variables that get replaced with values when
the template is evaluated and tags (% tag %) that control the logic of the template.
Figure: Python Interview Questions – Django Template
Q80. Explain the use of session in Django framework?

Ans: Django provides a session that lets you store and retrieve data on a per-site-
visitor basis. Django abstracts the process of sending and receiving cookies, by
placing a session ID cookie on the client side, and storing all the related data on the
server side.
Figure: Python Interview Questions – Django Framework
So the data itself is not stored client side. This is nice from a security perspective.
Q81. List out the inheritance styles in Django.
Ans: In Django, there are three possible inheritance styles:
1. Abstract Base Classes: This style is used when you only want parent’s class to
hold information that you don’t want to type out for each child model.
2. Multi-table Inheritance: This style is used If you are sub-classing an existing
model and need each model to have its own database table.
3. Proxy models: You can use this model, If you only want to modify the Python
level behavior of the model, without changing the model’s fields.
Web Scraping – Python Interview Questions

Q82. How To Save An Image Locally Using Python Whose URL Address I Already
Know?
Ans: We will use the following code to save an image locally from an URL address
1 import urllib.request
2 urllib.request.urlretrieve("URL", "local-filename.jpg")
Q83. How can you Get the Google cache age of any URL or web page?
Ans: Use the following URL format:
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:URLGOESHERE
Be sure to replace “URLGOESHERE” with the proper web address of the page or site
whose cache you want to retrieve and see the time for. For example, to check the
Google Webcache age of edureka.co you’d use the following URL:
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:edureka.co
Q84. You are required to scrap data from IMDb top 250 movies page. It should only
have fields movie name, year, and rating.
Ans: We will use the following lines of code:
1
2
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
3
4 import requests
5 import sys
6
7 url = '<a href="http://www.imdb.com/chart/top">http://www.i
response = requests.get(url)
8 soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text)
9 tr = soup.findChildren("tr")
10 tr = iter(tr)
11 next(tr)
12
for movie in tr:
13 title = movie.find('td', {'class': 'titleColumn'} ).fin
14 year = movie.find('td', {'class': 'titleColumn'} ).find('span', {'clas
15 rating = movie.find('td', {'class': 'ratingColumn imdbRating'} )
row = title + ' - ' + year + ' ' + ' ' + rat
16
17 print(row)
18
19
The above code will help scrap data from IMDb’s top 250 list
Data Analysis – Python Interview Questions

Q85. What is map function in Python?
Ans: map function executes the function given as the first argument on all the
elements of the iterable given as the second argument. If the function given takes in
more than 1 arguments, then many iterables are given. #Follow the link to know more
similar functions.
Q86. Is python numpy better than lists?

Ans: We use python numpy array instead of a list because of the below three reasons:
1. Less Memory
2. Fast
3. Convenient
For more information on these parameters, you can refer to this section – Numpy Vs
List.
Q87. How to get indices of N maximum values in a NumPy array?

Ans: We can get the indices of N maximum values in a NumPy array using the below
code:
1 import numpy as np
2 arr = np.array([1, 3, 2, 4, 5])
3 print(arr.argsort()[-3:][::-1])
Output
[431]
Q88. How do you calculate percentiles with Python/ NumPy?
Ans: We can calculate percentiles with the following code
1 import numpy as np
2 a = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
3 p = np.percentile(a, 50) #Returns 50th percentile, e.g. median
print(p)
4
Output
3
Q89. What is the difference between NumPy and SciPy?
Ans:
1. In an ideal world, NumPy would contain nothing but the array data type and the
most basic operations: indexing, sorting, reshaping, basic elementwise
functions, et cetera.
2. All numerical code would reside in SciPy. However, one of NumPy’s important
goals is compatibility, so NumPy tries to retain all features supported by either
of its predecessors.
3. Thus NumPy contains some linear algebra functions, even though these more
properly belong in SciPy. In any case, SciPy contains more fully-featured
versions of the linear algebra modules, as well as many other numerical
algorithms.
4. If you are doing scientific computing with python, you should probably install
both NumPy and SciPy. Most new features belong in SciPy rather than NumPy.
Q90. How do you make 3D plots/visualizations using NumPy/SciPy?

Ans: Like 2D plotting, 3D graphics is beyond the scope of NumPy and SciPy, but just
as in the 2D case, packages exist that integrate with NumPy. Matplotlib provides basic
3D plotting in the mplot3d subpackage, whereas Mayavi provides a wide range of
high-quality 3D visualization features, utilizing the powerful VTK engine.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)

Q91. Which of the following statements create a dictionary? (Multiple Correct Answers
Possible)
a) d = {}
b) d = {“john”:40, “peter”:45}
c) d = {40:”john”, 45:”peter”}
d) d = (40:”john”, 45:”50”)
Answer: b, c & d.

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Dictionaries are created by specifying keys and values.
Q92. Which one of these is floor division?
a) /
b) //
c) %
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b) //
When both of the operands are integer then python chops out the fraction part and
gives you the round off value, to get the accurate answer use floor division. For ex,
5/2 = 2.5 but both of the operands are integer so answer of this expression in python
is 2. To get the 2.5 as the answer, use floor division using //. So, 5//2 = 2.5
Q93. What is the maximum possible length of an identifier?
a) 31 characters
b) 63 characters
c) 79 characters
d) None of the above
Answer: d) None of the above
Identifiers can be of any length.
Q94. Why are local variable names beginning with an underscore discouraged?
a) they are used to indicate a private variables of a class

b) they confuse the interpreter
c) they are used to indicate global variables
d) they slow down execution
Answer: a) they are used to indicate a private variable of a class
As Python has no concept of private variables, leading underscores are used to

indicate variables that must not be accessed from outside the class.
Q95. Which of the following is an invalid statement?
a) abc = 1,000,000
b) a b c = 1000 2000 3000
c) a,b,c = 1000, 2000, 3000
d) a_b_c = 1,000,000
Answer: b) a b c = 1000 2000 3000
Spaces are not allowed in variable names.
Q96. What is the output of the following?

1
try:
2 if '1' != 1:
3 raise "someError"
4 else:
5 print("someError has not occured")
except "someError":
6 print ("someError has occured")
7
a) someError has occured
b) someError has not occured
c) invalid code
d) none of the above
Answer: c) invalid code
A new exception class must inherit from a BaseException. There is no such

inheritance here.
Q97. Suppose list1 is [2, 33, 222, 14, 25], What is list1[-1] ?
a) Error
b) None
c) 25
d) 2
Answer: c) 25
The index -1 corresponds to the last index in the list.
Q98. To open a file c:scores.txt for writing, we use
a) outfile = open(“c:scores.txt”, “r”)

b) outfile = open(“c:scores.txt”, “w”)
c) outfile = open(file = “c:scores.txt”, “r”)
d) outfile = open(file = “c:scores.txt”, “o”)
Answer: b) The location contains double slashes ( ) and w is used to indicate that file
is being written to.
Q99. What is the output of the following?

1 f = None
2
for i in range (5):
3 with open("data.txt", "w") as f:
4 if i > 2:
5 break
6
7 print f.closed
8
a) True
b) False
c) None
d) Error
Answer: a) True
The WITH statement when used with open file guarantees that the file object is closed
when the with block exits.
Q100. When will the else part of try-except-else be executed?
a) always
b) when an exception occurs
c) when no exception occurs
d) when an exception occurs into except block
Answer: c) when no exception occurs
The else part is executed when no exception occurs.

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Basic Python Interview Questions

Q2. What are the key features of Python?

• Python is an interpreted language. That means that, unlike languages

Q3. What type of language is python? Programming or scripting?

Q4.How is Python an interpreted language?

Q6. How is memory managed in Python?

1. Memory management in python is managed by Python private heap space.

Q7. What is namespace in Python?

Q8. What is PYTHONPATH?

Some of the commonly used built-in modules are:

Q10.What are local variables and global variables in Python?

Q11. Is python case sensitive?

Q12.What is type conversion in Python?

int() – converts any data type into integer type

float() – converts any data type into float type

ord() – converts characters into integer

hex() – converts integers to hexadecimal

oct() – converts integer to octal

tuple() – This function is used to convert to a tuple.

set() – This function returns the type after converting to set.

str() – Used to convert integer into a string.

complex(real,imag) – This functionconverts real numbers to complex(real,imag)

Q13. How to install Python on Windows and set path variable?

Ans: To install Python on Windows, follow the below steps:

• Install python from this link: https://www.python.org/downloads/

Q14. Is indentation required in python?

Q15. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists?

1 import array as arr

array(‘i’, [1, 2, 3, 4]) [1, ‘abc’, 1.2]

Q16. What are functions in Python?

Here is an example of how to use it.

Q18.What is a lambda function?

1 a = lambda x,y : x+y

Q19. What is self in Python?

Ans: Self is an instance or an object of a class. In Python, this is explicitly included as

Q20. How does break, continue and pass work?

1 from random import shuffle

['Flying', 'Keep', 'Blue', 'High', 'The', 'Flag']

Q24. How can you generate random numbers in Python?

Q25. What is the difference between range & xrange?

Q26. How do you write comments in python?

#Comments in Python start like this

Q27. What is pickling and unpickling?

Python Certification Training for Data Science

Q28. What are the generators in python?

Q29. How will you capitalize the first letter of string?

Q30. How will you convert a string to all lowercase?

Q31. How to comment multiple lines in python?

Q32.What are docstrings in Python?

Q33. What is the purpose of is, not and in operators?

not: returns the inverse of the boolean value

in: checks if some element is present in some sequence

Q34. What is the usage of help() and dir() function in Python?

Q36. What is a dictionary in Python?

Let’s take an example:

The Ternary operator will be given as:

Q39. What does len() do?

• split() – uses a regex pattern to “split” a given string into a list.

Q42. What are Python packages?

Q43.How can files be deleted in Python?

1. Python’s lists are efficient general-purpose containers. They support (fairly)

Q46. How to add values to a python array?

a=arr.array('d', [1.1 , 2.1 ,3.1] )

array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.4])

array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.4, 4.5, 6.3, 6.8])

array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.8, 3.1, 3.4, 4.5, 6.3, 6.8])

Q47. How to remove values to a python array?