EEA119

Most Important
Innovations/Inventions in the
21st Century
Most Important Inventions of the 21st Century

• There's no question that the technological breakthroughs of the first

two decades of the 21st century have drastically revolutionized
people's day-to-day lives. Television, radio, paperback novels, movie
theaters, landline telephones, and letter writing have been replaced
by connected devices, digital books, Netflix, and communicating via
addictive apps such as Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram.
3D Printing

The earliest application of the layering method used by today's 3D printers took place in the
manufacture of topographical maps in the late 19th century, and 3D printing as we know it
began in 1980. The convergence of cheaper manufacturing methods and open-source
software, however, has led to a revolution of 3D printing in recent years. Today, the
technology is being used in the production of everything from lower-cost car parts to bridges
to less painful ballet slippers and it is even considered for artificial organs.
https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
E-cigarettes

While components of the technology have existed for decades, the first modern e-cigarette was introduced in
2006. Since then, the devices have become wildly popular as an alternative to traditional cigarettes, and new
trends, such as the use of flavored juice, have contributed to the success of companies like Juul. Recent studies
have shown that there remains a great deal of uncertainty and risk surrounding the devices, with an increasing
number of deaths and injuries linked to vaping. In early 2020, the FDA issued a widespread ban on many flavors
of cartridge-based e-cigarettes, in part because those flavors are especially popular with children and younger
adults.
https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Augmented Reality

Augmented reality, in which digital graphics are overlaid onto live footage to convey information in real
time, has been around for a while. Only recently, however, following the arrival of more powerful
computing hardware and the creation of an open source video tracking software library known as
ARToolKit that the technology has really taken off. Smartphone apps like the Pokémon Go game and
Snapchat filters are just two small popular examples of modern augmented reality applications. The
technology is being adopted as a tool in manufacturing, health care, travel, fashion, and education.

https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Birth Control Patch

The early years of the millennia have brought about an innovation in family planning, albeit one that is
still focused only on women and does nothing to protect against sexually transmitted infections. Still, the
birth control patch was first released in the United States in 2002 and has made it much easier for women
to prevent unintended pregnancies. The plastic patch contains the same estrogen and progesterone
hormones found in birth control pills and delivers them in the same manner as nicotine patches do to
help people quit tobacco products.

https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Blockchain

The simplest explanation of blockchain is that it is an incorruptible way to record transactions between
parties – a shared digital ledger that parties can only add to and that is transparent to all members of a
peer-to-peer network where the blockchain is logged and stored.
The technology was first deployed in 2008 to create Bitcoin, the first decentralized cryptocurrency, but it
has since been adopted by the financial sector and other industries for myriad uses, including money
transfers, supply chain monitoring, and food safety.

https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Capsule Endoscopy

Advancements in light emitting electrodes, image sensors, and optical design in the '90s led to the
emergence of capsule endoscopy, first used in patients in 2001. The technology uses a tiny wireless
camera the size of a vitamin pill that the patient swallows. As the capsule traverses the digestive system,
doctors can examine the gastrointestinal system in a far less intrusive manner. Capsule endoscopy can be
used to identify the source of internal bleeding, inflammations of the bowel ulcers, and cancerous
tumors.

https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Modern Artificial Pancreas

The artificial pancreas, formally known as closed-loop insulin delivery system, has been around since the
late '70s, but the first versions were the size of a filing cabinet. In recent years, the artificial pancreas,
used primarily to treat type 1 diabetes, became portable. The first artificial pancreas (the modern,
portable kind) was approved for use in the United States in 2016. The system continuously monitors
blood glucose levels, calculates the amount of insulin required, and automatically delivers it through a
small pump. British studies have shown that patients using these devices spent more time in their ideal
glucose-level range.
https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
E-readers

Sony was the first company to release an e-reader using a so-called microencapsulated electrophoretic
display, commonly referred to as e-ink. E-ink technology, which mimics ink on paper that is easy on the
eyes and consumes less power, had been around since the '70s (and improved in the '90s), but the
innovation of e-readers had to wait until after the broader demand for e-books emerged. Sony was
quickly overtaken by Amazon's Kindle after its 2007 debut. The popularity of e-readers has declined with
the emergence of tablets and smartphones, but they still command loyalty from bookworms worldwide.

https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Gene editing

Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley and a separate team from Harvard and the Broad
Institute independently discovered in 2012 that a bacterial immune system known as CRISPR (an acronym
for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) could be used as a powerful gene-editing
tool to make detailed changes to any organism's DNA. This discovery heralded a new era in biotechnology.
The discovery has the potential to eradicate diseases by altering the genes in mice and mosquitoes to
combat the spread of Lyme disease and malaria but is also raising ethical questions, especially with
regards to human gene editing such as for reproductive purposes.
https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
High density battery packs

Tesla electric cars have received so much attention largely because of their batteries. The batteries,
located underneath the passenger cabin, consist of thousands of high-density lithium ion cells, each
barely larger than a standard AA battery, nestled into a large, heavy battery pack that also offers Tesla
electric cars a road-gripping low center of gravity and structural support. The brainchild of Tesla co-
founder J.B. Straubel, these battery modules pack more of a punch than standard (and cheaper) electric
car batteries. These packs are also being used in residential, commercial, and grid-scale energy storage
devices.
https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Digital Assistants

One of the biggest technology trends in recent years has been smart home technology, which can now be
found in everyday consumer devices like door locks, light bulbs, and kitchen appliances. The key piece of
technology that has helped make all this possible is the digital assistant. Apple was the first major tech
company to introduce a virtual assistant called Siri, in 2011, for iOS. Other digital assistants, such as
Microsoft's Cortana and Amazon's Alexa, have since entered the market. The assistants gained another
level of popularity when tech companies introduced smart speakers. Notably, Google Home and Amazon's
Echo can now be found in millions of homes, with an ever-growing range of applications.
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century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Robot heart

Artificial hearts have been around for some time. They are mechanical devices connected to the actual
heart or implanted in the chest to assist or substitute a heart that is failing. Abiomed, a Danvers,
Massachusetts-based company, developed a robot heart called AbioCor, a self-contained apparatus made
of plastic and titanium. AbioCor is a self-contained unit with the exception of a wireless battery pack that
is attached to the wrist. Robert Tools, a technical librarian with congestive heart failure, received the first
one on July 2, 2001.

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century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Retinal Implant

When he was a medical student, Dr. Mark Humayun watched his grandmother gradually lose her vision.
The ophthalmologist and bioengineer focused on finding a solution to what causes blindness. He
collaborated with Dr. James Weiland, a colleague at the USC Gayle and Edward Roski Eye Institute, and
other experts to create the Argus II. The Argus II is a retinal prosthesis device that is considered to be a
breakthrough for those suffering from retinitis pigmentosa, an inherited retinal degenerative condition
that can lead to blindness. The condition afflicts 1.5 million people worldwide. The device was approved
by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2013.
https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Mobile Operating System

Mobile operating systems for smartphones and other portable gadgets have enabled the proliferation of
smartphones and other mobile gadgets thanks to their intuitive user interfaces and seemingly endless
app options. Mobile operating systems have become the most consumer-facing of computer operating
systems. When Google first purchased Android Inc. in 2005, the operating system was just two years old,
and the first iPhone (with its iOS) was still two years from its commercial debut.

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century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Multi-use Rockets

Billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk may not necessarily be remembered for his contributions to electric
cars innovations, but rather for his contributions to space exploration. Musk's private space exploration
company, SpaceX, has developed rockets that can be recovered and reused in other launches – a more
efficient and cheaper alternative to the method of using the rockets only once and letting them fall into
the ocean. On March 30, 2017, SpaceX became the first to deploy one of these used rockets, the Falcon 9.
Blue Origin, a space-transport company founded by Amazon.com's Jeff Bezos, has launched its own
reusable rocket.
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century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Online streaming

Online streaming would not be possible without the convergence of widespread broadband internet
access and cloud computing data centers used to store content and direct web traffic. While internet-
based live streaming has been around almost since the internet was broadly adopted in the '90s, it was
not until the mid-2000s that the internet could handle the delivery of streaming media to large audiences.
Online streaming is posing an existential threat to existing models of delivering media entertainment,
such as cable television and movie theaters.

https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Robotic exoskeletons

Ever since researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, created in 2003 a robotic device that
attaches to the lower back to augment strength in humans, the demand for robotic exoskeletons for
physical rehabilitation has increased, and manufacturing has taken off. Wearable exoskeletons are
increasingly helping people with mobility issues (particularly lower body paralysis), and are being used in
factories. Ford Motor Company, for example, has used an exoskeleton vest that helps auto assemblers
with repetitive tasks in order to lessen the wear and tear on shoulders and arms.

https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Small satellites

As modern electronics devices have gotten smaller, so, too, have orbital satellites, which companies,
governments, and organizations use to gather scientific data, collect images of Earth, and for
telecommunications and intelligence purposes. These tiny, low-cost orbital devices fall into different
categories by weight, but one of the most common is the shoebox-sized CubeSat. As of October 2019,
over 2,400 satellites weighing between 1 kg (2.2 lbs) and 40 kgs (88 lbs) have been launched, according to
Nanosats Database.

https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Maya-2: Philippines Cube Satellite
Solid-state Lidar

Lidar is an acronym that stands for light detection and ranging, and is also a portmanteau of the words
"light" and "radar." The technology today is most often used in self-driving cars. Like radars, which use
radio waves to bounce off objects and determine their distance, lidar uses a laser pulse to do the same.
By sending enough lasers in rotation, it can create a constantly updated high-resolution image map of the
surrounding environment. The next steps in the technology would include smaller and cheaper lidar
sensors, and especially solid state ones – no spinning tops on the cars.

https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Tokenization

If you have ever used the chip embedded in a credit or debit card to make a payment by tapping rather
than swiping, then you have benefited from the heightened security of tokenization. This data security
technology replaces sensitive data with an equivalent randomized number known as a token that is used
only once per transaction and has no value to would-be hackers and identity thieves attempting to
intercept transaction data as it travels from sender to recipient. Social media site classmates.com was
reportedly the first to use tokenization in 2001 to protect its subscribers' sensitive data. Tokenization is
also being touted as a way to prevent hackers from interfering with driverless cars.
https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
Touchscreen glass

Super-thin, chemically strengthened glass is a key component of the touchscreen world. This sturdy,
transparent material is what helps keep your iPad or Samsung smartphone from shattering into pieces at
the slightest drop. Even if these screens crack, in most cases the damage is cosmetic and the gadget still
works. Corning Inc., already a leader in the production of treated glass used in automobiles, was asked by
Apple to develop 1.3-mm treated glass for its iPhone, which debuted in 2007. Corning's Gorilla Glass is
still the most well known, though other brands exist in the marketplace.

https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-
century/40934825/ - by Angelo Young and Michael B. Sauter
EEA119

Frontier Technologies
Frontier Technologies

• generally understood to be new and rapidly developing

technologies that take advantage of digitalization and connectivity
• technologies can have dramatic impacts on economies and societies
as well as on the development of other technologies
• frontier technologies can increase productivity and improve
livelihoods

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• AI is normally defined as the capability of a machine to engage in cognitive

activities typically performed by the human brain. AI implementations that focus
on narrow tasks are widely available today. Examples: in recommending what to
buy next online, for virtual assistants in smartphones, and for spotting spam or
detecting credit card fraud. New implementations of AI are based on machine
learning and harness big data.
• Publications – 403,596
• Patents – 116,600
• Market Size – $16 Billion (2017), $191 Billion (2024)
• Major Providers – Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, IBM, Microsoft
• Major Users – Retail, banking, discrete manufacturing
• Examples
• Credit decisions and risk management
• Fraud prevention
• Trading
• Personalized banking
• Predictive maintenance, quality control, human-robot combined work
Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD
Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT refers to myriad Internet-enabled physical devices that are collecting and
sharing data. Typical fields include wearable devices, smart homes, healthcare,
smart cities and industrial automation.
• Publications – 66,467
• Patents – 22,180
• Market Size – $130 Billion (2018), $1.5 Trillion (2025)
• Major Providers – Alphabet, Amazon, Cisco, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, PTC, Salesforce,
SAP (IoT platform)
• Major Users – Consumer, Insurance, Health-care providers
• Examples
• ECG monitors
• environmental monitoring systems
• energy management system
• building and home automation
• tele-healthcare

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

Big Data

• Big data refers to datasets whose size or type is beyond the ability of traditional
database structures to capture, manage and process. Computers can thus tap
into data that has traditionally been inaccessible or unusable.
• Publications – 73,957
• Patents – 6,850
• Market Size – $32 Billion (2017), $157 Billion (2026)
• Major Providers – Alphabet, Amazon, Dell, HP, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, SAP, Splunk,
Teradata (storage platforms, analytics)
• Major Users – Banking, discrete manufacturing, professional services
• Examples
• Data warehouse
• Risk management and customer service
• Real-time analytics

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

Blockchain

• A blockchain refers to an immutable time-stamped series of data records

supervised by a cluster of computers not owned by any single entity. Blockchain
serves as the base technology for cryptocurrencies, enabling peer-to-peer
transactions that are open, secure and fast.
• Publications – 4,821
• Patents – 2,975
• Market Size – $708 Million (2017), $61Billion (2024)
• Major Providers – Alibaba, Amazon, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, SAP (blockchain-as-a-
service)
• Major Users – Finance, manufacturing, retail
• Examples
• Financial transactions (online, debit and credit card payments)
• Payment gateways
• Digitization of currencies, cryptocurrencies

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

5G

• 5G networks are the next generation of mobile internet connectivity, offering

download speeds of around 1-10 Gbps (4G is around 100 Mbps) as well as more
reliable connections on smartphones and other devices.
• Publications – 6,828
• Patents – 4,161
• Market Size - $608 Million (2018), $277 Billion (2025)
• Major Providers – Ericsson, Huawei, Nokia, ZTE (network equipment) Huawei, Intel,
MediaTek, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics (chip)
• Major Users – Energy utilities, manufacturing, public safety

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

3D Printing

• 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, produces three-dimensional

objects based on a digital file. 3D printing can create complex objects using less
material than traditional manufacturing.
• Publications – 17,039
• Patents – 13,215
• Market Size – $10 Billion (2018), $44 Billion (2025)
• Major Providers – 3D Systems, ExOne, HP, Stratasys
• Major Users – Discrete manufacturing, healthcare, education
• Examples
• Increase production speed
• Reduction in errors and in development cost and time
• Product customization

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

Robotics

• Robots are programmable machines that can carry out actions and interact with
the environment via sensors and actuators either autonomously or semi-
autonomously. They can take many forms: disaster response robots, consumer
robots, industrial robots, military/security robots and autonomous vehicles.
• Publications – 254,409
• Patents – 59,535
• Market Size – $32 Billion (2018), $499 Billion (2025)
• Major Providers – ABB, FANUC, KUKA, Mitsubishi Electric, Yaskawa (industrial robots)
Hanson Robotics, Pal Robotics, Robotis, Softbank Robotics (humanoids)
Alphabet/Waymo, Aptiv, GM, Tesla (autonomous vehicles)
• Major Users – Discrete manufacturing, process manufacturing, resource industry

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

Drones

• A drone, also known as unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or unmanned aircraft

systems (UAS), is a flying robot that can be remotely controlled or fly
autonomously using software with sensors and GPS. Drones have been often
used for military purposes, but they also have civilian uses such as in
videography, agriculture and in delivery services.
• Publications – 10,979
• Patents – 10,897
• Market Size - $69 Billion (2017), $141 Billion (2023)
• Major Providers – 3D Robotics, DJI Innovations, Parrot, Yuneec (commercial drones)
Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman Corporation (military drones)
• Major Users - Utilities, construction, discrete manufacturing
• Examples
• Inspection
• Photography
• Military
• GIS, LiDAR, mapping services

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

Gene Editing

• Gene editing, also known as genome editing, is a genetic engineering tool to

insert, delete or modify the genome in organisms. Potential applications include
drought-tolerant crops or new antibiotics.
• Publications – 12,947
• Patents – 2,899
• Market Size – $3.7 Billion (2017), $9.7 Billion (2025)
• Major Providers – CRISPR Therapeutics, Editas Medicine, Horizon Discovery Group,
Intellia Therapeutics, Precision BioSciences, Sangamo Therapeutics
• Major Users – Pharma-biotech, academic/research centre, agrigenomic/contract
research organizations
• Examples
• Vitro fertilization
• Genetically modified crops

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

Nanotechnology

• Nanotechnology is a field of applied science and technology dealing with the

manufacturing of objects in scales smaller than 1 micrometer. Nanotechnology is
used to produce a wide range of useful products such as pharmaceuticals,
commercial polymers and protective coatings. It can also be used to design
computer chip layouts.
• Publications – 152,359
• Patents – 4,293
• Market Size – $1 Billion (2018), $2.2 Billion (2025)
• Major Providers – BASF, Apeel Sciences, Agilent, Samsung Electronics, Intel
• Major Users – Medicine, manufacturing, energy
• Examples
• Treating ovarian cancer
• Miniaturization of a wide range of devices

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

Solar Photovoltaic (Solar PV)

• Solar photovoltaic (Solar PV) technology transforms sunlight into direct current
electricity using semiconductors within PV cells. In addition to being a renewable
energy technology, solar PV can be used in off-grid energy systems, potentially
reducing electricity costs and increasing access.
• Publications – 10,768
• Patents – 20,074
• Market Size – $54 Billion (2018), $334 Billion (2026)
• Major Providers – Jinko Solar, JA Solar, Trina Solar, Canadian Solar, Hanwha Q cells
• Major Users – Residential, Commercial, Utilities

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

AuREUS System Technology

AuREUS is actually a material, or a technology,

that allows other devices to harvest ultraviolet
light and convert it into electricity. AuREUS is
based on a plastic material, so it can be formed
into different shapes. AeREUS, which was
inspired by the science behind the northern
lights, could replace typical window glasses so
that a whole building could become vertical
solar energy farms.
The important components of the invention
could be sourced from rotting crops as these
have organic luminescent compounds that turn
high energy violet waves into visible light. Then
solar panels and solar films are used to convert
this visible light into electricity.
Carvey Ehren Maigue invented the AuREUS and
won the first-ever sustainability prize given by
The James Dyson Award.
AuREUS System Technology
Early Adopters of Frontier Technologies

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

Frontier Technologies: Market Size

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

Publications and Patents

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

Top Frontier Technology Providers

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

Top Frontier Technology Providers

Source: Technology and Innovation Report 2021 by UNCTAD

EEA119

Example – Emerging
Technologies in Electrical
Engineering
5 Battery Technologies That Could Change Everything
Video/Readings

• Video – 5 New Battery Technologies that could Change Everything

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOBBwx3Cbbk

• Five Minute Guide: Electricity Storage Technologies

https://www.arup.com/perspectives/publications/research/section/five-minute-
guide-to-electricity-storage

• Technology and Innovation Report 2021

https://unctad.org/webflyer/technology-and-innovation-report-2021

• The Most Important Inventions of the 21st century

https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/01/09/21-most-important-inventions-of-
the-21st-century/40934825/
https://www.thoughtco.com/the-most-important-inventions-of-the-21st-century-4159887
Evaluation

TITLE
Description of the technology
Relatively Fast Prominent Uncertainty and
Radical Novelty Coherence
Growth Impact Ambiguity
Rating (1-5) for each of the criteria
Supporting explanation or remarks on the rating