Assignment

Subject:
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics-I

Topic:
Numerical Problems related to

 Flow through Nozzles, Turbines, Compressors

 Throttling
 Gas & Vapor Power Cycles
 Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
 Liquefaction

Submitted To:
Prof.Dr.Mahmood Saleem

Submitted By:
Hamza Shafiq

Roll #:
CE-M10-41

Date of Issue:
10th Week (Wednesday)

Date of Submission:
 Nozzles, Throttling, Expanders/Turbine,
Compressors/Pumps

Numerical 1:

Steam expands adiabatically in a nozzle from inlet conditions of 130(psia), 420 ℉ and a
velocity of 230(ft)( s−1 ¿ to a discharge pressure of 35(psia) where its velocity is 2,000(ft)( s−1 ¿.
What is the state of steam at the nozzle exit and what is SG for the process?

Solution:

u1=230 ft s−1

u2=2,000 ft s−1

P1=130 psia

P2=35 psia

T 1=420 ℉

From Steam Table at initial condition

H 1=1233.6 Btu/ lb

Btu
S1=1.6310
lb . R

As we know that

∆ u2
∆ H=
2

Therefore,

∆ H =(u¿¿ 22 −u21)/2 ¿

Thus,
 Btu
∆ H =78.8
lb

As we know that

∆ H =H 2−H 1

Therefore,

H 2=∆ H + H 1

Btu
H 2=1154.8
lb

Again from the Steam Table at final condition

Btu
H liq =228.03
lb

Btu
H vap =1167.1
lb

Btu
Sliq =0.3809
lb . R

Btu
Svap =1.6872
lb . R

As we know that

Quality = Fraction Vapour = x

Also

H 2−H vap
x=
H vap−H liq

x=0.987

Similarly for the two or multiphase system, we know that

S2=S liq + x (S vap −S liq )

S2=0.3809+ 0.987 ( 1.9872−0.3809 )

Btu
S2=1.67
lb . R
For S g,

S g=∆ S=S 2−S1

S g=1.67−1.631

Btu
S g=0.039
lb . R

Numerical 2:

A gas at upstream conditions (T 1 , P1 ¿ is throttled to a downstream pressure of 1.2 bar. Using

the Redlich/Kwong equation to estimate the downstream temperature and ∆ S of the gas for
one of the following

a) Carbondioxide, with T 1=350K and P1= 80 bar

b) Ethylene, with T 1=350K and P1=60 bar
c) Nitrogen, with T 1=250K and P1=60 bar
d) Propane, with T 1=400K and P1=20 bar

Solution:

a)

P2=1.2 ¯¿

T 1=350 K

P1=80 ¯¿

T c =304.2 K

Pc =73.83 ¯
¿

ω=0.224

A=5.457

B=1.045 x 10−3

C=0

D=−1.157 x 105

T r=1.151
Pr =1.084

Ω=0.08664

ψ=0.42748

As we know that

Pr
β=Ω.
Tr

β=0.08159

Ψ
q=( )
Ω. T 1.5
r

q=3.9956

Guess z=1;

z−β
z=1+ β−qβ
z (z + β )

z=0.8047

For i=1

z+β
I i=ln ( )
z

I =2.3853

As we know that

H r =R .T 1 [ ( z−1 ) −1.5 qI ]

H r =−42169.92 kJ /mol

Also

Sr =R [ ln ( z ) −0.5 qI ]

9826 kJ
Sr =4.
mol . K
The most convenient way will be by guess the final downstream temperature initially and then
calculating it.

Assume, T 2=280 K

For this value of this temperature, the value of I will be

Z=0.721

Thus from the above mentioned formula

H r =−2.681 kJ /mol

And

−5.177 kJ
Sr =
mol . K

From the appendix we can deduce the value of C p=4.467

As we know that

Hr
T 2= +T 1
Cp

T 2=349.39 K

And

P2
Δ S=C p ln (T ¿ ¿ 2/T 1)−Rln −S r ¿
P1

Therefore

Δ S=31.549 kJ /mol

b)

P2=1.2 ¯¿

T 1=350 K

P1=60 ¯¿

T c =282.3 K
Pc =50.40 ¯¿

ω=0.087

A=1.424

B=14.394 x 10−3

C=−4.392 x 10−3

D=0

T r=1.24

Pr =1.19

Ω=0.08664

ψ=0.42748

As we know that

Pr
β=Ω.
Tr

β=0.083

Ψ
q=( )
Ω. T 1.5
r

q=42.06

Guess z=1;

z−β
z=1+ β−qβ
z (z + β )

z=−1.872

For i=1

z+β
I i=ln ( )
z

I =3.070

As we know that
H r =R .T 1 [ ( z−1 ) −1.5 qI ]

H r =46134.7 kJ /mol

Also

Sr =R [ ln ( z ) −0.5 qI ]

kJ
Sr =−531.57
mol . K

The most convenient way will be by guess the final downstream temperature initially and then
calculating it.

Assume, T 2=302 K

For this value of this temperature, the value of I will be

Z=0.773

Thus from the above mentioned formula

H r =−2.253 kJ /mol

And

kJ
Sr =−4.346
mol . K

From the appendix we can deduce the value of C p=5.325

As we know that

Hr
T 2= +T 1
Cp

T 2=302 K

And

P2
Δ S=C p ln (T ¿ ¿ 2/T 1)−Rln −S r ¿
P1

Therefore
Δ S=30 kJ /mol

c)

P2=1.2 ¯¿

T 1=250 K

P1=60 ¯¿

T c =162.2 K

Pc =34 ¯¿

ω=0.038

A=3.820

B=0.593 x 10−3

C=0

D=0.040 x 105

T r=1.981

Pr =1.765

Ω=0.08664

ψ=0.42748

As we know that

Pr
β=Ω.
Tr

β=0.077

Ψ
q=( )
Ω. T 1.5
r

q=1.7695

Guess z=1;
 z−β
z=1+ β−qβ
z (z + β )

z=0.960

For i=1

z+β
I i=ln ( )
z

I =0.077

As we know that

H r =R .T 1 [ ( z−1 ) −1.5 qI ]

H r =−507.95 kJ /mol

Also

Sr =R [ ln ( z )−0.5 qI ]

Sr =−0.2255 kJ /molK

The most convenient way will be by guess the final downstream temperature initially and then
calculating it.

Assume, T 2=232 K

For this value of this temperature, the value of I will be

Z=0.956

Thus from the above mentioned formula

H r =−0.521 kJ /mol

And

kJ
Sr =−1.396
mol . K

From the appendix we can deduce the value of C p=3.502

As we know that
 Hr
T 2= +T 1
Cp

T 2=232.0 K

And

P2
Δ S=C p ln (T ¿ ¿ 2/T 1)−Rln −S r ¿
P1

Therefore

Δ S=32 kJ /mol

d)

P2=1.2 ¯¿

T 1=400 K

P1=20 ¯¿

T c =369.8 K

Pc =42.28 ¯¿

ω=0.152

A=1.213

B=28.785 x 10−3

C=−8.824 x 10−6

D=0

T r=1.081

Pr =0.471

Ω=0.08664

ψ=0.42748

As we know that
 Pr
β=Ω.
Tr

β=0.0377

Ψ
q=( )
Ω. T 1.5
r

q=4.3899

Guess z=1;

z−β
z=1+ β−qβ
z (z + β )

z=0.88422

For i=1

z+β
I i=ln ( )
z

I =3.96

As we know that

H r =R .T 1 [ ( z−1 ) −1.5 qI ]

H r =871.03 kJ /mol

Also

Sr =R [ ln ( z ) −0.5 qI ]

kJ
Sr =−8.859
mol . K

The most convenient way will be by guess the final downstream temperature initially and then
calculating it.

Assume, T 2=380 K

For this value of this temperature, the value of I will be

Z=0.86

Thus from the above mentioned formula

H r =−1.39 kJ /mol

And

kJ
Sr =−2.33
mol . K

From the appendix we can deduce the value of C p=9.01

As we know that

Hr
T 2= +T 1
Cp

T 2=385.1 K

And

P2
Δ S=C p ln (T ¿ ¿ 2/T 1)−Rln −S r ¿
P1

Therefore

Δ S=22.163 kJ /mol

Numerical 3:

For a pressure-explicit equation of state, prove that the Joule/Thompson inversion curve is
the locus of states for which:

∂Z ∂Z
T( ) = p( )
∂T p ∂P T

Apply this equation to (a) the van der Waals equation; (b) the Redlich/Kwong equation.

Discuss the results.

Solution:

∂Z
We know that the Joule Thompson inversion curve is locus of states for which ( ) =0 .
∂T ρ

On applying general equation of differential calculus

∂x ∂ x ∂w
(∂ x /∂ y) z=( ) +( ) ( )
∂ y w ∂w y ∂ y z

For this it become

∂Z ∂Z ∂Z ∂ρ
( ) =( ) +( ) ( )
∂ T P ∂T ρ ∂ ρ T ∂ T P

Therefore it become

∂Z ∂Z ∂Z ∂ρ
( ) =( ) +( ) ( )
∂ T ρ ∂T P ∂ ρ T ∂ T P

We know that

PV =ZRT

P=ZRT / V

P= ρZRT

Because ρ=1/V

Thus

P
ρ=
ZRT

On taking differential on both sides

∂ρ R −1 ∂Z
( ) = {
∂ T P T ( ZT ) 2 ( ( ))
Z +T
∂T P
}

∂ρ R
( ) = ¿
∂T P T

∂Z
Taking ( ) =0 , the preceding equations became
∂T ρ
 ∂Z ∂Z ∂ρ
( ) =−( ) ( )
∂T ρ ∂ ρ T ∂T P

And

∂ρ −P − ρ
( ) = =
∂ T P ZR T 2 T

On comparing these two equations

∂Z −ρ ∂ Z
( )= ( )
∂T ρ T ∂ ρ T

Thus

∂Z ∂Z
T( ) =−ρ( )
∂T ρ ∂ρ T

a)

As we know the van der Waal equation

V a
P= −
V −b V 2

Multiplying both sides with V / RT

PV V a
= −
RT V −b VRT

Substituting Z=PV /RT ; V =1 / ρ

1 aρ
Z= −
1−bρ RT

Also we know that q=a /bRT , ξ=bρ

Then

1
Z= −qξ
1−ξ

On differentiating it

∂Z ∂Z −ξdq
( ) =( )=
∂ T ρ ∂T ξ dT

For van der Waal equation we know that

 Ψ
α =1, q=
ΩT r

Therefore on taking differential of q on both sides

−1
2
dq Ψ T r
= .
( )
dT r

dT Ω dT

dq −Ψ
=
dT Ω T 2r T c

dq −Ψ −q
= =
dT Ω TT r T

Therefore

∂Z qξ
( )=
∂T ρ T

Also

∂Z
( ) =b ¿
∂ρ T

b)

For Redlich/Kwong equation we know that

RT a
P= −
V −b V (V +b)

Proceeding exactly as above with same definitions

1 qξ
Z= −
1−ξ 1+ξ

For Redlich/Kwong, we know that

α =T −0.5
r

Ψ
Also q=
ΩT 1.5
r

This leads to
dq −1.5 q
=
dT T

And

∂Z 1.5 qξ
( )=
∂ T ρ T ( 1+ ξ)

Moreover

∂Z b bq
( ) = −
∂ ρ T (1−ξ ) ( 1+ξ )2
2

Substituting these two equations lead to

1+ ξ 2 1
q= ( ) (
1−ξ 2.5+1.5 ξ
)

Numerical 4:

Isobutene expands adiabatically in a turbine from 5,000kPa and 250℃ to 500kPa at the rate
of 0.7 kgmol s−1 . If the turbine efficiency is 0.80, what is the power output if the turbine and
what is the temperature of the isobutane leaving the turbine?

Solution:

P1=5000 kPa

T 1=250 ℃=523.13 K

T C =408.1 K

Pc =36.48 ¯¿

ηo =0.7 kgmol s−1

P2=500 kPa

For turbine

∆ S=0

A=1.677

B=37.853 x 10−3
C=−11.94 x 10−6

D=0

T r 1=1.282

Pr 1=1.3706

Pr 2=0.137

First we will have to calculate the final temperature assuming that the iso-butane is behaving ideal

As we know that

T2 P2
∆ S=C p ln ( ) T1
−Rln ( )
P1

Assuming that ∆ S=21.06

We get

T 2=445.17 K

Therefore

T r 2=1.092

For the power output

T2

∆ H ig =∫ C p dT
T1

T2
Cp
∆ H ig =R ∫ dT
T1
R

T2

∆ H ig =R ∫ (A +BT +C T 2) dT
T1

Thus

−11.07 kJ
∆ H ig =
mol

In actual case

∆ H ' =∆ H ig + ∆ H R
For ∆ H R

∆ H R=H R 1−H R 2

H R1
=Pr 1 ¿
RTC

Where

0.422
Bo=0.083−
T 1.6
r1

0.172
B1=0.139−
T 4.2
r1

d B o 0.675
=
d T r 1 T 2.6
r1

d B 1 0.7 .22
= 5.2
d T r1 T r1

Also

H R2
=Pr 2 ¿
RTC

Where

0.422
Bo=0.083−
T 1.6
r2

0.172
B1=0.139−
T 4.2
r2

d B o 0.675
=
d T r 2 T 2.6
r2

d B 1 0.7 .22
= 5.2
d T r2 T r2

Thus on substituting the value in above mentioned equations for the determination of ∆ H R, we get

kJ
∆ H R=−8320.32
mol
Therefore we get

kJ
∆ H ' =−8331.4
mol

For η=0.8

Δ H =η Δ H '

kj
Δ H =−6665
mol

For η=0.7

We get

W =η . ΔH

W =−4666.1 kW

For the actual final temperature, we will use the following equation

T2
∆ H =C p ln ( )
T1
−∆ H R

Thus, we get

T 2=457.9 K

Numerical 5:

The steam rate to a turbine for variable output is controlled by a throttle valve in the inlet
line. Steam is supplied to the throttle valve at 1,700kPa and 225℃. During a test run, the
pressure at the turbine inlet is 1,000kPa, the exhaust steam at 10kPa has a quality of 0.95, the
steam flow rate is 0.5kg s−1 , and the power output of the turbine is 180kW

a) What are the heat losses from the turbine?

b) What would be the power output if the steam supplied to the throttle valve were
expanded isentropically to the final pressure?

Solution:

P1=1700 kPa

T 1=225 ℃=498.13 K
 kj
H 1=2851
kg

kJ
S1=6.513
kg

At 10 kPa

x 2=0.95

kJ
Sliq =0.6993
kg

H liq =191.832 kJ /kg

H vap =2584.4 kJ /kg

Svap =8.511 kJ /kgK

kg
m . =0.5
s

Thus we can calculate W ., as

W . =−180 kW

As we know that

H 2=H liq + x2 ( H vap −H liq )

kJ
H 2=2465
kg

Thus, as

Δ H =H 2−H 1

kJ
Δ H =−385.85
kg

As we know that

Q=m. . Δ H −W .

kJ
Q=−12.9
sec

For isentropic expansion

 ' S1 −S liq
x 2=
S vap−S liq

x '2=0.78

H '2=H liq + x'2 ( H vap −H liq )

kJ
H '2=2063
kg

As

W . =m . Δ H =m . (H ¿¿ 2' −H 1 )¿

W . =−392.4 kW

Numerical 6:

Turbine can be used to recover energy from high-pressure liquid streams. However they are
not used when the high-pressure stream is saturated liquid. Why? Illustrate by determining
the downstream state for isentropic expansion of saturated liquid water at 5 bar to a final
pressure of 1 bar.

Solution:

When a saturated liquid is expanded in a turbine some of the liquid vaporizes. A turbine properly
designed for expansion of liquids cannot handle the much larger volumes resulting from the formation
of vapor. Thus the expansion will be irreversible and the fraction of liquid vaporize will be greater

Numerical 7:

Saturated steam at 125kPa is compressed adiabatically in a centrifugal compressor to 700kPa

at the rate of 2.5 kg s−1 . The compressor efficiency is 78%. What is the power requirement of
the compressor and what are the enthalpy and entropy of the steam in its final state?

Solution:

P1=125 kPa

P2=700 kPa

m . =2.5 kg/ s
From steam table at 125 kPa

kj
H 1=2685.2
kg

kJ
S1=7.284
kgK

At 700 kPa

kJ
H '2=30513.3
kg

kJ
S2=7.458
kgK

η=78 %

As we know that

Δ H =η ¿

H '2 −H 1
ΔH=
η

kJ
Δ H =469.36
kg

Therefore

H 2= Δ H+ H 1

kj
H 2=3154.7
kg

Therefore using the final enthalpy value we can deduce the value of entropy

Thus

kJ
S2=7.46
molK

Also

W =m ΔH

Thus

W =1173.46 kW
Numerical 8:

Propylene is compressed adiabatically form 11.5 bar and 30℃ to 18 bars at the rate of
1kgmol s−1 . If the compressor efficiency is 0.8, what is the power requirement if the
compressor and what is the discharge temperature of the propylene?

Solution:

P1=11.5 ¯¿

T 1=30 ℃

T C =365.6 K

Pc =46.65 ¯¿

η=0.7 kgmo l s−1

P2=18 ¯¿

For turbine

∆ S=0

A=1.67

B=22.706 x 10−3

C=−6.905 x 10−6

D=0

T r 1=0.8292

Pr 1=0.2465

Pr 2=0.386

First we will have to calculate the final temperature assuming that the propane is behaving ideal

As we know that

T2 P2
∆ S=C p ln ( )
T1
−Rln ( )
P1
Assuming that ∆ S=−3.11

We get

T 2=324.127 K

Therefore

T r 2=0.887

For the power output

T2

∆ H ig =∫ C p dT
T1

T2
Cp
∆ H ig =R ∫ dT
T1
R

T2

∆ H ig =R ∫ (A +BT +C T 2) dT
T1

Thus

1.409 kJ
∆ H ig =
mol

In actual case

∆ H ' =∆ H ig + ∆ H R

For ∆ H R

∆ H R=H R 1−H R 2

H R1
=Pr 1 ¿
RTC

Where

0.422
Bo=0.083−
T 1.6
r1

0.172
B1=0.139−
T 4.2
r1
d B o 0.675
=
d T r 1 T 2.6
r1

d B 1 0.7 .22
= 5.2
d T r1 T r1

Also

H R2
=Pr 2 ¿
RTC

Where

0.422
Bo=0.083−
T 1.6
r2

0.172
B1=0.139−
T 4.2
r2

d B o 0.67 5
= 2.6
d T r2 T r2

d B 1 0.7 .22
= 5.2
d T r2 T r2

Thus on substituting the value in above mentioned equations for the determination of ∆ H R, we get

kJ
∆ H R=−0.4449
mol

Therefore we get

kJ
∆ H ' =1.0241
mol

For η=0.8

Δ H =η Δ H '

kj
Δ H =0.81928
mol

Also m=1 kgmol . s−1we get

W =m. ΔH
W =0.82 kW

For the actual final temperature, we will use the following equation

T2
∆ H =C p ln ( )
T1
−∆ H R

Thus, we get

T 2=327.1 K

Numerical 9:

Steam enters a nozzle at 800kPa and 280℃ at negligible velocity and discharges at a pressure
of 525kPa. Assuming isentropic expansion of the steam in the nozzle, what is the exit velocity
and what is the cross-sectional area at the nozzle exit for a flow rate of 0.75kg s−1 ?

Solution:

P1=800 kPa

T 1=280 ℃

From steam table we get

H 1=3014.9 kJ /kg

S1=7.195 kJ /kgK

Similarly at

P2=52 kPa

S2=7.1595 kJ /kgK

From steam table we get

H 2=2885.2 kJ /kg

V 2=531.2 c m3 / g

With heat, work potential energy and initial velocity equals to zero

Form the 1st law of conservation of thermodynamics, we get

 u22
∆ H + =0
2

u2= √−2( H 2−H 1)

u2=565.2 m s−1

Also we know that

m. V 2
A2=
u2

We get
2
A2=7.05 c m

Numerical 10:

Air at 1 atm and 35 ℃ is compressed in a staged reciprocating compressor (with intercooling)

to a final pressure of 50 atm. For each stage, the inlet gas temperature is 35 ℃ and the
maximum allowable outlet temperature is 200℃. Mechanical power is the same for all
stages and isentropic efficiency is 65% for each stag. The volumetric flowrate of air is 0.5m 3 s−1
at the inlet to the first stage

a) How many stages are required?

b) What is the mechanical power requirement per stage?
c) What is the heat duty for each intercooler?
d) What is the coolant for each intercooler? It enters at 25℃ and leaves at 45℃. What is
the cooling water rate per intercooler?

Assume air is an ideal gas withC p= ( 72 ) R.

Solution:

P1=1 atm

T 1=35 ℃=308.13 K

P2=5 ¯¿

T 2=200 ℃=473.13 K
η=65 %

m3
V =0.5
s

C p=3.5 R

a)

As we know that

T '2 −T 1
T 2=T 1 +
η

T '2=[ ( T 2−T 1) η+T 1 ]

T '2=415.46 K

As for one step

T 2=T 1 ¿

For n step

T 2=T 1 ¿

P2
ln ⁡()
R P1
n=
Cp T
ln ⁡( 2 )
T1

n=3.74=4≈.

b)

For the power requirement per stage we know that

W ideal
W=
η
R
P2

W=
C p T1[ ( )
P1
n cp
−1]

On substituting the value we get

W =444.62 kW

The work obtained is for the whole process

Thus the work done in per step will be

W . =111.15 kW

c)

Since the working gas is ideal and is entering and leaving the compressor and intercooler respectively at
the same temperature, therefore there is no change in the enthalpy.

Thus 1st law of thermodynamic yield

Q . =W .

Therefore

Q . =−111.15 kW

d)

From steam table for the saturated liquid

( 188.4−104.8 ) kJ
Δ HW =
kg

kJ
Δ H W =83.6
kg

m . =Q . / Δ H W

kg
m . =1.329
s

Numerical 11:

Liquid (identified below) at 25℃ are completely vaporized at 1 atm in a counter current heat
exchanger. Saturated steam is the heating medium, available at four pressures: 4.5,9,17 and
33 bars. Which variety of steam is most appropriate for each case? Assume a minimum
approach ∆ T of 10℃ for heat exxhange.

a) Benzene;
b) n-Decane;
 c) Ethylene glycol;
d) o-Xylene

Solution:

For this we required the liquid with lowest saturated temperature to satisfy ΔT =0
For this benzene is the most appropriate for each case.

Numerical 12:

For isentropic expansion in a converging/diverging nozzle with negligible entrance velocity,

sketch graphs of mass flow rate ṁ, velocity u, and area ratio A/ A1 vs the pressure ratio P/ P1.
Here, A is the cross-sectional area of the nozzle at the point in the nozzle where the pressure
is P, and the subscript 1 denotes the nozzle entrance.

Solution:

The mass-flow rate m . is of course constant throughout the nozzle from entrance to exit.
The velocity u rises monotonically from nozzle entrance to nozzle exit as the pressure ratio decrease.
The area ratio decreases at the nozzle entrance to a minimum value at the throat and thereafter
increases to the nozzle exit.
 Power cycles

Numerical 13:

A power plant operating on heat recovered from the exhaust gases of internal combustion
engine uses isobutane as the working medium in a modified Rankine Cycle in which the upper
pressure level is above the critical pressure of isobutane. Thus the isobutane doesn’t undergo
a change of phase as it absorbs heat prior to its entry into turbine. Isobutane vapor is heated
at 4,800kPa to 260℃, and enters the turbine as a supercritical fluid at these conditions:
Isentropic expansion in the turbine produces a superheated vapor at 450kPa, which is cooled
and condensed at constant pressure. The resulting saturated liquid enters the pump for
return to the heater. If the power output of the modified Rankine cycle is 1,000kW, what is
the isobutnae flow rate, the heat-transfer rates in the heater and condenser, and the thermal
efficiency of thee cycle? The vapor pressure of isobutnae is given in Table B.2 of App. B.
Solution:

P1=4800 kPa

T 1=533.13 K

T C =408.1 K

Pc =36.48 ¯¿

P2=450 kPa

For turbine

∆ S=0

A=1.677

B=37.853 x 10−3

C=−11.94 x 10−6

D=0

T r 1=1.3064

Pr 1=1.3158

Pr 2=0.123

Assume T 2=455 K , for the sake of ease of solving the problem

Thus

T2

∆ H ig =∫ C p dT
T1

T2
Cp
∆ H ig =R ∫ dT
T1
R

T2

∆ H ig =R ∫ (A +BT +C T 2) dT
T1

Thus
 −1.14 kJ
∆ H ig =
mol

In actual case

∆ H ' =∆ H ig + ∆ H R

For ∆ H R

∆ H R=H R 1−H R 2

H R1
=Pr 1 ¿
RTC

Where

0.422
Bo=0.083−
T 1.6
r1

0.172
B1=0.139−
T 4.2
r1

d B o 0.675
=
d T r 1 T 2.6
r1

d B 1 0.7 .22
= 5.2
d T r1 T r1

Also

H R2
=Pr 2 ¿
RTC

Where

0.422
Bo=0.083−
T 1.6
r2

0.172
B1=0.139−
T 4.2
r2

d B o 0.675
=
d T r 2 T 2.6
r2
d B 1 0.7 .22
= 5.2
d T r2 T r2

Thus on substituting the value in above mentioned equations for the determination of ∆ H R, we get

kJ
∆ H R=−8848.4
mol

Therefore

∆ H turbine =Δ H=−8850 kj/mol

For calculating the work of pump we will have to find the volume of iso-butane as a saturated liquid 450
kPa. For this we will first have to calculate the saturation temperature, which can be calculated by the
following Antoine equation

As

B
ln Psat =A−
T +C

Therefore

B
T sat = −C
A−ln P sat

T sat =34 ℃ =307.15 K

For the table we know that

V c =262. c m3 /mol

Z c =0.282

T rsat =0.753

As we know that
2/7
1−T rsat )
V liq =V c Z (c

c m3
V liq =112.36
mol

W pump =V liq ( P1 −P 2 )

W pump =489 kW
For the mass rate

1000
m. =
W turbine+ W pump

kg
m. =0.12
s

For the heat-transfer rates we will first have to calculate the enthalpy changes in the cooler/condenser
with the saturated temperature as the initial temperature.
T2

∆ H ig =∫ C p dT
T sat

T2
Cp
∆ H ig =R ∫ dT
T sat
R

T2

∆ H ig =R ∫ ( A +BT +C T 2)dT
T sat

Thus

−1.746 kJ
∆ H ig =
mol

Therefore

∆ H a =∆ H ig +∆ H R

Implies that

808 kJ
∆ H a =−1.
mol

Also

T n=261.4 K

T rn=0.641

We know that

1.092 R T n ( ln Pc −1.013 )
∆ Hn=
0.93−T rn
 kJ
∆ H n =21.18
mol

For the ∆ H b

0.38
1−T rsat
∆ H b =−∆ H n (
1−T rn )
Therefore

kJ
∆ H b =−18.37
mol

Since we know that

Q out =m. ( ∆ H a +∆ H b )

Qout =−4360 kW

Also

Q¿ =(W turbine+ W pump )m. +Qout

Q ¿ =5360 kW

As we know that

1000
η=
Q¿

η=0.18

%η=18 %

Numerical 14:

For comparison of Diesel and Otto-engine cycles:

a) Show that the thermal efficiency of the air-standard Diesel cycle can be expressed as

1 γ−1
r cγ−1
η=1−
r () γ ( r c −1 )

where r is the compression ration and r c is the cutoff ratio, defined as r c =V A /V D . (See
fig.8.10)
 b) Show that for the same compression ratio the thermal efficiency of the air-standard
Otto engine is greater than the thermal efficiency of the air standard Diesel cycle.
γ −1
1
()
Hint: show that the fraction which multiplies
r
in the equation for η is greater

than unity by expanding r γc in a Taylor series with the remainder taken to the first
derivative
c) If γ =1.4, how does the thermal efficiency of an air-standard Otto cycle with a
compression ratio 0f 8 compare with the thermal efficiency of an air-standard Diesel
cycle with the same compression ratio and cutoff ratio of 27 how the compression
changed if the cutoff ratio is 3?

Solution:

a)

As we know that

1 γ 1 γ
1 re
η=1− [
−
( ) ()
r
]
γ 1 1
−
re r

Where

r e =expansionratio=V B /V A

r =compression ratio=V c /V D

r c =cutoff ratio=V A /V D

Since V A =V B

r
=(V ¿ ¿ c /V D) /(V ¿ ¿ c /V A )=r c ¿ ¿
re

Or

1 rc
=
re r

Therefore
 rc γ 1 γ
1 r
η=1− [
−
r( ) ()
]
γ rc 1
−
r r

1 γ−1
r γc −1
η=1− ()
r γ (r c −1)

b)

We wish to show that

r γc −1
>1
γ (r c −1)

Taylor series with remainder, taken to the first derivative can be written as

1 γ −2
r γc =1+ γ ( r c −1 ) + γ ( γ −1 ) [ 1+θ ( r c −1 ) ] . ( r c −1 )2
2

1 γ −2
For a> 1 and r c >1 also γ ( γ −1 ) [ 1+θ ( r c −1 ) ] . ( r c −1 ) 2> 0
2

Therefore

r γc >1+γ ( r c −1 )

r γc −1> γ ( r c −1 )

On dividing both side with γ ( r c −1 ), we will get

r γc −1
>1
γ ( r c −1 )

Hence proved that with the same compression ratio the thermal efficiency of Otto engine is
greater than that of Diesel cycle.

c)

If γ =1.4 and r =8

Then the thermal efficiency of the air standard Otto engine

 γ−1
1
η=1− () r

ηotto =0.564

Similarly the thermal efficiency of the diesel engine can be given as

1 γ−1
r γc −1
η=1−
r () γ (r c −1)

Therefore

If r c =2

ηdiesel =0.49

And for r c =3

ηdiesel =0.43

Numerical 15:

An air-standard Diesel cycle absorbs 1,500Jmo l−1 of heat (step DA of fig.8.10, which simulates
combustion). The pressure and temperature at the beginning of the compression step are 1
bar and 20℃, and the pressure at the end of the compression step is 4 bar. Assuming air to

be an ideal gas for which C p= ( 72 ) R and C =( 52 ) R, what are the compression ratio and the
v

expansion ratio of the cycle?

Solution:
 7
C p= R
2

Pc =1 ¯¿

T C =293.13 K

P D=5 ¯¿

γ =1.4

As we know that

Pc V γc =PD V γD
1γ
Vc P
VD
=r= D
Pc ( )
r =3.1

Also we know that

Q DA=1,500 Jmol−1

Q DA=C p ( T A −T D )

Q DA
T A= +T D
CP

T D =515.8 K

VB
re=
VA

As we know that

V B =V c

Therefore

RT C
V B Vc PC
re= = =
V A V A RT A
PA
Since

P A =PD

Therefore

r e =2.8

Numerical 16:

Consider an air-standard cycle for the turbojet power plant shown in the figure 8.13. The
temperature and pressure of the air entering the compressor are 1 bar and 30℃. The
pressure ratio in the compressor is 6.5, and the temperature at the turbine inlet is 1,100℃. If
the expansion in the nozzle is isentropic and if the nozzle exhausts at 1 bar, what is the
pressure at the nozzle inlet(turbine exhaust) and what is the velocity if the air leaving the
nozzle?

Solution:

From this given figure

T A=303.15 K

T C =1373.15 K
 7
CP= R
2

P A =PE =1 ¯¿

Pc =P B=6.5 ¯¿

g
Molecular Wt. of air = 29
mol

For the work, we know that

R
P
W AB =C P T A [ B
PA ( ) CP
−1]

2
W AB =C P T A [r comp7 −1]

Also
R
PD
W CD =C P T C [ ( )
PC
CP
−1]

2
7
W CD =C P T C [r exp −1]

Both work terms are equal but have opposite sign

Therefore

2 2
[ ]
T C r exp 7 −1 =−T A [r comp 7 −1]

As we know that

r comp =6.5

Therefore

r exp =0.55

Also we know

PD
r exp =
PC

And
 PB
r comp =
PA

Therefore

PD
=r r
P E exp comp

As we know that
γ −1
2 γ PD V D P
u2E−u 2D =
γ −1 ( )
[1− E
PD
γ
]

On making following substitution

u D=0

γ −1 2
=
γ 7

P D V D =nR T D

We get

2
7 RTD 1
u E= 2
√ 2n
[1− (
r exp r comp)7
]

u E=843.33m s−1

Also

PD
=r r
P E exp comp

P D=P E r exp r comp

Thus

P D=3.56 ¯¿

Numerical 17:

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is transported in very large tankers, stored as liquid in equilibrium
with its vapor at approximately atmospheric pressure. If LNG is essentially pure methane, the
storage temperature then is about 111.4K, the normal boiling point of methane. The
enormous amount of cold liquid can in principle serve as a heat sink for an on-board heat
engine. Energy discarded to the LNG serves for its vaporization. If the heat source is ambient
air at 300K, and if the efficiency of a heat engine is 60% of its Carnot value, estimate the
vaporization rate in moles vaporized per kJ of power output. For methane,
∆ H lvn =8.206 kjmo l −1.

Solution:

As

T C =111.4 K

T H =300 K

kJ
Δ H lvn =8.206
mol

As we know that

TC
ηcar not =1−
TH

ηcarnot =0.629

Also given

ηengine =0.6 ηcarnot

ηengine =0.377

Basis

W =1 kJ

W
ηengine =
Q heat

W
Q heat =
ηengine

Q heat =2.65 kJ

Also

Qheat ( 1−ηengine )=Qcold

Q cold =1.65 kJ

Also as

Q cold
Δ H lvn mol
=0.20
W kJ

Numerical 18:

Air-standard power cycles are conventionally displayed on PV diagrams. An alternative is the

PT diagram. Sketch air-standard cycles on PT diagram for the following:

a) Carnot cycle;
b) Otto-cycle;
c) Diesel cycle;
d) Brayton cycle.

Why would a PT diagram not be helpful for depicting power cycles involving liquid/vapor
phase changes?

Solution:

a) Carnot Cycle
b) Otto-Cycle

c) Diesel Cycle

d) Brayton Cycle
Numerical 19:

Steam enters the turbine of a power plant operating on the Rankine cycle (fig.8.3) at
3,300kPa and exhausts at 50kPa. To show the effect of superheating on the performance of
the cycle, calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle and the quality of the exhaust steam
form the turbine for turbine-inlet steam temperatures of 450, 550 and 650℃ .

Solution:

At 50 kPa saturated liquid

P1=50 kPa

P4 =3300 kPa

V 4 =1.030 c m3 / g

H 4 =340.564 kJ /kg
 kJ
Sliq =1.09
molK

At 50 kPa saturated vapor

H vap =2646 kJ /kg

kJ
Svap =7.59
kgK

As we know that

W pump =V 4 ( P 4−P1 )

W pump =3.34 kW

Δ H =W pump

W pump =H 1 + H 4

H 1=W pump + H 4

kJ
H 1=343.91
kg

For the given values of temperatures

450
{
T = 550 ℃
650

3340.6
{
H 2= 3565.3 kJ /kg
3792.9

7.037 3
{
S2= 7.3282 kJ / kgK
7.5891

S'3=S 2

As

' S '3−S liq

x=
3
S vap−S liq
Thus

0.914
{
x '3= 0.959
0.999

H '3=H liq + x'3 (H vap−H liq )

2447.73
{
H '3= 2551.477 kJ /kg
2643.69

W turbine =H '3−H 2

−892.87
{
W turbine = −789.13 kW
−696.91

Q H =H 2−H 1

2996.68
{
Q H = 3221.389 kJ
3448.98

Also

W turbine +W pump
η=
QH

0.297
{
η= 0.314
0.332

Numerical 20:

Steam enters the turbine of a power plant operating on the Rankine cycle (fig.8.3) at 600 ℃
and exhaust at 30kPa. To show the effect of boiler pressure on the performance of the cycle,
calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle and the quality if the exhaust steam from the
turbine for boiler pressures of 5,000, 7,500 and 10,000kPa.

Solution:
At30 kPa saturated liquid

V 4 =1.022 c m3

H 4 =89.302 kJ /kg

P1=30 kPa

H liq =289.302 kJ /kg

Sliq =7.7695 kJ /kg

At 30 kPa saturated vapor

H vap =265.4 kJ /kg

Svap =0.9441 kJ /kg

For the given values of pressure

5000
{
P4 = 7500 kPa
10000

3664.5
{
H 2= 3643.7 kJ /kg
3622.7

7.2578
{
S2= 7.0526 kJ /kgK
6.9013
As we know that

W pump =V 4 ( P 4−P1 )

5079.34
{
W pump = 7634.34 kW
10189.34

Also

W pump =H 1−H 4

H 1=H 4 + W pump

294.381
{
H 1= 296.936 kJ /kg
299.491

S'3=S 2

As

' S '3−S liq

x=
3
S vap−S liq

Thus

0.925
{
x '3= 0.895
0.873

H '3=H liq + x'3 (H vap−H liq )

2450.192
{
H '3= 2380.109 kJ /kg
2328.715

W turbine =H '3−H 2

−1214.308
{
W turbine = −1263.591 kW
−1293.985

Q H =H 2−H 1
 3370.119
{
Q H = 3346.764 kJ
3323.209

Also

W turbine+ W pump
η=
QH

0.359
{
η= 0.375
0.386

Numerical 21:

A steam power plant operating on a regenerative cycle, illustrated in fig. 8.5 includes just one
feedwater heater. Steam enters the turbine at 650 psia and 900℉ and exhaust at 1 psia.
Steam for the feedwater heater is extracted from the turbine at 50 psia, and in condensing
raises the temperature at 50 psia. If the turbine and pump efficiencies are both 0.78, what is
the thermal efficiency of the cycle and what fraction of the steam entering the turbine is
extracted for the feedwater heater?

Solution:
At 4500 kPa∧500 ℃ from steam table

H 2=3439.3 kJ /kg

S2=7.3011 kJ /kg

S'3=S 2

At 350 kPa & this entropy

H '3=2770.6 kJ /kg

η=0.78

As we know that

W 1=η ( H '3−H 2 )

W 1=−521.586 kW

Also

W 1= Δ H=H 3 −H 2

or

H 3=H 2 +W 1

Thus
H 3=2.98 x 10 3 kJ /kg

At 20 kPa isentropic expansion

S'4 =S2

H liq =251.453 kJ /kg

H vap =2609.9 kJ /kg

kJ
Sliq =0.8321
kgK

Svap =7.9094 kJ /kjK

Also as we know that

S '4−S liq
x '4 =
S vap−Sliq

x '4 =0.876

Also

H '4 =H liq + x '4 (H vap−H liq )

H '4 =2.317 x 103 kJ /kg

Also

H 4 =H 2+ η ( H '4 −H 2 )

H 4 =2.564 x 103 kJ /kg

We know that

H 5=H liq

V 5=1.017 m3 / g

P5=20 kPa

P6=4500 kPa

V 5 ( P 6−P5 )
W pump =
η
W pump =5.841 kW

Also

W pump = Δ H=H 6−H 5

or

H 6=H 5 +W pump

Thus

H 6=257.294 kJ /kg

At 350 kPa for saturated liquid

H 7=584.270 kJ /kg

T 7=138.86 ℃

T 1=138.87−6=132.87 ℃

At this temperature at steam table

H satliq =558.2 kJ /kg

Psat =294.26 kPa

V satliq =1.073 c m3 /g

By definition of the volume expansivity

1 1083−1.063
β= ( )
V satliq 20

β=9.32 x 10−4

P1=P6

As we know that

H 1=H satliq +V satliq ( 1−β T 1 ) (P ¿ ¿ 1−P sat ) ¿

H 1=561.305 kJ /kg

Also by the energy balance on feed water heater, we get

 H 1−H 6
m=
H 3−H 7

m=0.132 kg

Also

W 2 =( 1−m ) (H 4 −H 3)

W 2 =−307.567 kW

Thus overall work will be

W net =( W 1+W pump ) +W 2

W net =−823.3 kW

Also

Q H =H 2−H 1

Q H =2878 kJ

Thus the efficiency will be

W net
η=
QH

η=0.286
 Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Numerical 22:

A vapor-compression refrigeration system operates on the cycle of fig.9.1. The refrigerant is

water. Given that the evaporation t=4℃, the condensation t= 14℃, η(compressor) =0.76,
and the refrigeration rate =1,200 kJ s−1 , determine the circulation rate of the refrigerant, the
heat-transfer rate in the condenser, the power requirement, the coefficient of performance
of the cycle, and the coefficient of performance of the cycle, and the coefficient of
performance of a Carnot refrigeration cycle operating between the same temperature levels.

Solution:

From the steam table

T 2=277.13 K

T 4=307.13 K

η=0.76

Q C =1200 kJ / s

H 2=2508.9 kJ /kg
 kJ
S2=9.0529
kgK

H 4 =142.4 kJ / kg

As it is an isentropic expansion

S'2=S 2

Via interpolation

H '3=2814.7 kJ /kg

H '3−H 2
Δ H 23 =
η

Therefore

Δ H 23 =402.386 kJ /kg

Also we know

Δ H 23 =H 3 −H 2

H 3= Δ H 23+ H 2

Therefore

H 3=2.911 x 103 kJ /kg

Thus

m=QC /Δ H 12

m=Q C / H 2−H 1

0.507 kg
m=
s

Also

Q H =m ( H 4−H 3 )

kJ
Q H =−1404
s

Similarly
W =m Δ H 23

W =204 kW

Qc
ω=
W

ω=5.881

Also

T2
ω carnot =
T 4 −T 2

Thus

ω carnot =9.238

Numerical 23:

A vapor-compression refrigeration system is conventional except that a countercurrent heat

exchanger is installed to subcool the liquid from the condenser by heat exchange with the
vapor stream from the evaporator. The minimum temperature difference for heat transfer is
10℉. Tetrafluroenthane is the refrigerant (Table 9.1, fig.G.2), evaporating at 20℉ and
condensing at 80℉. The heat load on the evaporator is 2,000 Btu s−1 . If the compressor
efficiency is 75%, what is the power requirement? How does this result compare with the
power required by the compressor if the system operates without the heat exchanger? How
do the refrigerant circulation rates compare the two cases?

Solution:

At 20 ℉∧33.110 psia

H 2=105.907 Btu/lb

S2=0.22325 Btu/lbR

At point 2A same pressure and at 70 ℉

H 2 A =116 Btu /lb

S2 A =0.2435 Btu /lbR

At 80 ℉
H 4 =37.978 Btu /lb

S4 =0.07892 Btu /lbR

According to energy balance, heat exchanger

H 1=H 4 −H 2 A + H 2

H 1=27.885 Btu/lb

As

Btu
Q c =2000
s

Therefore

Qc
m=
H 2−H 1

lb
m=25.634
s

At entropy of 0.2434 and pressure of 101.37 psia

Btu
H '3=127
lb

η=0.75

H '3 −H 2 A
Δ H comp=
η

Therefore

Btu
Δ H comp=14.667
lb

Thus

W =m Δ H comp

Therefore

W =390.66 kW

If heat exchanger is limited

H 1=H 4

As

QC
m=
H 2−H 4

So

lb
m=29.443
s

As we know

H '3=116 Btu /lb

H '3 −H 2
Δ H comp=
η

Therefore

Btu
Δ H comp=13.457
lb

Thus

W =m Δ H comp

Therefore

W =418.032 kW

Numerical 24:

A heat pump is used to heat a house in the winter and to cool it in the summer. During the
winter, the outside air serves as a low temperature heat source; during the summer, it acts as
a high-temperature heat sink. The heat transfer rate through the walls and inside and outside
of the house, summer and winter. The heat-pump motor is rated at 1.5kW. Determine the
minimum outside temperature for which the house can be maintained at 20℃ during the
winter and the maximum outside temperature for which the house can be maintained at 25
℃ during the summer.

Solution:
 Winter

T H =293.13 K

W =1.5 kW

As

Q H =−0.75(T H −T C )

Guess T C =250 K

Therefore

Q H =−32.3475 kJ

As

T H −T c
W /Q H =
TH

Therefore

T c =268.94 K

Summer

T C =293.13 K

Guess T H =300 K

Therefore

Q C =0.75(T H −T C )

Thus

Q C =1.5975 kJ

As

W T −T c
= H
0.75(T H −T c ) TH

Therefore

T H =322.5 K
Numerical 25:

The contents of the freezer in a home refrigerator are maintained at -20℃. The kitchen
temperature is 20℃. If the heat leaks amount to 125,000kJ per day, and if the electricity
costs $0.08 per kWhr, estimate the yearly cost of running the refrigerator. Assume a
coefficient of performance equal to 60% of the Carnot value.

Solution:

T H =20 ℃ =293.13 K

T C =−20 ℃=253.13 K

QC =125000 kJ /day

As we know that

Tc
ω carnot =
T H −T c

Thus

ω carnot =6.328

As

ω=0.6 ω carnot

Therefore

ω=3.979

As

QC
W=
ω

Thus

W =0.381 kW

For the cost

We know that
 0.08 W
cost=
kWhr

Therefore

dolllars
co st=267.18
yr

Numerical 26:

The condenser of a home refrigerator is commonly underneath the appliance; thus the
condensing the refrigerant exchanges heat with household air, which has an average
temperature of about 70℉. It is proposed to reconfigure a refrigerator so that the condenser
is outside the home, where the average yearly temperature is about 50℉. Discuss the pros
and cons of this proposal. Assume a freezer temperature of 0℉ and an actual coefficient of
performance 60% that of a Carnot refrigerator.

Solution:

On average, the coefficient of performance will increase, thus providing savings on electric casts. On the
other hand, installation casts would be higher. The proposed arrangement would result in cooling of the
kitchen, as the refrigerator would act as an air conditioner. This would be detrimental in the winter, but
beneficial in the summer, at least in temperate climates.

Numerical 27:

Which is the more efficient way to increase the coefficient of performance of a Carnot
refrigerator to increase T c with T H constant, or to decrease T H with T c constant? For a real
refrigerator, does either of these strategies make sense?

Solution:

As we know that

Tc
ω=
T H −T c

On differentiating it

∂ω TH
( ) =
∂ T C T ( T H −T c )2
H
And

∂ω Tc
( ) =
∂ T H T ( T H −T c )2
c

Because T H >T c, the more effective procedure is to increase T c.

For a real refrigeration system, increasing T cis hardly an option if refrigeration is required at a particular
value of T c. Decreasing T H is no more realistic, because for all practical purposes, T H is fixed by
environmental conditions, and not subject to control

Numerical 28:

A refrigeration system requires 1.5kW for a refrigeration rate of 4kJ s−1

a) What is the coefficient of performance?

b) How much heat is rejected in the condenser?
c) If heat rejection is at 40℃, what is the lowest temperature the system can possibly
maintain?

Solution:

a)

Q c =4 kJ /s

W =1.5 kW

As we know that

ω=Qc /W

Therefore

ω=2.66

b)

As

W =QH −Qc
Or

Q H =W +Qc

Thus

kJ
Q H =5.5
s

c)

T H =40 ℃+ 273.13=313.13 K

As

Tc
ω=
T H −T c

Therefore

ω
T c =T H ( ω+1 )
Thus
T c =227.2 K