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NICOLE HILL - Orbital Diagrams

The document discusses valence electrons, which are the outermost shell electrons that can bond with other atoms. Only s and p subshell electrons are considered valence electrons. The number of valence electrons determines an element's position in the periodic table and influences its chemical properties. Atoms seek to gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable full

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NICOLE HILL
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288 views4 pages

NICOLE HILL - Orbital Diagrams

The document discusses valence electrons, which are the outermost shell electrons that can bond with other atoms. Only s and p subshell electrons are considered valence electrons. The number of valence electrons determines an element's position in the periodic table and influences its chemical properties. Atoms seek to gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable full

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NICOLE HILL
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Name: _____________________________ Date: _________________

Orbital Diagrams for electron configurations

• Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy level first.
• Fill orbitals one at a time, then go back and double up.
• An orbital can only hold two electrons, facing opposite directions

14
Si
e-
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2

Rb 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 5d3

V
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3

Sb
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

4s2 3d10 4p6

5s2 4d10 5p3


Valence Electrons
Core vs. Valence Electrons
The valence shell of electrons is the portion of the configuration with the highest principle quantum number (n) and is the outermost occupied shell of electrons.
Only the outermost shell of electrons can interact with the rest of the world. One reason why elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar
properties is because they have the same number of electrons in their valence shell. They are always “s” and “p” electrons. Since the total number of electrons
possible in s and p sublevels is eight, there can be no more than eight valence electrons.

Sulfur: 16 e- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

Core Valence Sulfur has 6 valence electrons


Valence

Gallium: 31 e- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1

Core Gallium has 3 valence electrons


Practice:
Circle the valence electrons on Orbital Diagram Group # of Period # of
#
the following configurations Element # electrons # unpaired
Valence
(These may not be right next to in P.E.L. electrons
electrons
each other in the config.)
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
K 1 1
1 1 4
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
1s2 2s2
Be 2 2 1 0
1s2 2s2 2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1
3 1 1
Ga 13 4
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
Al 3 13 1 3 1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
Ba 2 2 1 38
5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 5

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2
What is the relationship between the valence electron number and the group number? ________________________________________________
What is the relationship between the period number and the principle energy level of the valence electrons? _________________________________
Stability & Electron Configurations
An atom has the tendency to lose electrons (to another atom) or to gain electrons (from another atom) in order to make the outer shell complete with eight electrons. Atoms with
a complete valence/outer shell (eight electrons) are considered stable. The noble gases naturally have eight electrons in their valence shell and are very stable. Thus all atoms seek
to obtain the electron configuration of the noble gases by gaining or losing electrons and forming ions.
Reminders:
1. Electrons occupy the lowest energy orbital first, and then move to the next one and so on. (Aufbau’s Principle)
2. An atom will gain or lose electrons in order to have eight electrons in its outer shell. (Octet Rule)
3. The outer shell is the highest numbered shell which has electrons in it. Only s and p orbitals are part of the outer shell.

Use the concept of full shell stability to predict the ions that will form from the following atoms. Then name the isoelectronic noble gas and give the electron configuration for
the ion (not the original atom).

# electrons # # e- after
#e # e- gained Noble Charge
Atom - Electron Configuration of Atom in each unpaired gain or
or lost Gas on Ion
P.E.L. electrons loss

Na

Al

Cl

Xe

Ca

Br

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