Group 7

Assignment 7

What are the differences between Unix, Mac OS, and Linux operating systèmes
compared with MS Windows?

Definition of each of the above mentioned OSs

Advantages and Disadvantages if each of the above mentioned OSS

How many different features and versions does the above mentioned OSs have?

1) Ans. Any system's operating system is thought to be the foundation. The user and the
machine cannot communicate without an operating system. It serves as a bridge between
the two. There are three major types of operating systems: Linux, MAC, and Windows.
To begin, MAC is a graphical user interface-focused operating system created by Apple,
Inc. for their Macintosh systems. The Windows operating system was created by
Microsoft. It was created to address the shortcomings of the MS-DOS operating system.
Linux is a UNIX-like source program that can run an operating system with full memory
management and multitasking capabilities. It is a public that everybody should use.
Unix Windows Mac Linux

The UNIX file Windows uses a MAC OS X is The file structure of

system is organized directory hierarchy to the name given Linux differs
in a tree-like contain the user's to the file system significantly from
structure, with the various types of files. of the Mac. If that of Windows
root directory It has logical drives you use the and Mac OS X. It
(abbreviated as /) at and drawers in the finder to look at was built on a
the top. On Unix, a fridge. There are also your MAC's separate code
directory is directories in it. hard drive, you'll foundation. It uses a
equivalent to a Documents, images, see a lot of tree-like structure to
folder on a server. songs, photographs, directories. store data. There is
On different UNIX and downloads are When they visit a single file tree on
implementations, some of the most their own which all of the
the configuration popular directories. MACbook, they drives are installed.
and content of all of These directories can can come across
the directories are hold all of these files, the root
identical. That is, and they can also be directory of
the administrator used to build new MAC. Go to
does not have folders. It also folders like
control of how any contains data, such as /Application,
of the files are set spreadsheets and /Developer,
up. Certain folders application programs. /sbin, /tmp, and
have a It can have.txt,.jpg, others to learn
predetermined and other file more about the
sense. A system extensions. file system and
administrator In addition, Windows directory layout.
maintains has a recycling bin
directories such as where you can store
bin, usr, and others, any of your deleted
which contain files. The size of the
system-level recycle bin can be
material. The adjusted.
uppermost stages of
each of the
directories are seen
in the diagram
below.

Opening the UNIX The Windows register All program Linux, on the other
Registry Editor. is a master directory configurations hand, lacks its own
The UNIX that stores all of your are saved by registry. Both
operating system computer's settings. It MAC in a configuration
does not have a is in charge of sequence of.plist settings are saved
registry like the maintaining all user files, which are on a
Windows registry. information, including stored in the program-by-progra
passwords and different m basis under
device-related data. preferences separate users in the
There is also an editor folders. Both same file hierarchy
in the registry that properties are format. Since there
allows you to access stored in plain is no single archive
all keys and values, as text or binary for keeping these
well as drivers if format in records, there is no
needed. this.plist file. need to clean them
These can be on a regular basis.
found in the
/Library/Prefere
nces folder on
your Mac.

The majority of Before Windows 8, the A feature of Switching

Unix versions are Windows software was MAC is the interfaces in Linux
also compatible not interchangeable. ability to link is easy. You can
with windowing Windows XP had virtual network change the climate
schemes some updates, but they interfaces. Go to without carrying
(sometimes called were insufficient. Device out any of the
Graphical User Windows Explorer, the Preferences and required
 Interfaces, or Start menu, the manage the installations.
GUIs). Each taskbar, and the app interfaces to do GNOME and KDE
consumer may have tray this. are two utilities that
a single screen with can assist with
several windows, these requirements.
like "terminal" They assist with
windows that working on all
mimic the original aspects.
Unix gui.

A Unix shell is a A terminal, also MAC provides a Linux also comes

command-line known as a command console as a with a terminal.
interpreter or shell prompt, is a black box terminal Applications ->
for Unix-like that is used to run application. It System or
operating systems commands. The has a console, Applications ->
that offers a Windows Command command line, Utilities are where
command-line user Processor is another prompt and you'll find terminal.
interface. The shell name for it. It's used to terminal. A Additionally, there
is an integrated run commands as well Command-line is is a shell prompt.
command language as batch files. It can used to type your The most widely
as well as a also be used for commands. used shell in bash.
scripting language administrative tasks, as Prompt will When the terminal
used by the well as provide you with is run, it determines
operating system to troubleshooting and some how it can act and
monitor the resolving all Windows information and appear.
execution of shell problems. also enable you
scripts. to run
commands. A
terminal is an
actual interface
that will provide
the modern
graphical user
interface as well.

Definition, advantages and disadvantages, different types of features & versions

Unix Ashwini
Mac OS Hishi
Linux Karish
MS Windows? Yuzen
Unix:

1) Definition: Unix is a portable, multitasking, multi-user, time-sharing operating system

(OS) originally developed in 1969 by a group of employees at AT&T. Unix was first
programmed in assembly language but was reprogrammed in C in 1973.Unix has been
ported to more machine families than any other operating system. It is known for the
concept of open systems. Unix operating systems are widely used in PCs, servers and
mobile devices. The Unix environment was also an essential element in the development
of the Internet and networking. Unix was developed based on the philosophy that the
power of the system comes from the relationships among programs, rather than on the
programs themselves.

2) Advantages: The following are the advantages of Unix Features.

● Portability: The system is written in high-level language making it easier to read,

understand, change and, therefore move to other machines. Customers can then choose
from a wide variety of hardware vendors without being locked in with a particular
vendor.
● Machine-independence: The System hides the machine architecture from the user,
making it easier to write applications that can run on micros, mins and mainframes.
● Multi-Tasking: Unix handles active and background threads efficiently and manages the
system resources in a fair-share manner.
● Multi-User Operations: UNIX supports a group of users simultaneously. The system
allows for the sharing of processing power and peripheral resources, white at the same
time providing excellent security features.
● Hierarchical File System: UNIX uses a hierarchical file structure to store information.
This structure has the maximum flexibility in grouping information in a way that reflects
its natural state. It allows for easy maintenance and efficient implementation.
● UNIX shell: UNIX has a simple user interface called the shell that has the power to
provide the services that the user wants. It protects the user from having to know the
intricate hardware details.

3) Disadvantages:

● The traditional command line shell interface is user hostile -- designed for the
programmer, not the casual user.
● Commands often have cryptic names and give very little response to tell the user what
they are doing. Much use of special keyboard characters - little typos have unexpected
results.
 ● To use Unix well, you need to understand some of the main design features. Its power
comes from knowing how to make commands and programs interact with each other,
not just from treating each as a fixed black box.
● Richness of utilities (over 400 standard ones) often overwhelms novices.
Documentation is short on examples and tutorials to help you figure out how to use the
many tools provided to accomplish various kinds of tasks.

4) Features:

● Concurrency: As Unix is a multiprocessing OS, many processes run concurrently to

improve the performance of the system
● Virtual memory (VM): Memory management subsystem implements the virtual memory
concept and users need not worry about the executable program size and the RAM size
● Paging: It is a technique to minimize the internal as well as the external fragmentation in
the physical memory
● Virtual file system (VFS): A VFS is a file system used to help the user to hide the
different file systems complexities. A user can use the same standard file system related
calls to access different file systems.
● interrupt and trap handling, separation between user and system space, system calls,
scheduling, timer and clock handling, file descriptor management.

● Versions:

There are several versions of Unix. Until a few years ago, there were two main versions: the line
of Unix releases that started at AT&T (the latest is System V Release 4), and another from the
University of California at Berkeley (the last version was 4.4BSD). Some past and present
commercial versions include SunOS, Solaris, SCO Unix, AIX, HP/UX, and ULTRIX. Freely
available versions include Linux, NetBSD, and FreeBSD (FreeBSD is based on 4.4BSD-Lite).
Many Unix versions, including System V Release 4, merge earlier AT&T releases with BSD
features. The POSIX standard for Unix-like operating systems defines a single interface to Unix.

Ans.
Definition:- MacOS is a proprietary graphical operating system developed and marketed by
Apple Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers. Within the
market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely
used desktop OS, after Microsoft's Windows NT. MacOS succeeded the classic Mac OS, a
Macintosh operating system with nine releases from 1984 to 1999. During this time, Apple
cofounder Steve Jobs had left Apple and started another company, NeXT, developing the
NeXTSTEP platform that would later be acquired by Apple to form the basis of macOS.

Advantages of MacOs
Less virus attacks: As macOS is the second most utilized working framework and has less
number of dynamic users so it has less virus attacks moreover. The other reason for virus
security is its UNIX relationship which is more secure than Windows OS.

Good customer support: Mac users get great reactions from its back group as compared to
other operating frameworks. Apple has skilled engineers which helps the user in settling the
issues in their hardware and software.

Similar GUI for all the products: macOS has the same graphical user interface (GUI) as found
in other Apple items like iPhone and tablets. Users feel comfortable in utilizing macOS in case
they move from other Apple products.

Performance and long life: As Apple makes both hardware and software so it’s hardware
communication is exceptionally efficient and it improves performance. The operating framework
and hardware work incredible. Apple computers contain a longer life than other computers. The
battery timing of mac laptops is additionally longer.

Default apps: If you install Windows then it comes with pre-installed apps which slow down
your computer e.g. One drive moderates your computer. But typically not the case with macOS,
it comes with effective apps which don’t influence performance of your framework. A few of the
pre-installed apps of macOS are iPhoto and iMovie.

Support NTFS and FAT: macOS supports Windows file system groups including both NTFS
and FAT.

Can run Windows: You can run the Windows operating system in case you have got macOS
introduced by utilizing Bootcamp or parallel computer program.
Disadvantages of MacOs

Expensive: The least cost of a Mac PC is higher than $1000. You can get a great Windows PC at
$1000 with more hardware specification.

Fewer games and software: Most diversion designers prefer to form games for the Windows
OS since they have more rates of users. Mac users have less diversions accessible. Also, mac
computers have low graphics capability to run high illustrations diversions. There's a few
programs which are accessible for Windows and not accessible for mac users e.g. adobe premiere
pro etc.

No hardware customization: If you purchase any Mac computer/laptop then you cannot change
its hardware parts like processor, illustrations card etc. For some mac computers, you can change
hardware and Ram but it isn't for all mac computers. It is additionally not possible to change
other hardware accessories like internal computer parts, the only choice you've got is to purchase
a modern mac computer. On each major release of your working system you've got to change
your computer else 50% of your working system features not work.

Windows cannot read the macOS file system: macOS can examine NTFS and FAT Windows
format but Windows cannot read the macOS record system. You would like to install 3rd party
software in Windows to do so. Some other software like references has compatibility issues
whereas moving files from macOS to Windows.

Less hardware used: The new version of macOS computer supports less USB ports and they
moreover not dispatched with CD/DVD author.

List of Version and Software they run

Operating system Safari Mail QuickTime iTunes Messages/iC iWork

hat
11 "Big Sur" 14.0.2 14.0 10.5 N/A 14.0 2020

10.15 "Catalina" 13.0 N/A 13.0

10.14 "Mojave" 12.0 12.9.5 12.0

10.13 "High Sierra" 13.1.2 11.0 10.4 12.8.2 11.0 2019

10.12 "Sierra" 12.1.2 10.0 2018

10.11 "El Capitan" 11.1.2 9.3 9.2 2014

10.10 "Yosemite" 10.1.2 8.0

10.9 "Mavericks" 9.1.3 7.3 10.3 12.6.2 2013

10.8 "Mountain Lion" 6.2.8 10.2 [7 '09

12.4.3
2]

Un­know
n
[note 1] 6.1.6 10.1 [7 8.0b or 6.0.1
10.7 "Lion" 12.2.2
3]

10.6 "Snow Leopard" [7 [75] [76] 5.0

5.1.10 4.5 11.4
4]

10.5 "Leopard" 5.0.6 3.6 7.7 [7 4.0

10.6.3
7]

10.4 "Tiger" 4.1.3 2.1.3 7.6.4 [78] 3.0

9.2.1
10.3 "Panther" 1.3.2 1.x 7.5 [79] [80] '05
7.7.1 2.1

[note 2] 1.0.3 6.5.3 6.0.5 2.0 Keynote

10.2 "Jaguar"

10.1 "Puma" 6.3.1 4.7.1

N/A N/A N/A

[note 3]
10.0 "Cheetah"

Linux

Linux is the best known and most used open source operating system. It was created in 1991 by
Linus Torvalds, a then student at the university of Helsinki. As an operating system, linux is a
software that sits underneath all of the other software on a computer, receiving requests from
those programs and relaying these requests to the computers hardware. Linux is similar to other
operating systems in many ways.

Advantages:
● Linux is very stable
● Linux is less vulnerable to computer malware
● Linux typically doesn’t slow down over time
● Most linux distros are free
● Linux can breathe new life into old computers
● With linux, a user has many choices in a wide variety of distros
● With many linux distros, a user has access to free software which numbers in thousands.
● A superior method of updating software.

Disadvantages :

● Many window programs will not run in linux

● There is a smaller selection of peripheral hardware drivers for linux
● There is a learning curve for people who are new to linux
● Graphical interface isn't just good enough
● There is no specific vendor
● Poor support
Features:

● Graphical customization
● Control over entire base system
● Consistency
● Bleeding edge
● Shortcuts
● Increasing community
● Developing GUI’s
● Programme friendly
● Affordable packages
● Incredible speed

Versions:

There are many versions of linux. Some of them are;

● Debain
● Gentoo
● Ubuntu
● Linux mint
● Red hat enterprise linux
● Cent os
● Fedora
● Kali linux
● Arch linux
● Open SUSE

Microsoft Windows Operating System

Microsoft Windows, also called Windows and Windows OS, computer operating system (OS)
developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers (PCs). Featuring the first
graphical user interface (GUI) for IBM-compatible PCs, the Windows OS soon dominated the
PC market. Approximately 90 percent of PCs run some version of Windows.The first version of
Windows, released in 1985, was simply a GUI offered as an extension of Microsoft’s existing
disk operating system, or MS-DOS. Based in part on licensed concepts that Apple Inc. had used
for its Macintosh System Software, Windows for the first time allowed DOS users to visually
navigate a virtual desktop, opening graphical “windows” displaying the contents of electronic
folders and files with the click of a mouse button, rather than typing commands and directory
paths at a text prompt.
Advantages of MS Windows Operating System

● Support for all hardware: As windows OS is used by 95% of users so most of the
hardware vendors make drivers for windows.

● Ease of use: All versions of Microsoft Windows have something common in it which
makes users easy to shift from one version to another. Windows 7 users have no difficulty
in migrating to Windows 10 because most of the features of Windows 10 are the same as
windows 7. The user interface of windows is also easy to use than UNIX and MAC.

● Software support: Windows platform is best suited for game and software developers.
Windows have large number audience so developers prefer to make utilities, games and
software for windows OS. Linux users cannot make windows apps so it is better to use
windows for developing apps.

● Plug and play feature: Most hardware can be detected automatically by plug and play
feature. You do not need to manually install the hardware but it is ready to use when
attached e.g. webcam, keyboard, mouse, mobile device etc.

● Desktop and touch screen: Windows 10 is made for both touch screen devices and
desktop computers. The user interface of Windows 10 is made in such a way that it works
better for any type of windows device.

Disadvantages of MS Windows Operating System

● Virus attacks: Windows have a high amount of hacker attacks. The hackers can easily
break windows security. So windows users are dependent on anti-virus software and have
to pay monthly charges to companies to protect their data. Also, windows users have to
update OS to keep up-to-date with security patches.

● Most of the software is paid: Most windows programs are paid e.g. games, graphics
software (Photoshop), download manager (IDM) and other popular software are paid.
You have to buy these software or pay a monthly fee to use them.

● Rebooting a system: If your system becomes slow in performance then you have to
reboot it. If you load many programs at the same time then your system slows down and
hangs up. The only solution for this is to reboot.

● High price: Linux OS is open source and is free to use for everyone but windows OS has
paid license and you cannot use windows OS legally free. The cost of buying a copy of
 windows OS is high as well. You also need to buy other Microsoft software e.g. MS
Office to do regular office work on the computer.

● High computer resources: If you are installing windows OS then your computer should
have high ram capacity, a lot of hard drive space and good graphics card. This is because
of features that are used in windows. If you want to install graphics software i.e.
Photoshop then 16 GB of ram is recommended.

● Technical support: Windows support is not good for most users. Only some large
organizations can get good support from the windows team. Common users have to
search for forums to get their problem solved.

Features of Microsoft Windows Operating System

1. Speed

Even aside from incompatibilities and other issues that many people had with Vista, one of the
most straightforward was speed – it just felt too sluggish compared to XP, even on pumped up
hardware. Windows 7 brings a more responsive and sprightly feel and Microsoft has spent a lot
of time and effort getting the Start Menu response just right.

Microsoft has also recognized the need for improved desktop responsiveness, which gives the
impression that the computer is responding to the user and that they are in control – something
that was often lacking with Vista.

You can also expect faster boot times. And the boot sequence is now not only prettier than it was
with Vista, but it’s speedier too.

2. Compatibility

In simple terms, compatibility on Windows 7 will be far better than it was with Vista. Many
programs that individuals and companies used on Windows XP did not work immediately and
required updates, but with Windows 7 almost all applications that work on Vista should still run.

3. Lower Hardware Requirements

Vista gained a reputation for making even the beefiest hardware look rather ordinary. Windows
7, however, will run well on lower end hardware, making the transition from Window XP less
painful.
Microsoft is even pushing Windows 7 for netbooks. This could provide a modern replacement
for Windows XP, which has found a new lease of life as the OS of choice on netbooks,
supplanting Linux. The downside is that Windows 7 Starter Edition, as it will be called, will be
limited to only three applications running at the same time.

4. Search and Organization

One of the best things about Windows 7 is the improved search tool, which now rivals Mac OS
X’s Spotlight to be able to find what you need quickly and easily. For example, typing ‘mouse’
will bring up the mouse option within the control panel or typing a word will display it and split
it up neatly into files, folders and applications.

Also introduced is the concept of Libraries, which takes the ‘My Documents’ concept a stage
further. The various Libraries, such as Documents and Pictures, will watch multiple locations
which you can add yourself, so you don’t have to keep everything in one place.

5. Safety and Security

New security features in Windows include two new authentication methods tailored towards
touchscreens (PINs and picture passwords), the addition of antivirus capabilities to Windows
Defender (bringing it in parity with Microsoft Security Essentials) Smart Screen filtering
integrated into Windows, and support for the "Secure Boot" functionality on UEFI systems to
protect against malware infecting the boot process. Family Safety offers Parental controls, which
allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports
and safety controls. Windows 8 also provides integrated system recovery through the new
"Refresh" and "Reset" functions, including system recovery from USB drive. Windows 8's first
security patches would be released on November 13, 2012; it would contain three fixes deemed
"critical" by the company.

6. Interface and Desktop

Windows introduces significant changes to the operating system's user interface, many of which
are aimed at improving its experience on tablet computers and other touchscreen devices. The
new user interface is based on Microsoft's Metro design language, and uses a Start screen similar
to that of Windows Phone as the primary means of launching applications. The Start screen
displays a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs, some of
which can display constantly updated information and content through "live tiles". As a form of
multitasking, apps can be snapped to the side of a screen. Alongside the traditional Control
Panel, a new simplified and touch-optimized settings app known as "PC Settings" is used for
basic configuration and user settings. It does not include many of the advanced options still
accessible from the normal Control Panel.

7. Taskbar/Start menu

At first glance, the task bar looks like nothing has changed much has changed since Vista. In
fact, that’s not the case and it’s a lot more powerful. Microsoft is now making best use of its aero
technology. By default, taskbar icons are now larger and items are grouped together and are not
labelled with clumsy text.

If you have multiple Word documents or Windows Explorer windows open then you’ll see a
stack appear on the task bar. Hover the mouse over the app and each Window will be visible in a
thumbnail. Hover over each thumbnail and it will become visible, while all other open windows
temporarily disappear, save for their outlines. You can close each document or Window down
from the thumbnail directly or click on it to bring it to the front.

In the Start menu, a small arrow to the right of applications such as Word now expands to give a
list of recent documents and any can be pinned so you can keep one permanently on the list.