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Dualflow Tray Design: Confidential F U O P F R, I

This document provides details on the design of a Dualflow tray, which is used in fractional distillation columns. It includes sections on tray design characteristics, definitions of terms, design considerations, methods for determining tray efficiency, operating limits, and an example engineering design problem using US units. The key aspects of the Dualflow tray covered are its ability to disperse vapor and liquid evenly across the tray, methods for sizing holes and spacing to achieve this, and equations for calculating tray capacity, pressure drop, and efficiency.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
145 views4 pages

Dualflow Tray Design: Confidential F U O P F R, I

This document provides details on the design of a Dualflow tray, which is used in fractional distillation columns. It includes sections on tray design characteristics, definitions of terms, design considerations, methods for determining tray efficiency, operating limits, and an example engineering design problem using US units. The key aspects of the Dualflow tray covered are its ability to disperse vapor and liquid evenly across the tray, methods for sizing holes and spacing to achieve this, and equations for calculating tray capacity, pressure drop, and efficiency.

Uploaded by

Forcus on
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
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DUALFLOW TRAY

DESIGN

CONFIDENTIAL
FOR USE ONLY BY PARTICIPANTS OF FRACTIONATION RESEARCH, INC.
CONTENTS

SECTION TITLE PAGE

3.0.1 DUALFLOW TRAY MASTER NOMENCLATURE TABLE…………… 1

3.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ……………………………… 1


F.R.I. RESEARCH ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ......…... 2
Tray Parameters .... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 2
Systems Studied..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 2
Commercial Tests .. ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 3
References. ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 4

3.1 TRAY DESIGN .... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
DUALFLOW TRAY CHARACTERISTICS .... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
Appearance of Vapor/Liquid Dispersion ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 2
Vacuum Region ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 2
High Pressure Region .. ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 3
Flood . ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 3
System Limit ... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 3
Lower Operating Limit ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 3
Entrainment .... ...... ..... .. ... ..... .... .. ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 4
Surging ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 4
Tray Levelness ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 4
Vapor Mal-distribution ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 4
DEFINITIONS ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 4
Bubbling Area . ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 4
Hole Area . ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 4
Percent Hole Area . ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 4
Zone ... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 4
Turndown Ratio, Operating Range and Flexibility .......... ...... ..... 5
Vapor Load ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 5
Liquid Load .... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 5
Capacity Factor (Cx) ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 5
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 5
Tower Diameter .... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 5
Hole Diameters ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 6
Hole Shape ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 6
Percent Hole Area . ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 6
Hole Spacing ... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 6
Tray Thickness ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 6
Hole Rounding ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 6
Tray Spacing ... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 6
APPROXIMATE TOWER DIAMETER ..... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 6
DESIGN FOR FIXED TOWER DIAMETER ... ...... ............ ...... ..... 8
PRESSURE FRACTIONATORS ... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 10
VACUUM FRACTIONATORS ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 10
FINAL DESIGN CHECKS ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 10

3.2 FLOODING .... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
FLOOD VAPOR LOAD .... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
Confidence Limits (Safety Factor) .. ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 2
CONTENTS

SECTION TITLE PAGE


3.3 PRESSURE DROP ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
Dry Tray Pressure Drop ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
Dry Tray Pressure Drop Correlation ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
Wet Tray Pressure Drop .... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 2
Total Pressure Drop ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 2
Hole Spacing ... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 4
Clear Liquid Height ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 4

3.4 EFFICIENCY . ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
VAPOR DENSITY METHOD ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
Load Parameter ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 3
TWO-FILM METHOD ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 6
Equilibrium Curve Slope, m ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 6
Clear Liquid Height, hL ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 7
Bubbling Area Vapor Rate, Vb .. ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 7
Effective Froth Height, hf ... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 7
Vapor Phase Contact Time ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 7
Liquid Phase Contact Time ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 7
Liquid Phase Transfer Units, NL ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 8
Vapor Phase Transfer Units, NG ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 9
Local Efficiency .... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 11
Overall Tray Efficiency ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 11
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 12
Safety Factor ... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 12
Minimum Load ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 12
Number of Trays ... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 12

3.5 LIMITS .... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
System Limit ... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1

3.6 US ENGINEERING UNITS EXAMPLE .... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
PRESSURE FRACTIONATOR …………………………………….. 1
LOADINGS ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
Vapor . ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
Liquid ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
APPROXIMATE TOWER DIAMETER ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
Tower Design Selections ... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
CAPACITY - PRESSURE DROP ……………… .... ............ ...... ..... 2
TRAY LAYOUT ... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 2
FLOODING VAPOR LOAD .... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 2
PRESSURE DROP ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 3
SYSTEM LIMIT.... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 3
EFFICIENCY .. ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 3
Vapor Density Method ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 3
Two Film Method . ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 4
TRANSFER UNITS - Method A .... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 4
TRANSFER UNITS - Method B .... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 5
CONTENTS

SECTION TITLE PAGE


3.6 SI UNITS EXAMPLE ………………….. .. ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 6
PRESSURE FRACTIONATOR …………………………………….. 6
LOADINGS ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 6
Vapor . ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 6
Liquid ...... ..... ...... ..... ......………………….. ........ ...... ..... 6

APPROXIMATE TOWER DIAMETER .... ...... ............ ...... ..... 6


Tower Design Selections .... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 6
CAPACITY - PRESSURE DROP ………… ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 7
TRAY LAYOUT ... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 7
FLOODING VAPOR LOAD .... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 7
PRESSURE DROP ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 8
SYSTEM LIMIT.... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 8
EFFICIENCY .. ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 8
Vapor Density Method ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 8
Two Film Method . ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 9
TRANSFER UNITS - Method A .... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 9
TRANSFER UNITS - Method B .... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 10

3.7 TRAY CONSTRUCTION.. ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
Tray Layout ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
Level Tolerance ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
Feed and Draw-Off Distributor.. ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1

3.8 DISCUSSION . ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 1
TOWER DIAMETER AND TRAY CAPACITY ..... ............ ...... ..... 2
PRESSURE DROP AND CLEAR LIQUID HEIGHT .......... ...... ..... 5
Dry Tray Pressure Drop ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 5
Wet Tray Pressure Drop .... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 5
Clear Liquid Height ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 12
TRAY EFFICIENCY .. ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 13
Vapor Density Method . ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 13
Two-Film Method . ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 23
Slope, m ... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 23
Efficiency of Absorbers and Strippers ... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 23
TRAY CONSTRUCTION . ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 24
Tilting Effect ... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 24
Blanking Effect ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 25
LIMITS ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 25
System Limit ... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 25
REFERENCES ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ............ ...... ..... 31

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