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Types of Sampling: Sampling Methods with

Examples

What is sampling?
Sampling is a technique of selecting individual members or a subset of the population to make
statistical inferences from them and estimate characteristics of the whole population. Different
sampling methods are widely used by researchers in market research so that they do not need
to research the entire population to collect actionable insights.

It is also a time-convenient and a cost-effective method and hence forms the basis of any re-
search design. Sampling techniques can be used in a research survey software for optimum
derivation.

For example, if a drug manufacturer would like to research the adverse side effects of a drug on
the country’s population, it is almost impossible to conduct a research study that involves
everyone. In this case, the researcher decides a sample of people from each demographic and
then researches them, giving him/her indicative feedback on the drug’s behavior.

Select your respondents

Types of sampling: sampling methods

Sampling in market research is of two types – probability sampling and non-probability sam-
pling. Let’s take a closer look at these two methods of sampling.

1. Probability sampling: Probability sampling is a sampling technique where a researcher

sets a selection of a few criteria and chooses members of a population randomly. All the
members have an equal opportunity to be a part of the sample with this selection
parameter.

2. Non-probability sampling: In non-probability sampling, the researcher chooses members

for research at random. This sampling method is not a fixed or predefined selection
process. This makes it difficult for all elements of a population to have equal
opportunities to be included in a sample.

In this blog, we discuss the various probability and non-probability sampling methods that you
can implement in any market research study.

Types of probability sampling with examples:

Probability sampling is a sampling technique in which researchers choose samples from a larg-
er population using a method based on the theory of probability. This sampling method con-
siders every member of the population and forms samples based on a fixed process.

For example, in a population of 1000 members, every member will have a 1/1000 chance of be-
ing selected to be a part of a sample. Probability sampling eliminates bias in the population
and gives all members a fair chance to be included in the sample.

There are four types of probability sampling techniques:

Simple random sampling: One of the best probability sampling techniques that helps in
saving time and resources, is the Simple Random Sampling method. It is a reliable method
of obtaining information where every single member of a population is chosen randomly,
merely by chance. Each individual has the same probability of being chosen to be a part of
a sample.
For example, in an organization of 500 employees, if the HR team decides on conducting
team building activities, it is highly likely that they would prefer picking chits out of a
bowl. In this case, each of the 500 employees has an equal opportunity of being selected.

Cluster sampling: Cluster sampling is a method where the researchers divide the entire
population into sections or clusters that represent a population. Clusters are identified
and included in a sample based on demographic parameters like age, sex, location, etc.
This makes it very simple for a survey creator to derive effective inference from the
feedback.
For example, if the United States government wishes to evaluate the number of
immigrants living in the Mainland US, they can divide it into clusters based on states such
as California, Texas, Florida, Massachusetts, Colorado, Hawaii, etc. This way of conducting a
survey will be more effective as the results will be organized into states and provide
insightful immigration data.

Systematic sampling: Researchers use the systematic sampling method to choose the
sample members of a population at regular intervals. It requires the selection of a starting
point for the sample and sample size that can be repeated at regular intervals. This type of
sampling method has a predefined range, and hence this sampling technique is the least
time-consuming.
For example, a researcher intends to collect a systematic sample of 500 people in a
population of 5000. He/she numbers each element of the population from 1-5000 and will
choose every 10th individual to be a part of the sample (Total population/ Sample Size =
5000/500 = 10).

Stratified random sampling: Stratified random sampling is a method in which the

researcher divides the population into smaller groups that don’t overlap but represent the
entire population. While sampling, these groups can be organized and then draw a sample
from each group separately.
For example, a researcher looking to analyze the characteristics of people belonging to
different annual income divisions will create strata (groups) according to the annual family
income. Eg – less than $20,000, $21,000 – $30,000, $31,000 to $40,000, $41,000 to $50,000,
etc. By doing this, the researcher concludes the characteristics of people belonging to
different income groups. Marketers can analyze which income groups to target and which
ones to eliminate to create a roadmap that would bear fruitful results.

Uses of probability sampling

There are multiple uses of probability sampling:

Reduce Sample Bias: Using the probability sampling method, the bias in the sample
derived from a population is negligible to non-existent. The selection of the sample
mainly depicts the understanding and the inference of the researcher. Probability
sampling leads to higher quality data collection as the sample appropriately represents
the population.

Diverse Population: When the population is vast and diverse, it is essential to have
adequate representation so that the data is not skewed towards one demographic. For
example, if Square would like to understand the people that could make their point-of-
sale devices, a survey conducted from a sample of people across the US from different
industries and socio-economic backgrounds helps.

Create an Accurate Sample: Probability sampling helps the researchers plan and create an
accurate sample. This helps to obtain well-defined data.

Types of non-probability sampling with examples

The non-probability method is a sampling method that involves a collection of feedback based
on a researcher or statistician’s sample selection capabilities and not on a fixed selection
process. In most situations, the output of a survey conducted with a non-probable sample
leads to skewed results, which may not represent the desired target population. But, there are
situations such as the preliminary stages of research or cost constraints for conducting re-
search, where non-probability sampling will be much more useful than the other type.

Four types of non-probability sampling explain the purpose of this sampling method in a better
manner:

Convenience sampling: This method is dependent on the ease of access to subjects such
as surveying customers at a mall or passers-by on a busy street. It is usually termed as
convenience sampling, because of the researcher’s ease of carrying it out and getting in
touch with the subjects. Researchers have nearly no authority to select the sample
elements, and it’s purely done based on proximity and not representativeness. This non-
probability sampling method is used when there are time and cost limitations in collecting
feedback. In situations where there are resource limitations such as the initial stages of
research, convenience sampling is used.
For example, startups and NGOs usually conduct convenience sampling at a mall to
distribute leaflets of upcoming events or promotion of a cause – they do that by standing
at the mall entrance and giving out pamphlets randomly.

Judgmental or purposive sampling: Judgemental or purposive samples are formed by the

discretion of the researcher. Researchers purely consider the purpose of the study, along
with the understanding of the target audience. For instance, when researchers want to
understand the thought process of people interested in studying for their master’s degree.
The selection criteria will be: “Are you interested in doing your masters in …?” and those
who respond with a “No” are excluded from the sample.

Snowball sampling: Snowball sampling is a sampling method that researchers apply when
the subjects are difficult to trace. For example, it will be extremely challenging to survey
shelterless people or illegal immigrants. In such cases, using the snowball theory,
researchers can track a few categories to interview and derive results. Researchers also
implement this sampling method in situations where the topic is highly sensitive and not
openly discussed—for example, surveys to gather information about HIV Aids. Not many
victims will readily respond to the questions. Still, researchers can contact people they
might know or volunteers associated with the cause to get in touch with the victims and
collect information.

Quota sampling: In Quota sampling, the selection of members in this sampling technique
happens based on a pre-set standard. In this case, as a sample is formed based on specific
attributes, the created sample will have the same qualities found in the total population.
It is a rapid method of collecting samples.

Uses of non-probability sampling

Non-probability sampling is used for the following:

Create a hypothesis: Researchers use the non-probability sampling method to create an

assumption when limited to no prior information is available. This method helps with the
immediate return of data and builds a base for further research.

Exploratory research: Researchers use this sampling technique widely when conducting
qualitative research, pilot studies, or exploratory research.

Budget and time constraints: The non-probability method when there are budget and time
constraints, and some preliminary data must be collected. Since the survey design is not
rigid, it is easier to pick respondents at random and have them take the survey or
questionnaire.

How do you decide on the type of sampling to use?

For any research, it is essential to choose a sampling method accurately to meet the goals of
your study. The effectiveness of your sampling relies on various factors. Here are some steps
expert researchers follow to decide the best sampling method.

Jot down the research goals. Generally, it must be a combination of cost, precision, or
accuracy.

Identify the effective sampling techniques that might potentially achieve the research
goals.

Test each of these methods and examine whether they help in achieving your goal.

Select the method that works best for the research.

Select your respondents

Difference between probability sampling and non-probability sampling methods

We have looked at the different types of sampling methods above and their subtypes. To en-
capsulate the whole discussion, though, the significant differences between probability sam-
pling methods and non-probability sampling methods are as below:

Probability Sampling Methods Non-Probability Sampling Methods

Probability Sampling is a sampling Non-probability sampling is a sampling

technique in which samples from a larger technique in which the researcher selects
Definition
population are chosen using a method samples based on the researcher’s subjective
based on the theory of probability. judgment rather than random selection.

Alternatively
Random sampling method. Non-random sampling method
Known as

Population
The population is selected randomly. The population is selected arbitrarily.
selection

Nature The research is conclusive. The research is exploratory.

Since there is a method for deciding the Since the sampling method is arbitrary, the
Sample sample, the population demographics population demographics representation is
are conclusively represented. almost always skewed.

Takes longer to conduct since the

This type of sampling method is quick since
research design defines the selection
Time Taken neither the sample or selection criteria of the
parameters before the market research
sample are undefined.
study begins.

This type of sampling is entirely This type of sampling is entirely biased and
Results unbiased and hence the results are hence the results are biased too, rendering
unbiased too and conclusive. the research speculative.

In probability sampling, there is an

underlying hypothesis before the study In non-probability sampling, the hypothesis is
Hypothesis
begins and the objective of this method derived after conducting the research study.
is to prove the hypothesis.

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