Module 3:

Transformer

COURSE MATERIALS:

Transformer is an electrical device (as shown in Figure 3.1) that

➢ Transfer electrical energy from one electric circuit to another

➢ Does so without a change in frequency
➢ Does so by the principle of electromagnetic induction
➢ Has electric circuit that are linked by a common magnetic circuit

It is composed of:

➢ The CORE, which provides a path for the magnetic line of flux.
➢ The PRIMARY WINDING, which receives energy from the AC source.
➢ The SECONDARY WINDING, which receives energy from the primary winding
and delivers it to the load.
➢ The ENCLOSURE, which protects the above components from dirt, moisture, and
mechanical damage

Figure 3.1: Operation of a Transformer

Recall Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction, Transformer is based on that principle as

shown in Figure 3.2. According to this law, emf is induced in a coil when current in the
neighboring coil changes.

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 Figure 3.2: Faraday’s law of electromagnetic Induction applied on two coil

The construction types of a Transformer can be classified into:

1. Shell Type

• Windings are wrapped around the center leg of a laminated core as shown in Figure
3.3.

Figure 3.3 (a) to (c): Representation of a Shell Type transformer

2. Core Type

• Windings are wrapped around two sides of a laminated square core as shown in
Figure 3.4.

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 Figure 3.4 (a) to (c): Representation of a Core Type transformer

Theories and Fundamentals

As shown in Figure 4.1, Transformer transfer electrical energy from one circuit (Primary
side) to another (Secondary side) without a change in power and extremely efficient because
the only losses are those that occur in the copper windings
(𝐼 2 𝑅 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 (ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡; there are also no losses resulting from
rotation, such as are present in rotating machines. If the input (Primary Side) to a transformer is
assumed to equal the output (Output Side) of a transformer and voltage drops are negligible,
then the power through in each side is given by equation 3.1 and deriving to determine the
relationship of voltage and current as shown in equation 3.2 and 3.3.

Recall P=VI,

Thus, 𝑃𝑝 = 𝑃𝑠 (3.1)
𝐸𝑝 𝑥𝐼𝑝 = 𝐸𝑠 𝑥𝐼𝑠 (3.2)
𝐸𝑝 𝐼𝑠 𝑁𝑝
𝑎= = = (3.3)
𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑝 𝑁𝑠

Where:
Ep-primary voltage, volts
Es-secondary voltage, volts
Is-secondary current, ampere
Ip-primary current, ampere
Np-primary winding
Ns-secondary winding
a-ratio of transformation

Ratio of Transformation (a) indicates how much the primary voltage is lowered or raised

Step down transformer- When the primary impressed voltage Ep is reduced to a lower
secondary voltage Es thus a>1

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Step up transformer- When the primary impressed voltage Ep is increased to a higher
secondary voltage Es thus a<1

Thus, the average voltage induced in each side is given by equation 3.4 through 3.7.
Recall:

∅ ∅𝑥𝑍 ∅𝑥𝑁 ∅𝑥𝑁

𝐸𝑎𝑣 = 𝑡 𝑥 108 = 𝑡 𝑥 108 = 𝑡 𝑥 108 = 1 V
𝑥 108
4𝑓
4f∅𝑁
Eav= 108 V (3.4)
E=1.11 Eav=1.11 x (4f∅𝑁x10−8 ) = 4.44f∅𝑁𝑥10−8 𝑉 (3.5)

Thus,

Ep= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑝 𝑥10−8 𝑉 (3.6) Es= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑠 𝑥10−8 𝑉 (3.7)

Since the voltage drops are all directly proportional to the load current, Is in the secondary and
Ip in the primary, it should be clear that at no load there will be no voltage drop in either winding.
Therefore, if a transformer delivers rated load at secondary terminal voltage, that voltage will
change if the load is removed. Thus as shown in equation 3.8,
𝐸𝑁𝐿 −𝐸𝐹𝐿
Percent Regulation= 𝐸𝐹𝐿
𝑥 100 (3.8)

Where:
Enl=No Load Voltage, volts Efl= Full Load Voltage, volts

Equivalent Resistance, Reactance and Impedance of a Transformer

When regulation calculations are made for transformers, it is convenient to combine the
resistance and reactance drops that actually occur on the primary and secondary sides into a
single value of IR and a single value of IX. One method of simplifying the calculations is to make
use of idea that a transformer having a ratio of transformation a can be converted into an
equivalent transformer having a ratio of 1:1

Converting primary value to secondary value through the transformation ratio will yield
𝐼
equation 3.9 to 3.13 (𝐼𝑝 = 𝑠),
𝑎
𝐼𝑅 𝐼 𝑅𝑝 𝑅𝑝
(𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 ) + ( 𝑠 𝑠 ) = (𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 ) + ( 𝑠 𝑥 )=𝐼𝑠 (𝑅𝑠 + 𝑎2 ) (3.9)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝐼𝑋 𝐼 𝑋𝑝 𝑋𝑝
(𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 ) + ( 𝑠 𝑠 ) = (𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 ) + ( 𝑠 𝑥 )=𝐼𝑠 (𝑋𝑠 + 𝑎2 ) (3.10)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑅 𝑋
Thus,𝑅𝑒 = (𝑅𝑠 + 𝑎𝑝2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑒 = (𝑋𝑠 + 𝑎𝑝2 ) 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 (3.11)
𝑅𝑒 = (𝑎2 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑝 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑒 = (𝑋𝑠 𝑎2 + 𝑋𝑝 ) 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 (3.12)

𝑍𝑒 = √𝑅𝑒2 + 𝑋𝑒2 (𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 3.5) (3.13)

Where,
𝑅𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚

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𝑋𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑋𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑍𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚

Figure 3.5: Power Triangle

Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer using Test

Note that the transformer, as an electric circuit, merely acts like an impedance voltage
drop. Thus, it is also possible to represent a transformer as an ordinary series electric circuit that
has three elements, equivalent resistance (𝑅𝑒 ), equivalent leakage reactance (𝑋𝑒 ) and the load.
Its equivalent circuit can be derived by using two data test.

1. Short Circuit Test

In order to determine experimentally the value of the equivalent resistance,

impedance and reactance and it is an attempt to make the windings carry rated currents
as shown in Figure 3.6 without requiring that the transformer deliver a load thus the power
input to the transformer will be extremely low. It is also used to determine the copper loss
of the transformer since it depends upon the current rating (or the short circuit current).
Hence, the copper loss depends upon the loading of a transformer (its KVA rating
squared) as shown in the relation in equation 3.17. The parameters (equation 3.14 to 3.16)
can be computed using equations

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 Figure 3.6: Short Circuit test diagram
𝑃𝑠𝑐
𝑅𝑒 = 2 (3.14)
𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝐸𝑠𝑐
𝑍𝑒 = (3.15)
𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝑋𝑒 = √𝑍𝑒2 − 𝑅𝑒2 (3.16)
2 2
From 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝑃𝑆𝐶 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝑅𝑒 ; 𝑆 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝑍𝑒

𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝑘 𝑆 2 (3.17)

Where,
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑍𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑋𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠), 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑆 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑉𝐴

2. Open Circuit Test

When one side of a transformer is left open circuited and the other side is
connected to a source of alternating current whose voltage is rated value (Figure 4.7), the
current will be extremely low- about 2 to 10 percent of the rated load current. Two
components of power loss are developed in the iron and depends on the magnetic
properties of the materials used to construct the core of transformer and its design. It can
be computed using equation

a. Hysteresis Loss- which is purely magnetic, and results because the tiny magnetic
particles produce a kind of molecular friction as they tend to change alignment with the
rapid reversals of alternating current as shown in equation 3.18.
1.6
𝑃ℎ = 𝑘ℎ 𝑓𝐵𝑚 (3.18)

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 b. Eddy current loss- which is electromagnetic in character and is caused by the flow of
currents in the iron in exactly the same way as in transformer windings as shown in
equation 3.19.
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑓 2 𝐵𝑚
2
(3.19)

Figure 3.7: Open Circuit test diagram

Recall:
V= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑥10−8 ; ∅= 𝐵𝑚 x A
𝐸 𝑥 108 108 𝐸 𝐸
∅ = 𝐵𝑚 𝑥 𝐴 = ; 𝐵𝑚 = ( ) =𝑘
4.44𝑓𝑁 4.44𝑁𝐴 𝑓 𝑓
thus, the component of core loss, hysteresis and eddy current loss can be computed as
shown in equation 3.20 to 3.22.
1.6 𝐸 1.6 𝐸 1.6 𝐸 1.6
𝑃ℎ = 𝑘ℎ 𝑓𝐵𝑚 = 𝑘ℎ 𝑓 (𝑘 𝑓 ) = (𝑘ℎ 𝑥𝑘 1.6 ) (𝑓0.6 ) = 𝑘1 (𝑓0.6 ) (3.20)
𝐸 2
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑓 2 𝐵𝑚
2
= 𝑘𝑒 𝑓 2 (𝑘 𝑓 ) = (𝑘𝑒 𝑥𝑘 2 )(𝐸 2 ) = 𝑘2 (𝐸 2 ) (3.21)
𝐸1.6
𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 𝑃ℎ + 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘1 ( ) + 𝑘2 (𝐸 2 ) (3.22)
𝑓 0.6

Where,
𝑃ℎ = ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝐸 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑓, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑓 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑐𝑝𝑠 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑧
𝑘1 = ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑘2 = 𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Efficiency and Loss Calculations Using Short Circuit and Open Circuit Data

When the secondary of a transformer delivers power to a load, an equivalent amount of power
is supplied to the primary by the AC source; the power output is generally delivered at a voltage

7
that is different from that of a source. As previous discussions have shown, there are only two
kinds of losses in a static transformer:

a. Copper losses in the primary and secondary windings which measured by wattmeter
when the short circuit test is performed.
b. Hysteresis and eddy current losses in the laminated core which where Core loss is
made up and is measured when open circuit test is performed.

the efficiency of a transformer is given by equation 3.23,

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑥100 (3.23)
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑐
It can ,in fact, be shown that, because of these relationships, the efficiency of a transformer is a
maximum when the copper losses are equal to the iron losses as shown in equation 3.24.
𝑃𝑐
𝐼𝑠2 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑃𝑐 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝐼𝑠 = √
𝑅𝑒

𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝐹𝐿 𝑃𝑐 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝐹𝐿 𝑃𝑐
= √ = √ 2
1000 1000𝑥𝐼𝐹𝐿 𝑅𝑒 1000 𝐼𝐹𝐿 𝑥𝑅𝑒
𝐸𝐼
𝑠 𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑓𝑙
where, 1000 = 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦; 1000
= 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟
𝑃𝑐
𝑘𝑣𝑎max 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 √ (3.24)
𝑃𝑠

All day efficiency of a Transformer

For most of the time, transformer is connected to a distribution line serving a particular
load for 24 hours a day, seven days a week unless it is being replaced for maintenance. Hence,
it experiences several load changes throughout the entire day that depends upon the type of load
being served and load characteristics of the end user for a certain period of day. Thus, it is
necessary to compute its efficiency throughout the entire day to ensure that it met the needs of
the end user for utilization. From the derived equation from the power losses using data test, the
energy losses are shown by equation 3.25 to 3.26,

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑃 𝑏𝑦 𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑊𝑐𝑢 + 𝑊𝑐𝑜 (3.25)

𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,

∑ 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦% = 𝑥 100 (3.26)
∑ 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ∑ 𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

Where:

Wout-total energy output, kw.hr

Wcu-copper energy loss which is Pcu x t, kw.hr
Wco-core energy loss which is Pcu x 24, kw.hr

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Parallel Operation of Transformer

Several important conditions must be fulfilled if two or more transformers are to operate
successfully in parallel to deliver a common load. These important conditions are:

a. The voltage rating of both primaries and secondaries must be identical. This obviously
implies that the transformation ratios are the same.
b. The transformers must be properly connected with regard to polarity.
c. The equivalent impedances should be inversely proportional to the respective kilovolt
ampere ratings.
d. The ratio of the equivalent resistance to the equivalent reactance of all transformers
should be the same.

No load operation- When the secondary load is removed, the primaries will still be energized
and the secondaries will remain connected in parallel as shown in equation 3.27.
(𝑎 −𝑎 )𝐸
𝐼𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑍1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑠 (3.27)
1 𝑒1 2 𝑒2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝐼𝑐 = 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑎𝑚𝑝
𝑎1 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑎2 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑍𝑒1 =
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑍𝑒2 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡

Load operation –Equal Ratios of Transformation- When two transformers having equal
ratios of transformation ratios are connected in parallel, the total load current will divide between
them inversely as their equivalent impedances.
𝐸𝑝
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼1 𝑍𝑒1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 ( ) − 𝐸𝑠 , 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡,
𝑎
𝐼1 𝑍𝑒1 = 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2
𝐼 𝑍
Thus, 𝐼1 = 𝑍𝑒2
2 𝑒1
It implies that when two transformer of different kVA ratings are connected in parallel, they
divide the total load in proportion to their respective kVA ratings only when their equivalent
impedances are inversely proportional to their respective ratings.

Where,
𝐼1 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝐼2 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑍𝑒1 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑍𝑒2 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡

Load operation –Unequal Ratios of Transformation- When two transformers having unequal
ratios of transformation ratios are connected in parallel, the total load current will divide in
accordance with equation 3.28 to 3.29.
.
(𝑎2 − 𝑎1 )𝐸𝑠 + (𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 𝐼𝑡 )
𝐼1 = (3.28)
𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 + 𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2

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 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )𝐸𝑠 + (𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 𝐼𝑡 )
𝐼2 = (3.29)
𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 + 𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2
Where,
𝐼𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒

Three Phase Transformer

➢ Almost all major generation & Distribution Systems in the world are three phase AC
systems
➢ Three phase transformers play an important role in these systems
➢ Transformer for 3 phase circuit is either:
o constructed from 3 single phase transformers, or
o another approach is to employ a common core for the three sets of windings of
the three phases
➢ The construction of a single three phase transformer is the preferred today, it is lighter,
smaller, cheaper and slightly more efficient
➢ There is an advantage that each unit in the bank could be replaced individually in the
event of a fault, however this does not outweigh the other advantages of combined 3
phase unit.
➢ Figure 3.8 shows the built core of compact three phase transformer in which
φa+φb+φc=0 and central leg can be removed.
➢ The two main construction (core and shell) applied to a three phase transformer is
shown in Figure 3.9.

Figure 3.8 (a) to (b): Core of a Three phase transformer and its equivalent vector

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 Figure 3.9 (a) to (b): (a) Core (b) Shell type three phase transformer diagram

Three phase transformer connections

➢ The windings of primary and secondary (in any construction) can be connected in either
a wye (Y) or delta (Δ)
➢ This provides a total of 4 possible connections phase transformer (if Neutral is not
grounded):
(a) Wye-wye Y-Y
(b) Wye-delta Y-Δ
(c) Delta-wye Δ-Y
(d) Delta-Delta Δ-Δ

➢ To analyze a 3-phase transformer, each single transformer in the bank should be

analyzed
➢ Any single phase in bank behaves exactly like 1 phase transformer just studied
impedance, voltage regulation, efficiency, & similar calculations for 3 phase are done on
per phase basis, using the same technique already used in single phase transformer.
➢ The applications, advantages and disadvantages of each type of three phase
connections will be discussed next.

WYE-WYE connection

➢ In Y-Y connection (Figure 3.10), primary voltage on each phase is VφP=VLP/√3

➢ Primary phase voltage is related to secondary phase voltage by turns ratio of
transformer
➢ Phase voltage of secondary is related to Line voltage of secondary by VLS=√3 VφS
➢ Overall the voltage ratio of transformer is shown in equation 3.30:

𝑉𝐿𝑃 √3 𝑉∅𝑃
= = 𝑎𝑌−𝑌 (3.30)
𝑉𝐿𝑆 √3 𝑉∅𝑆
Where: VLP-line voltage for primary, volts

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 VLs-line voltage for secondary, volts
V∅𝑃-phase voltage for primary, volts
V∅𝑠-phase voltage for secondary, volts
ay-y – transformation ratio for wye-wye connection

Figure 3.10 (a) to (b): (a) Schematic diagram and (b) Phasor Diagram for Wye-Wye
connection

➢ Two serious concerns on Y-Y connection

1. if loads on transformer circuit. are unbalanced, voltages on the phases of transformer

severely unbalanced, also source is loaded in an unbalanced form

2. Third harmonic voltages can be large (there is no path for passage of third harmonic
current)

➢ Both concerns on unbalance load condition & large 3rd Harmonic voltages can be
rectified as follows:

1. Solidly grounding the neutrals of windings

specially primary winding, this connection provide a path for 3rd harmonic current flow,
produced and do not let build up of large 3rd voltages . Also provides a return path for
any current imbalances in load

2. Adding a third winding (tertiary) connected in Δ

(a) 3rd harmonic components of voltage in Δ will add up, causing a circulating current
flow within winding
(b) tertiary winding should be large enough to handle circulating currents (normally 1/3
of power rating of two main windings)

➢ One of these corrective techniques should be employed with Y-Y, however normally very
few transformer with this type of connection is employed (others can do the same job)

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WYE-DELTA connection

➢ Y-Δ doesn’t have shortcomings of Y-Y regarding generation of third harmonic voltage
since the Δ provide a circulating path for 3rd Harmonic
➢ Y-Δ is more stable with regards to unbalanced loads, since Δ partially redistributes any
imbalance that occurs
➢ This configuration causes secondary voltage to be shifted 30◦ relative to primary voltage
➢ If secondary of this transformer should be paralleled with secondary of another
transformer without phase shift, there would be a problem.
➢ Overall voltage ratio is shown by equation 3.31:
𝑉𝐿𝑃 √3 𝑉∅𝑃
= = √3 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑌−𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 (3.31) 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝐿𝑆 = 𝑉∅𝑆
𝑉𝐿𝑆 𝑉∅𝑆
Where:
ay-delta – transformation ratio for wye-delta connection

➢ The wiring diagram is shown by figure 3.11:

Figure 3.11 (a) to (b): (a) Schematic diagram and (b) Phasor Diagram for Wye-Delta
connection

DELTA-WYE connection

➢ This connection (Figure 3.12) has the same advantages & phase shifts as Y- Δ
➢ Secondary voltage lags primary voltage by 30◦ with ABC phase sequence.
➢ Overall voltage relationship between primary and secondary is:

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦, 𝑉𝐿𝑃 = 𝑉∅𝑆 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦, 𝑉𝐿𝑆 = 𝑉∅𝑆

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 Figure 3.12 (a) to (b): (a) Schematic diagram and (b) Phasor Diagram for Delta-Wye
connection

DELTA-DELTA connection

➢ This configuration (Figure 3.13) has no phase shift and there is no concern about
unbalanced loads or harmonics
➢ Overall voltage ratio is shown by equation 3.32:

𝑉𝐿𝑃 𝑉∅𝑃
= = 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎−𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 (3.32) 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝐿𝑆 = 𝑉∅𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝐿𝑆 = 𝑉∅𝑆
𝑉𝐿𝑆 𝑉∅𝑆

Where:
adelta-delta – transformation ratio for delta-delta connection

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 Figure 3.13: Schematic diagram for Delta-Delta connection

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