ELEN 30104

Module 4
Polyphase Induction Motor
Starting Torque of Squirrel- Cage
Motor
➢ Resistance is fixed & small compared to the reactance
➢ Rotor frequency equals to supply frequency at starting
➢ impedance are small,Thus current I2 is large & lags by a
very large angle behind E2
➢ For large power factor angle, the power factor becomes very
low.
➢ Hence Starting torque will be small
➢ This motor is not useful where the motor has to start against
heavy loads.

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 Starting Torque of Slip-ring
Motor

➢ By improving power factor, starting torque increase

➢ Adding external resistance in rotor circuit from star connected
rheostat, impedance increase
➢ impedance Z2 large, current I2 is small
➢ Current I2 lags by small angle behind E2
➢ For low power factor angle, power factor becomes large.
➢ So, starting torque will be large
➢ This motor is useful where the motor has to start against heavy
loads.

3
Effect of Change in Supply Voltage on Starting
Torque
𝑘1 𝐸22 𝑅2
 We know that 𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 2
𝑅2 + 𝑋22
Now 𝐸2 ∞𝑉𝑠
𝑘3 𝑣𝑠2 𝑅2 𝑘3 𝑉𝑠2 𝑅2
Therefore 𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 2 =
𝑅2 + 𝑋22 𝑍22
Where k3 is yet another constant.
Hence 𝑇𝑠𝑡 ∞𝑉𝑠2

4
Rotor EMF and Reactance Under
Running Conditions
➢ Let E2= Standstill rotor induced e.m.f./phase
X2 = Standstill rotor reactance/phase,
f2 = fr ‘= rotor current frequency at standstill
➢ When rotor is stationary then slip s=1 and frequency of
rotor e.m.f. is same that of stator supply frequency.
➢ Under running condition, rotor e.m.f. Er = sE2
Frequency of the induced emf fr =sf2
Due to the decrease in frequency of the rotor emf, the
rotor reactance Xr=sX2
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 Relation Between Torque and Slip
 A family of torque/slip curves is shown in fig.1
below for a range of s=0 to s=1 with R2 as the
parameter. We know that
𝑘𝜑𝑠𝐸2 𝑅2
𝑇= 2
𝑅2 + (𝑠𝑋2 )2
 When s=0, T=0, hence the curve starts from
point 0.
 At normal speeds, close to synchronism, the
term (sX2) is small and hence negligible w.r.t.
R2. ∴ 𝑇∞
𝑠
𝑅2
⇒ 𝑇∞𝑠 𝐼𝑓 𝑅2 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
6
Contd.
 For low value of s, the
curve is approx. a
straight line.
 As s increases (for
increasing motor load),
the torque increases
and becomes maximum
at s=R2/X2. This torque
is known as “pull-out”
or “breakdown” torque
or, stalling torque.

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Contd.
 As the slip is increased further, R2 becomes
negligible as compared to (sX2). Thus for large value
of slip 𝑠 1
𝑇∞ ∞
(𝑠𝑋2 )2 𝑠

 Beyond the point of Tmax , any further increase in

motor load results in decrease of torque developed.
Thus the motor slows down and eventually stops.
 The stable operation of the motor lies between the
values of s=0 and that corresponding to maximum
torque as shown by the orange shaded region.

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Effect of Change in Supply Frequency on
Speed & Torque
➢ The major effect of change in supply frequency is on motor
speed
➢ If frequency drops by 10%, speed also drops 10%
➢ If machine tools & motor-driven equipment for 50 Hz supply
connected to 60 Hz supply;
(60 − 50)
➢ Then; everything runs × 100% = 20% faster than the
normal. 50
➢ In such case, we have to use either gears to reduce motor speed
or an expensive 50 Hz source

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 Q. How can a 50 Hz motor operate
satisfactory on 60 Hz supply?

Ans:
➢ The condition for operating a motor in any supply
frequency is 𝑉 should be constant at all times.
𝑓

➢ When a 50 Hz motor is operated on 60 Hz supply

frequency then its terminal voltage is increased to
60
× 100% =120% of rated supply
50

10
 Q. How can a 60 Hz motor operate
satisfactory on 50 Hz supply?
➢ The condition for operating a motor in any supply
𝑉
frequency is should be constant at all times.
𝑓
➢ When a 60 Hz motor is operated on 50 Hz supply
frequency then the speed will decrease 16.66 %.
➢ To operate the motor satisfactorily its terminal
voltage is reduced to 50 =83.33% of rated
× 100%
supply 60

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Torque-Speed Curve

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 Three regions in torque-speed curve:

1) Plugging (braking) region (1<s<2)

Rotor rotates opposite to direction of air gap flux. Can
happen, for example, if stator supply phase sequence
reversed while rotor is moving.

2) Motoring region (0<s<1)

Te=0 at s=0. As s increases (speed decreases),Te
increases until max. torque (breakdown) is reached.
Beyond this point, Te decreases with increasing s.

3) Regenerating Region (s<0)

Here the induction machine acts as a generator. Rotor
moves faster than air gap flux resulting in negative slip.
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Four Operating modes

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 Starting of Induction Motors
 A plain Induction motor is similar in action to a
polyphase transformer.
 So it takes high current (almost 5 to 7 times of full load)
current while starting.

Methods for starting of Induction motors

• Squirrel Cage Motor

1. Primary Resistors (or, rheostat) or reactors
2. Auto Transformer (or autostarter)
3. Star-Delta Switches

• For Slip ring motor

1. Rotor Rheostat

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Primary Resistors
Their purpose is to drop
some voltage and hence
reduce the voltage
applied across the motor
terminals. In this way the
initial current drawn by
the motor is reduced.

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Auto-Transformer

 With 2 auto transformers

in open delta connection.

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Contd.

By using 3
auto
transformers.

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19
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. An induction motor of 30 hp, 220 V, 3 phase draws 450% of the rated current with
the rated voltage and delivers during the starting period 130% of the normal torque.
The full load efficiency and full load pf of this motor is 80% and 70% respectively. If an
autotransformer is used as a starting unit and starting torque of the load is only 50% of
the rated torque of the motor, find the starting voltage.
Solution:
2 2
𝑇𝑠𝑡1 𝑉𝑆𝑡1 1.3𝑇𝑓𝑙 220
𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 𝑘𝑉𝑠𝑡2 = = =
𝑇𝑠𝑡2 𝑉𝑆𝑡2 0.5𝑇𝑓𝑙 𝑉𝑆𝑡2
0.5
𝑉𝑆𝑡2 = 220 = 136.44 𝑉
1.3
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. Using the data of number 1, find the starting current on the line.
Solution:
30(746) 27975
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = = 27975 𝑊𝐼𝑓𝑙 = = 104.88 𝐴
0.8 3𝑥220𝑥0.7
𝐼𝑠𝑡1 𝑉𝑠𝑡1 4.5 104.88 220
𝐼𝑠𝑡 = 𝑘𝑉𝑠𝑡 −−−→ = = =
𝐼𝑠𝑡2 𝑉𝑠𝑡2 𝐼𝑠𝑡2 136.44
136.44
𝐼𝑠𝑡2 = 4.5 104.88 = 292.7 𝐴
220
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. A 10 hp, 550 V, 60 Hz, 3 phase induction motor has a starting torque of 160% of full
load load torque and a starting current of 425% of full load current. If the motor is
used on a 440 V, 60 Hz system, what will be the starting torque expressed in percent
of full load value?
Solution:
2 2
1.5𝑇𝑓𝑙 550 440
= −−−→ 𝑇𝑠𝑡2 = 1.5𝑇𝑓𝑙 = 1.024 𝑜𝑟 102.4% 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑓𝑙
𝑇𝑠𝑡2 440 550
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. Using the data of number 3, What will be the voltage in order that the starting
current be limited to the full load value?
Solution:
4.25𝐼𝑓𝑙 550
=
𝐼𝑓𝑙 𝑉𝑠𝑡2
550
𝑉𝑠𝑡2 = = 129.41 𝑉
4.25
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
5.A 25 hp, 230 V 3 phase motor with 85% power factor has a starting current of 5.5
times rated current. To reduce the starting current, a wye-delta starter is installed.
What shall be the new starting current?
Solution:
25(746)
𝐼𝑓𝑙 = = 55 𝐴 𝐼𝑠𝑡1 = 5.5𝐼𝑓𝑙 = 5.5 55 = 302.5 𝐴
3𝑥230𝑥0.85
𝑉𝑙
𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑠𝑡2 = = 0.577𝑉𝑙
3
302.5 𝑉𝑙
= −−−→ 𝐼𝑠𝑡2 = 0.577𝑥302.5 = 174.5 𝐴
𝐼𝑠𝑡2 0.577 𝑉𝑙
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
6. A delta-connected load induction motor draws 100 A from each line of a three-phase
source and develops 40 lb-ft at standstill. Find the torque when connected to the
same service if the motor is reconnected in wye.
Solution:
2
40 𝑉𝑙
= −−−→ 𝑇𝑠𝑡2 = 40 0.5772 = 13.3 𝑙𝑏. 𝑓𝑡
𝑇𝑠𝑡2 0.577𝑉𝑙