Computer Hardware

and Software
Platform Technologies | BSIT 2i Group ONE
 What is Computer Hardware?
Computer hardware is the physical
components or the tangible parts
that a computer system requires
to function.

PHYSICAL COMPONENTS :

Input Devices
Processing Devices
Output Devices
Input/Output Devices
Communication Devices
Ports Types
Motherboards
I nput device is any hardware
device that sends data to a
computer, allowing you to interact 1 KEYBOARD
with and control it. It sends
information to a computer system for 2 MOUSE
processing, but it cannot receive data
from another device. 3 MICROPHONE

WHY ARE INPUT DEVICES IMPORTANT? 4 WEB CAM

I f a computer had no input devices, 5 JOY STICK

it could run by itself but there
6 TOUCH PAD
would be no way to change its
settings, fix errors, or other various 7 GRAPHICS TABLET
user interactions.
8 SCANNER
KEYBOARD
It is composed of buttons
used to create letters,
numbers, and symbols, and
perform additional functions.

ORIGIN - Modern computer

keyboard begins with a direct
inheritance from the FUNCTIONS
❖ Enter commands in a command line.
invention of the typewriter.
❖ Use keyboard shortcuts to perform
Christopher Latham Sholes,
tasks more quickly.
was an American inventor
❖ Perform tasks
who invented the QWERTY
❖ Control computer hardware.
keyboard, and, along ❖ Move the text cursor on the screen.
with Samuel W. ❖ Move a character in a game.
❖ Make calculations.
 MOUSE
Computer mouse is a handheld
hardware input device that
controls a cursor in a GUI
(graphical user interface) and
can move and select text, TYPES
icons, files, and folders on your
FUNCTIONS ❖ Cordless (Wireless)
computer.
❖ Move the mouse ❖ Footmouse
ORIGIN – The mouse was cursor ❖ IntelliMouse (Wheel
initially known as the X-Y ❖ Open or execute mouse)
Position Indicator for a Display a program . ❖ J-Mouse
System and was invented by ❖ Select ❖ Joystick
Douglas Engelbart in 1963 ❖ Drag-and-drop ❖ Mechanical
while working at Xerox PARC. ❖ Hover ❖ Optical
❖ Scroll ❖ Touchpad
(Glidepoint)
❖ Trackball
MICROPHONE
Receives sound generated by
an input source, and sends
that sound to a computer.

ORIGIN - The first

microphone that enabled
proper voice telephony was FUNCTIONS
the (loose-contact) carbon Recording audio for a video
microphone. This was Voice recorder
independently developed by Voice recognition
David Edward Hughes in Computer gaming
Online chatting
England and Emile Berliner
Capturing any noise in a room
and Thomas Edison in the
Recording voice for dictation, singing,
US.
and podcasts.
Recording musical instruments
MICROPHONE TYPES
OMNIDIRECTIONAL MICROPHONE- Capable of
picking up the sound in all directions around the
microphone.
UNIDIRECTIONAL MICROPHONE - Any microphone
that is only capable of picking up sound in one
direction. BIDIRECTIONAL MICROPHONE- Picks up
sound equally from the front and back of the
microphone.
CLOSE-TALK MICROPHONE - Designed to have
someone's mouth near the microphone without
creating noise that may occur with other
microphones.
CLIP-ON MICROPHONE - Also known as a lavalier
microphone, a clip-on microphone is a hands-free
wireless mic that clips to the user's shirt.
WEB CAM
Receives images generated
by whatever it is pointed at
(input) and sends those
images to a computer.

ORIGIN - The first widely-

publicized webcam was the
XCoffee, also known as the
Trojan Room coffee pot.
FUNCTIONS
❖ It captures either still pictures or motion video, and with
the aid of software, can transmit its video on the Internet
in real-time.
WEB CAM TYPES
INTEGRATED- These cameras are designed with
lower pixels. They offer lower quality images. But
still, they are capable of managing video calls.
STANDALONE - These webcams allow users to pick
a high-quality camera and microphone or suitable
headset according to your requirement, as it offers
the most control over your peripherals.
NETWORK CAMERAS - Much similar to the
conventional webcams, except that they transfer
their data through Ethernet or wireless
connections. These cameras are widely used for
closed-circuit security television.
WEBCAMS WITH MICROPHONES- Microphone
webcams only can be used with a set of
headphones. However, you should avoid using
these cameras at the same time as your computer
speakers.
JOY STICK
Is an input device consisting of a
stick that pivots on a base and
reports its angle or direction to
the device it is controlling. It is
also known as the control column,
the principal control device in the
cockpit of many civilian and
military aircraft, either as a center
stick or side-stick.
ORIGIN - The name joystick is
thought to originate with early
20th century French pilot Robert
Esnault-Pelterie.
TOUCH PAD
A pointing device featuring a
tactile sensor, a specialized
surface that can translate the
motion and position of a user's
fingers to a relative position on
the operating system that is made
output to the screen.
ORIGIN - In 1989 a touchpad was
developed for Psion's MC
200/400/600/WORD Series.
Laptops with touchpads were
then launched by Olivetti and
Triumph-Adler in 1992.
GRAPHICS TABLET
Is a computer input device that
enables a user to hand-draw
images, animations and graphics,
with a special pen-like stylus,
similar to the way a person draws
images with a pencil and paper.

ORIGIN - The first graphic tablet

resembling contemporary tablets
and used for handwriting
recognition by a computer was
the Stylator in 1957.
GRAPHICS TABLET TYPES
PASSIVE TABLETS - Make use of electromagnetic
induction technology, where the horizontal and
vertical wires of the tablet operate as both
transmitting and receiving coils.
ACTIVE TABLETS - Active tablets differ in that the
stylus used contains self-powered electronics that
generate and transmit a signal to the tablet.
OPTICAL TABLETS - Operates by a very small digital
camera in the stylus and then doing pattern matching
on the image of the paper.
ACOUSTIC TABLETS -Small sound generator was
mounted in the stylus, and the acoustic signal picked
up by two microphones placed near the writing
surface.
CAPACITIVE TABLETS - These tablets have also been
designed to use an electrostatic or capacitive signal.
SCANNER
Is a device that captures
images from photographic
prints, posters, magazine
pages, and similar sources
for computer editing and
display.
ORIGIN - The pantelegraph
was an early form of TYPES
➢ Drum Scanner
facsimile machine
➢ FlatBed
transmitting over normal
➢ CCD Scanner
telegraph lines developed by
➢ CIS Scanner
Giovanni Caselli, used
➢ Roller Scanner
commercially in the 1860s,
➢ 3D scanner
that was the first such device
to enter practical service.
PROCESSING DEVICES
WHAT IS
When a computer receives PROCESSING
data from an input device, DEVICE?
for example the mouse or
keyboard, the data must be
processed before it can go to
an output device, such as the
printer or monitor. A
processing device is
responsible for converting
that data into useful
information.
 IMPORTANCE OF
PROCESSING DEVICES
WHY IS IT
Computer processing devices
play an important role in IMPORTANT?
processing operations. They
are all used to process the
data, using instructions from
the program. They manage
the functions, they do
various calculations, and
they even monitor the
hardware tools.
 EXAMPLES OF
PROCESSING DEVICES

1 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
2 MOTHERBOARD Think of a computer as a human body with the CPU
being the brain, controlling everything the computer
3 MEMORY does. The CPU is the part of a computer responsible for
receiving and carrying out computer instructions. The
CPU is a critical part that manages all instructions and
calculations that are sent to it from other computer
components and peripherals.
TYPES OF CPU
➢ Single-core
➢ Dual-core
➢ Quad-core
➢ Hexa-core
➢ Octa-core
➢ Deca-core
 EXAMPLES OF
PROCESSING DEVICES

1 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

MOTHERBOARD
2 MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard can be compared to the skeleton
of the human body; it connects all the parts of a
3 MEMORY computer together. You can also think of it as a
mother that holds all her children (pieces) together.
The motherboard is a large printed circuit board
connecting all the different components in a
computer, such as the CPU and RAM.
 EXAMPLES OF
PROCESSING DEVICES

1 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

MEMORY
Computer memory is any physical device that can
2 MOTHERBOARD temporarily store information, such as RAM, or
permanently, such as ROM. Memory devices use
3 MEMORY built-in circuits and are used by operating systems,
applications, and hardware.
TYPES OF MEMORY
RAM – Random Access Memory
Volatile storage is a memory that
loses its contents if the device or
computer loses its power. RAM is
volatile high-speed memory.
ROM – Read Only Memory It is a
permanent memory, where
programs are stored while a
computer is being created.
WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?
An output device is any piece of computer
hardware equipment which converts
information into human read able form. It can
be text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video.

WHY ARE OUTPUT

DEVICES IMPORTANT?
A computer can still work
without an output device.
However, you'd have no
way of determining what
the computer is doing.
Using an output device, you
can view and get the results
of input from a computer.
(LED, LCD, CRT etc) - A monitor takes data
from a computer and presents it visually

The first monitors used the same

technology as early televisions, relying on
a cathode ray tube and a fluorescent
screen. This technology was firmonitors in
1965 in the Uniscope 300 machine, which
had a built-in CRT display. st utilized for
computer
The function of a printer is to create
a copy of whatever is sent from the
computer to the printer. Printers take
electronic data sent from a computer
and generate a hard copy.

The first inkjet printer was

developed in 1951. Photocopying,
also known as xerography, is the
origin-technology of modern-day
printing and was was invented in
1938 by Chester S. Carlson of Queens
of Queens, New York.
Also known as earphones,
headphones allow you to listen to
audio without disrupting other people
in the vicinity.

There’s no single figure who

invented headphones, but the use of
headphones stems from the military.
Nathaniel Baldwin of Utah submitted
a headphone prototype to the U.S.
Navy in 1910, which was adopted
some years after by Naval radio
operators.
Computer speakers are hardware
devices that transform the signal from
the computer's sound card into audio.

The first internal computer

speaker (a speaker inside the chassis
of a laptop) was created in 1981 by
IBM. External computer speakers
began to appear in stores in the early
1990s when computer gaming, digital
music, and other forms of media
became popular.
.
As its name suggests, this output device
"projects" computer images or video onto
a wall or screen.

Originally, projectors weren’t an

output device. Projectors were first
created and used in late 19th-century
France. Throughout history, biunial
lanterns were used to project ink on glass
by photographers, lecturers, and
magicians. A biunial lantern is a lantern
with projection capabilities. "Biunial"
means combining two things into one, so
a biunial lantern is a directional lantern
and a glass slide with a print on it for
projecting.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
GPS is a radio-based navigation
system that’s composed of a
sender computer and a receiver.

A Soviet-era technology,
GPS was originally used in the
1960s to track U.S. submarines
carrying nuclear missiles. The
Department of Defense deployed
more satellites to bolster the
burgeoning navigation system.
The sound card controls the output
of sound signals, enabling devices
like speakers and headphones to
work.

The first sound card was

invented by Sherwin Gooch in 1972
and was used in PLATO systems
(Programmed Logic for Automatic
Teaching Operations).
As with the sound card, the video
card is an expansion card that slots
into the motherboard. The video
card processes images and video,
enabling visuals to be seen on a
display.

Video cards are also

known as GPUs or graphics
processing units. Before modern-
day GPUs, IBM introduced the
MDA (monochrome display
adapter).
A braille reader is a peripheral device
that enables a blind person to read
text displayed on a computer monitor.

Braille is a 63 character
alphabet invented in 1824 by Louis
Braille. Braille was embossed on paper
and other materials for decades
before braille reader technology was
invented.
SGDs, also known as voice output
communication aids, generate text to
speech. A user types something and
when the command is sent, the SGD
reads the sentence out loud.

The first version of the SGD

used print output. The “patient-
operated selector mechanism,” or
POSSUM, found symbols on a display
and illuminated them for the reader.
INPUT/OUTPUT
DEVICES
An input/output device is any hardware used
by a human operator or other systems to
communicate with a computer. As the name
suggests, input/output devices are capable of
sending data (output) to a computer and
receiving data from a computer (input).
CD-RW DRIVE CD – RW DRIVE

Alternatively referred to as a cd
DIGITAL VIDEO DISK
writer, CD-WO (write once), or
WORM (write once read many),
USB FLASH DRIVE
CD-R is short for Compact Disc-
Recordable. It's a writable disc
SD CARD
and drive capable of having
information written to the disc
BARCODE READER
once and read many times.
Data cannot be deleted from a
DIGITAL CAMERA
CD-R disc, and a CD-R disc
cannot be formatted. If the data
TOUCH SCREEN
is not written to the disc
properly, it cannot be corrected
HARD DRIVE
and is often jokingly referred to
as a coaster.
FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
DIGITAL CD – RW DRIVE

VIDEO DISK DIGITAL VIDEO DISK

Short for Digital Video Disc, a
DVD or DVD-ROM is a disc USB FLASH DRIVE
capable of storing a significant
amount more data than a SD CARD
standard compact disc. DVDs
are widely used for storing and BARCODE READER
viewing movies and other data.
DIGITAL CAMERA
ORIGIN - The picture of the
Matrix DVD movie disc is an
TOUCH SCREEN
example of a DVD movie. DVD-
ROM drives that utilize these
HARD DRIVE
discs were first sold in 1997

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

USB FLASH CD – RW DRIVE

DRIVE DIGITAL VIDEO DISK

USB flash drive - Receives, or
saves, data from a computer USB FLASH DRIVE
(input). Also, the drive sends
data to a computer or another SD CARD
device (output).
BARCODE READER
ORIGIN -The first USB flash
drives were developed in April
DIGITAL CAMERA
1999 at M-Systems (now
SanDisk), an Israeli company, by
TOUCH SCREEN
Amir Ban, Dov Moran, and Oron
Ogdan.
HARD DRIVE

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

 SD CARD
CD – RW DRIVE

DIGITAL VIDEO DISK

Short for Secure Digital card,
the SD card is one of the more
common types of memory USB FLASH DRIVE
cards used with electronics. It is
considered the industry SD CARD
standard due to the wide use.
TYPES OF SD CARD BARCODE READER
ORIGIN - In 1999, SanDisk,
➢ SD - 32mm x 24mm x 2.1mm.
Panasonic (Matsushita), and
➢ MiniSD - 21.5mm x 20mm x DIGITAL CAMERA
Toshiba agreed to develop and
1.4mm.
market the Secure Digital (SD)
➢ MicroSD - 15mm x 11mm x TOUCH SCREEN
Memory Card
1.0mm
HARD DRIVE

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

BARCODE CD – RW DRIVE

READER DIGITAL VIDEO DISK

A barcode reader is an optical
scanner that can read printed USB FLASH DRIVE
barcodes, decode the data
contained in the barcode and SD CARD
send the data to a computer.
BARCODE READER
ORIGIN -The barcode was
invented by Norman Joseph
DIGITAL CAMERA
Woodland and Bernard Silver
and patented in the US in 1951.
TOUCH SCREEN

HARD DRIVE

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

BARCODE CD – RW DRIVE

READER DIGITAL VIDEO DISK

TYPES
USB FLASH DRIVE
PEN TYPE READERS. They are
also called barcode wands SD CARD
because they look like wands.
LASER BARCODE SCANNERS. BARCODE READER
These are the most popular
type of barcode scanners and DIGITAL CAMERA
are widely used in retail.
CCD BARCODE SCANNERS TOUCH SCREEN
(Charge Coupled Device)
IMAGER BARCODE SCANNER HARD DRIVE
(Camera-based)
FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
DIGITAL CD – RW DRIVE

CAMERA DIGITAL VIDEO DISK

A hardware device that takes
photographs and stores the USB FLASH DRIVE
image as data on a memory
card. Unlike an analog camera, SD CARD
this camera uses digital optical
components to register the BARCODE READER
intensity and color of light, and
converts it into pixel data. DIGITAL CAMERA

ORIGIN -The first digital camera

TOUCH SCREEN
was invented in 1975 by Steven
Sasson, an engineer at Eastman
HARD DRIVE
Kodak.

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

DIGITAL CD – RW DRIVE

CAMERA DIGITAL VIDEO DISK

TYPES
COMPACT DIGITAL CAMERA -They USB FLASH DRIVE
are used for ordinary purposes and
are thus called “point and shoot SD CARD
cameras”.
BRIDGE CAMERAS- Though they BARCODE READER
resemble SLR in many ways, they
operate much slower than the
DIGITAL CAMERA
latter.
DIGITAL SINGLE LENS REFLEX
CAMERAS (DSLR)- They use the TOUCH SCREEN
single-lens reflex method just like
an ordinary camera with a digital HARD DRIVE
image sensor.
FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
DIGITAL CD – RW DRIVE

CAMERA DIGITAL VIDEO DISK

TYPES
ELECTRONIC VIEWFINDER - (EVF) USB FLASH DRIVE
This is just a combination of very
large sensors and also SD CARD
interchangeable lenses.There is no
complication in mechanism like a BARCODE READER
DSLR.
DIGITAL RANGEFINDERS - This is a
DIGITAL CAMERA
special film camera equipped with
a rangefinder. With this type of a
camera distant photography is TOUCH SCREEN
possible.
LINE-SCAN CAMERAS - Used for HARD DRIVE
capturing high image resolutions at
a very high speed. FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
TOUCH CD – RW DRIVE

SCREEN DIGITAL VIDEO DISK

A touch screen is the assembly
of both an input ('touch panel') USB FLASH DRIVE
and output ('display') device.
The touch panel is normally SD CARD
layered on the top of an
electronic visual display of an BARCODE READER
information processing system.
DIGITAL CAMERA
ORIGIN -The application of
touch technology for air traffic
TOUCH SCREEN
control was described in an
article published in 1968.
HARD DRIVE

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

HARD DRIVE CD – RW DRIVE

DIGITAL VIDEO DISK

A high-capacity, self-contained
storage device that can store USB FLASH DRIVE
any data, including pictures,
music, videos, text documents, SD CARD
and any files created or
downloaded. . BARCODE READER

ORIGIN -HDDs were introduced

DIGITAL CAMERA
in 1956 in IBM's San Jose,
California laboratory as data
TOUCH SCREEN
storage for an IBM real-time
computer.
HARD DRIVE

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

FLOPPY DISK CD – RW DRIVE

DRIVE DIGITAL VIDEO DISK

Floppy disk, or diskette,
magnetic storage medium used USB FLASH DRIVE
with late 20th-century
computers. SD CARD
ORIGIN - It was invented at IBM
by Alan Shugart in 1967. The BARCODE READER
first floppy drives used an 8-
inch disk (later called a DIGITAL CAMERA
"diskette" as it got smaller).
TOUCH SCREEN

HARD DRIVE

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

 TYPES 0F 1 MODEM
COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION
DEVICES 2 ISDN AND DSL MODEM
DEVICES 3 CABLE MODEM

4 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD

A communication device is
a hardware device capable
5 WIFI ROUTER
of transmitting an analog or
digital signal over the
telephone, other
communication wire, or
wirelessly.
COMMUNICATION DEVICES 1
MODEM 2
MODEM

ISDN AND DSL MODEM

Modem stands for modulation
and demodulation. A modem is a 3 CABLE MODEM
device that switches digital signal
into analog and analog signal into 4 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
digital. Modem forwards and
accept data from one computer 5 WIFI ROUTER
to another using telephone lines.

Modulation is a procedure or
method of converting the digital
signal into analog signal.
Demodulation is a process of
converting the analog signal into
digital signal.
COMMUNICATION DEVICES 1
MODEM 2
MODEM

ISDN AND DSL MODEM

FEATURES TYPES
SPEED: The time at which the modem EXTERNAL MODEM: it is a
3 CABLE MODEM
can send data in bps. stand-alone device that is
attached to a serial port
SELF-TESTING: Modem also examines NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
such as RS-232 on a 4
the digital connection with the
computer with a telephone
computer. line. 5 WIFI ROUTER
VOICE OVER DATA: when data is being INTERNAL MODEM: it is a
transmitted modem also offers the card inserted into an
service of a voice conversation. expansion slot on the
ERROR CONTROL: For the purpose to motherboard.
control errors for transmitted data, WIRELESS MODEM: it is
modems use various techniques. used to access the Web
without wire form notebook
SYNCHRONOUS OR ASYNCHRONOUS
and handheld computers,
TRANSMISSION: modems can
cellular phones and other
transmit data in synchronous and mobile devices.
asynchronous modes.
COMMUNICATION DEVICES 1 MODEM
ISDN AND 2 ISDN AND DSL MODEM

DSL MODEM 3 CABLE MODEM

The modem used with 4 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD

ISDN and DSL are called
ISDN and DSL modems. A 5 WIFI ROUTER
digital modem sends and
receives data and
information to and from
digital telephone lines
like ISDN and DSL.
Furthermore, ISDN
modem works with ISDN
lines and DSL modem
works with DSL lines.
COMMUNICATION DEVICES 1 MODEM

CABLE MODEM 2 ISDN AND DSL MODEM

Cable Modem is also 3 CABLE MODEM

known as a broadband
modem. The cable 4 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
modem is a stand-alone
device connected with a 5 WIFI ROUTER
cable to a USB port. It
sends and receives data
over the cable television
network. It provides
faster internet speed
than dial-up modem and
ISDN.
COMMUNICATION DEVICES 1 MODEM
NETWORK 2 ISDN AND DSL MODEM

INTERFACE CARD 3 CABLE MODEM

Network Interface Card 4 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD

(NIC) is also called LAN
adapter. It is used to 5 WIFI ROUTER
connect a device to a
network. It also used for
the management of
instructions,
transmission of data, and
information to and from
the computer with NIC.
COMMUNICATION DEVICES 1 MODEM
WIFI 2 ISDN AND DSL MODEM

ROUTER 3 CABLE MODEM

Is a networking device 4 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD

allowing for several
internet devices to be 5 WIFI ROUTER
connected to the same
internet gateway.
PORT TYPES

FUNCTION
A Computer Port is an interface or a point of connection between the
computer and its peripheral devices. The main function of a computer port is
to act as a point of attachment, where the cable from the peripheral can be
plugged in and allows data to flow from and to the device.
 PORT TYPES

PS/02 COMPUTER PORT SERIAL PORT PARALLEL PORT ETHERNET

This type of port is used Used to connect peripherals used as an interface Ethernet PC ports allow
to connect keyboard & with the help of a serial between a computer & its your computer to connect
mouse. It is developed protocol to transmit the 1-bit peripheral device with the to your local network or
and introduced by the data at a time over an only help of a wire or above router through a wired
personal systems of IBM. communication line. one communication line. connection.
 VGA PORT USB PORT DVI PORT HDMI PORT
VGA stands for Video Universal Serial Bus (USB). Digital Video Interface. This High-Definition Multimedia
Graphics Array. It is used can be used to transfer data, was developed to allow the Interface. This port carries
in many monitors, act as an interface for lossless transmission of audio signals like
laptops, video cards, peripherals and even act as digital video signals as well compressed/uncompressed
projectors, etc. power supply for devices as to change the analog VGA & uncompressed video.
connected to it. technology.
 PORT TYPES

DISPLAY PORT AUDIO PORT

Display Port is developed with Used to connect speakers
an aim of replacing VGA and or other audio output
DVI ports as the main devices with the
interface between a computer computer.
and monitor.
 OTHERBOARD
The main component of the
Computer and often referred as
Mainboard or ‘Mobo’.
The motherboard is a printed circuit
board and foundation of a computer
that is the biggest board in a
computer chassis. It allocates power
and allows communication to
and between the CPU, RAM, and all
other
computer hardware components.
PARTS OF
MOTHERBOARD
➢ CPU Socket - this is where the processor was
located
➢ Memory Slots - the slots that RAM are inserted
➢ Bus Slots or PCI SLOTS - Allocated here are (Video
Card, Sound Card, and Network Card etc.
➢ SATA Connectors- Storage Devices such as SSD or
Hard Drives.
➢ M.2 Slots (Modern Motherboards)- M.2 Solid
State Drive
➢ CMOS Battery- This prevents reconfiguration
when the PC is powered on.
BUILT
ARCHITECTURE
➢ OLDER
Chipset (North Bridge & South Bridge)
North Bridge - Middle man of the CPU, Ram
Slots and PCI SLOTS.
South Bridge - Responsible for things like the
Standard PCI Slots, SATA Connectors, USB Ports
➢ MODERN
Platform Controller hub (Modern
Motherboard)- Latest Chipset Architecture by
Intel.
Northbridge -CPU
Southbridge -PCH
FORM FACTOR
ATX (Advance Technology
extended)
-Most common
-1995
-Standard Form Factor
-12x9.6 inches

ATX was the first PC motherboard to not

only include I/O support (serial, parallel,
mouse, etc.), but to place all the
connectors directly on the motherboard.
Prior to the ATX, only the keyboard
connector was attached to the
motherboard.
FORM FACTOR
AT (Advance Technology)
-80’s
-IBM
-12x13.8 inches
-[NO LONGER IN
DEVELOPMENT]

The IBM AT became a widely copied

design in the booming home computer
market of the 1980s. IBM clones made at
the time began using AT compatible
designs, contributing to its popularity
FORM FACTOR
MICRO ATX

--9.6x9.6 inches

is a standard for motherboards that was

introduced in December 1997. The
maximum size of a micro ATX
motherboard is 9.6 × 9.6 in (244 × 244
mm). The standard ATX size is 25% longer,
at 12 × 9.6 in (305 × 244 mm).
9.6x9.6 inches
WHAT IS COMPUTER SOFTWARE?
Computer software is instructions that
tell a computer what to
do. Software comprises the entire set
of programs, procedures, and routines
associated with the operation of
a computer system. A set of
instructions that directs
a computer's hardware to perform a
task is called a program, or software
program. 1 SYSTEM SOFTWARE

2 APPLICATION SOFTWARE

3 PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE

4 DRIVER SOFTWARE
WHAT IS SYSTEM SOFTWARE?
A type of computer program that is
designed to run a computer's hardware
and application programs. If we think of
the computer system as a layered model,
the system software is the interface
between the hardware and user
applications. The operating system is the
best-known example
of system software. 1 OPERATING SYSTEM

2 FIRMWARE

3 TRANSLATOR

4 UTILITY
WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM?
The operating system is a type of
system software kernel that sits
between computer hardware and
end user. It is installed first on a
computer to allow devices and
applications to be identified and
therefore functional.

1 OPERATING SYSTEM

2 FIRMWARE

3 TRANSLATOR

4 UTILITY
WHAT IS FIRMWARE?
Enables device control and
identification. Firmware is the
operational software embedded
within a flash, ROM, or EPROM
memory chip for the OS to identify
it. It directly manages and controls
all activities of any single hardware.

1 OPERATING SYSTEM

2 FIRMWARE

3 TRANSLATOR

4 UTILITY
WHAT IS TRANSLATOR?
Translates high-level languages to
low-level machine codes. These are
intermediate programs relied on by
software programmers to translate
high-level language source code to
machine language code.

1 OPERATING SYSTEM

2 FIRMWARE

3 TRANSLATOR

4 UTILITY
FUNCTIONS OF TRANSLATOR
Identify syntax errors during
translation, thus allowing changes to be
made to the code.
Provide diagnostic reports whenever
the code rules are not followed.
Allocate data storage for the
program.
List both source code and program
details.
1 OPERATING SYSTEM

2 FIRMWARE

3 TRANSLATOR

4 UTILITY
WHAT IS UTILITY?
Ensures optimum functionality of
devices and applications. Utilities
are types of system software which
sits between system and application
software. These are programs
intended for diagnostic and
maintenance tasks for the computer.

1 OPERATING SYSTEM

2 FIRMWARE

3 TRANSLATOR

4 UTILITY
ADVANTAGES OF
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
- A gadget driver controls a particular kind
of gadget that is appended to your PC,
similar to a console or a mouse.
Their single greatest bit of leeway is
that they meet exact necessities of the
client.
- Authorized application programming gets
customary updates from engineer for Due
to security reasons authorized application
get normal update of application.
- With presentation of master frameworks,
information recently bound to a few people
are frequently appropriated and made
accessible all through an enterprise. This
may improve the working and execution of
an organization solely.
DISADVANTAGES OF
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
- There’s consistently hazard engaged
with changing existing practices to
reword an English saying “If it’s not
broken, don’t fix it!”.
- The most straightforward explanation
could be that people much same as the
look or sound of most recent
innovation and an organization needs
to be seen at “forefront” of innovation.
- All the more regularly, organizations
grow new programming frameworks as
a consequence of outer powers.
Expenses could likewise be rising and
new programming could diminish
overheads.
WHAT IS APPLICATION
SOFTWARE?
Application software is a type of computer
program that performs a specific personal,
educational, and business function. Each
program is designed to assist the user with a
particular process, which may be related to
productivity, creativity, and/or
communication.
1 SYSTEM SOFTWARE
FUNCTIONS
❖ Managing information 2 APPLICATION SOFTWARE
❖ Manipulating data
❖ Constructing visuals 3 PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE
❖ Coordinating resources
❖ Calculating figures 4 DRIVER SOFTWARE
TYPES OF APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
1. PRESENTATION SOFTWARE: Presentation software
enables you to put forth your thoughts and ideas with
ease and with good clarity by using visual information. It
lets you display the information in the form of slides.
You can make your slide more informative and more
engrossing by adding text, images, graphs, and videos. It
has three components:
❖ Text editor to input and format text
❖ nsert graphics, text, video, and multimedia files
❖ lideshow to display the information

2. WEB BROWSERS: These software applications are

used to browse the Internet enabling you to locate and
retrieve data across the web. The most popular ones
are Google Chrome and Internet Explorer.
TYPES OF APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
3. MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE :
This lets you create or record images, and create
audio or video files. This software is extensively
used in animation, graphics, image, and video
editing. Popular examples are the VLC media
player and Windows media player.

4. EDUCATION AND REFERENCE SOFTWARE:

This application software, also termed as academic
software, is specifically designed to facilitate the
learning of a particular subject. Various kinds of
tutorial software are included in this category.
Some of these are JumpStart titles, MindPlay, and
Kid Pix.
TYPES OF APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
5. GRAPHICS SOFTWARE:
Graphics software allows you to edit or make
changes in visual data or images. It comprises
illustration and picture editor software. Adobe
Photoshop and PaintShop Pro are a few examples
of graphics software.

6. SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE:
Spreadsheet software is used to perform
calculations. In this software, data is stored in a
table format. The intersecting area, called cells, are
separated to define fields such as text, date, time,
and number. It allows users to provide formulas
and functions to perform calculations. Example,
Microsoft Excel.
TYPES OF APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
7. DATABASE SOFTWARE:
Database software is used to create and manage a
database. Also known as a DBMS (Database
Management System), it helps you organize your data.
So, when you run an application, data is fetched from
the database, modified, and is stored back in the
database. Oracle, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server,
PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and IBM Db2 are some popular
databases.

8. WORD PROCESSING SOFTWARE:

It is used to format and manipulate text, thus, creating
memos, letters, faxes, and documents. Word processing
software is also used to format and beautify the text.
\Along with Word Art features, the font option lets you
change font color, effect, and style as per your choice.
TYPES OF APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
9. SIMULATION SOFTWARE:
Simulation software is used in the fields of engineering,
education, testing, and video games, etc. It is used
where work on the actual system is unacceptable,
inaccessible, or maybe dangerous. It is a program that
lets you study or observe an operation, or phenomenon
through simulation without actually doing that
operation. Examples, field of robotics, flight systems,
and weather forecast, etc.

10. FREEWARE:
As the very name indicates, it is available free of cost.
You can download it from the Internet and use it
without any fee. However, this software does not allow
you to modify it or charge a fee for distributing it.
Adobe Reader and Skype are good examples of this
software.
TYPES OF APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
11. SHAREWARE:
This is distributed freely to the users on a trial basis,
usually with a limited time offer. The users are expected
to pay if they want to continue to use the software.
Some examples are WinZip and Adobe Acrobat.

12. OPEN SOURCE:

This type of software is available along with the source
code that allows you to modify the software, and even
add features to the software.

13. CLOSED SOURCE:

Most of the software packages that you use belong to
this category. These are usually chargeable and have
intellectual property rights or patents over the source
code. It usually comes with restricted use.
WHAT IS PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE SOFTWARE?
A programming language is a
notation designed to connect
instructions to a machine or a
computer. Programming languages
are mainly used to control the
performance of a machine or to
express
algorithms. 1 SYSTEM SOFTWARE

2 APPLICATION SOFTWARE

3 PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE

4 DRIVER SOFTWARE
CATEGORIES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
1. LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGE - The low-level
language is a programming language that
provides no abstraction from the hardware, and
it is represented in 0 or 1 forms, which are the
machine instructions. The languages that come
under this category are the Machine level
language and Assembly language.

❖ Machine-level language
The machine-level language is a language that
consists of a set of instructions that are in the
binary form 0 or 1.
❖ Assembly Language
The assembly language contains some human-
readable commands such as mov, add, sub, etc.
 Machine-level language Assembly language
The machine-level language comes at The assembly language comes above
the lowest level in the hierarchy, so it the machine language means that it
has zero abstraction level from the has less abstraction level from the
hardware. hardware.
It cannot be easily understood by
It is easy to read, write, and maintain.
humans.
The assembly language is written in
The machine-level language is written
simple English language, so it is easily
in binary digits, i.e., 0 and 1.
understandable by the users.
It does not require any translator as In assembly language, the assembler
the machine code is directly executed is used to convert the assembly code
by the computer. into machine code.
It is a first-generation programming It is a second-generation programming
language. language.
CATEGORIES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
2. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE – Allows a
programmer to write the programs which are
independent of a particular type of computer.
The high-level languages are considered as high-
level because they are closer to human languages
than machine-level languages.
Advantages of a high-level language
❖ The high-level language is easy to read, write,
and maintain as it is written in English like
words.
❖ The high-level languages are designed to
overcome the limitation of low-level language,
i.e., portability. The high-level language is
portable; i.e., these languages are machine-
independent.
 Low-level language High-level language
It is a machine-friendly language, It is a user-friendly language as this
i.e., the computer understands the language is written in simple English
machine language, which is words, which can be easily
represented in 0 or 1. understood by humans.
The low-level language takes more
It executes at a faster pace.
time to execute.
It requires the assembler to convert It requires the compiler to convert
the assembly code into machine the high-level language instructions
code. into machine code.
The machine code cannot run on all The high-level code can run all the
machines, so it is not a portable platforms, so it is a portable
language. language.
It is memory efficient. It is less memory efficient.
Debugging and maintenance are Debugging and maintenance are
not easier in a low-level language. easier in a high-level language.
TYPES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
1. Procedural Programming Language
The procedural programming language is used to
execute a sequence of statements which lead to a
result. Typically, this type of programming
language uses multiple variables, heavy loops and
other elements, which separates them from
functional programming languages.
2. Functional Programming Language
Functional programming language typically uses
stored data, frequently avoiding loops in favor of
recursive functions. The functional programing’s
primary focus is on the return values of functions,
and side effects and different suggests that storing
state are powerfully discouraged.
TYPES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
3. Object-oriented Programming Language
This programming language views the world as a
group of objects that have internal data and external
accessing parts of that data. The aim this
programming language is to think about the fault by
separating it into a collection of objects that offer
services which can be used to solve a specific
problem.
4. Scripting Programming Language
These programming languages are often procedural
and may comprise object-oriented language
elements, but they fall into their own category as
they are normally not full-fledged programming
languages with support for development of large
systems.
TYPES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
5. Logic Programming Language
These types of languages let
programmers make declarative
statements and then allow the
machine to reason about the
consequences of those statements. In a
sense, this language doesn’t tell the
computer how to do something, but
employing restrictions on what it must
consider doing.
EXAMPLES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
1. Python is a high-level programming language
used for general-purpose programming.
With a simple syntax, Python has automatic
memory management and dynamic features
that make it suitable to be used in a variety
of applications in the software development
companies such as gaming, web
applications, language development,
prototyping, etc.
Advantages:
❖ Consist of third-party modules
❖ Object-oriented languages
❖ Portable across operating systems
❖ Contains user-friendly data structures
❖ Widely supported and has an active
EXAMPLES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
2. Java is an object-oriented
programming language that can be
written on any device and can work
even on a cross-platform basis. Often
used to develop mobile applications,
Java is also the basis of the Android
operating system. The language is
preferred by the testers owing to its
ability to use even on cross-platforms.
EXAMPLES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Advantages:
This language is platform-independent
in both binary and source level
User and design-friendly
Known for its feature of security and
called as the safest programming
language which can disrupt corruption or
errors
Has the added feature of Stack
allocation system which helps in data
storing and easy restoring
Java has the feature of automatic
garbage collection and memory
allocation
EXAMPLES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
3. RUBY - With numerous tools and libraries
available along with the language, Ruby is simple
to use the programming language that does not
require one to learn programming vocabulary or
commands.

Advantages:
❖ Fast, efficient & user-friendly
❖ Consist of easy & understandable syntax
❖ Has a large worldwide community with a lot
of online tutorials and learning resources
❖ Ruby on Rails is known to be one of the best
frameworks which help you build web apps
quickly
EXAMPLES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
4. C - One of the most difficult
programming languages for software
development, gaining an understanding
and knowledge of C makes it simple to
learn other languages such as C++.
Since it is a machine-level language, a
tester who has its knowledge does not
find it difficult to test a program written
in any other language as well.
EXAMPLES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Advantages:
❖ It is known to be the building block
of many other languages seen
today
❖ Consists of a lot a function that
includes system-generated
functions
❖ It is portable and can be set-up fast
❖ Has the capability to arrange the
program in a clear, easy and logical
way.
EXAMPLES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
5. LISP - The second oldest
programming language, LISP is one of
the most preferred language in artificial
intelligence development due to its
high level of flexibility and ability to
complete a particular task as chosen.
LISP is also one of the top programming
languages for software testing as it
allows for efficient coding due to
compilers and fast prototyping
capabilities.
EXAMPLES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Advantages:
❖ Can modify its own syntax for a
specific program/programming style
❖ Most important advantage is its
format od determining data is same
as that of writing code, which
makes lisp macros a natural part of
the syntax
❖ Its homo-iconic
❖ Supports functional and imperative
programs
EXAMPLES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
6. PERL - One of the commonly used
languages for software, hardware, and
network testing, PERL helps in ensuring
the best quality of a software product.
Its file handling techniques and
powerful file analyzing that consume
the least execution time make it one of
the most preferred languages over
other programming languages.
EXAMPLES OF
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Advantages
❖ Most used programming languages
for web apps
❖ Open-source software
❖ Can integrate with different database
products via the platform
❖ Can handle HTML, XML, PDF formats
❖ With more than 500 modules
available, it can be expanded and its
flexible
❖ Supports OOP like Java and C++
EXAMPLES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
7. MATLAB - is one of the most
preferred languages over other
programming languages for software
testing. This language allows the testing
team to execute test algorithms
without any sort of recompilation. Its
desktop environment allows one to
work interactively with the data, which,
in turn, helps one to keep an easy track
of files and variables and hence,
simplifies the debugging process.
EXAMPLES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Advantages:
❖ Has a toolbox of formats and
functional features
❖ Syntax of the program is easily
understandable
❖ Data analysis is very easy as all the
data is stored in the matrices
❖ Allows to test algorithms without any
recompilation
❖ Has the ability to process both
images and videos
❖ Helps users to keep track of data and
variables
EXAMPLES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
8. SQL - Is found to be an interactive
language that is on the rising path among
other programming languages. Tech
giants like Amazon, Google, IBM, Oracle,
Helix, Microsoft, etc. continue to utilize
SQL in their systems. This is considered
to be a standardized program that is
used to perform relational functions and
operations.
EXAMPLES OF
PPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Advantages:
❖ Modify database tables and index
structures
❖ Its high-speed functional ability can
retrieve a large number of records
from a database quickly
❖ Has well-defined standards
❖ Do not require the substantial
writing of codes
❖ It’s an open-source language which is
portable and easy to use
WHAT IS DRIVER
SOFTWARE?
Driver software is a type of system software
which brings computer devices and
peripherals to life. Drivers make it possible
for all connected components and
external add- ons to perform their
intended tasks and as directedly the
OS.
1 SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Without drivers, the
OS would not assign 2 APPLICATION SOFTWARE
any duties.
3 PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE

4 DRIVER SOFTWARE
TYPES OF DRIVER
SOFTWARE
1. Block Device Drivers - Devices
that support a file system are
known as block devices. Drivers
written for these devices are
known as block device drivers.
2. Character Device Drivers -
Character device drivers normally
perform I/O in a byte stream.
They can also provide additional
interfaces not present in block
drivers, such as I/O control (ioctl)
commands, memory mapping,
and device polling.
TYPES OF DRIVER
SOFTWARE
3. Byte-Stream I/O - The main task
of any device driver is to perform
I/O, and many character device
drivers do what is called byte-
stream or character I/O.
4. Memory Mapped Devices - For
certain devices, such as frame
buffers, it is more efficient for
application programs to have
direct access to device memory.
5. STREAMS Drivers - STREAMS is a
separate programming model for
writing a character driver.
ADVANTAGES OF DRIVER
SOFTWARE
❖ The device-driver accepts the
generic high-level commands and
breaks them into a series of low-
level device-specific commands as
required by the device being
driven.
❖ Device Drivers can provide a level
of security as they can run in
kernel-mode, thereby protecting
the operating system from
applications running in user-
mode.
DISADVANTAGES OF DRIVER
SOFTWARE
❖ Device drivers have traditionally
been a weak spot of most
operation systems, especially in
terms of accounting and control
of the resources consumed by
these software components.
❖ Each device driver’s code may run
in multiple execution contexts
which makes the resource
accounting difficult, if not
impossible.
1 MIZRAIM B. CANO

2 LOUISE I. CALOOY THANK

3 SHAIRA NICOLE S. FRUTO
YOU!!!!
4 KYLE RENAN ISIAH M. CORPUZ

5 ALIZA CLAIRE S. CASTRO

6 SHAIRA NICOLE S. FRUTO