Statistics and

Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 5:
Sampling and Sampling
Distributions
Statistics and Probability – Senior High School
Quarter 3 – Module 5: Sampling and Sampling Distributions
First Edition, 2020

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Statistics and Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 5:
Sampling and Sampling
Distributions
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use
this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included
in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities
in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded
of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will
experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant
competencies. You can do it!

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 Let Us Learn
In this lesson, you will study the basic concepts of random sampling,
the different types of random sampling, and the sampling distribution of the
mean. With these expected knowledge and skills, you should be able to solve
real-life problems.
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. illustrate random sampling (M11/12SP-IIId-2);
2. distinguish between parameters and statistics (M11/12SP-IIId-3);
3. identify sampling distribution of statistics (sample mean) (M11/12SP-
IIId-4);
4. find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean (M11/12SP-IIId-5); and
5. define the sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal
population when the variance is (a) known; (b) unknown (M11/12SP-
IIIe-1)

Let Us Try
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is most likely a population as opposed to a

sample?
A. respondents to a newspaper survey
B. the first 5 learners completing the assignment
C. every third person to arrive at the bank
D. registered voters in a country

2. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the need for sampling?
A. It is usually too costly to study the whole population.
B. It is usually too time-consuming to look at the whole population.
C. It is sometimes destructive to observe the entire population.
D. It is always more informative by investigating a sample than the
entire population.

3. What sampling method is applied by a teacher who randomly selects

20 boys and 15 girls from a batch of learners to be members of a
group that will go to a field trip?
A. stratified C. cluster
B. systematic D. convenience

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4. What do you call the portion of the universe that has been selected for
analysis?
A. sample C. parameter
B. frame D. statistic

5. What sampling method is used when all members of two of five groups
are asked what they think about the seminar they attended?
A. simple C. stratified
B. cluster D. systematic

6. What do you call the summary measure that is computed to describe

a characteristic from only a sample of the population?
A. parameter C. census
B. statistic D. scientific method

7. What do you call the summary measure that is computed to describe

a characteristic of an entire population?
A. parameter C. census
B. statistic D. scientific method

8. Which of the following is most likely a parameter as opposed to a

statistic?
A. the average score of the first five learners completing an
assignment
B. the proportion of females registered to vote in a country
C. the average height of people randomly selected from a database
D. the proportion of trucks stopped yesterday that were cited for bad
brakes

9. Which of the following is the notation used for the mean of the
sampling distribution of sample means?
A. 𝜇 B. 𝜇𝑥̅ C. 𝜎 D. 𝜎𝑥̅

10. Which of the following equations is the formula used to determine the
variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?
𝜎 1−𝑛
A. 𝜎𝑥̅ = • √𝑁−1 C. 𝜎𝑥̅2 = ∑[𝑃(𝑋̅) • (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 ]
√𝑛
𝜎2 1−𝑛
B. 𝜎𝑥̅2 = • 𝑁−1 D. 𝜎𝑥̅2 = ∑[𝑃(𝑋̅) • (𝜇̅ − 𝑋̅)2 ]
𝑁

For numbers 11-15, please refer to the problem below.

A population consists of five (5) measurements 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7.

11. What is the population mean?

A. 3.44 B. 4.92 C. 4.60 D. 5.20

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 12. What is the variance of the population?
A. 3.44 B. 4.92 C. 4.60 D. 5.20

13. How many different samples of size n = 2 can be drawn from the
population?
A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20

14. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of the mean?

A. 3.44 B. 4.92 C. 4.60 D. 5.20

15. What is the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample

means with sample size of 2?
A. 0.89 B. 2.20 C. 1.29 D. 3.90

Let Us Study
Random Sampling

Before an election, you may have heard in the news about sample
surveys about election polls which estimate the fraction of voters who are
likely to vote for a candidate in a certain position. You may have also noticed
and wonder that in this kind of poll, the researchers only asked 1, 600
registered voters and not the entire population of registered voters in the
whole country.

In research, it is a great challenge to collect data from the entire

population. This brings them to sampling, which is the process of selecting a
section of the population since selecting samples is less time-consuming,
less costly, less cumbersome, and more practical.

Sampling techniques that involve units obtained using chance

mechanism and requires the use of sampling frames is called probability
(random) sampling. Types of probability sampling includes the following:
a. Simple random sampling wherein each set of elements in the
population has an equal chance of being selected. Example of this
is the drawing of lots of names written on a small piece of paper
which are then mixed and drawn out randomly to become the
samples.
b. Systematic sampling, where samples are drawn by first selecting a
fixed starting point in the larger population and then obtaining
subsequent observations by using constant interval between
samples taken. To get the interval, divide the population size by the
sample size. For example, consider the population of 45 students,

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 and if the sample size is 5, then every 9th student in the list
thereafter will be chosen.
c. Stratified random sampling, where samples are chosen in such a
way that the population is divided into several subgroups, called
strata, with random samples drawn from each stratum. An
example for this type of sampling is a researcher randomly selects
students from every grade level to be included in his survey.
d. Cluster sampling is when an entire group or clusters are chosen at
random. For example, instead of getting simple random samples of
household from your entire barangay, clusters of dwellings can be
selected from different puroks so that the cost of data collection
can be minimized.

Parameter and Statistic

Researchers use sampling if it is impossible to gather data from the

entire population. Data from the samples are used to estimate or interpret a
characteristic of an entire population. For example, one of the
characteristics of the population that is often estimated is the mean. The
population mean is often the parameter, or the summary measure computed
to describe a characteristic of an entire population, to be estimated. There
can be several estimators of the population mean, including the sample
mean, sample median and sample mode. These are called statistics or
summary measures computed to describe a characteristic from a sample.
Another example is the sample variance as an estimator of the population
variance.

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

It was noted earlier that probability sampling enables the sample to be

representative of the population being studied. Samples can be drawn with
or without replacement. If the sampling protocol were to be replicated, then
the new set of samples and data would be obtained, thus yielding different
estimates from one sample to another. Thus, an estimate based on sample
could be different if the sampling process were to be repeated many times.
The set of all possible estimates generated is called the sampling
distribution.

Illustrative Example 1.
Construct a sampling distribution of the sample mean for the set of
data below. Consider sample size of 3 (without replacement).
2 4 6 8 10

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 Solution:
Step 1. Determine the number of sets of all possible random samples
that can be drawn from the given population by using the
formula,
𝑁!
N Cn = 𝑛!(𝑁−𝑛)!

where N is the population size and n is the sample size.

Thus, we have,

𝑁! 5! 5∙4∙3∙2∙1
N Cn = = = (3∙2∙1)(2∙1)=10
𝑛!(𝑁−𝑛)! 3!(5−3)!

Step 2. List all possible random samples and solve for the mean of
each set of samples.
Random Samples Mean
2, 4, 6 4
2, 4, 8 4.67
2, 4, 10 5.33
2, 6, 8 5.33
2, 6, 10 6
2, 8, 10 6.67
4, 6, 8 6
4, 6, 10 6.67
4, 8, 10 7.33
6, 8, 10 8

Step 3. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample Means (𝑋̅) Frequency (f) Probability 𝑃(𝑋̅)
4 1 1/10 = 0.10
4.67 1 1/10 = 0.10
5.33 2 2/10 = 0.20
6 2 2/10 = 0.20
6.67 2 2/10 = 0.20
7.33 1 1/10 = 0.10
8 1 1/10 = 0.10
Total n=10 1.00
Observ
e that the mean of the samples is less than or greater than the mean of the
population mean (𝜇 = 6.00). The difference between the sample mean and
the population mean is called the sampling error.

Mean and Variance of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

Finding the mean and variance of the sampling distribution is

essential way to know how the means and variance of the samples of the
same size taken from the same group vary about the population mean. To
illustrate, let us consider the previous example.

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Illustrative Example 2.
Given the set of data in Illustrative Example 1, find the mean and
variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Compare these
values to the mean and variance of the given population.

Solution:
Step 1. Compute the population mean 𝜇.

∑ 𝑋 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10
𝜇= = = 6.00
𝑁 5

Step 2. Compute the population variance 𝜎 2 .

𝑋 𝑋−𝜇 (𝑋 − 𝜇)2
2 -4 16
4 -2 4
6 0 0
8 2 4
10 4 16
∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 = 40

2
∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 40
𝜎 = = =8
𝑁 5

Step 3. Determine the number of possible samples of size n = 3.

𝑁! 5! 5∙4∙3∙2∙1
NCn = = 3!(5−3)! = (3∙2∙1)(2∙1)=10
𝑛!(𝑁−𝑛)!

Step 4. List all possible samples and their corresponding means.

Random Samples Mean

2, 4, 6 4
2, 4, 8 4.67
2, 4, 10 5.33
2, 6, 8 5.33
2, 6, 10 6
2, 8, 10 6.67
4, 6, 8 6
4, 6, 10 6.67
4, 8, 10 7.33
6, 8, 10 8

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Step 5. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample Means (𝑋̅) Frequency (f) Probability 𝑃(𝑋̅)

4 1 0.10
4.67 1 0.10
5.33 2 0.20
6 2 0.20
6.67 2 0.20
7.33 1 0.10
8 1 0.10
Total n=10 1.00

Step 6. Compute the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample

means (𝝁𝑿̅ ).

Sample Means (𝑋̅) Probability 𝑃(𝑋̅) 𝑋̅ ∙ 𝑃(𝑋̅)

4 0.10 0.40
4.67 0.10 0.467
5.33 0.20 1.066
6 0.20 1.20
6.67 0.20 1.334
7.33 0.10 0.733
8 0.10 0.80
Total 1.00 6.00

𝝁𝑿̅ = ∑[ 𝑋̅ ∙ 𝑃(𝑋̅)] = 6.00

Step 7: Compute the variance 𝜎𝑋2̅ of the sampling distribution of the

sample mean.

Sample
Probability
Means (𝑋̅ − 𝜇) (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 𝑃(𝑋̅) ∙ (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2
𝑃(𝑋̅)
(𝑋̅)
4 0.10 -2 4 0.4
4.67 0.10 -1.33 1.7689 0.1789
5.33 0.20 -0.67 0.4489 0.08978
6 0.20 0 0 0
6.67 0.20 0.67 0.4489 0.08978
7.33 0.10 1.33 1.7689 0.1789
8 0.10 2 4 0.4
Total 1.00 1.337

𝜎𝑋2̅ = ∑[ 𝑃(𝑋̅) ∙ (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 ] = 1.337

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 Based on our example above, the population mean is equal to the
mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean. Observe also that the
population variance is greater than the variance of the sampling distribution
of the sample means.
The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means also
called the expected value is always equal to the population mean. The
variance of sampling distribution can be obtained by using
2 𝜎 2 𝑁−𝑛
𝜎𝑥̅ = • for finite population (sampling without replacement) and
𝑛 𝑁−1
𝜎2
𝜎𝑥̅2 = for infinite population (sampling with replacement). Also, the
𝑛
𝜎
standard error of the mean which is computed using the formula 𝜎𝑋̅ =
√𝑛
𝜎 𝑁−𝑛
for infinite population and 𝜎𝑋̅ = •√
for finite population is the
√𝑛 𝑁−1
standard error of the sample mean. It measures the degree of accuracy of
the sample mean as an estimate of the population mean.

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean for Normal Population

1. Population variance 𝜎 2 is known

The population has a mean μ and variance of 𝜎 2 , the
distribution of the sample mean is (at least approximately) normal and
𝜎
standard error of the mean 𝜎𝑥̅ = 𝑛, where σ is the population standard
√
deviation and 𝑛 is the sample size. To determine the probability of a
certain event, we can use the 𝑧 − 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 by transforming the
mean of the sample data to an approximately normal variable 𝑧 , using
𝑥̅ −𝜇
the relation 𝑧 = 𝜎 . This distribution is best applied for large sample
√𝑛
sizes, say 𝑛 ≥ 30.

2. Population variance 𝜎 2 is unknown

𝑠
The standard error of the mean becomes 𝑠𝑥̅ = , where 𝑠 is the
√𝑛
point-estimate of 𝜎 (population standard deviation) or the sample
standard deviation and 𝑛 is the sample size. To estimate the
population parameters, we can use the 𝑡 − 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 by using the
𝑥̅ −𝜇
formula 𝑡 = 𝑠 . Remember that as n the sample size is very large, the
√𝑛

standard deviation 𝑠 is almost indistinguishable from the population

standard deviation 𝜎 and therefore 𝑡 and 𝑧 distributions are essentially
identical. Remember that, we use the 𝑡 − 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 for small sample
size, say 𝑛 < 30.

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 Let Us Practice
I. Identify the type of random sampling as illustrated in the pictures below.
Write you answers on a separate sheet of paper.

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II. Consider all samples of size 5 drawn without replacement from this
population: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14. Follow the steps below to find the mean
and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean.

Steps Illustration/Solution
1. Compute the mean Formula:
of the population µ. (1) µ = 𝛴𝑋/𝑁= __________

The mean of the population is ________.

2. Compute the
variance of the 𝑿 (a) 𝑿 − µ (b) (𝑿 − µ)𝟐
population 𝜎 2 .

(a) Subtract each

measurement by
the computed
population mean
(𝒙 − µ)

(b) Square the results

obtained in (a)
then add. Divide
the sum by the
frequency of (2) 𝜎 2 = 𝛴(𝑋 − µ)2 / 𝑁 =_________
measurements to
get the value of So, the variance of the population is ______.
the population
variance.
𝛴(𝑥 − µ)2 / 𝑁

3. Determine the
number of possible (3) Use the formula NCn. =
𝑁!
=__________
𝑛!(𝑁−𝑛)!
samples of size n = 5.

4. List all possible Samples of size 5 (4) Mean (4)

samples and their
corresponding
means.

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5. Construct the
sampling distribution
of the sample means.
(5) Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Sample Mean Frequency Probability
̅
(𝑿) (𝒇) ̅)
𝑷(𝑿

Total (f)

Sample Probability (a) S. Mean • Probability

6. Compute the
mean of the Mean
sampling ̅)
(𝑿 ̅)
𝑷(𝑿 ̅ ) • 𝑷(𝑿
(𝑿 ̅)
distribution of the
sample means.
Follow these steps:

a. Multiply the
sample mean by
the corresponding
probability.

b. Add the results.

Total (b)

Note: S. Mean = Sample Mean

(6) 𝜇𝑥̅ = ∑[𝑋̅ • 𝑃(𝑋̅)]
𝜇𝑥̅ = ______

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7. Compute the
variance of the
Sample Probability (a) (b) (c)
sampling distribution
Mean S. Mean – (S. Mean-P. Probability•(S.
of the sample mean. P.Mean Mean)2 Mean-P. Mean)2
Follow these steps:
a. Subtract the ̅) ̅ − 𝝁)
(𝑿 ̅ − 𝝁)𝟐
(𝑿 ̅ ) • (𝑿
𝑷(𝑿 ̅ − 𝝁)𝟐
(𝑿 ̅)
𝑷(𝑿
population mean from
each sample mean.

b. Square the
difference.

c. Multiply the results

by the corresponding
probability. Total (d)
Note: S. Mean = Sample Mean, P. Mean = Population Mean
d. Add the results. (7) Variance:

𝜎𝑥̅2 = ∑[𝑃(𝑋̅) • (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 ]= ____________

So, the variance of the sampling distribution of sample the

means is _________.

1. How did you find the activity?

2. How do you compare the mean of the sample mean and the mean of the
population?
3. How does the variance of the sample mean and the variance of the
population differ?

Let Us Practice More

Direction: Answer the following on a separate sheet of paper.
I. Identify the sampling method used in the following situations.

__________ 1. The teacher randomly selects 5 boys and 10 girls from every
section in Grade 11 to be members of the dance troupe.
__________ 2. A sample of 10 students was randomly selected from a class of
45 students to participate in an aptitude test.
__________ 3. All students in three of the six sections in Grade 11 are asked
if they are satisfied with their SSG president.

12
__________ 4. A social worker asks every three houses in a certain village for
the number of unemployed household members.
__________ 5. The researcher takes randomly 20 freshmen, 15 sophomores,
10 juniors, and 15 seniors to estimate the GPA of the entire
school.

II. A group of six students has Mathematics grades of 88, 89, 90, 92, 93,
95. Suppose that 4 students are drawn without replacement as
samples.

a. Find the mean and variance of the population.

b. Construct a sampling distribution of the sample means.
c. Find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean.

Let Us Remember
Direction: Answer the following on a sheet of paper.
I. Identify the term that is being described in each item.
_________ 1. It refers to the entire group that is being examined in the study.
_________ 2. It is the subset taken from and as a representative of the entire
group being studied.
_________ 3. It is a sampling method of choosing representatives from the
population in which each sample has a chance of being
selected.
_________ 4. It is a random sampling that allows each possible sample to
have an equal chance of being picked.
_________ 5. It is a sampling procedure that allows for different homogenous
group, called strata, in the population to be represented in the
sample.
_________ 6. It is a sampling technique in which every nth element from the
list is selected from a randomly selected starting point.
_________ 7. It is a type of random sampling wherein population is divided
into clusters and then clusters are randomly selected.
_________ 8-11. Give reasons for the need for sampling.
_________ 12. It is a number that describes a sample.
_________ 13. It is a number that describes a population.
_________ 14. It is the probability distribution when all possible samples of
size n are repeatedly drawn from a population.
_________ 15. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is
___________ to the population mean.

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 Let Us Assess
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is NOT a reason for drawing a sample?

A. A sample is less time consuming than a census.
B. A sample is less costly to administer than a census.
C. A sample is always a good representation of the target population.
D. A sample is less cumbersome and more practical to administer.

2. Which of the following is most likely a population as opposed to a

sample?
A. respondents to a newspaper survey
B. the first 5 learners completing the assignment
C. every third person to arrive at the bank
D. registered voters in a country

3. As a researcher, you wanted to know the satisfaction of students on

the school physical facilities. You decided to group the students
according to their grade level and then randomly get samples from
each grade level, proportional to its size. Which type of sampling did
you use?
A. simple C. stratified
B. systematic D. cluster

4. You wanted to know the number of hours spent by Grade 11 students

in playing Mobile Legends in a day. To identify your respondents, you
made a list of students and decided to ask every 15th student on the
list. What random sampling technique did you apply?
A. simple C. stratified
B. systematic D. cluster

5. You want to survey your fellow students in Grade 11 about the effects
of community quarantine. You decide to select randomly 2 out 5
sections in Grade 11 as your sample. What type of random technique
are you using?
A. simple C. stratified
B. systematic D. cluster

14
6. If there are more samples, what can be the effect on the estimation for
the parameters?
A. The bigger the sample size, the better the estimates can be
generated.
B. The bigger the sample size, the more difficult the estimate can
be generated.
C. The bigger the sample size, the estimate cannot be generated.
D. The bigger the sample size, the more bias the generated
estimate is.

7. In sampling distribution, the mean of the sample means is equal to

the _____________.
A. population mean C. population variance
B. sample variance D. sample standard deviation

8. Which of the following statement is correct?

A. The means of the sample drawn from a population may be
equal, greater than, or less than the population mean.
B. The means of the sample drawn from a population are always
equal to the population mean.
C. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is
greater than the population mean.
D. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is
greater than the population mean.

9. A certain population has a mean of 13.5 and a standard deviation of

1.47. If random samples of size 5 is taken from the population, which
of the following statements is correct?
A. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is
equal to 13.5.
B. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is
less than 13.5.
C. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean is 0. 756.
D. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean is 13.5.

10. If the variance of the population is 5, what is the variance of the

sampling distribution of the means of size 3 drawn from this
population?
A. 1.29 C. 1.48
B. 1.67 D. 1.85

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 For numbers 11-15, refer to the situation below.
The enrolled learners in 5 sections of Grade 11 are 51, 54, 57, 75, and
76. Suppose that 3 sections are drawn as a sample without
replacement.

11. What is the population mean?

A. 65.2 C. 67.3
B. 62.6 D. 66.4

12. What is population variance?

A. 116.46 C. 114.64
B. 16.67 D. 19.11

13. How many different samples of size n = 3 can be drawn from the
population?
A. 5 C. 15
B. 20 D. 10

14. What is the mean of the sampling distributions of the sample

means?
A. 116.46 C. 62.60
B. 16.67 D. 19.11

15. What is the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample

means?
A. 116.46 B. 16.67 C. 114.64 D. 19.11

Let Us Enhance
Direction: Do the following activities. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
I. Suppose a state has 10 universities, 25 four-year colleges, and 50
community colleges, each of which offers multiple sections of an
Introductory Statistics course each year. Researchers want to
conduct a survey of learners taking Introductory Statistics in the
state. Explain a method for collecting each of the following types of
samples:

A. Stratified Random Sample

B. Cluster Sample
C. Simple Random Sample

16
 II. Research on the number of COVID-19 confirmed cases in your
province by city/municipality. Suppose that 5 cities and/or
municipalities are drawn as samples.
A. What is the mean number of COVID-19 confirmed cases in your
province? How about the variance and standard deviation of
this population?
B. Construct a sampling distribution of the sample mean. What is
the mean, variance and standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean?
C. Does the sample statistics obtain in (B), a good estimate to the
population parameters in (A)? Why or why not?

Let Us Reflect

Now that you have already learned random sampling, reflect on the
following questions below as you prepare yourself in conducting research
especially in your Practical Research subjects.

1. How would you describe the best sample?

2. Will you use random sampling if you will conduct your own research?
Why or why not? If yes, what type of random sampling will you use? If
not, how will you obtain your samples?
3. How will you apply sampling distribution in your future study?

17
 18
Let us Practice
I.
1. Systematic
2. Simple
3. Stratified
4. Cluster
II.
∑𝑋 2+4+6+8+10+12+14
1. 𝜇 = 𝑁
= 7
= 8.00
The mean of the population is 8.00.
2.
X 𝑿−𝝁 (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐
2 -6 36
4 -4 16
6 -2 4
8 0 0
10 2 4
12 4 16
14 6 36
∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 = 112
Let Us Remember Let Us Assess Let us Try
1. Population 1. C 1. D
2. Sample 2. D 2. D
3. Random sampling 3. C 3. A
4. Simple Random Sampling 4. B 4. A
Sample
5. Samples
Stratified 5. D 5. B
6. Systematic 6. A 6. B
7. Cluster 7. A 7. A
8-11. Answers vary. May include 8. A 8. B
practicality, less costly, less 9. A 9. B
time consuming, less 10. B 10. C
cumbersome 11. B 11. C
12. statistic 12. C 12. A
13. parameter 13. D 13. B
14. sampling distribution 14. C 14. C
15. equal 15. D 15. C
Answer Key
 19
Let Us Practice (continuation)
∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 112
𝜎2 = = = 16
𝑁 7
So, the variance of the population is 16.
𝑁! 7!
3. NCn = = = 21 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑛!(𝑁−𝑛)! 5!2!
4.
Samples Sample Means
2 4 6 8 10 6.00
2 4 6 8 12 6.40
2 4 6 8 14 6.80
2 4 6 10 12 6.80
2 4 6 10 14 7.20
2 4 6 12 14 7.60
2 4 8 10 12 7.20
2 4 8 10 14 7.60
2 4 8 12 14 8.00
2 4 10 12 14 8.40
2 6 8 10 12 7.60
2 6 8 10 14 8.00
2 6 8 12 14 8.40
2 6 10 12 14 8.80
2 8 10 12 14 9.20
4 6 8 10 12 8.00
4 6 8 10 14 8.40
4 6 8 12 14 8.80
4 6 10 12 14 9.20
4 8 10 12 14 9.60
6 8 10 12 14 10.00
 20
Let Us Practice (Cont….)
5-7.
Sample ̅
(𝑿
Means f 𝑃(𝑿
̅) 𝑿
̅ ∙ 𝑷(𝑿
̅) 𝑿
̅−𝝁 𝑃(𝑿
̅ ) ∙ (𝑿
̅ − 𝝁)𝟐
̅ − 𝝁)𝟐
𝑿
6.000 1 0.048 0.285714 -2.00 4.00 0.190476
6.400 1 0.048 0.304762 -1.60 2.56 0.121905
6.800 2 0.095 0.647619 -1.20 1.44 0.137143
7.200 2 0.095 0.685714 -0.80 0.64 0.060952
7.600 3 0.143 1.085714 -0.40 0.16 0.022857
8.000 3 0.143 1.142857 0.00 0.00 0
8.400 3 0.143 1.2 0.40 0.16 0.022857
8.800 2 0.095 0.838095 0.80 0.64 0.060952
9.200 2 0.095 0.87619 1.20 1.44 0.137143
9.600 1 0.048 0.457143 1.60 2.56 0.121905
10.000 1 0.048 0.47619 2.00 4.00 0.190476
Total 21 ∑[ 𝑿
̅ ∙ 𝑷(𝑿
̅ )] = 𝟖. 𝟎𝟎 ∑[ 𝑃(𝑿
̅ ) ∙ (𝑿
̅ − 𝝁)𝟐 ] = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟕
So, the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is
̅ ∙ 𝑷(𝑿
𝜇𝑋̅ = ∑[ 𝑿 ̅ )] = 𝟖. 𝟎𝟎
and the variance of the sampling distribution is
̅ ) ∙ (𝑿
𝜎𝑋2̅ = ∑[ 𝑃(𝑿 ̅ − 𝝁)𝟐 ] = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟕
 21
Let Us Enhance
I. Answers vary
II. Answers vary
Let Us Practice More
I. 1. Stratified 2. Simple 3. Cluster 4. Systematic 5. Stratified
II.
Sample
Means f 𝑃(𝑿
̅) 𝑿
̅ ∙ 𝑷(𝑿
̅) 𝑿
̅−𝝁 (𝑿
̅ − 𝝁)𝟐 𝑃(𝑿
̅ ) ∙ (𝑿
̅ − 𝝁)𝟐
̅
𝑿
89.750 1 0.067 5.983333 -1.42 2.0069444 0.133796
90.000 1 0.067 6 -1.17 1.3611111 0.090741
90.500 2 0.133 12.06667 -0.67 0.4444444 0.059259
91.000 2 0.133 12.13333 -0.17 0.0277778 0.003704
91.250 2 0.133 12.16667 0.08 0.0069444 0.000926
90.750 1 0.067 6.05 -0.42 0.1736111 0.011574
91.500 2 0.133 12.2 0.33 0.1111111 0.014815
92.000 1 0.067 6.133333 0.83 0.6944444 0.046296
91.750 1 0.067 6.116667 0.58 0.3402778 0.022685
92.250 1 0.067 6.15 1.08 1.1736111 0.078241
92.500 1 0.067 6.166667 1.33 1.7777778 0.118519
∑[ 𝑿
̅ ∙ 𝑷(𝑿
̅ )] ∑[ 𝑃(𝑿
̅ ) ∙ (𝑿
̅ − 𝝁)𝟐 ]
15
= 𝟗𝟏. 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖
So, the population mean is 91.17 and the population variance is 5.81. The mean and variance
of the sampling distribution of the sample mean are 91.17 and 0.58 respectively.
 References

Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S. Baccay, and Efren B. Mateo, Statistics and

Probability Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI), 2016. 101-137.

Zita VJ Albacea, et.al., Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Statistics and
Probability Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education, 2016, 204-315.

Ninia I. Calaca, et.al., Statistics and Probability Davao City: Vibal Group,
Inc., 2016, 141-169.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region XI

F. Torres St., Davao City

Telefax: (082) 291-1665, (082) 221-6147

Email Address: [email protected]