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20 Spring REST Web Service Interview

Questions
Here are a couple of frequently asked questions about using REST web services in the Spring Framework.

What does REST stand for?

REST stands for the REpresentational State Transfer, which uses the HTTP protocol to send data from the
client to the server, e.g. a book in the server can be delivered to the client using JSON or XML. However,
if you are not familiar with REST, I suggest you to first check out the REST API design and
development to better understand it.

What is a resource?

A resource is how data is represented in the REST architecture. By exposing entities as the resource, it
allows a client to read, write, modify, and create resources using HTTP methods, for
example, GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.

What are safe REST operations?

REST API uses HTTP methods to perform operations. Some of the HTTP operations, which doesn't
modify the resource at the server, are known as safe operations, including GET and HEAD. On the other
hand, PUT, POST, and DELETE are unsafe, because they modify the resource on the server.

What are idempotent operations? Why is idempotency important?

There are some HTTP methods — like GET — that produce the same response no matter how many times
you use them, sending multiple GET request to the same URI will result in same response without any
side-effect. Hence, this is known as idempotent.

On the other hand, the POST is not idempotent, because if you send multiple POST request, it will result in
multiple resource creation on the server, but, again, PUT is idempotent, if you are using it to update the
resource.

Even multiple PUT requests can be used to update a resource on a server and will give the same end result.
You can take a HTTP Fundamentals course by Pluralsight to learn more about idempotent methods of
HTTP protocol and HTTP in general.

Is REST scalable and/or interoperable?

Yes, REST is scalable and interoperable. It doesn't mandate a specific choice of technology either at client
or server end. You can use Java, C++, Python, or JavaScript to create RESTful web services and consume
them at the client end. I suggest you read a good book on REST API, like RESTful Web Services to learn
more about REST.

What are the advantages of the RestTemplate? (answer)

The RestTemplate class is an implementation of the Template method pattern in the Spring framework.

Similar to other popular template classes, like the JdbcTemplate  or  JmsTempalte, it also simplifies
the interaction with RESTful web services on the client side. You can use it to consume a RESTful web
servicer very easily, as shown in this RestTemplate example.

Which HTTP methods does REST use?

REST can use any HTTP methods, but the most popular ones are GET for retrieving a resource, POST for
creating a resource, PUt for updating resource, and DELETE for removing a resource from the server.

What is an HttpMessageConverter in Spring REST?

An HttpMessageConverter  is a strategy interface that specifies a converter that can convert from and
to HTTP requests and responses. Spring REST uses this interface to convert HTTP responses to various
formats, for example, JSON or XML.

Each HttpMessageConverter implementation has one or several MIME Types associated with it.

Spring uses the "Accept" header to determine the content type that the client is expecting.

It will then try to find a registered HTTPMessageConverter that is capable of handling that specific

content-type and use it to convert the response into that format before sending it to the client. If you are
new to Spring MVC, see this Spring 5: Beginner to Guru resource to learn the basics.

How to create a custom implementation of the HttpMessageConverter to support a new type of

request/responses? (answer)

You just need to create an implementation of the AbstractHttpMessageConverter and register it

using the WebMvcConfigurerAdapter#extendMessageConverters()  method with the classes
that generate a new type of request/response.

Is REST normally stateless? (answer)

Yes, REST API should be stateless, because it is based on HTTP, which is also stateless. A request in
REST API should contain all the details required to process it. It should not rely on previous or next
requests or some data maintained at the server end, like sessions. The REST specification puts a constraint
to make it stateless, and you should keep that in mind while designing your REST API.

What does @RequestMapping annotation do? (answer)

The @RequestMapping annotation is used to map web requests to Spring Controller methods. You

can map a request based upon HTTP methods, e.g. GET, POST, and various other parameters.

For example, if you are developing a RESTful web service using Spring, then you can use, produce, and
consume property along with media type annotations to indicate that this method is only used to produce or
consume JSON, as shown below:

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@RequestMapping (method = RequestMethod.POST, consumes="application/json")
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public Book save(@RequestBody Book aBook) {
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return bookRepository.save(aBook);
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}

Similarly, you can create other handler methods to produce JSON or XML. If you are not familiar with
these annotations, then I suggest you join this Spring MVC For Beginners course on Udemy to learn the
basics.
Is @Controller a stereotype? Is @RestController a stereotype? (answer)

Yes, both @Controller and @RestController are stereotypes. The @Controller is actually a

specialization of Spring's @Component stereotype annotation. This means that the class annotated with
the @Controller will also be automatically detected by the Spring container, as part of the container's
component scanning process.

And, the @RestController  is a specialization of the @Controller for the RESTful web service. It

not only combines the @ResponseBody and @Controller  annotations, but it also gives more meaning
to your controller class to clearly indicate that it deals with RESTful requests.

Your Spring Framework may also use this annotation to provide some more useful features related to
REST API development in future.

What is the difference between @Controller and @RestController? (answer)

There are many differences between the @Controller   and @RestController annotations,  as

discussed in my earlier article (see the answer for more!), but the most important one is that with
the @RestController  you get the @ResponseBody annotation automatically, which means you
don't need to separately annotate your handler methods with the @ResponseBody annotation.

This makes the development of RESTful web services easier using Spring. You can see here to learn more
about Spring Boot and how it can help you to create Spring MVC based web applications.

When do you need @ResponseBody annotation in Spring MVC? (answer)

The @ResponseBody annotation can be put on a method to indicate that the return type should be
written directly to the HTTP response body (and not placed in a Model, or interpreted as a view name).

For example:

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@RequestMapping(path = "/hello", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
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@ResponseBody
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public String helloWorld() {
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return "Hello World";
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}

Alternatively, you can also use the @RestController annotation instead of the @Controller annotation.

This will remove the need for using @ResponseBody because, as discussed in the previous answer, it
comes automatically with the @RestController annotation.

What does @PathVariable do in Spring MVC? Why it's useful in REST with Spring? (answer)

This is one of the useful annotations from Spring MVC that allows you to read values from the URI, like
query parameter. It's particularly useful in case of creating RESTful web service using Spring, because, in
REST, resource identifiers are part of the URI. This question is normally asked by experienced Spring
MVC developers with 4 to 6 years of experience.

For example, this URL can be helpful if you want to learn how to extract the id, then you can use
the @PathVariable annotation of Spring MVC. If you are not familiar with Spring MVC annotations,
then Spring MVC For Beginners: Build Java Web App in 25 Steps is a good place to start.

What is the HTTP status return code for a successful DELETE statement? (answer)

There is no strict rule about what status code your REST API should return to after a successful DELETE.
It can return 200 Ok or 204 No Content.

In general, if the DELETE operation is successful, the response body is empty, return 204. If the DELETE
request is successful and the response body is NOT empty, return 200.

What does CRUD mean? (answer)

CRUD is a short form of Create, Read, Update, and Delete. In REST API, the POST is used to create a
resource, GET is used to read a resource, PUT is used to updated a resource, and DELETE is used to
remove a resource from the server. This one is another beginner level Spring MVC question common
amongst 1 to 3 years as an experienced programmer.

Where do you need @EnableWebMVC? (answer)

The @EnableWebMvc annotation is required to enable Spring MVC when Java configuration is used
to configure Spring MVC instead of XML. It is equivalent to <mvc: annotation-driven> in an XML
configuration.

It enables support for the @Controller-annotated classes that use @RequestMapping to map

incoming requests to handler methods that are not already familiar with Spring's support for Java
configuration. The Spring Master Class on Udemy is a good place to start.

When do you need @ResponseStatus annotation in Spring MVC? (answer)

This is a good question for 3 to 5 years as an experienced Spring developer. The

@ResponseStatus annotation is required during error handling in Spring MVC and REST. Normally,
when an error or exception is thrown at the server side, the web server returns a blanket HTTP status code
500 — Internal server error.

This may work for a human user but not for REST clients. You need to send them the proper status code,
like 404, if the resource is not found. That's where you can use the @ResponseStatus  annotation,
which allows you to send custom HTTP status codes along with proper error message in case of an
exception.

In order to use it, you can create custom exceptions and annotate them using
the @ResponseStatus annotation and proper HTTP status code and reason.

When such exceptions are thrown from the controller's handler methods and not handled anywhere else,
then the appropriate HTTP response with the proper HTTP status code is sent to the client.

For example, if you are writing a RESTful web service for a library that provides book information, then
you can use @ResponseStatus to create an exception that returns the HTTP response code 404 when a
book is not found instead of the Internal Server Error (500), as shown below:

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@ResponseStatus(value=HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND, reason="No such Book") // 404
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public class BookNotFoundException extends RuntimeException {
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// ...
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}

If this exception is thrown from any handler method, then the HTTP error code 404 with the reason "No
such Book" will be returned to the client.

If you are not familiar with the basics concepts of Spring MVC, Security, and REST, I suggest you go
through these REST with Spring and Learn Spring Security courses to gain some experience before your
next job interview. These two courses are specially designed to provide you with some real-world
experience to boost both your knowledge and experience with Spring MVC, REST, and Spring Security.

Is REST secure? What can you do to secure it? (answer)

This question is mostly asked by experienced Java programmers with about 2 to 5 years of experience with
both REST and Spring. Security is a broad term; it could mean security of message, which is provided by
encryption or access restriction that are provided using authentication and authorization. REST is normally
not secure, but you can secure it by using Spring Security.

At the very least, you can enable the HTTP basic authentication by using HTTP in your Spring Security
configuration file. Similarly, you can expose your REST API using HTTPS, if the underlying server
supports HTTPS.

Does REST work with transport layer security (TLS)? (answer)

Transport Layer Security (TLS) is used for secure communication between the client and server. It is the
successor of SSL (Secure Socket Layer). Since HTTPS can work with both SSL and TLS, REST can also
work with TLS.

Actually, in REST, it is up to the server to implement security protocols. The same RESTful web service
can be accessed using HTTP and HTTPS, if the server supports SSL.

If you are using Tomcat, you can learn more about how to enable SSL in Tomcat.

Do you need Spring MVC in your classpath for developing RESTful Web Service? (answer)

This question is often asked by Java programmers with 1 to 2 years of experience in Spring. The short
answer is: yes — you need Spring MVC in your Java application's classpath to develop RESTful web
services using the Spring framework.
It's actually Spring MVC that provides all useful annotations, like  @RestController,
@ResponseCode ,  @ResponseBody,  @RequestBody, and @PathVariable (see REST
with Spring). Hence, you must use spring-mvc.jar or the appropriate Maven entry in your pom.xml

That's all for now about some of the frequently asked Spring REST interview questions for beginners
and experienced Java JEE developers. These questions are also very useful to brush up your knowledge
about Spring REST, if you are going to take Pivotal's Spring Certification.

If are already preparing for your Spring Developer certification, and you need more such questions from
the Spring certification perspective, you will find a lot of questions on this topic on David Mayer's Core
Spring Simulator, one of the best simulators to pass the Spring certification at the moment. Good luck on
your interviews!