Republic of the Philippines

Province of Camarines Norte

Municipality of Capalonga

PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS FOR

“CONSTRUCTION OF TRICYCLE TERMINAL”

BRGY. POBLACION, CAPALONGA, CAMARINES NORTE

Prepared by: Recommending Approval:

John Fhilip A. Orit Wilfredo I. Caldit Jr.

Civil Engineer Municipal Engineer

Approved by:

Hon. Luz E. Ricasio

Municipal Mayor

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 FACILITIES FOR THE PROJECT
(Small Sub-Projects)

In all ARCP2 works, LGUs thru LPO, shall provide the necessary sub-project office to
be use by the LGU Project Engineer. For works undertaken by contract the LGU shall assist
the Contractor in securing sub-project field office and other facilities for the workers and
storage area for the materials and equipments. These sub-project offices shall be located
near or within the vicinity of the sub-project.

The sub-project field offices both for the LGU Project Engineer and the Contractor’s
representative shall have a minimum area of 6 sq. meters (3.00 meters x 2.00 meters) and
shall be provided with minimum office furniture to accommodate office works. Inside the
office, Straight Line Diagram for road sub-projects, Longitudinal section for bridge sub-
projects, PERT/CPM and Weather Chart shall be posted on the walls that can easily be seen
by visitors and monitoring personnel from various levels of the project organization.

The Contractor, shall provide the minimum field laboratory equipment, first aid kits and
emergency/rechargeable lights. Provision of such equipments shall be part of the Contractor’s
obligation to the work.

The Contractor or his representative shall at all times during the duration of the
contract assist the designated Project-In-Charge or Project Engineer of the LGU in his
conduct of project supervision and shall be provided with equipment, instruments and
apparatus; all information, records (Logbook) and qualified personnel in inspecting and
measuring the works.

The Contractor shall provide record, progress photographs taken as when and where
directed by the LGU Project Engineer at every reporting period of every month. The
photographs shall be sufficient in number and location to record the exact progress of the
works. Two (2) of each photograph shall be supplied by the Contractor to the Project-In-
Charge/Project Engineer and shall remain as property of the Project.

Both the LGU and the Contractor shall provide sanitary toilets and other related
facilities near or within the field offices. Corollary to this the Contractor shall further provide
sanitary toilets and other related facilities for his personnel and workers solid waste disposal.

Further, the Contractor at his own expense shall provide containers to store
mechanical waste such as, used oils, grease and other liquid petroleum derivatives and in no
case that spoilage of such shall contaminate the ground the flora and fauna in the area. In
cases where spoilage and contamination occurs, the Contractor at his own expense shall
remove and restore the contaminated area within or outside the sub-project area.

Unless the field offices of the LGU and the Contractor including the facilities for the works and
equipments will continuously be use by the LGU or the Barangay, all facilities shall be
dismantle prior to the demobilization by the Contractor. Septic tanks used shall be provided
with lime a day before the Contractor is schedule to leave the sub-project. Containers of used
oils, grease and other petroleum derivatives shall be removed and properly disposed outside
the sub-project and the Barangay by the Contractor including worn out parts of equipments
and tools.

Payment

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 Unless otherwise indicated in the Bid Schedule, payment for this item is deemed
included in the total cost of the sub-project and shall be borne by the Contractor without future
reimbursement from ARCP2/LGU and the Government.

Part A - EARTHWORK

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 ITEM 100 – CLEARING AND GRUBBING

100.1 Description

This item shall consist of clearing, grubbing, removing and disposing all vegetation and
debris as designated in the Contract, except those objects that are designated to remain in
place or are to be removed in consonance with other provisions of this Specification. The
work shall also include the preservation from injury or defacement of all objects designated to
remain.

100.2 Construction Requirements

100.2.1 General

The LGU Project Engineer will establish the limits of work and designate all trees,
shrubs, plants and other things to remain. The Contractor shall preserve all objects
designated to remain. Paint required for cut or scarred surface of trees or shrubs selected for
retention shall be an approved asphaltum base paint prepared especially for tree surgery.

Clearing shall extend one (1) meter beyond the toe of the fill slopes or beyond
rounding of cut slopes as the case maybe for the entire length of the project unless otherwise
shown on the plans or as directed by the LGU Project Engineer and provided it is within the
right of way limits of the project, with the exception of trees under the jurisdiction of the Forest
Management Bureau (FMB).

100.2.2 Clearing and Grubbing

All surface objects and all trees, stumps, roots and other protruding obstructions, not
designated to remain, shall be cleared and/or grubbed, including mowing as required, except
as provided below:

(1) Removal of undisturbed stumps and roots and nonperishable solid objects with a
minimum depth of one (1) meter below sub-grade or slope of embankment will
not be required.
(2) In areas outside of the grading limits of cut and embankment areas, stumps and
nonperishable solid objects shall be cut off not more than 150 mm (6 inches)
above the ground line or low water level.
(3) In areas to be rounded at the top of cut slopes, stumps shall be cut off flush with
or below the surface of the final slope line.
(4) Grubbing of pits, channel changes and ditches will be required only to the depth
necessitated by the proposed excavation within such areas.
(5) In areas covered by cogon/talahib, wild grass and other vegetations, top soil shall
be cut to a maximum depth of 150 mm below the original ground surface or as
designated by the LGU Project Engineer, and disposed outside the clearing and
grubbing limits as indicated in the typical roadway section.

Except in areas to be excavated, stump holes and other holes from which obstructions
are removed shall be backfilled with suitable material and compacted to the required density.

If perishable material is burned, it shall be burned under the constant care of

component watchmen at such times and in such a manner that the surrounding vegetation,
other adjacent property, or anything designated to remain on the right of way will not be
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jeopardized. If permitted, burning shall be done in accordance with applicable laws,
ordinances, and regulation.

The Contractor shall use high intensity burning procedures, (i.e., incinerators, high
stacking or pit and ditch burning with forced air supplements) that produce intense burning
with little or no visible smoke emission during the burning process. At the conclusion of each
burning session, the fire shall be completely extinguished so that no smoldering debris
remains.

In the event that the Contractor is directed by the LGU Project Engineer not to start
burning operations or to suspend such operations because of hazardous weather conditions,
material to be burned which interferes with subsequent construction operations shall be
moved by the Contractor to temporary locations clear of construction operations and later, if
directed by the LGU Project Engineer, shall be placed on a designated spot and burned.

Materials and debris which cannot be burned and perishable materials may be
disposed off by methods and at locations approved by the LGU Project Engineer, on or off the
project. If disposal is by burying, the debris shall be placed in layers with the material so
disturbed to avoid nesting. Each layer shall be covered or mixed with earth material by the
land-fill method to fill all voids. The top layer of material buried shall be covered with at least
300 mm (12 inches) of earth or other approved material and shall be graded, shaped and
compacted to present a pleasing appearance. If the disposal location is off the project, the
Contractor shall make all necessary arrangements with property owners in writing for
obtaining suitable disposal locations which are outside the limits of view from the project.
The cost involved shall be included in the unit bid price. A copy of such agreement shall be
furnished to the LGU Project Engineer. The disposal areas shall be seeded, fertilized and
mulched at the Contractor’s expense.

Woody material may be disposed off by chipping. The wood chips may be used for
mulch, slope erosion control or may be uniformly spread over selected areas as directed by
the LGU Project Engineer. Wood chips used as mulch for slope erosion control shall have a
maximum thickness of 12 mm (1/2 inch) and faces not exceeding 3900 mm 2 (6 square inches)
on any individual surface area. Wood chips not designated for use under other sections shall
be spread over the designated areas in layers not to exceed 75 mm (3 inches) loose
thickness. Diseased trees shall be buried or disposed off as directed by the LGU Project
Engineer.

All merchantable timber in the clearing area which has not been removed from the
right of way prior to the beginning of construction shall become the property of the Contractor,
unless otherwise provided.

Low hanging branches and unsound or unsightly branches on trees or shrubs

designated to remain shall be trimmed as directed. Branches of trees extending over the
roadbed shall be trimmed to give a clear height of 6 m (20 feet) above the roadbed surface.
All trimming shall be done by skilled workmen and in accordance with good tree surgery
practices.

Timber cut inside the area staked for clearing shall be felled within the area to be
cleared.

100.2.3 Individual Removal of Trees or Stumps

Individual trees or stumps designated by the LGU Project Engineer for removal and
located in areas other than those established for clearing and grubbing and roadside cleanup

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shall be removed and disposed off as specified under Subsection 100.2.2 except trees
removed shall be cut as nearly flush with the ground as practicable without removing stumps.

100.3 Environmental Measures

All cleared materials, shall be remove and deposited at the site designated by the
LGU and or the Barangay and approved by ARCP2.

Disposal of rubbish materials including uprooted trees, shrubs, bushes and others as
a result of clearing and grubbing operation shall be done during the implementation of the
work item.

All objectionable, rubbish and other foreign materials not to be incorporated in the
work shall be disposed to the designated place.

100.4 Method of Measurement

Measurement will be by one or more of the following alternate methods:

1. Area Basis. The work to be paid for shall be the number of hectares and
fractions thereof acceptably cleared and grubbed within the limits indicated on
the Plans or as may be adjusted in field staking by the LGU Engineer. Areas
not within the clearing and grubbing limits shown on the Plans or not staked for
clearing and grubbing will not be measured for payment.

2. Lump-Sum Basis. When the Bill of Quantities contains a Clearing and

Grubbing lump-sum item, no measurement of area will be made for such item.

3. Individual Unit Basis (Selective Clearing). The diameter of trees will be

measured at a height of 1.4 m (54 inches) above the ground. Trees less than
150 mm (6 inches) in diameter will not be measured for payment.

When Bill of Quantities indicates measurement of trees by individual unit basis, the
units will be designated and measured in accordance with the following schedule of sizes:
Diameter at height of 1.4 m Pay Item Designation

Over 150 mm to 900 mm Small

Over 900 mm Large

100.5 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in Section 100.3, shall be paid for at
the Contract unit price for each of the Pay Items listed below that is included in the Bill of
Quantities, which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing all labor,
equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in this Item.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

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 100 (1) Clearing and Grubbing Square Meter
100 (2) Clearing and Grubbing Lump Sum
100 (3) Individual Removal of Trees, Small Each
100 (4) Individual removal of Trees, Large Each

ITEM 104 – EMBANKMENT

104.1 Description

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 This Item shall consist of the construction of embankment in accordance with this
Specification and in conformity with the lines, grades and dimensions shown on the Plans or
established by the LGU Project Engineer.

104.2 Material Requirements

Embankments shall be constructed of suitable materials, in consonance with the

following definitions:

1. Suitable Material – Material which is acceptable in accordance with the Contract

and which can be compacted in the manner specified in this Item. It can be
common material or rock.

Selected Borrow, for topping – soil of such gradation that all particles will pass
a sieve with 75 mm (3 inches) square openings and not more than 15 mass
percent will pass the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve, as determined by AASHTO T
11. The material shall have a plasticity index of not more than 6 as determined
by ASSHTO T 90 and a liquid limit of not more than 30 as determined by
AASHTO T 89.

2. Unsuitable Material – Material other than suitable materials such as:

(a) Materials containing detrimental quantities of organic materials, such as

grass, roots and sewerage.
(b) Organic soils such as peat and muck.
(c) Soils with liquid limit exceeding 80 and/or plasticity index exceeding 55.
(d) Soils with natural water content exceeding 100%.
(e) Soils with very low natural density, 800 kg/m3 or lower.
(f) Soils that cannot be properly compacted as determined by the
LGU Project Engineer.

104.3 Construction Requirements

104.3.1 General

Prior to construction of embankment, all necessary clearing and grubbing in that area
shall have been performed in conformity with Item 100, Clearing and Grubbing.

Embankment construction shall consist of constructing roadway embankments,

including preparation of the areas upon which they are to be placed; the construction of dikes
within or adjacent to the roadway; the placing and compacting of approved material within
roadway areas where unsuitable material has been removed; and the placing and compacting
of embankment material in holes, pits, and other depressions within the roadway area.

Embankments and backfills shall contain no muck, peat, sod, roots or other
deleterious matter. Rocks, broken concrete or other solid, bulky materials shall not be placed
in embankment areas where piling is to be placed or driven.

Where shown on the Plans or directed by the LGU Project Engineer, the surface of the
existing ground shall be compacted to a depth of 150 mm (6 inches) and to the specified
requirements of this Item.

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 Where provided on the Plans and Bill of Quantities the top portions of the roadbed in
both cuts and embankments, as indicated, shall consist of selected borrow for topping from
excavations.

104.3.2 Methods of Construction

Where there is evidence of discrepancies on the actual elevations and that shown on
the Plans, a preconstruction survey referred to the datum plane used in the approved Plan
shall be undertaken by the Contractor under the control of the LGU Project Engineer to serve
as basis for the computation of the actual volume of the embankment materials.

When embankment is to be placed and compacted on hillsides, or when new

embankment is to be compacted against existing embankments, or when embankment is built
one-half width at a time, the existing slopes that are steeper than 3:1 when measured at right
angles to the roadway shall be continuously benched over those areas as the work is brought
up in layers. Benching will be subject to the LGU Project Engineer’s approval and shall be of
sufficient width to permit operation of placement and compaction equipment. Each horizontal
cut shall begin at the intersection of the original ground and the vertical sides of the previous
cuts. Material thus excavated shall be placed and compacted along with the embankment
material in accordance with the procedure described in this Section.

Unless shown otherwise on the Plans or special Provisions, where an embankment of

less than 1.2 m (4 feet) below sub-grade is to be made, all sod and vegetable matter shall be
removed from the surface upon which the embankment is to be placed, and the cleared
surfaced shall be completely broken up by plowing, scarifying, or steeping to a minimum
depth of 150 mm except as provided in Subsection 102.2.2. This area shall then be
compacted as provided in Subsection 104.3.3. Sod not required to be removed shall be
thoroughly disc harrowed or scarified before construction of embankment. Wherever a
compacted road surface containing granular materials lies within 900 mm (36 inches) of the
sub-grade, such old road surface shall be scarified to a depth of at least 150 mm (6 inches)
whenever directed by the LGU Project Engineer. The scarified materials shall then be
compacted as provided in Subsection 104.3.3.

When shoulder excavation is specified, the roadway shoulders shall be excavated to

the depth and width shown on the Plans. The shoulder material shall be removed without
disturbing the adjacent existing base course material, and all excess excavated materials
shall be disposed off as provided in Subsection 102.2.3. If necessary, the areas shall be
compacted before being backfilled.

Roadway embankment of earth material shall be placed in horizontal layers not

exceeding 200 mm (8 inches), loose measurement, and shall be compacted as specified
before the next layer is placed. However, thicker layer maybe placed if vibratory roller with
high compactive effort is used provided that density requirement is attained and as approved
by the LGU Project Engineer. Trial section to this effect must be conducted and approved by
the LGU Project Engineer. Effective spreading equipment shall be used on each lift to obtain
uniform thickness as determined in the trial section prior to compaction. As the compaction
of each layer progresses, continuous leveling and manipulating will be required to assure
uniform density. Water shall be added or removed, if necessary, in order to obtain the
required density. Removal of water shall be accomplished through aeration by plowing,
blading, discing, or other methods satisfactory to the LGU Project Engineer.

Where embankment is to be constructed across low swampy ground that will not
support the mass of trucks or other hauling equipment, the lower part of the fill may be

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constructed by dumping successive loads in a uniformly distributed layer of a thickness not
greater than necessary to support the hauling equipment while placing subsequent layers.

When excavated material contains more than 25 mass percent of rock larger than 150
mm in greatest diameter and cannot be placed in layers of the thickness prescribed without
crushing, pulverizing or further breaking down the pieces resulting from excavation methods,
such materials may be placed on the embankment in layers not exceeding in thickness the
approximate average size of the larger rocks, but not greater than 600 mm (24 inches).

Even though the thickness of layers is limited as provided above, the placing of
individual rocks and boulders greater than 600 mm in diameter will be permitted provided that
when placed, they do not exceed 1200 mm (48 inches) in height and provided they are
carefully distributed, with the interstices filled with finer material to form a dense and compact
mass.

Each layer shall be leveled and smoothed with suitable leveling equipment and by
distribution of spalls and finer fragments of earth. Lifts of material containing more than 25
mass percent of rock larger than 150 mm in greatest dimensions shall not be constructed
above an elevation 300 mm (12 inches) below the finished sub-grade. The balance of the
embankment shall be composed of suitable material smoothed and placed in layers not
exceeding 200 mm (8 inches) in loose thickness and compacted as specified for
embankments.

Dumping and rolling areas shall be kept separate, and no lift shall be covered by
another until compaction complies with the requirements of Subsection 104.3.3.

Hauling and leveling equipment shall be so routed and distributed over each layer of
the fill in such a manner as to make use of compaction effort afforded thereby and to minimize
rutting and uneven compaction.

104.3.3 Compaction

Compaction Trials

Before commencing the formation of embankments, the Contractor shall submit in

writing to the LGU Project Engineer for approval his proposals for the compaction of each type
of fill material to be used in the works. The proposals shall include the relationship between
the types of compaction equipment, and the number of passes required and the method of
adjusting moisture content. The Contractor shall carry out full scale compaction trials on
areas not less than 10 m wide and 50 m long as required by the LGU Project Engineer and
using his proposed procedures or such amendments thereto as may be found necessary to
satisfy the LGU Project Engineer that all the specified requirements regarding compaction can
be consistently achieved. Compaction trials with the main types of fill material to be used in
the works shall be completed before work with the corresponding materials will be allowed to
commence.

Throughout the periods when compaction of earthwork is in progress, the Contractor

shall adhere to the compaction procedures found from compaction trials for each type of
material being compacted, each type of compaction equipment employed and each degree of
compaction specified.

Earth

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 The Contractor shall compact the material placed in all embankment layers and the
material scarified to the designated depth below sub-grade in cut sections, until a uniform
density of not less than 95 mass percent of the maximum dry density determined by AASHTO
T 99 Method C, is attained, at a moisture content determined by LGU Project Engineer to be
suitable for such density.

The LGU Project Engineer shall during progress of the Work, make density tests of
compacted material in accordance with AASHTO T 191, T 205, or other approved field density
tests, including the use of properly calibrated nuclear testing devices. A correction for coarse
particles may be made in accordance with AASHTO T 224. If, by such tests, the LGU Project
Engineer determines that the specified density and moisture conditions have not been
attained, the Contractor shall perform additional work as may be necessary to attain the
specified conditions.

At least one group of three in-situ density tests shall be carried out for each 500 m of
each layer of compacted fill.

Rock

Density requirements will not apply to portions of embankments constructed of

materials which cannot be tested in accordance with approved methods.

Embankment materials classified as rock shall be deposit, spread and leveled the full
width of the fill with sufficient earth or other fine material so deposited to fill the interstices to
produce a dense compact embankment. In addition, one of the rollers, vibrators, or
compactors meeting the requirements shall compact the embankment full width with a
minimum of three complete passes for each layer of embankment.

104.3.4 Protection of Roadbed during Construction

During the construction of the roadway, the roadbed shall be maintained in such
condition that it will be well drained at all times. Side ditches or gutters emptying from cuts to
embankments or otherwise shall be so constructed as to avoid damage to embankments by
erosion.

104.3.5 Protection of Structure

If embankment can be deposited on one side only of abutments, wing walls, piers or
culvert headwalls, care shall be taken that the area immediately adjacent to the structure is
not compacted to the extent that it will cause overturning of, or excessive pressure against the
structure. When noted on the Plans, the fill adjacent to the end bent of a bridge shall not be
placed higher than the bottom of the backfill of the bent until the superstructure is in place.
When embankment is to be placed on both sides of a concrete wall or box type structure,
operations shall be so conducted that the embankment is always at approximately the same
elevation on both sides of the structure.

104.3.6 Rounding and Warping Slopes

Rounding-Except in solid rock, the tops and bottoms of all slopes, including the slopes
of drainage ditches, shall be rounded as indicated on the Plans. A layer of earth overlaying
rock shall be rounded above the rock as done in earth slopes.

Warping-adjustments in slopes shall be made to avoid injury in standing trees or

marring of weathered rock, or to harmonize with existing landscape features, and the

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transition to such adjusted slopes shall be gradual. At intersections of cuts and fills, slopes
shall be adjusted and warped to flow into each other or into the natural ground surfaces
without noticeable break.

104.3.7 Finishing Roadbed and Slopes

After the roadbed has been substantially completed, the full width shall be conditioned
by removing any soft or other unstable material that will not compact properly or serve the
intended purpose. The resulting areas and all other low sections, holes of depressions shall
be brought to grade with suitable selected material. Scarifying, blading, dragging, rolling, or
other methods of work shall be performed or used as necessary to provide a thoroughly
compacted roadbed shaped to the grades and cross-sections shown on the Plans or as
staked by the LGU Project Engineer.

All earth slopes shall be left with roughened surfaces but shall be reasonably uniform,
without any noticeable break, and in reasonably close conformity with the Plans or other
surfaces indicated on the Plans or as staked by the LGU Project Engineer, with no variations
there from readily discernible as viewed from the road.

104.3.8 Serrated Slopes

Cut slopes in rippable material (soft rock) having slope ratios between 0.75:1 and 2:1
shall be constructed so that the final slope line shall consist of a series of small horizontal
steps. The step rise and tread dimensions shall be shown on the Plans. No scaling shall be
performed on the stepped slopes except for removal of large rocks which will obviously be a
safety hazard if they fall into the ditchline or roadway.

104.3.9 Earth Berms

When called for in the Contract, permanent earth berms shall be constructed of well
graded materials with no rocks having a diameter greater than 0.25 the height of the berm.
When local material is not acceptable, acceptable material shall be imported, as directed by
the LGU Project Engineer.

Compacted Berm

Compacted berm construction shall consist of moistening or drying and placing

material as necessary in locations shown on the drawings or as established by the LGU
Project Engineer. Material shall contain no frozen material, roots, sod, or other deleterious
materials. Contractor shall take precaution to prevent material from escaping over the
embankment slope. Shoulder surface beneath berm will be roughened to provide a bond
between the berm and shoulder when completed. The Contractor shall compact the material
placed until at least 90 mass percent of the maximum density is obtained as determined by
AASHTO T 99, Method C. The cross-section of the finished compacted berm shall
reasonably conform to the typical cross-section as shown on the Plans.

Uncompacted Berm

Uncompacted berm construction shall consist of drying, if necessary and placing

material in locations shown on the Plans or as established by the LGU Project Engineer.
Material shall contain no frozen material, roots, sod or other deleterious materials. Contractor
shall take precautions to prevent material from escaping over the embankment slope.

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104.4 Environmental Measures

All excess suitable or unsuitable embankment materials shall be disposed to the

designated disposal site upon completion of the entire work of EMBANKMENT
CONSTRUCTION. Any excess materials found or still present on the roadway are consider as
traffic hazard to people living nearby and constitute as environmental hazard/impact under
this work item.

During work operation the Contractor shall provide the necessary precautionary
construction signboards to warn people of the on going construction. This shall be located in
places that are visible.

In hauling embankment materials that will pass through populated areas, the
Contractor must provide signboards that will warn people leaving nearby of the passage of
heavy equipment vehicles.

To reduce noise pollution, the Contractor shall at all times provide new exhaust
mufflers or muffler silencers to all the heavy equipment use in transporting embankment
materials.

To reduce air dust as a result of the passage of heavy equipment vehicles in a

populated area, the Contractor shall sprinkle the road surface with sufficient water at all times
of the day except during rains.

104.5 Method of Measurement

The quantity of embankment to be paid for shall be the volume of material compacted
in place, accepted by the LGU Project Engineer and formed with material obtained from any
source.

Material from excavation per Item 102 which is used in embankment and accepted by
the LGU Project Engineer will be paid under Embankment and such payment will be deemed
to include the cost of excavating, hauling, stockpiling and all other costs incidental to the work.

Material for Selected Borrow topping will be measured and paid for under the same
conditions specified in the preceding paragraph.

104.6 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in Section 104.5, shall be paid for at
the Contract unit price for each of the Pay Items listed below that is included in the Bill of
Quantities. The payment shall continue full compensation for placing and compacting all
materials including all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the work
prescribed in this Item.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

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 104 (1) Embankment Cubic Meter
104 (2) Selected, Borrow for topping, Case 1 Cubic Meter
104 (3) Selected Borrow for topping, Case 2 Cubic Meter
104 (4) Earth Berm Linear Meter

Item 105 – SUB-GRADE PREPARATION

105.1 Description

This Item shall consist of the preparation of the sub-grade for the support of overlying
structural layers. It shall extend to full width of the roadway. Unless authorized by the LGU
Project Engineer, sub-grade preparation shall not be done unless the Contractor is able to
start immediately the construction of the pavement structure.

105.2 Material Requirements

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 Unless otherwise stated in the Contract and except when the sub-grade is in rock cut,
all materials below sub grade level to a depth 150 mm or to such greater depth as may be
specified shall meet the requirements of Section 104.2, Selected Borrow for Topping.

105.3 Construction Requirements

105.3.1 Prior Works

Prior to commencing preparation of the sub grade, all culverts, cross drains, ducts and
the like (including their fully compacted backfill), ditches, drains and drainage outlets shall be
completed. Any work on the preparation of the sub-grade shall not be started
unless prior work herein described shall have been approved by the LGU Project Engineer.

105.3.2 Sub-grade Level Tolerances

The finished compacted surface of the sub-grade shall conform to the allowable
tolerances as specified hereunder:

Permitted variation from + 20 mm

design LEVEL OF SURFACE - 30 mm
Permitted SURFACE IRREGULARITY
MEASURED BY 3-m STRAIGHT EDGE 30 mm
Permitted variation from
design CROSSFALL OR CAMBER + 0.5 %
Permitted variation from ± 0.1 %
design LONGITUDINAL GRADE
over 25 m length

105.3.3 Sub-grade in Common Excavation

Unless otherwise specified, all materials below sub-grade level in earth cuts to a depth
150 mm or other depth shown on the Plans or as directed by the LGU Project Engineer shall
be excavated. The material, if suitable, shall be set side for future use or, if unsuitable, shall
be disposed off in accordance with the requirements of Subsection 102.2.9.

Where material has been removed from below sub-grade level, the resulting surface
shall be compacted to a depth of 150 mm and in accordance with other requirements of
Subsection 104.3.3.

All materials immediately below sub-grade level in earth cuts to a depth of 150 mm, or
to such greater depth as may be specified, shall be compacted in accordance with the
requirements of Subsection 104.3.3.

105.3.4 Sub-grade in Rock Excavation

Surface irregularities under the sub-grade level remaining after trimming of the rock
excavation shall be leveled by placing specified material and compacted to the requirements
of Subsection 104.3.3.

105.3.5 Sub-grade on Embankment

After the embankment has been completed, the full width shall be conditioned by
removing any soft or other unstable material that will not compacted properly. The resulting
areas and all other low sections, holes, or depressions shall be brought to grade with suitable
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material. The entire roadbed shall be shaped and compacted to the requirements of
Subsections 104.3.3. Scarifying, blading, dragging, rolling, or other methods of work shall be
performed or used as necessary to provide a thoroughly compacted roadbed shaped to the
cross-sections shown on the Plans.

105.3.6 Sub-grade on Existing Pavement

Where the new pavement is to be constructed immediately over an existing Portland

Cement concrete pavement and if so specified in the Contract the slab be broken into pieces
with greatest dimension of not more than 500 mm and the existing pavement material
compacted as specified in Subsection 104.3.3, as directed by the LGU Project Engineer. The
resulting sub-grade level shall, as part pavement construction be shaped to conform to the
allowable tolerances of Subsection 105.3.2 by placing and compacting where necessary a
leveling course comprising the material of the pavement course to be placed immediately
above.

105.3.7 Protection of Completed Work

The Contractor shall be required to protect and maintain at his own expense the entire
work within the limits of his Contract in good condition satisfactory to the LGU Project
Engineer from the time he first started work until all work shall have been completed.
Maintenance shall include repairing and re-compacting ruts, ridges, soft spots and
deteriorated sections of the sub-grade caused by the traffic of the Contractor’s
vehicle/equipment or that of the public.

105.3.8 Templates and Straight-Edges

The Contractor shall provide for use of the LGU Project Engineer, approved templates
and straight-edges in sufficient number to check the accuracy of the work, as provided in this
Specification.

105.4 Environmental Measures

All unsuitable materials removed by the Contractor on everyday work shall be

disposed off before the end of the day operation. The Contractor during sub-grade preparation
shall provide the necessary equipments to haul and dispose unsuitable materials to the
designated disposal area.

If the road is being rehabilitated, the Contractor shall provide the necessary traffic
precautionary sign boards to warn drivers of vehicle that road works is on progress.

In cases and if so directed by the LGU Project Engineer, flag men maybe required to
be posted on specific areas where necessary.

No stockpiled earth materials shall be left unattended by the Contractor before the end
of the days work at the sub-project site.

105.5 Method of Measurement

105.5.1 Measurement of Items for payment shall be provided only for:

16
 1. The compaction of existing ground below sub-grade level in cuts of common
material as specified in Subsection 105.3.3.
2. The breaking up or scarifying, loosening, reshaping and re-compacting of existing
pavement as specified in Subsection 105.3.6. The quantity to be paid for shall be
the area of the work specified to be carried out and accepted by the LGU Project
Engineer.

105.5.2 Payment for all work for the preparation of the sub-grade, including shaping to the
required levels and tolerances, other than as specified above shall be deemed to
be included in the Pay Item for Embankment.

105.6 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in Section 105.5, shall be paid for at
the appropriate contract unit price for Pay Item listed below that is included in the Bill of
Quantities which price and payment shall be full compensation for the placing or removal and
disposal of all materials including all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to
complete the work prescribed in this Item.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

105 (1) Subgrade Preparation (Common Material) Square Meter
105 (2) Subgrade Preparation (Existing Pavement) Square Meter
105 (3) Subgrade Preparation (Unsuitable Material) Square Meter

PART B – SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE

ITEM 200 – AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE

200.1 Description

This item shall consist of furnishing, placing and compacting an aggregate sub-base
course on a prepared sub-grade in accordance with this Specification and the lines, grades
and cross-sections shown on the Plans, or as directed by the LGU Project Engineer.

200.2 Material Requirements

Aggregate for sub-base shall consist of hard, durable particles or fragments of crushed
stone, crushed slag, or crushed or natural gravel and filler of natural or crushed sand or other
finely divided mineral matter. The composite material shall be free from vegetable matter and
17
lumps or balls of clay, and shall be of such nature that it can be compacted readily to form a
firm, stable sub-base.

The sub-base material shall conform to Table 200.1, Grading Requirements

Table 200.1 – Grading Requirements

Sieve Designation
Standard, mm Alternate US Standard Mass Percent Passing

50 2” 100
25 1” 55 – 85
9.5 3/8” 40 – 75
0.075 No. 200 0 - 12

The fraction passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not be greater than 0.66 (two
thirds) of the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve.

The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a liquid limit not greater
than 35 and plasticity index not greater than 12 as determined by AASHTO T 89 and T 90,
respectively.

The coarse portion, retained on a 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve, shall have a mass percent
of wear not exceeding 50 by the Los Angeles Abrasion Tests as determined by AASHTO T
96.

The material shall have a soaked CBR value of not less than 25% as determined by
AASHTO T 193. The CBR value shall be obtained at the maximum dry density and
determined by AASHTO T 180, Method D.

200.3 Construction Requirements

200.3.1 Preparation of Existing Surface

The existing surface shall be graded and finished as provided under Item 105, Sub-
grade Preparation, before placing the sub-base material.

200.3.2 Placing

The aggregate sub-base material shall be placed at a uniform mixture on a prepared

sub-grade in a quantity which will provide the required compacted thickness. When more
than one layer is required, each layer shall be shaped and compacted before the succeeding
layer is placed.

The placing of material shall begin at the point designated by the LGU Project
Engineer. Placing shall be from vehicles especially equipped to distribute the material in a
continuous uniform layer or windrow. The layer or windrow shall be of such size that when
spread and compacted the finished layer be in reasonably close conformity to the nominal
thickness shown on the Plans.
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 When hauling is done over previously placed material, hauling equipment shall be
dispersed uniformly over the entire surface of the previously constructed layer, to minimize
rutting or uneven compaction.

200.3.3 Spreading and Compacting

When uniformly mixed, the mixture shall be spread to the plan thickness, for
compaction.

Where the required thickness is 150 mm or less, the material may be spread and
compacted in one layer. Where the required thickness is more than 150 mm, the aggregate
sub-base shall be spread and compacted in two or more layers of approximately equal
thickness, and the maximum compacted thickness of any layer shall not exceed 150 mm. All
subsequent layers shall be spread and compacted in a similar manner.

The moisture content of sub-base material shall, if necessary, be adjusted prior to

compaction by watering with approved sprinklers mounted on trucks or by drying out, as
required in order to obtain the required compaction.

Immediately following final spreading and smoothening, each layer shall be compacted
to the full width by means of approved compaction equipment. Rolling shall progress
gradually from the sides to the center, parallel to the centerline of the road and shall continue
until the whole surface has been rolled. Any irregularities or depressions that develop shall
be corrected by loosening the material at these places and adding or removing material until
surface is smooth and uniform. Along curbs, headers, and walls, and at all places not
accessible to the roller, the sub-base material shall be compacted thoroughly with approved
tampers or compactors.

If the layer of sub-base material, or part thereof, does not conform to the required
finish, the Contractor shall, at his own expense, make the necessary corrections.

Compaction of each layer shall continue until a field density of at least 100 percent of
the maximum dry density determined in accordance with AASHTO T 180, Method D has been
achieved. In-place density determination shall be made in accordance with AASHTO T 191.

200.3.4 Trial Sections

Before sub-base construction is started, the Contractor shall spread and compact trial
sections as directed by the LGU Project Engineer. The purpose of the trial sections is to
check the suitability of the materials and the efficiency of the equipment and construction
method which is proposed to be used by the Contractor. Therefore, the Contractor must use
the same material, equipment and procedures that he proposes to use for the main work.
One trial section of about 500 m2 shall be made for every type of material and/or construction
equipment/procedure proposed for use.

After final compaction of each trial section, the Contractor shall carry out such field
density tests and other tests required as directed by the LGU Project Engineer.

If a trial section shows that the proposed materials, equipment or procedures in the
LGU Project Engineer’s opinion are not suitable for sub-base, the material shall be removed
at the Contractor’s expense, and a new trial section shall be constructed.

19
 If the basic conditions regarding the type of material or procedure change during the
execution of the work, new trial sections shall be constructed.

200.3.5 Tolerances

Aggregate sub-base shall be spread with equipment that will provide a uniform layer
which when compacted will conform to the designed level and transverse slopes as shown on
the Plans. The allowable tolerances shall be as specified hereunder:

Permitted variation from design THICKNESS OF LAYER ± 20 mm

Permitted variation from design LEVEL OF SURFACE +10 mm

-20 mm

Permitted SURFACE IRREGULARITY Measured by 3-m straight-edge 20 mm

Permitted variation from design CROSSFALL OR CAMBER ±0.3%

Permitted variation from design LONGITUDINAL GRADE over ±0.1%

25 m in length

200.4 Environmental Measures

During the course of hauling operations, the Contractor must at all times provide the
necessary cover for the dump body of the hauling equipment to prevent accidental spoilage of
earth materials that will injure the travelling public or people living near by.

The travel route of the hauling equipments must always be moist to prevent blowing up
of dusts particles. Likewise, the Contractor must always observe the noise level of the exhaust
mufflers of the heavy equipments to be at minimum. Otherwise, exhaust muffler must be
provided with silencers to reduce noise levels of the hauling equipments.

Travelling speed of all hauling equipments must be reduce when passing populated
areas or at the school site during school days.

200.5 Method of Measurement

Aggregate Sub-base Course will be measured by the cubic meter (m 3). The quantity
to be paid for shall be the design volume compacted in-place as shown on the Plans, and
accepted in the completed course. No allowance will be given for materials placed outside
the design limits shown on the cross-sections. Trial sections shall not be measured
separately but shall be included in the quantity of sub-base herein measured.

200.6 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in Section 200.5, shall be paid for at
the contract unit price for Aggregate Sub-base Course which price and payment shall be full
compensation for furnishings and placing all materials, including all labor, equipment, tools
and incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in this Item.

Payment will be made under:

20
 Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

200 Aggregate Sub-base Course Cubic Meter

ITEM 201 – AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

201.1 Description

This Item shall consist of furnishing, placing and compacting an aggregate base
course on a prepared sub-grade/sub-base in accordance with this Specification and the lines,
grades, thickness and typical cross-sections shown on the Plans, or as established by the
LGU Project Engineer.

201.2 Material Requirements

Aggregate for base course shall consist of hard, durable particles or fragments of
crushed stone, crushed slag or crushed or natural gravel and filler of natural or crushed sand
or other finely divided mineral matter. The composite material shall be free from vegetable
matter and lumps or balls of clay, and shall be of such nature that it can be compacted readily
to form a firm, stable base.

In some areas where the conventional base course materials are scarce or non-
available, the use of 40% weathered limestone blended with 60% crushed stones or gravel
shall be allowed, provided that the blended materials meet the requirements of this Item.

21
 The base course material shall conform to Table 201.1, whichever is called for in the
Bill of Quantities

Table 201.1 – Grading Requirements

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

Standard, mm Alternate US Standard Grading A Grading B
50 2” 100
37.5 1-1/2” - 100
25.0 1” 60 – 85 -
19.0 ¾” - 60 – 85
12.5 ½” 35 – 65 -
4.75 No. 4 20 – 50 30 – 55
0.425 No. 40 5 – 20 8 – 25
0.075 No. 200 0 – 12 2 – 14

The fraction passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not be greater than 0.66 (two
thirds) of the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve.

The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a liquid limit not greater
than 25 and plasticity index not greater than 6 as determined by AASHTO T 89 and T 90,
respectively.

The coarse portion, retained on a 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve shall have a mass percent
of wear not exceeding 50 by the Los Angeles Abrasion test determined by AASHTO T 96.

The material passing the 19 mm (3/4 inch) sieve shall have a soaked CBR value of not
less than 80% as determined by AASHTO T 193. The CBR value shall be obtained at the
maximum dry density (MDD) as determined by AASHTO T 180, Method D.

If filler, in addition to that naturally present, is necessary for meeting the grading
requirements or for satisfactory bonding, it shall be uniformly blended with the base course
material on the road or in a pugmill unless otherwise specified or approved. Filler shall be
taken from sources approved by the LGU Project Engineer, shall be free from hard lumps and
shall not contain more than 15 percent of material retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve.

201.3 Construction Requirements

201.3.1 Preparation of Existing Surface

The existing surface shall be graded and finished as provided under Item 105, Sub-
grade Preparation, before placing the base material.

201.3.2 Placing

It shall be in accordance with all the requirements of Subsection 200.3.2, Placing.

201.3.3 Spreading and Compacting

It shall be in accordance with all the requirements of Subsection 200.3.3, Spreading

and Compacting.

201.3.4 Additional Filler

22
 Additional filler, when required and when not added at the screening plant, shall be
spread in a uniform layer over the loosely spread base material as specified by the LGU
Project Engineer, scarified by appropriate heavy equipment and then watered and mixed as
described above. These materials are incidental to the work and no payment shall be made
by the project to the Contractor.

201.3.5 Trial Sections

Trial sections shall conform in all respects to the requirements specified in Subsection
200.3.4.

201.3.6 Tolerances

The aggregate base course shall be laid to the designed level and transverse slopes
shown on the Plans. The allowable tolerances shall be in accordance with following:

Permitted variation from design THICKNESS OF LAYER ± 10 mm

Permitted variation from design LEVEL OF SURFACE + 5 mm

-10 mm

Permitted SURFACE IRREGULARITY Measured by 3-m 5 mm

straight-edge

Permitted variation from design CROSSFALL OR CAMBER ± 0.2%

Permitted variation from design LONGITUDINAL GRADE over ± 0.1%

25 m in length

201.4 Environmental Measures

During the course of hauling operations, the Contractor must at all times provide the
necessary cover for the dump body of the hauling equipment to prevent accidental spoilage of
earth materials that will injure the travelling public or people living near by.

The travel route of the hauling equipments must always be moist to prevent blowing up
of dusts particles. Likewise, the Contractor must always observe the noise level of the exhaust
mufflers of the heavy equipments to be at minimum. Otherwise, exhaust muffler must be
provided with silencers to reduce noise levels of the hauling equipments.

Travelling speed of all hauling equipments must be reduce when passing populated
areas or at the school site during school days.

201.5 Method of Measurement

Aggregate Base Course will be measured by the cubic meter (m3). The quantity to be
paid for shall be the design volume compacted in-place as shown on the Plans, and accepted
in the completed base course. No allowance shall be given for materials placed outside the
design limits shown on the cross-sections. Trial sections shall not be measured separately
but shall be included in the quantity of aggregate base course.

201.6 Basis of Payment

23
 The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in Section 201.5, shall be paid for at
the contract unit price for Aggregate Base Course which price and payment shall be full
compensation for furnishing and placing all materials, including all labor, equipment, tools and
incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in this Item.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

201 Aggregate Base Course Cubic Meter

PART C – SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311 – PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

311.1 Description

This Item shall consist of pavement of Portland Cement Concrete, with or without
reinforcement, constructed on the prepared base in accordance with this Specification and in
conformity with lines, grades, thickness and typical cross-section shown on the Plans.

311.2 Material Requirements

311.2.1 Portland Cement

Only Type I Portland Cement shall be used unless otherwise provided for in the
Special Provisions. Different brands or the same brands from different mills shall not be
mixed nor shall they be used alternately unless the mix is approved by the LGU Project
Engineer.

Cement which for any reason has become partially set or which contains lumps of
caked cement will be rejected. Cement salvaged from discarded or used bags shall not be
used.

24
 Samples of Cement shall be obtained in accordance with AASHTO T 127.

311.2.2 Fine Aggregate

It shall consist of natural sand, stone screenings or other inert materials with similar
characteristics, or combinations thereof, having hard, strong and durable particles. Fine
aggregate from different sources of supply shall not be mixed or stored in the same pile nor
used alternately in the same class of concrete without the approval of the LGU Project
Engineer.

It shall not contain more than three (3) mass percent of material passing the 0.075 mm
(No. 200 sieve) by washing nor more than one (1) mass percent each of clay lumps or shale.
The use of beach sand will not be allowed without the approval of the LGU Project Engineer.

If the fine aggregate is subjected to five (5) cycles of the sodium sulfate soundness
test, the weighted loss shall not exceed 10 mass percent.

The fine aggregate shall be free from injurious amounts of organic impurities. If
subjected to the colorimatic test for organic impurities and a color darker than the standard is
produced, it shall be rejected. However, when tested for the effect of organic impurities of
strength of mortar by AASHTO T 71, the fine aggregate may be used if the relative
strength at 7 and 28 days is not less than 95 mass percent.

The fine aggregate shall be well-graded from coarse to fine and shall conform to Table
311.1

Table 311.1 – Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregate

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

9.5 mm (3/8 in) 100
4.75 mm (No. 4) 95 – 100
2.36 mm (No. 8) -
1.18 mm (No. 16) 45 – 80
0.600 mm (No. 30) -
0.300 mm (No. 50) 5 – 30
0.150 mm (No. 100) 0 – 10

311.2.3 Coarse Aggregate

It shall consist of crushed stone, gravel, blast furnace slag, or other approved inert
materials of similar characteristics, or combinations thereof, having hard, strong, durable
pieces and free from any adherent coatings.

It shall contain not more than one (1) mass percent of material passing the 0.075 mm
(No. 200) sieve, not more than 0.25 mass percent of clay lumps, nor more than 3.5 mass
percent of soft fragments.

If the coarse aggregate is subjected to five (5) cycles of the sodium sulfate soundness
test, the weighted loss shall not exceed 12 mass percent.

25
 It shall have a mass percent of wear not exceeding 40 when tested by AASHTO T 96.

If the slag is used, its density shall not be less than 1120 kg/m3 (70 lb./cu. ft.). The
gradation of the coarse aggregate shall conform to Table 311.2.

Only one grading specification shall be used from any one source.

Table 311.2 – Grading Requirement for Coarse Aggregate

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

Standard Alternate Grading Grading Grading
Mm U. S. A B C
Standard
75.00 3 in. 100 - -
63.00 2-1/2 in. 90-100 100 100
50.00 2 in. - 90-100 95-100
37.5 1-1/2 in. 25-60 35-70 -
25.0 1 in. - 0-15 35-70
19.0 ¾ in. 0-10 - -
12.5 ½ in. 0-5 0-5 10-30
4.75 No. 4 - - 0-5

311.2.4 Water

Water used in mixing, curing or other designated application shall be reasonably clean
and free of oil, salt, acid, alkali, grass or other substances injurious to the finished product.
Water will be tested in accordance with and shall meet the requirements of Item 714, Water.
Water which is drinkable may be used without test. Where the source of water is shallow, the
intake shall be so enclosed as to exclude silt, mud, grass or other foreign materials.

311.2.5 Reinforcing Steel

It shall conform to the requirements of Item 404, Reinforcing Steel. Dowels and tie
bars shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 31 or M 42, except that rail steel shall
not be used for tie bars that are to be bent and re-straightened during construction. Tie bars
shall be deformed bars. Dowels shall be plain round bars. Before delivery to the site of work,
one-half of the length of each dowel shall be painted with one coat of approved lead or tar
paint.

The sleeves for dowel bars shall be metal of approved design to cover 50 mm ( 2
inches), plus or minus 5 mm (1/4 inch) of the dowel, with a closed end, and with a suitable
stop to hold the end of the sleeve at least 25 mm (1 inch) from the end of the dowel. Sleeves
shall be of such design that they do not collapse during construction.

311.2.6 Joint Fillers

Poured joint fillers shall be mixed asphalt and mineral or rubber filler.

26
 Preformed joint filler shall conform to the applicable requirements. It shall be punched
to admit the dowels where called for in the Plans. The filler for each joint shall be furnished in
a single piece for the full depth and width required for the joint.

311.2.7 Admixtures

Air-entraining admixture shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 154.

Chemical admixtures, if specified or permitted, shall conform to the requirements of

AASHTO M 194.

Fly Ash, if specified or permitted as a mineral admixture and as 20% partial

replacement of Portland Cement in concrete mix shall conform to the requirements of ASTM
C 618.

Admixture should be added only to the concrete mix to produce some desired
modifications to the properties of concrete where necessary, but not as partial replacement of
cement.

311.2.8 Curing Materials

Curing materials shall conform to the following requirements as specified;

a) Burlap cloth - AASHTO M 182

b) Liquid membrane forming compounds - AASHTO M 148
c) Sheeting (film) materials - AASHTO M 171

Cotton mats and water-proof paper can be used.

311.2.9 Calcium Chloride/Calcium Nitrate

It shall conform to AASHTO M 144, if specified or permitted by the LGU Project

Engineer, as accelerator.

311.2.10 Storage of Cement and Aggregate

All cement shall be stored, immediately upon delivery at the Site, in weatherproof
building which will protect the cement from dampness. The floor shall be raised from the
ground. The buildings shall be placed in locations approved by the LGU Project Engineer.
Provisions for storage shall be ample, and the shipments of cement as received shall be
separately stored in such a manner as to allow the earliest deliveries to be used first and to
provide easy access for identification and inspection of each shipment. Storage buildings
shall have capacity for storage of a sufficient quantity of cement to allow sampling at least
twelve (12) days before the cement is to be used. Bulk cement, if used, shall be transferred
to elevated air tight and weatherproof bins. Stored cement shall meet the test requirements
at any time after storage when retest is ordered by the LGU Project Engineer. At the time of
use, all cement shall be free-flowing and free of lumps.

The handling and storing of concrete aggregates shall be such as to prevent

segregation or the inclusion of foreign materials. The LGU Project Engineer may require that
aggregates be stored on separate platforms at satisfactory locations.

27
 In order to secure greater uniformity of concrete mix, the LGU Project Engineer may
require that the coarse aggregate be separated into two or more sizes. Different sizes of
aggregate shall be stored in separate bins or in separate stockpiles sufficiently removed from
each other to prevent the material at the edges of the piles from becoming intermixed.

311.2.11 Proportioning, Consistency and Strength of Concrete

The Contractor shall prepare the design mix based on the absolute volume method as
outlined in the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standard 211.1, “Recommended Practice for
Selecting Proportions for Normal and Heavyweight Concrete”.

It is the intent of this Specification to require at least 364 kg of cement per cubic meter
of concrete to meet the minimum strength requirements. The LGU Project Engineer shall
determine from laboratory tests of the materials to be used, the cement content and the
proportions of aggregate and water that will produce workable concrete having a slump of
between 40 and 75 mm (1-1/2 and 3 inches) if not vibrated or between 10 and 40 mm (1/2
and 1-1/2 inches) if vibrated, and a flexural strength of not less than 3.8 MPa (550 psi) when
tested by the third-point method or 4.5 MPa (650 psi) when tested by the mid-point method at
fourteen (14) days in accordance with AASHTO T97 and T177, respectively; or a compressive
strength of 24.1 MPa (3500 psi) for cores taken at fourteen (14) days and tested in
accordance with AASHTO T24.

Slump shall be determined using AASHTO T 119.

The designer shall consider the use of lean concrete (econocrete) mixtures using local
materials or specifically modified conventional concrete mixes in base course and in the lower
course composite, monolithic concrete pavements using a minimum of 75 mm (3 inches) of
conventional concrete as the surface course.

The mix design shall be submitted to the LGU Project Engineer for approval and shall
be accompanied with certified test data from an approved laboratory demonstrating the
adequacy of the mix design. A change in the source of materials during the progress of work
may necessitate a new design mix.

311.3 Construction Requirements

311.3.1 Quality Control of Concrete

1. General

The Contractor shall be responsible for the quality control of all materials
during the handling, blending, and mixing and placement operations.

2. Quality Control Plan

The Contractor shall furnish the LGU Project Engineer a Quality Control Plan
detailing his production control procedures and the type and frequency of
sampling and testing to insure that the concrete produces complies with the
Specifications. The LGU Project Engineer shall be provided free access to
recent plant production records, and if requested, informational copies of mix
design, materials certifications and sampling and testing reports.

3. Qualification of Workmen

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 Experienced and qualified personnel shall perform all batching or mixing
operation for the concrete mix, and shall be present at the plant and job site to
control the concrete productions whenever the plant is in operation. They shall
be identified and duties defined as follows:

a. Concrete Batcher. The person performing the batching or mixing

operation shall be capable of accurately conducting aggregate surface
moisture determination and establishing correct scale weights for concrete
materials. He shall be capable of assuring that the proportioned batch
weights of materials are in accordance with the mix design.

b. Concrete Technician. The person responsible for concrete production

control and sampling and testing for quality control shall be proficient in
concrete technology and shall have a sound knowledge of the
Specifications as they relate to concrete production. He shall be capable
of conducting tests on concrete and concrete materials in accordance with
these Specifications. He shall be capable of adjusting concrete mix
designs for improving workability and Specification compliance and
preparing trial mix designs. He shall be qualified to act as the concrete
batcher in the batcher’s absence.

4. Quality Control Testing

The Contractor shall perform all sampling, testing and inspection necessary to
assure quality control of the component materials and the concrete.

The Contractor shall be responsible for determining the gradation of fine and
coarse aggregates and for testing the concrete mixture for slump, air content,
water-cement ratio and temperature. He shall conduct his operations so as to
produce a mix conforming to the approved mix design.

5. Documentation

The Contractor shall maintain adequate records of all inspections and tests.
The records shall indicate the nature and number of observations made, the
number and type of deficiencies found, the quantities approved and rejected, and
nature of any corrective action taken.

The LGU Project Engineer may take independent assurance samples at

random location for acceptance purposes as he deems necessary.

311.3.2 Equipment

Equipment and tools necessary for handling materials and performing all parts of the
work shall be approved by the LGU Project Engineer as to design, capacity and mechanical
condition. The equipment shall be at the jobsite sufficiently ahead of the start of construction
operations to be examined thoroughly and approved.

1. Batching Plant and Equipment

a. General. The batching shall include bins, weighing hoppers, and scales
for the fine aggregate and for each size of coarse aggregate. If cement is
used in bulk, a bin, a hopper, and separate scale for cement shall be

29
 included. The weighing hopper shall be properly sealed and vented to
preclude dusting operation. The batch plant shall be equipped with a
suitable non-resettable batch counter which will correctly indicate the
number of batches proportioned.
b. Bins and Hoppers. Bins with adequate separate compartments for fine
aggregate and for each size of coarse aggregate shall be provided in the
batching plant.
c. Scales. Scales for weighing aggregates and cement shall be of either the
beam type or the springless-dial type. They shall be accurate within one-
half percent (0.5%) throughout the range of use. Poises shall be designed
to be locked in any position and to prevent unauthorized change. Scales
shall be inspected and sealed as often as the LGU Project Engineer may
deem necessary to assure their continued accuracy.
d. Automatic Weighing Devices. Unless otherwise allowed on the Contract,
batching plants shall be equipped with automatic weighing devices of an
approved type to proportion aggregates and bulk cement.

2. Mixers.

a. General. Concrete may be mixed at the Site of construction or at a central

plant, or wholly or in part in truck mixers. Each mixer shall have a
manufacturer’s plate attached in a prominent place showing the capacity of
the drum in terms of volume of mixed concrete and the speed of rotation of
the mixing drum or blades.
b. Mixers at Site of Construction. Mixing shall be done in an approved mixer
capable of combining the aggregates, cement and water into a thoroughly
mixed and uniform mass within the specified mixing period and discharging
and distributing the mixture without segregation on the prepared grade.
The mixer shall be equipped with an approved timing device which will
automatically lock the discharge lever when the drum has been charged
and released it at the end of the mixing period. In case of failure of the
timing device, the mixer may be used for the balance of the day while it is
being repaired, provided that each batch is mixed 90 seconds. The mixer
shall be equipped with a suitable non-resettable batch counter which shall
correctly indicate the number of the batches mixed.
c. Truck Mixer and Truck Agitators. Truck mixers used for mixing and
hauling concrete, and truck agitators used for hauling central-mixed
concrete, shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 157.
d. Non-Agitator Truck. Bodies of non-agitating hauling equipment for
concrete shall be smooth, mortar-tight metal containers and shall be
capable of discharging the concrete at a satisfactory controlled rate without
segregation.

3. Paving and Finishing Equipment

The concrete shall be placed with an approved paver designed to spread,

consolidate, screed and float finish the freshly placed concrete in one complete
pass of the machine in such a manner that a minimum of hand finishing will be
necessary to provide a dense and homogeneous pavement in conformance with
the Plans and Specifications.

The finishing machine shall be equipped with at least two (2) oscillating type
transverse screed.

30
 Vibrators shall operate at a frequency of 8,300 to 9,600 impulses per minute
under load at a maximum spacing of 60 cm.

4. Concrete Saw

The Contractor shall provide sawing equipment in adequate number of units

and power to complete the sawing with water-cooled diamond edge saw blade or
an abrasive wheel to the required dimensions and at the required rate. He shall
provide at least one (1) stand-by saw in good working condition and with an
ample supply of saw blades.

5. Forms

Forms shall be of steel, of an approved section, and of depth equal to the

thickness of the pavement at the edge. The base of the forms shall be of
sufficient width to provide necessary stability in all directions. The flange braces
must extend outward on the base to not less than 2/3 the height of the form.

All forms shall be rigidly supported on bed of thoroughly compacted material

during the entire operation of placing and finishing the concrete. Forms shall be
provided with adequate devices for secure setting so that when in place, they will
withstand, without visible spring or settlement, the impact and vibration of the
consolidation and finishing or paving equipment.

311.3.3 Preparation of Grade

After the sub-grade of base has been placed and compacted to the required density,
the areas which will support the paving machine and the grade on which the pavement is to
be constructed shall be trimmed to the proper elevation by means of a properly designed
machine extending the prepared work areas compacted at least 60 cm beyond each edge of
the proposed concrete pavement. If loss of density results from the trimming operations, it
shall be restored by additional compaction before concrete is placed. If any traffic is allowed
to use the prepared sub-grade or base, the surface shall be checked and corrected
immediately ahead of the placing concrete.

The sub-grade or base shall be uniformly moist when the concrete is placed.

311.3.4 Setting Forms

1. Base Support.

The foundation under the forms shall be hard and true to grade so that the
form when set will be firmly in contact for its whole length and at the specified
grade. (Any roadbed, which at the form line is found below established grade,
shall be filled with approved granular materials to grade in lifts of three (3) cm or
less, and thoroughly re-rolled or tamped.) Imperfections or variations above
grade shall be corrected by tamping or by cutting as necessary.

2. Form Setting

Forms shall be set sufficiently in advance of the point where concrete is being
placed. After the forms have been set to correct grade, the grade shall be
thoroughly tamped, mechanically or by hand, at both the inside and outside

31
 edges of the base of the forms. The forms shall not deviate from true line bv
more than one (1) cm at any point.

3. Grade and Alignment

The alignment and grade elevations of the forms shall be checked and
corrections made by the Contractor immediately before placing the concrete.
Testing as to crown and elevation, prior to placing of concrete can be made by
means of holding an approved template in a vertical position and moved
backward and forward on the forms.

When any form has been disturbed or any grade has become unstable, the
form shall be reset and rechecked.

311.3.5 Conditioning of Sub-grade or Base Course

When side forms have been securely set to grade, the sub-grade or base course shall
be brought to proper cross-section. High areas shall be trimmed to proper elevation. Low
areas shall be filled and compacted to a condition similar to that of surrounding grade. The
finished grade shall be maintained in a smooth and compacted condition until the pavement is
placed.

Unless waterproof sub-grade or base course cover material is specified, the sub-grade
or base course shall be uniformly moist when the concrete is placed. If it subsequently
becomes too dry, the sub-grade or base course shall be sprinkled, but the method of
sprinkling shall not be such as to form mud or pools of water.

311.3.6 Handling, Measuring and Batching Materials

The batch plant site, layout, equipment and provisions for transporting material shall
be such as to assure a continuous supply of material to the work. Stockpiles shall be built up
in layers of not more than one (1) meter in thickness. Each layer shall be completely in place
before beginning the next which shall not be allowed to “cone” down over the next lower layer.
Aggregates from different sources and of different grading shall not be stockpiled together.

All washed aggregates and aggregates produced or handled by hydraulic methods,

shall be stockpiled or binned for draining at least twelve (12) hours before being batched.

When mixing is done at the side of the work, aggregates shall be transported from the
batching plant to the mixer in batch boxes, vehicle bodies, or other containers of adequate
capacity and construction to properly carry the volume required. Partitions separating
batches shall be adequate and effective to prevent spilling from one compartment to another
while in transit or being dumped. When bulk cement is used, the Contractor shall use a
suitable method of handling the cement from weighing hopper to transporting container or into
the batch itself for transportation to the mixer, with chute, boot or other approved device, to
prevent loss of cement, and to provide positive assurance of the actual presence in each
batch of the entire cement content specified.

Bulk cement shall be transported to the mixer in tight compartments carrying the full
amount of cement required for the batch. However, if allowed in the Special Provisions, it
may be transported between the fine and coarse aggregate. When cement is placed in
contact with the aggregates, batches may be rejected unless mixed within 1-1/2 hours of such
contact. Cement in original shipping packages may be transported on top of the aggregates,
each batch containing the number of sacks required by the job mix.

32
 The mixer shall be charged without loss of cement. Batching shall be so conducted
as to result in the weight to each material required within a tolerance of one (1) percent for the
cement and two (2) percent for aggregates.

Water may be measured either by volume or by weight. The accuracy of measuring

the water shall be within a range of error of not over than one (1) percent. Unless the water
is to be weighed, the water-measuring equipment shall include an auxiliary tank from which
the measuring tank shall be equipped with an outside tap and valve to provide checking the
setting, unless other means are provided for readily and accurately determining the amount of
water in the tank. The volume of the auxiliary tank shall be at least equal to that of the
measuring tank.

311.3.7 Mixing Concrete

The concrete may be mixed at the site of the work in a central-mix plant, or in truck
mixers. The mixer shall be of an approved type and capacity. Mixing time will be measured
from the time all materials, except water, are in the drum. Ready-mixed concrete shall be
mixed and delivered in accordance with requirements of AASHTO M 157, except that the
minimum required revolutions at the mixing speed for transit-mixed concrete may be reduced
to not less than that recommended by the mixer manufacturer. The number of revolutions
recommended by the mixer manufacturer shall be indicated on the manufacturer’s serial plate
attached to the mixer. The Contractor shall furnish test data acceptable to the LGU Project
Engineer verifying that the make and model of the mixer will produce uniform concrete
conforming to the provision of AASHTO M 157 at the reduced number of revolutions shown
on the serial plate.

When mixed at the site or in a central mixing plant, the mixing time shall not be less
than fifty (50) seconds nor more than ninety (90) seconds, unless mixer performance tests
prove adequate mixing of the concrete is a shorter time period.

Four (4) seconds shall be added to the specified mixing time if timing starts at the
instant the skip reaches its maximum raised positions. Mixing time ends when the discharge
chute opens. Transfer time in multiple drum mixers is included in mixing time. The contents
of an individual mixer drum shall be removed before a succeeding batch is emptied therein.

The mixer shall be operated at the drum speed as shown on the manufacturer’s name
plate attached on the mixer. Any concrete mixed less than the specified time shall be
discarded and disposed off by the Contractor at his expense. The volume of concrete mixed
per batch shall not exceed the mixer’s nominal capacity in cubic metre, as shown on the
manufacturer’s standard rating plate on the mixer, except that an overload up to ten (10)
percent above the mixer’s nominal capacity may be permitted provided concrete test data for
strength, segregation, and uniform consistency are satisfactory, and provided no spillage of
concrete takes place.

The batches shall be so charged into the drum that a portion of the mixing water shall
be entered in advance of the cement and aggregates. The flow of water shall be uniform and
all water shall be in the drum by the end of the first fifteen (15) seconds of the mixing period.
The throat of the drum shall be kept free of such accumulations as may restrict the free flow of
materials into the drum.

Mixed concrete from the central mixing plant shall be transported in truck mixers, truck
agitators or non-agitating truck specified in Subsection 311.3.2, Equipment. The time
elapsed from the time water is added to the mix until the concrete is deposited in place at the

33
Site shall not exceed forty five (45) minutes when the concrete is hauled in non-agitating
trucks, nor ninety (90) minutes when hauled in truck mixers or truck agitators, except that in
hot weather or under other conditions contributing to quick hardening of the concrete, the
maximum allowable time may be reduced by the LGU Project Engineer.

In exceptional cases and when volumetric measurements are authorized for small
project requiring less than 75 cu.m. of concrete per day of pouring, the weight proportions
shall be converted to equivalent volumetric proportions. In such cases, suitable allowance
shall be made for variations in the moisture condition of the aggregates, including the bulking
effect in the fine aggregate. Batching and mixing shall be in accordance with ASTM C 685,
Section 6 through 9.

Concrete mixing by chute is allowed provided that a weighing scale for determining the
batch weight will be used.

Retempering concrete by adding water or by other means shall not be permitted,

except that when concrete is delivered in truck mixers, additional water may be added to the
batch materials and additional mixing performed to increase the slump to meet the specified
requirements, if permitted by the LGU Project Engineer, provided all these operations are
performed within forty-five (45) minutes after the initial mixing operation and the water-cement
ratio is not exceeded. Concrete that is not within the specified slump limits at the time of
placement shall not be used. Admixtures for increasing the workability or for accelerating the
setting of the concrete will be permitted only when specifically approved by the LGU Project
Engineer.

311.3.8 Limitation of Mixing

No concrete shall be mixed, placed or finished when natural light is insufficient, unless
an adequate and approved artificial lighting system is operated.

During hot weather, the LGU Project Engineer shall require that steps be taken to
prevent the temperature of mixed concrete from exceeding a maximum temperature of 90 0F
( 320C)

Concrete not in place within ninety (90) minutes from the time the ingredients were
charged into the mixing drum or that has developed initial set shall not be used. Retempering
of concrete or mortar which has partially hardened, that is remixing with or without additional
cement, aggregate, or water, shall not be permitted.

In order that the concrete may be properly protected against the effects of rain before
the concrete is sufficiently hardened, the Contractor will be required to have available at all
times materials for the protection of the edges and surface of the unhardened concrete.

311.3.9 Placing Concrete

Concrete shall be deposited in such a manner to require minimal rehandling. Unless

truck mixers or non-agitating hauling equipment are equipped with means to discharge
concrete without segregation of the materials, the concrete shall be unloaded into an
approved spreading device and mechanically spread on the grade in such a manner as to
prevent segregation. Placing shall be continuous between transverse joints without the use of
intermediate bulkheads. Necessary hand spreading shall be done with shovels, not rakes.
Workmen shall not be allowed to walk in the freshly mixed concrete with boots or shoes
coated with earth or foreign substances.

34
 When concrete is to be placed adjoining a previously constructed lane and mechanical
equipment will be operated upon the existing lane, that previously constructed lane shall have
attained the strength for fourteen (14) day concrete. If only finishing equipment is carried on
the existing lane, paving in adjoining lanes may be permitted after three (3) days.

Concrete shall be thoroughly consolidated against and along the faces of all forms and
along the full length and on both sides of all joint assemblies, by means of vibrators inserted in
the concrete. Vibrators shall not be permitted to come in contact with a joint assembly, the
grade, or a side form. In no case shall the vibrator be operated longer than fifteen (15)
seconds in any one location.

Concrete shall be deposited as near as possible to the expansion and contraction

joints without disturbing them, but shall not be dumped from the discharge bucket or hopper
into a joint assembly unless the hopper is well centered on the joint assembly. Should any
concrete material fall on or be worked into the surface of a complete slab, it shall be removed
immediately.

311.3.10 Test Specimens

As work progresses, at least one (1) set consisting of three (3) concrete beam test
specimens, 150 mm x 150 mm x 525 mm or 900 mm shall be taken from each 330 m 2 of
pavement, 230 mm depth, or fraction thereof placed each day. Test specimens shall be made
under the supervision of the LGU Project Engineer, and the Contractor shall provide all
concrete and other facilities necessary in making the test specimens and shall protect them
from damage by construction operations. Cylinder samples shall not be used as substitute for
determining the adequacy of the strength of concrete.

The beams shall be made, cured, and tested in accordance with AASHTO T 23 and T
97.

311.3.11 Strike-off of Concrete and Placement of Reinforcement

Following the placing of the concrete, it shall be struck off to conform to the cross-
section shown on the Plans and to an elevation such that when the concrete is properly
consolidated and finished, the surface of the pavement will be at the elevation shown on the
Plans. When reinforced concrete pavement is placed in two (2) layers, the bottom layer shall
be struck off and consolidated to such length and depth that the sheet of fabric or bar mat
may be laid full length on the concrete in its final position without further manipulation. The
reinforcement shall then be placed directly upon the concrete, after which the top layer of the
concrete shall be placed, struck off and screeded. Any portion of the bottom layer of
concrete which has been placed more then 30 minutes without being covered with the top
layer shall be removed and replaced with freshly mixed concrete at the Contractor’s expense.
When reinforced concrete is placed in one layer, the reinforcement may be firmly positioned in
advance of concrete placement or it may be placed at the depth shown on the Plans in plastic
concrete, after spreading by mechanical or vibratory means.

Reinforcing steel shall be free from dirt, oil, paint, grease, mill scale and loose or thick
rust which could impair bond of the steel with the concrete.

311.3.12 Joints

Joints shall be constructed of the type and dimensions, and at the locations required
by the Plans or Special Provisions. All joints shall be protected from the intrusion of injurious
foreign material until sealed.

35
1. Longitudinal Joint

Deformed steel tie bars of specified length, size, spacing and materials shall
be placed perpendicular to the longitudinal joints, they shall be placed by
approved mechanical equipment or rigidly secured by chair or other approved
supports to prevent displacement. Tie bars shall not be painted or coated with
asphalt or other materials or enclosed in tubes or sleeves. When shown on the
Plans and when adjacent lanes of pavement are constructed separately, steel
side forms shall be used which will form a keyway along the construction joint.
Tie bars, except those made of rail steel, may be bent at right angles against the
form of the first lane constructed and straightened into final position before the
concrete of the adjacent lane is placed, or in lieu of bent tie bars, approved two-
piece connectors may be used.

Longitudinal formed joints shall consist of a groove or cleft, extending

downward from and normal to, the surface of the pavement. These joints shall
be effected or formed by an approved mechanically or manually operated device
to the dimensions and line indicated on the Plans and while the concrete is in a
plastic state. The groove or cleft shall be filled with either a premolded strip or
poured material as required.

The longitudinal joints shall be continuous, there shall be no gaps in either

transverse or longitudinal joints at the intersection of the joints.

Longitudinal sawed joints shall be cut by means of approved concrete saws to

the depth, width and line shown on the Plans. Suitable guide lines or devices
shall be used to assure cutting the longitudinal joint on the true line. The
longitudinal joint shall be sawed before the end of the curing period or shortly
thereafter and before any equipment or vehicles are allowed on the pavement.
The sawed area shall be thoroughly cleaned and, if required, the joint shall
immediately be filled with sealer.

Longitudinal pavement insert type joints shall be formed by placing a

continuous strip of plastic materials which will not react adversely with the
chemical constituent of the concrete.

2. Transverse Expansion Joint

The expansion joint filler shall be continuous from form to form, shaped to
sub-grade and to the keyway along the form. Preformed joint filler shall be
furnished in lengths equal to the pavement width or equal to the width of one
lane. Damaged or repaired joint filler shall not be used.

The expansion joint filler shall be held in a vertical position. An approved

installing bar, or other device, shall be used if required to secure preformed
expansion joint filler at the proper grade and alignment during placing and
finishing of the concrete. Finished joint shall not deviate more than 6 mm from a
straight line. If joint fillers are assembled in sections, there shall be no offsets
between adjacent units. No plugs of concrete shall be permitted anywhere
within the expansion space.

3. Transverse Contraction Joint/Weakened Joint

36
 When shown on the Plans, it shall consist of planes of weakness created by
forming or cutting grooves in the surface of the pavement and shall include load
transfer assemblies. The depth of the weakened plane joint should at all times
not be less than 50 mm, while the width should not be more than 6 mm.

a. Transverse Strip Contraction Joint. It shall be formed by installing a

parting strip to be left in place as shown on the Plans.
b. Formed Groove. It shall be made by depressing an approved tool or
device into the plastic concrete. The tool or device shall remain in place at
least until the concrete has attained its initial set and shall then be removed
without disturbing the adjacent concrete, unless the device is designed to
remain in the joint.
c. Sawed Contraction Joint. It shall be created by sawing grooves in the
surface of the pavement of the width not more than 6 mm, depth should at
all times not be less than 50 mm, and at the spacing and lines shown on
the Plans, with an approved concrete saw. After each joint is sawed, it
shall be thoroughly cleaned including the adjacent concrete surface.

Sawing of the joint shall commence as soon as the concrete has

hardened sufficiently to permit sawing without excessive ravelling, usually 4
to 24 hours. All joints shall be sawed before uncontrolled shrinkage
cracking takes place. If necessary, the sawing operations shall be carried
on during the day or night, regardless of weather conditions. The sawing
of any joint shall be omitted if crack occurs at or near the joint location prior
to the time of sawing. Sawing shall be discounted when a crack develops
ahead of the saw. In general, all joints should be sawed in sequence. If
extreme condition exist which make it impractical to prevent erratic cracking
by early sawing, the contraction joint groove shall be formed prior to initial
set of concrete as provided above.

4. Transverse Construction Joint

It shall be constructed when there is an interruption of more than 30 minutes

in the concreting operations. No transverse joint shall be constructed within
1.50 m of an expansion joint, contraction joint, or plane of weakness. If
sufficient concrete has been mixed at the time of interruption to form a slab of at
least 1.5 m long, the excess concrete from the last preceding joint shall be
removed and disposed off as directed.

5. Load Transfer Device

Dowel, when used, shall be held in position parallel to the surface and center
line of the slab by a metal device that is left in the pavement.

The portion of each dowel painted with one coat of lead or tar, in conformance
with the requirements of Item 404, Reinforcing Steel, shall be thoroughly coated
with approved bituminous materials, e.g., MC-70, or an approved lubricant, to
prevent the concrete from binding to that portion of the dowel. The sleeves for
dowels shall be metal designed to cover 50 mm plus or minus 5 mm (1/4 inch), of
the dowel, with a watertight closed end and with a suitable stop to hold the end of
the sleeves at least 25 mm (1 inch) from the end of the dowel.

37
 In lieu of using dowel assemblies at contraction joints, dowel may be placed in
the full thickness of pavement by a mechanical device approved by the LGU
Project Engineer.

311.3.13 Final Strike-off (Consolidation and Finishing)

1. Sequence

The sequence of operations shall be the strike-off and consolidation, floating

and removal of laitance, straight-edging and final surface finish. Work bridges or
other devices necessary to provide access to the pavement surface for the
purpose of finishing straight-edging, and make corrections as hereinafter
specified, shall be provided by the Contractor.

In general, the addition of water to the surface of the concrete to assist in

finishing operations will not be permitted. If the application of water to the
surface is permitted, it shall be applied as fog spray by means of an approve
spray equipment.

2. Finishing Joints

The concrete adjacent to joints shall be compacted or firmly placed without

voids or segregation against the joint material assembly, also under and around
all load transfer devices, joint assembly units, and other features designed to
extend into the pavement. Concrete adjacent to joints shall be mechanically
vibrated as required in Subsection 311.3.9, Placing Concrete.

After the concrete has been placed and vibrated adjacent to the joints as
required in Subsection 311.3.9, the finishing machine shall be brought forward,
operating in a manner to avoid damage or misalignment of joints. If
uninterrupted operation of the finishing machine, to over and beyond the joints
causes segregation of concrete, damage to, or misalignment of the joints, the
finishing machine shall be stopped when the front screed is approximately 20 cm
(8 inches) from the joint. Segregated concrete shall be removed from in front of
and off the joint. The front screed shall be lifted and set directly on top of the
joint and the forward motion of the finishing machine resumed. When the second
screed is close enough to permit the excess mortar in front of it to flow over the
joint, it shall be lifted and carried over the joint. Thereafter, the finishing
machine may be run over the joint without lifting the screeds, provided there is no
segregated concrete immediately between the joint and the screed or on top of
the joint.

3. Machine Finishing

a. Non-vibratory Method. The concrete shall be distributed or spread as soon

as placed. As soon as the concrete has been placed, it shall be struck off
and screeded by an approved finishing machine. The machine shall go
over each area of pavement as many times and at such intervals as
necessary to give the proper compaction and leave a surface of uniform
texture. Excessive operation over a given area shall be avoided. The
tops of the forms shall be kept clean by an effective device attached to the
machine and the travel of the machine on the forms shall be maintained
true without wobbling or other variation tending to affect the precision finish.

38
 During the first pass of the finishing machine, a uniform ridge of
concrete shall be maintained ahead of the front screed in its entire length.

b. Vibratory Method. When vibration is specified, vibrators for full width

vibration of concrete paving slabs, shall meet the requirements in
Subsection 311.3.2, Equipment. If uniform and satisfactory density of the
concrete is not obtained by the vibratory method at joints, along forms, at
structures, and throughout the pavement, the Contractor will be required to
furnish equipment and method which will produce pavement conforming to
the Specifications. All provisions in item (a) above not in conflict with the
provisions for the vibratory method shall govern.

4. Hand Finishing

Hand finishing methods may only be used under the following conditions:

a. In the event of breakdown of the mechanical equipment, hand methods

may be used to finish the concrete already deposited on the grade.
b. In narrow widths or areas of irregular dimensions where operations of the
mechanical equipment is impractical, hand methods may be used.

Concrete, as soon as placed, shall be struck off and screeded. An approved

portable screed shall be used. A second screed shall be provided for striking off
the bottom layer of concrete if reinforcement is used.

The screed for the surface shall be at least 60 cm (2 feet) longer than the
maximum width of the slab to be struck off. It shall be of approved design,
sufficiently rigid to retain its shape, and constructed either of metal or other
suitable material shod with metal.

Consolidation shall be attained by the use of suitable vibrator or other

approved equipment.

In operation, the screed shall be moved forward on the forms with a combined
longitudinal and transverse shearing motion, moving always in the direction in
which the work is progressing and so manipulated that neither end is raised from
the side forms during the striking off process. If necessary, this shall be
repeated until the surface is of uniform texture, true to grade and cross-section,
and free from porous areas.

5. Floating

After the concrete has been struck off and consolidated, it shall be further
smoothed, trued, and consolidated by means of a longitudinal float, either by
hand or mechanical method.

a. Hand Method. The hand-operated longitudinal float shall be not less than
365 cm (12 feet) in length and 15 cm (6 inches) in width, properly stiffened
to prevent flexibility and warping. The longitudinal float, operated from foot
bridges resting on the side forms and spanning but not touching the
concrete, shall be worked with a sawing motion while held in a floating
position parallel to the road center line, and moving gradually from one side
of the pavement to the other. Movement ahead along the center line of the
pavement shall be in successive advances of not more than one-half the

39
 length of the float. Any excess water or soupy material shall be wasted
over the side forms on each pass.
b. Mechanical Method. The mechanical longitudinal float shall be of a design
approved by the LGU Project Engineer, and shall be in good working
condition. The tracks from which the float operates shall be accurately
adjusted to the required crown. The float shall be accurately adjusted and
coordinated with the adjustment of the transverse finishing machine so that
a small amount of mortar is carried ahead of the float at all times. The
forward screed shall be adjusted so that the float will lap the distance
specified by the LGU Project Engineer on each transverse trip. The float
shall pass over each areas of pavement at least two times, but excessive
operation over a given area will not be permitted. Any excess water or
soupy material shall be wasted over the side forms on each pass.
c. Alternative Mechanical Method. As an alternative, the Contractor may use
a machine composed of a cutting and smoothing float or floats suspended
from and guided by a rigid frame. The frame shall be carried by four or
more visible wheels riding on, and constantly in contact with the side forms.
If necessary, following one of the preceding method of floating, long
handled floats having blades not less than 150 cm (5 feet) in length and 15
cm (6 inches) in width may be used to smooth and fill in open-textured
areas in the pavement. Long-handled floats shall not be used to float the
entire surface of the pavement in lieu of, or supplementing, one of the
preceding methods of floating. When strike off and consolidation are done
by the hand method and the crown of the pavement will not permit the use
of the longitudinal float, the surface shall be floated transversely by means
of the long-handled float. Care shall be taken not to work the crown out of
the pavement during the operation. After floating, any excess water and
laitance shall be removed from the surface of the pavement by a 3-m
straight-edge or more in length. Successive drags shall be lapped one-half
the length of the blade.

6. Straight-edge Testing and Surface Correction

After the floating has been completed and the excess water removed, but
while the concrete is still plastic, the surface of the concrete shall be tested for
trueness with a 300 cm long straight-edge. For this purpose, the Contractor
shall furnish and use an accurate 300-cm straight-edge swung from handles 100
cm (3 feet) longer than one-half the width of the slab. The straight-edge shall be
held in contact with the surface in successive positions parallel to the road center
line and the whole area gone over from one side of the slab to the other as
necessary. Advances along the road shall be in successive stages of not more
than one-half the length of the straight-edge. Any depressions found shall be
immediately filled with freshly mixed concrete, struck off, consolidated and
refinished. High areas shall be cut down and refinished. Special attention shall
be given to assure that the surface across joints meets the requirements for
smoothness. Straight-edge testing and surface corrections shall continue until
the entire surface is found to be free from observable departures from the
straight-edge and the slab conforms to the required grade and cross-section.

7. Final Finish

If the surface texture is broom finished, it shall applied when the water sheen
has practically disappeared. The broom shall be drawn from the center to the
edge of the pavement with adjacent strokes slightly overlapping. The brooming

40
 operation should be so executed that the corrugations produced in the surface
shall be uniform in appearance and not more than 1.5 mm in depth. Brooming
shall be completed before the concrete is in such condition that the surface will
be unduly roughened by the operation. The surface thus finished shall be free
from rough and porous areas, irregularities, and depressions resulting from
improper handling of the broom. Brooms shall be of the quality size and
construction and be operated so as to produce a surface finish meeting the
approval of the LGU Project Engineer. Subject to satisfactory results being
obtained and approval of the LGU Project Engineer, the Contractor will be
permitted to substitute mechanical brooming in lieu of the manual brooming
herein described.

If the surface texture is belt finished, when straight-edging is complete and

water sheen has practically disappeared and just before the concrete becomes
non-plastic, the surface shall be belted with 2-ply canvass belt not less than 20
cm wide and at least 100 cm longer than the pavement width. Hand belts shall
have suitable handles to permit controlled, uniform manipulation. The belt shall
be operated with short strokes transverse to the center line and with a rapid
advances parallel to the center line.

If the surface texture is drag finished, a drag shall be used which consists of
a seamless strip of damp burlap or cotton fabric, which shall produce a uniform
of gritty texture after dragging it longitudinally along the full width of pavement.
For pavement 5 m or more in width, the drag shall be mounted on a bridge which
travels on the forms. The dimensions of the drag shall be such that a strip of
burlap or fabric at least 100 cm wide is in contact with the full width of pavement
surface while the drag is used. The drag shall consist of not less than 2 layers of
burlap with the bottom layer approximately 15 cm wider than the layer. The drag
shall be maintained in such condition that the resultant surface is of uniform
appearance and reasonably free from grooves over 1.5 mm in depth. Drag shall
be maintained clean and free from encrusted mortar. Drags that cannot be
cleaned shall be discarded and new drags be substituted.

Regardless of the method used for final finish, the hardened surface of
pavement shall have a coefficient of friction of 0.25 or more. Completed
pavement that is found to have a coefficient of friction less than 0.25 shall be
grounded or scored by the Contractor at his expense to provide the required
coefficient of friction.

8. Edging at Forms and Joints

After the final finish, but before the concrete has taken its initial set, the edges
of the pavement along each side of each slab, and on each side of transverse
expansion joints, formed joints, transverse construction joints, and emergency
construction joints, shall be worked with an approved tool and rounded to the
radius required by the Plans. A well – defined and continuous radius shall be
produced and a smooth, dense mortar finish obtained. The surface of the slab
shall not be unduly disturbed by tilting the tool during the use.

At all joints, any tool marks appearing on the slab adjacent to the joints shall
be eliminated by brooming the surface. In doing this, the rounding of the corner
of the slab shall not be disturbed. All concrete on top of the joint filler shall be
completely removed.

41
 All joints shall be tested with a straight-edge before the concrete has set and
correction made if one edge of the joint is higher than the other.

311.3.14 Surface Test

As soon as the concrete has hardened sufficiently, the pavement surface shall be
tested with a 3-m straight-edge or other specified device. Areas showing high spots of more
than 3 mm but not exceeding 12 mm in 3 m shall be marked and immediately ground down
with an approved grinding tool to an elevation where the area or spot will not show surface
deviations in excess of 3 mm when tested with 3 m straight-edge. Where the departure from
correct cross-section exceeds 12 mm, the pavement shall be removed and replaced by and at
the expense of the Contractor.

Any area or section so removed shall be not less than 1.5 m in length and not less
than the full width of the lane involved. When it is necessary to remove and replace a section
of pavement, any remaining portion of the slab adjacent to the joints that is less than 1.5 m in
length, shall also be removed and replaced.

311.3.15 Curing

Immediately after the finishing operations have been completed and the concrete has
sufficiently set, the entire surface of the newly placed concrete shall be cured in accordance
with either one of the methods described herein. Failure to provide sufficient cover material
of whatever kind the Contractor may elect to use, or the lack of water to adequately take care
of both curing and other requirements, shall be a cause for immediate suspension of
concreting operations. The concrete shall not be left exposed for more than ½ hour between
stages of curing or during the curing period.

In all congested places, concrete works should be designed so that the designed
strength is attained.

1. Cotton of Burlap Mats

The surface of the pavement shall be entirely covered with mats. The mats
used shall be of such length (or width) that as laid they will extend at least twice
the thickness of the pavement beyond the edges of the slab. The mat shall be
placed so that the entire surface and the edges of the slab are completely
covered. Prior to being placed, the mats shall be saturated thoroughly with
water. The mat shall be so placed and weighted down so as to cause them to
remain in intimate contact with the covered surface. The mat shall be maintained
fully wetted and in position for 72 hours after the concrete has been placed
unless otherwise specified.

2. Waterproof Paper

The top surface and sides of the pavement shall be entirely covered with
waterproof paper, the units shall be lapped at least 45 cm. The paper shall be
so placed and weighted down so as to cause it to remain in intimate contact with
the surface covered. The paper shall have such dimension but each unit as laid
will extend beyond the edges of the slab at least twice the thickness of the
pavement, or at pavement width and 60 cm strips of paper for the edges. If laid
longitudinally, paper not manufactured in sizes which will provide this width shall
be securely sewed or cemented together, the joints being securely sealed in
such a manner that they do not open up or separate during the curing period.

42
 Unless otherwise specified, the covering shall be maintained in place for 72
hours after the concrete has been placed. The surface of the pavement shall be
thoroughly wetted prior to the placing of the paper.

3. Straw Curing

When this type of curing is used, the pavement shall be cured initially with
burlap or cotton mats, until after final set of the concrete or, in any case, for 12
hours after placing the concrete. As soon as the mats are removed, the surface
and sides of the pavement shall be thoroughly wetted and covered with at least
20 cm of straw or hay, thickness of which is to be measured after wetting. If the
straw or hay covering becomes displaced during the curing period, it shall be
replaced to the original depth and saturated. It shall be kept thoroughly
saturated with water for 72 hours and thoroughly wetted down during the
morning of the fourth day, and the cover shall remain in place until the concrete
has attained the required strength.

4. Impervious Membrane Method

The entire surface of the pavement shall be sprayed uniformly with white
pigmented curing compound immediately after the finishing of the surface and
before the set of the concrete has taken place, or if the pavement is cured initially
with jute or cotton mats, it may be applied upon removal of the mass. The
curing compound shall not be applied during rain.

Curing compound shall be applied under pressure at the rate 4 L to not more
than 14 m2 by mechanical sprayers. The spraying equipment shall be equipped
with a wind guard. At the time of use, the compound shall be in a thoroughly
mixed condition with the pigment uniformly dispersed throughout the vehicle.
During application, the compound shall be stirred continuously by effective
mechanical means. Hand spraying of odd widths or shapes and concrete
surface exposed by the removal of forms will be permitted. Curing compound
shall not be applied to the inside faces of joints to be sealed, but approved
means shall be used to insure proper curing at least 72 hours and to prevent the
intrusion of foreign material into the joint before sealing has been completed.
The curing compound shall be of such character that the film will harden within
30 minutes after application. Should the film be damaged from any cause within
the 72 hour curing period, the damaged portions shall be repaired immediately
with additional compound.

5. White Polyethylene Sheet

The top surface and sides of the pavement shall be entirely covered with
polyethylene sheeting. The units used shall be lapped at least 45 cm. The
sheeting shall be so placed and weighted down so as to cause it to remain
intimate contact with the surface covered. The sheeting as prepared for use
shall have such dimension that each unit as laid will extend beyond the edges of
the slab at least twice the thickness of the pavement. Unless otherwise
specified, the covering shall be maintained in place for 72 hours after the
concrete has been placed.

311.3.16 Removal of Forms

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 After forms for concrete shall remain in place undisturbed for not less than twenty four
(24) hours after concrete pouring. In the removal of forms, crowbars should be used in
pulling out nails and pins. Care should be taken so as not to break the edges of the
pavement. In case portions of the concrete are spalled, they shall be immediately repaired
with fresh mortar mixed in the proportion of one part of Portland Cement and two parts fine
aggregates. Major honeycomb areas will be considered as defective work and shall be
removed and replaced at the expense of the Contractor. Any area or section so removed
shall not be less than the distance between weakened plane joint nor less than the full width
of the lane involved.

311.3.17 Sealing Joints

Joints shall be sealed with asphalt sealant soon after completion of the curing period
and before the pavement is opened to traffic, including the Contractor’s equipment. Just prior
to sealing, each joint shall be thoroughly cleaned of all foreign materials including membrane
curing compound and the joint faces shall be clean and surface dry when the seal is applied.

The sealing material shall be applied to each joint opening to conform to the details
shown on the Plans or as directed by the LGU Project Engineer. Material for seal applied hot
shall be stirred during heating so that localized overheating does not occur. The pouring
shall be done in such a manner that the material will not be spilled on the exposed surfaces of
the concrete. The use of sand or similar material as a cover for the seal will not be permitted.

Preformed elastomeric gaskets for sealing joints shall be of the cross-sectional

dimensions shown on the Plans. Seals shall be installed by suitable tools, without elongation
and secured in placed with an approved lubricant adhesive which shall cover both sides of the
concrete joints. The seals shall be installed in a compressive condition and shall at time of
placement be below the level of the pavement surface by approximately 6 mm.

The seals shall be in one piece for the full width of each transverse joint.

311.3.18 Protection of Pavement

The Contractor shall protect the pavement and its appurtenances against both public
traffic and traffic caused by his own employees and agents. This shall include watchmen to
direct traffic and the erection of and maintenance of warning signs, lights, pavement bridges
or cross-overs, etc. The Plans or Special Provisions will indicate the location and type of
device or facility required to protect the work and provide adequately for traffic.

All boreholes after thickness and/or strength determinations of newly constructed

asphalt and concrete pavements shall be immediately filled/restored with the prescribed
concrete/asphalt mix after completion of the drilling works.

Any damage to the pavement, occurring prior to final acceptance, shall be repaired or
the pavement be replaced.

311.3.19 Concrete Pavement – Slip Form Method

If the Contract calls for the construction of pavement without the use of fixed forms, the
following provisions shall apply:

1. Grade

44
 After the grade or base has been placed and compacted to the required
density, the areas which will support the paving machine shall be cut to the
proper elevation by means of a properly designed machine. The grade on which
the pavement is to be constructed shall then be brought to the proper profile by
means of properly designed machine. If the density of the base is disturbed by
the grading operation, it shall be corrected by additional compaction before
concrete is placed. The grade should be constructed sufficiently in advance of
the placing of the concrete. If any traffic is allowed to use the prepared grade,
the grade shall be checked and corrected immediately before the placing of
concrete.

2. Placing Concrete

The concrete shall be placed with an approved slip-form paver designed to

spread, consolidate, screed and float-finish the freshly placed concrete in one
complete pass of the machine in such a manner that a minimum of hand finish
will be necessary to provide a dense and homogenous pavement in conformance
with the Plans and Specifications. The machine shall vibrate the concrete for
the full width and depth of the strip of pavement being placed. Such
vibration shall be accompanied with vibrating tubes or arms working in the
concrete or with a vibrating screed or pan operating on the surface of the
concrete. The sliding forms shall be rigidly held together laterally to prevent
spreading of the forms. The forms shall trail behind the paver for such a
distance that no appreciable slumping of the concrete will occur, and that
necessary final finishing can be accomplished while the concrete is still within the
forms. Any edge slump of the pavement, exclusive of edge rounding, in excess
of 6 mm shall be corrected before the concrete has hardened.

The concrete shall be held at a uniform consistency, having a slump of not

more than 40 mm (1-12/ inches). The slip form paver shall be operated with as
nearly as possible a continuous forward movement and that all operations of
mixing, delivering and spreading concrete shall be coordinated so as to provide
uniform progress with stopping and starting of the paver held to a minimum. If,
for any reason, it is necessary to stop the forward movement of the paver the
vibratory and tamping elements shall also be stopped immediately. No tractive
force shall be applied to the machine, except that which is controlled from the
machine.

3. Finishing

The surface smoothness and texture shall meet the requirements of

Subsections 311.3.13 and 311.3.14.

4. Curing

Unless otherwise specified, curing shall be done in accordance with one of

the methods included in Subsection 311.3.15. The curing media shall be
applied at the appropriate time and shall be applied uniformly and completely to
all surfaces and edges of the pavement.

5. Joints

All joints shall be constructed in accordance with Subsection 311.3.12.

45
 6. Protection against Rain

In order that the concrete may be properly protected against rain before the
concrete is sufficiently hardened, the Contractor will be required to have
available at all times, materials for the protection of the edges and surface of the
unhardened concrete. Such protective materials shall consist of standard metal
forms or wood planks having a nominal thickness of not less than 50 mm (2
inches) and a nominal width of not less than the thickness of the pavement at its
edge for the protection of the pavement edges, and covering material such as
burlap or cotton mats, curing paper or plastic sheeting materials for the
protection of the surface of the pavement. When rain appears imminent, all
paving operations shall stop and all available personnel shall begin placing forms
against the sides of the pavement and covering the surface of the unhardened
concrete with the protective covering.

311.3.22 Acceptance of Concrete

The strength level of the concrete will be considered satisfactory if the averages of all
sets of three (3) consecutive strength test results equal or exceed the specified strength, f c’
and no individual strength test result is deficient by more than 15% of the specified strength,
fc’.

Concrete deemed to be not acceptable using the above criteria may be rejected
unless the Contractor can provide evidence, by means of core tests, that the quality of
concrete represented by failed test results is acceptable in place. At least three (3)
representative cores shall be taken from each member or area of concrete in place that is
considered deficient. The location of cores shall be determined by the Engineer so that there
will be at least impairment of strength of the structure. The obtaining and testing of drilled
cores shall be in accordance with AASHTO T 24.

Concrete in the area represented by the cores will be considered adequate if the
average strength of the cores is equal to at least 85% of, and if no single core is less than
75% of, the specified strength, fc’.

If the strength of control specimens does not meet the requirements of this
Subsection, and it is not feasible or not advisable to obtain cores from the structure due to
structural considerations, payment of the concrete will be made at an adjusted price due to
strength deficiency of concrete specimens as specified hereunder:

Deficiency in Strength of Percent (%) of Contract

Concrete Specimens, Price Allowed
Percent (%)

Less than 5 100

5 to less than 10 80
10 to less than 15 70
15 to less than 20 60
20 to less than 25 50
25 or more 0

311.3.23 Opening to Traffic

46
 The Engineer will decide when the pavement may be opened to traffic. The road will
not be opened to traffic until test specimens molded and cured in accordance with AASHTO T
23 have attained the minimum strength requirements in Subsection 311.2.11. If such tests
are not conducted prior to the specified age the pavement shall not be operated to traffic until
14 days after the concrete was placed. Before opening to traffic, the pavement shall be
cleaned and joint sealing completed.

311.3.24 Tolerance and Pavement thickness

1. General

The thickness of the pavement will be determined by measurement of cores

from the completed pavement in accordance with AASHTO T 148.

The completed pavement shall be accepted on a lot basis. A lot shall be

considered as 1000 linear meters of pavement when a single traffic lane is
poured or 500 linear meters when two lanes are poured concurrently. The last
unit in each slab constitutes a lot in itself when its length is at least ½ of the
normal lot length. If the length of the last unit is shorter than ½ of the normal lot
length, it shall be included in the previous lot.

Other areas such as intersections, entrances, crossovers, ramp, etc., will be

grouped together to form a lot. Small irregular areas may be included with other
unit areas to form a lot.

Each lot will be divided into five (5) equal segments and one core will be
obtained from each segment in accordance with AASHTO T 24.

2. Pavement Thickness

It is the intent of this Specification that the pavement has a uniform thickness
as called for on the Plans for the average of each lot as defined. After the
pavement has met all surface smoothness requirements, cores for thickness
measurements will be taken.

In calculating the average thickness of the pavement, individual

measurements which are in excess of the specified thickness by more than 5
mm will be considered as the specified thickness plus 5 mm and measurement
which are less than the specified thickness by more than 25 mm shall not be
included in the average. When the average thickness for the lot is deficient, the
contract unit price will be adjusted for thickness in accordance with paragraph (3
below).

Individual areas within a segment found deficient in thickness by more than

25 mm shall be evaluated by the LGU Project Engineer, and if in his judgment,
the deficient areas warrant removal, they shall be removed and replaced by the
Contractor with pavement of the specified thickness at his entire expense.
However, if the evaluation of the LGU Project Engineer is that the deficient area
should not be removed and replaced, such area will not be paid.

When the measurement of any core is less than the specified thickness by
more than 25 mm, the actual thickness of the pavement in this area will be
determined by taking additional cores at no less than 5 m intervals parallel to the
center line in each direction from the affected location until a core is found in

47
 each direction, which is not deficient in thickness by more than 25 mm. The
area of slab for which no payment will be made shall be the product of the paving
width multiplied by the distance along the center line of the road between
transverse sections found not deficient in thickness by more than 25 mm. The
thickness of the remainder of the segment to be used to get the average
thickness of each lot shall be determined by taking the average thickness of
additional cores which are not deficient by more than 25 mm.

3. Adjustment for Thickness

When the average thickness of the pavement per lot is deficient, payment for
the lot shall be adjusted as follows:

Deficiency in the Average Percent (%) of Contract

Thickness per lot (mm) Price Per Lot
0–5 100% payment
6 – 10 95% payment
11 – 15 85% payment
16 – 20 70% payment
21 – 25 50% payment
More than 25 Remove and replace/ No payment

No acceptance and final payment shall be made on completed pavement

unless core test for thickness determination is conducted

311.4 Environmental Measures

In loading cement to the truck and unloading it to the temporary bodega, and from the
bodega to batching plant and during concrete work operation workers doing this job shall be
provided with gears so as to avoid inhaling cement dust particles that could affect their health.

Workers in construction site shall be provided with working gloves, mask boots and
clothing to prevent workers from being contaminated with concrete mix.

The Contractor shall see to it that the noise level of the exhaust mufflers of the
equipment shall be at the minimum. Otherwise, the Contractor must replace all the exhaust
mufflers of the equipment with a new one and or provide muffler silencers.

All roads leading the construction site and batching plant shall be moist during the
entire works operation to prevent the blowing up of dust particles.

During work operation, precautionary signboards shall be provided by the Contractor to

prevent accidents and damage to the freshly laid concrete.

311.5 Method of Measurement

The area to be paid for under this Item shall be the number of square meters (m 2)
of concrete pavement placed and accepted in the completed pavement. The width for
measurements will be the width from outside edge to outside edge of completed pavement as
placed in accordance with the Plans or as otherwise required by the LGU Project Engineer in
writing. The length will be measured horizontally along the center line of each roadway or
48
ramp. Any curb and gutter placed shall not be included in the area of concrete pavement
measured.

311.6 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantity, measured as prescribed in Section 311.5, shall be paid for
at the contract unit price for Portland Cement Concrete Pavement, which price and payment
shall be full compensation for preparation of roadbed and finishing of shoulders, unless
otherwise provided by the Special Provisions, furnishing all materials, for mixing, placing,
finishing and curing all concrete, for furnishing and placing all joint materials, for sawing
weakened plane joints, for fitting the prefabricated center metal joint, for facilitating and
controlling traffic, and for furnishing all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to
complete the Item.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

311 (1) PCC Pavement (Plain) Square meter

311 (2) PCC Pavement (Reinforced) Square meter

49
 Item 316 – SOIL SEALANT AND SOIL STABILIZER

316.1 Description

This Item shall consist of application of Polymer Liquid Soil Sealant and Stabilizer to
improve the strength and other properties of ordinary soil for use as base/surfacing materials
in roads in accordance with this Specification and in conformity with the requirements shown
on the Plans or as directed by the LGU Project Engineer.

316.2 Material Requirements

316.2.1 Liquid Soil Sealant and Stabilizer

It shall be a polymer based soil additive that is non-hazardous, environmentally safe,

and easy to use.

316.2.2 Soil Aggregate

It shall consist of any combination of gravel, sand, silt and clay or other approved
combination of materials free from vegetable or other objectionable matter. It may be
materials encountered in the construction site or materials obtained from approved sources. It
is the intent of this Specification to utilize soils existing on the roadbed if the quality is
satisfactory. If the quantity is deficient, the soil aggregate shall be obtained wholly or partly
from approved outside sources.

316.2.3 Salvaged Soil Aggregate

Where soil-aggregate required is already in place, the Contractor shall not be

responsible for its grading or quality except for removal of oversized materials as directed by
the LGU Project Engineer. In general, salvaged soil-aggregate to be used for soil stabilization
shall consist of material meeting the requirements given in Sub-section 316.2.2, Soil
Aggregate.

316.2.4 Water

It shall conform to the requirements of Item 714, Water.

316.2.5 Proportioning of Mixture

Soil sealant and stabilizer shall be less than 2% by weight of soil.

316.2.6 Strength Requirements

The unsoaked CBR value of the treated soil material shall be greater than the unsoaked
CBR value of untreated same soil material as determined by AASHTO T 193.

316.3 Construction Requirements

316.3.1 Weather Limitations

50
Soil Sealant material and water shall be not be mixed and applied during rainy or impending
bad weather. In the event rain occurs during the operations, work shall be promptly stopped
and the entire section shall be reconstructed in accordance with this Specification.

316.3.2 Construction Equipment

Equipment and tools necessary for handling the material and performing all parts of the
works shall be approved by the Engineer as to design, capacity and mechanical condition.
The equipment shall be at the jobsite sufficiently ahead of the start of application operation.

316.3.3 Sub-base Preparation

Existing road base materials shall be scarified by use of grader to a depth of 150mm to
200mm and shall be stockpiled on both sides of the road. Rolling of sub-base shall follow until
the desired compaction is attained.

If further needed, the soil stabilizer shall be applied on the sub-base after it was exposed
for 24 hours, provided that after applying the soil stabilizer, first layer of road base materials
mixed thoroughly with the stabilizer shall be spread immediately. The dilution rate for sub-
base shall depend on the type of soil and application method.

316.3.4 Application, Compacting and Finishing of Soil Sealant and stabilizer on Road
Base

After the preparation of sub-base, a windrow procedure or stockpiled base course

materials shall be carried out in the application of the soil stabilizer. It shall be mixed
thoroughly and spread by a grader in approximately two (2) equal layers. The dilution rate for
sub-base shall depend on the type of soil and application method.

Compaction shall be done using steel roller on the first layer and steel and rubber roller on
the second layer. Steel roller shall be used to crush aggregates larger than half inch on the
surface of the laid treated base course while rubber roller shall follow to smoothen the surface.
Compaction shall continue until the surface has formed a bond and little or no moisture is
present. If further needed, after compaction of the second layer, final application of soil sealant
shall be sprayed on the second layer to ensure that the base was totally saturated on the
compaction is in process. After 48 hours of curing, the soil sealant shall be sprayed on the
compacted road base as sealant or coating for the new road base pavement.

316.3.5 Trial Sections

Trial sections of the stabilize base shall be constructed by the contractor at least 2 weeks
before actual base construction. These shall conform to the applicable requirements of
Subsections 200.3.4, Trial Sections.

316.3.6 Tolerances

The stabilized base course shall be laid to the designed level and transverse slopes on the
Plans. The allowable tolerances shall be in accordance with Subsection 201.3.5, Tolerance.

316.3.7 Traffic

51
 The Contractor shall not be permitted to drive heavy equipment over completed portions
prior to the end of 24 hours curing period except pneumatic-tired equipment required
constructing adjoining sections.

316.4 Certification

The manufacturer or authorized distributor/dealer shall be file with the purchaser a

certificate stating the chemical composition and other pertinent information that may be
needed for application and use. The manufacturer or authorized distributor/dealer shall
include in the certificate a guarantee stating that the Soil sealant and stabilizer meets the
requirements of the specification. The certificate shall be attested to by a person having legal
authority to bind the company.

316.5 Quality Control

The Contractor and the manufacturer or authorized distributor/dealer shall be responsible

for establishing and maintaining a quality control program so as to assure compliance with the
requirements of this specification.

316.6 Environmental Measures

In loading stabilizer materials to the truck and unloading it to the temporary bodega, and
from the bodega to the work site and during work operation workers doing this job shall be
provided with protective gears so as to avoid work related health concerns.

Workers in construction site shall be provided with working gloves, mask boots and
clothing to prevent workers from being contaminated with the stabilizer materials.

The Contractor shall see to it that the noise level of the exhaust mufflers of the equipment
shall be at the minimum. Otherwise, the Contractor must replace all the exhaust mufflers of
the equipment with a new one and or provide muffler silencers.

All roads leading the construction site shall be moist during the entire works operation to
prevent the blowing up of dust particles.

During work operation, precautionary signboards shall be provided by the Contractor to

prevent accidents.

316.7 Method of Measurement

The stabilized base course shall be measured by area. The quantity to be paid for
shall be the area covered shown on the Plans, and accepted in the completed course.

316.8 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantities, determined as provided above shall be paid for in the contract
unit price for the soil sealant and stabilizer incorporated into the soil material.

Payment will be made under:

52
Pay Item Description Unit of
Number Measurement
316 Placed Soil Sealant and Stabilizer Sq.M.

53
 ITEM 411 – PAINT

411.1 Description

This Item shall consist of furnishing and applying all paint materials including vehicles,
pigments, pastes, driers, thinners and mixed paints for steel and wooden structures; sampling
testing and packing; preparation of the surface and application of paint to structures.

411.2 Materials Requirements

411.2.1 General

Paint, except aluminum paint, shall consist of pigments of the required fineness and
composition ground to the desired consistency in linseed oil in a suitable grinding machine, to
which shall be added additional oil, thinner and drier as required.

Aluminum paint shall consist of aluminum powder or paste of the required fineness
and composition to which shall be added the specified amount of vehicle.

The paint shall be furnished for use in ready mixed, paste or powder form.

All paints shall meet the following general requirements:

1. The paint shall show no excessive settling and shall easily redisperse with a
paddle to a smooth, homogeneous state. The paint shall show no curdling,
livering, caking or color separation and shall be free from lumps and skins.
2. The paint as received shall brush easily, possess good leveling properties and
shall show no running or sagging when applied to a smooth vertical surface.
3. The paint shall dry to a smooth uniform finish, free from roughness grit,
unevenness and other imperfections.
4. The paint shall not skin within 48 hours in a ¾ filled tightly closed container.

411.2.2 The paint shall conform to the requirements of the Specifications indicated as follows:

Ready Mixed Red Lead Paint AASHTO M 72 and PNS

Type I, II, III & IV
Aluminum Paint AASHTO M 69 and PNS
Type I & II
White & Tinted Ready Mixed Paint AASHTO M 70
Foliage Green Bridge Paint AASHTO M 67
Black Paint for Bridges And Timber Structures AASHTO M 68
Basic Lead-Silico-Chromate Ready Mixed Primer AASHTO M 229
Ready Mixed Aluminum Paint AASHTO M 260 and PNS

411.2.3 Drier

This Specification covers both straight oil drier (material free from resins and gums),
and Japan drier (material containing varnish gums). The drier shall be composed of lead
manganese or cobalt or a mixture of any of these elements, combined with a suitable fatty oil,
with or without resins or gums, and mineral spirits or turpentine, or a mixture of these
solvents. The drier shall conform to the following requirements:

1. Appearance – Free from sediment and suspended matter.

54
 2. Flash Point – (Tag Close Up) Not less than 30oC.
3. Elasticity – The drier when flowed on metal and baked for 2 hours at 100 oC shall
have an elastic film.
4. Drying – It shall mix with pure raw linseed oil in the proportion of 1 volume of drier
to 19 volume of oil without curdling and the resulting mixture when flowed on glass
shall dry in not more than 18 hours.
5. Color – When mixed with pure, raw linseed oil in the proportion of 1 volume of drier
to 8 volume of oil, the resulting mixture shall be darker than a solution of 6 grams
of Potassium Dichromate in 13 cc of pure Sulfuric Acid (sp.gr. 1.84).

411.3 Construction Requirements

411.3.1 Proportion of Mixing

It is the intent of this Specification to provide a paint of proper brushing consistency,

which will not run, steak or sag and which will have satisfactory drying qualities.

411.3.2 Containers and Markings

All paints shall be shipped to strong substantial containers plainly marked with the
weight, color and volume in litres of the paint content, a true statement of the percentage
composition of the pigment, the proportions of the pigment to vehicle, the name and address
of the manufacturers, and the stencil of the authorized inspecting agency. Any package or
container not so marked will not be accepted for use.

411.3.3 Sampling and Testing

Method of sampling shall be as follows:

1. One 20-litre can sample in original unopened container shall be obtained for 100
cans of the delivered material or 10% fraction thereof.
2. One 4-litre can sample in original unopened container shall be obtained for every
100 cans or fraction thereof of the delivered material.

Methods of testing will be in accordance with the applicable AASHTO or ASTM

Methods.

411.3.4 Painting

411.3.4.1

The painting of structure shall include the proper preparation of the surface; the
application, protection and drying of the paint coatings, the protection of the pedestrians,
vehicular or other traffic upon or underneath the structures, the protection of all parts of the
structure (both superstructure and substructure) against disfigurement by spatters, splashes
and smirches of paint or of paint materials; and the supplying of all tools, tackle, scaffolding
labor, paint and materials necessary for the entire work.

Paint shall not be applied during rain, storms or when the air is misty, or when, in the
opinion of the LGU Project Engineer, conditions are otherwise unsatisfactory for the work.
Paint shall not be applied upon damp surfaces or upon metal which has absorbed heat
sufficient to cause the paint to blister and produce a pervious paint film.

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 No wide flat brush shall be used. All brushes preferably shall be either round or oval
but if flat brushes are used, they shall not exceed 100 mm in width.

The paint when applied shall be so manipulated as to produce a uniform even coating
in close contact with the surface being painted, and shall be worked into all corners and
crevices.

On surfaces inaccessible to brushes, the paint shall be applied by spray gun or with
sheepskin daubers specially constructed for the purposes.

Paint shall be thoroughly stirred, preferably by means of mechanical mixers, before

being removed from the containers, and, to keep the pigments in suspension, shall be kept
stirred while being applied.

When a paint gun is used, the equipment used shall be of an approved type and shall
have provision for agitation of paint in the spray container. In the case of aluminum paint, the
pressure used shall be only that necessary to secure adequate atomization. If in the opinion
of the LGU Project Engineer unsatisfactory results are obtained from the use of a spray gun,
its use shall be discontinued and the painting completed by the use of brushes.

411.3.4.2 Painting Galvanized Surface

For the purpose of conditioning the surface of galvanized surfaces to be painted, the
painting shall be deferred as long as possible in order that the surface may weather.

Before painting galvanized surfaces they shall be treated as follows:

1. In 4 litres of soft water, dissolve 60 ml of copper chloride, copper nitrate, and sal
ammonia, then add 60 ml of commercial muriatic acid. This should be done in
earthenware or glass vessel, never in tin or other metal receptacle. Apply the
solution with a wide flat brush to the galvanized surface, when it will assume a dark
almost black color which on drying becomes a grayish film.

2. The surfaces, when dry, may then be painted as described.

411.3.4.3 Repainting Existing Structures

When called for on the Plans or in the Special Provisions, existing structures shall be
given the number and kind of coats of field paint as stipulated. The surface to be repainted
shall be cleaned and that all dead or loose paint shall be removed by scraping, chipping, or
brushing as may be necessary. Timber railings, name plates, planking and other interfering
parts shall be removed before cleaning is begun and shall be replaced after the painting has
been completed and the last coat has thoroughly dried.

411.4 Environmental Measures

All waste materials shall be properly disposed in an area directed by the LGU Project
Engineer.

411.5 Measurement and Payment

Painting work executed by the Contractor shall be measured in Square Meters painted
in accordance with the approved plans and in conformance to the Bid Schedule. Areas

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painted by the Contractor not within the approved plans and in excess of the Bid Schedule
shall not be paid.

411.6 Basis of Payment

The quantity to be paid under this item is in terms of square meters of area painted. Payment
of work done includes labor, materials, equipment and other items that are essentials to
satisfactorily complete the work. Item incorporated by the Contractor for his own convenience
shall not be included in the payment. All rework activities as a result of Contractor negligence
to protect finish work shall not be paid.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Unit

Description
Number of Measurement
411 Painting Works Square Meter

PART D – DRAINAGE AND SLOPE PROTECTION STRUCTURES

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 ITEM 500 – PIPE CULVERTS AND STORM DRAINS

500.1 Description

This item shall consist of the construction or reconstruction of pipe culverts and storm
drains, hereinafter referred to as “conduit” in accordance with this Specification and in
conformity with the lines and grades shown on the Plans or as established by the LGU Project
Engineer.

500.2 Material Requirements

Material shall meet the requirements specified in the following specifications:

Concrete storm drain and culvert pipe AASHTO M 86

Reinforced concrete culvert and storm drain AASHTO M 170
Reinforced concrete arch culvert and storm drain AASHTO M 206
Reinforced concrete elliptical culvert and storm drain AASHTO M 207

Joint Mortar – Joint mortar for concrete pipes shall consist of 1 part, by volume of
Portland Cement and two (2) parts of approved sand with water as necessary to obtain the
required consistency.

Portland Cement and sand shall conform to the requirements of Item 405, Structural
Concrete. Mortar shall be used within 30 minutes after its preparation.

Bedding material shall conform to the requirements of Subsection 500.3.2, Bedding.

Backfill material shall conform to the requirements of Subsection 500.3.6, Backfilling.

When the location of manufacturing plants allow, the plants will be inspected
periodically for compliance with specified manufacturing methods, and material samples will
be obtained for laboratory testing for compliance with materials quality requirements. This
shall be the basis for acceptance of manufacturing lots as to quality.

Prior to and during incorporation of materials in the work, these materials will be
subjected to the latest inspection and approval of the LGU Project Engineer.

500.3 Construction Requirements

500.3.1 Trenches Excavation

Trenches shall be excavated in accordance with the requirement of Item 103,

Structure Excavation, to a width sufficient to allow for proper jointing of the conduit and
thorough compaction of the bedding and backfill materials under and around the conduit.
Where feasible, trench wall shall be vertical.

The completed trench bottom shall be firm for its full length and width. Where required,
in the case of crop drains, the trench shall have a longitudinal camber of the magnitude
specified.

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 When so specified on the Plans, the excavation for conduits placed in embankment fill,
shall be made after the embankment has been completed to the specified or directed height
above the designed grade of the conduit.

500.3.2 Bedding

The bedding shall conform to one of the classes specified. When no bedding class is
specified, the requirements for Class C bedding shall apply.

Class A bedding shall consist of a continuous concrete cradle conforming to the plan
details.

Class B bedding shall consist of bedding the conduit to a depth of not less than 30
percent of the vertical outside diameter of the conduit. The minimum thickness of bedding
material beneath the pipe shall be 100 mm. The bedding material shall be sand or selected
sandy soil all of which passes a 9.5 mm sieve and not more than 10 percent of which passes
a 0.075 mm sieve. The layer of the bedding material shall be shaped to fit the conduit for at
least 15 percent of its total height. Recesses in the trench bottom shall be shaped to
accommodate the bell when bell and spigot type conduit is used.

Class C bedding shall consist of bedding the conduit to a depth of not less than 10
percent of its total height. The foundation surface, completed in accordance with Item 103,
Structure Excavation, shall be shaped to fit the conduit and shall have recesses shaped to
receive the bells, if any.

500.3.3 Laying Conduit

The conduit laying shall begin at the downstream end of the conduit line. The lower
segment of the conduit shall be in contact with the shaped bedding throughout its full length.
Bell or groove ends of rigid conduits shall be placed facing upstream.

Paved or partially-lined conduit shall be laid such that the longitudinal center line of the
paved segment coincides with the flow line. Elliptical and elliptically reinforced conduits shall
be placed with the major axis within 5 degrees of a vertical plane through the longitudinal axis
of the conduit.

500.3.4 Jointing Conduit

Rigid conduits may either be of bell and spigot or tongue and groove design unless
another type is specified. The method of joining conduit sections shall be such that the ends
are fully entered and the inner surfaces are reasonably flush and even.

Joints shall be made with (a) Portland Cement mortar, (b) Portland Cement grout, or
any other type, as may be specified. Mortar joints shall be made with an excess of mortar to
form a continuous bead around the outside of the conduit and finished smooth on the inside.
For grouted joints, molds or runners shall be used to retain the poured grout.

When Portland Cement mixtures are used, the completed joints shall be protected
against rapid drying by any suitable covering material.

Conduits shall be inspected before any backfill is placed. Any pipe found to be out of
alignment, unduly settled, or damaged shall be taken up and relaid or replaced.

500.3.5 Backfilling

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 Materials for backfilling on each side of the conduit for the full trench width and to an
elevation of 300 mm above the top of the conduit shall be fine, readily compactible soil or
granular material selected from excavation or from a source of the Contractor’s choice, and
shall not contain stones that would be retained on a 50 mm sieve, chunks of highly plastic
clay, or other objectionable material. Granular backfill material shall have not less than 95
percent passing a 12.5 mm sieve and not less than 95 percent retained on a 4.75 mm sieve.
Oversized material, if present, shall be removed at the source of the material, except as
directed by the LGU Project Engineer.

When the top of the conduit is flushed with or below the top of the trench, backfill
material shall be placed at or near optimum moisture content and compacted in layers not
exceeding 150 mm (compacted) on both sides to an elevation 300 mm above the top of the
conduit. Care shall be exercised to thoroughly compact the backfill under the haunches of the
conduit. The backfill shall be brought up evenly on both sides of the conduit for the full
required length. Except where negative projecting embankment-type installation is specified,
the backfill material shall be placed and compacted for the full depth of the trench.

When the top of the conduit is above the top of the trench, backfill shall be placed at or
near optimum moisture content and compacted in layers not exceeding 300 mm (compacted)
and shall be brought up evenly on both sides of the conduit for its full length to an elevation
300 mm above the top of the conduit. The width of the backfill on each side of the conduit for
the portion above the top of the trench shall be equal to twice the diameter of the conduit or
3.5 m, whichever is less. The backfill material used in the trench section and the portion
above the top of the trench for a distance on each side of the conduit equal to the horizontal
inside diameter and to 300 mm above the top of the conduit shall conform to the requirements
for backfill materials in this Subsection. The remainder of the backfill shall consist of materials
from excavation and borrow that is suitable for embankment construction.

Compaction to the density specified in Item 104, Embankment, shall be achieved by

use of mechanical tampers or by rolling.

All conduits after being bedded and backfill as specified in this Subsection shall be
protected by one metre cover of fill before heavy equipment is permitted to cross during
construction of the roadway.

500.3.7 Imperfect Trench

Under this method, for rigid conduit, the embankment shall be completed as described
in Subsection 500.3.6, Backfilling, to a height above the conduit equal to the vertical outside
diameter of the conduit plus 300 mm. A trench equal in width to the outside horizontal
diameter of the conduit and to the length shown on the plans or as directed by the LGU
Project Engineer shall then be excavated to within 300 mm of the top of the conduit, trench
walls being as nearly vertical as possible. The trench shall be loosely filled with highly
compressible soil. Construction of embankment above shall then proceed in a normal manner.

500.4 Environmental Measures

All waste materials shall be properly disposed in an area directed by the LGU Project
Engineer.

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 Chip or cut concrete shall be removed from the water or from the vicinity of the
structures immediately after the completion of the concreting works.

Surplus excavated materials shall be disposed in an area designated by the Barangay

and the LGU Project Engineer.

500.5 Method of Measurement

Conduit of the different types and sizes, both new and relaid, will be measured by the
linear metre in place. Conduit with sloped or skewed ends will be measured along the invert.

Each section will be measured by the number of units installed.

Class B bedding material placed and approved shall be measured by the cubic metre
in place.

When the Bid Schedule contains an estimated quantity for “Furnishing and Placing
Backfill Material, Pipe Culvert”, the quantity to be paid for will be the number of cubic metre
complete in place and accepted, measured in final position between limits as follows:

1. Measurement shall include backfill material in the trench up to the top of the
original ground line but will not include any material placed outside of vertical
planes 450 mm up outside of and parallel to the inside wall of pipe at its
widest horizontal dimension.

2. When the original ground line is less than 300 mm above the top of the pipe,
the measurement will also include the placing of all backfill materials, above
the original ground line adjacent to the pipe for a height of 300 mm above
the top of pipe and for a distance on each side of the pipe not greater than
the widest horizontal dimension of the pipe.

3. The measurement shall include the placing of backfill material in all trenches
of the imperfect trench method. Materials re-excavated for imperfect trench
construction will be measured for payment under Item 103, Structure
Excavation.

500.6 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantities of conduit, determined as provided in Section 500.5, Method

of Measurement, shall be paid for at the contract unit price per linear meter for the conduit of
the types and sizes specified complete in place.

Excavation for culverts and storm drains, including excavation below flow line grade
and for imperfect trench, shall be measured and paid for as provided in Item 103, Structure
Excavation.

When the Bid Schedule does not contain as estimated quantity for “Furnishing and
Placing Backfill Material, Pipe Culvert” payment for placing backfill material around pipe
culverts will be considered as included in the payment for excavation of the backfill material.

Payment will be made under:

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Payment Item Unit of
Description
Number Measurement
500 (1) 300 mm dia. RCPC Linear Meter
500 (2) 450 mm dia. RCPC Linear Meter
500 (3) 610 mm dia. RCPC Linear Meter
500 (4) 900 mm dia. RCPC Linear Meter
500 (5) 1200 mm dia. RCPC Linear Meter
500 (6) Special Size Linear Meter

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