Suman Educational Trust’s

Dilkap Research Institute of Engineering & Management

Studies
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Department of Electrical Engineering

SIMULATION- IV
SEM:VIII

Subject In charge: HOD

Prof. Ritika soni Prof. Rashmi Chaudhari

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 Experiment - 1

Objective: -

Solar PV power generating plant using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Apparatus Required:-

Matlab Simulink
1. Current Measurement
2. Pulse generator

3. Scope
4. Powergui

5. Three-Phase Programmable Voltage Source

6. Three-Phase V-I Measurement

Theory:-

Photovoltaic (PV) electric power generation has been proven a significant source of energy
for harnessing the power available from Sun.Power system is a complex network ofthousands
of buses with generators, transformers, transmission lines, compensating devices, and other
auxiliary equipment’s required to assure its safe and reliable operation. The overall system
thus consists of multiple generating sources and several layers of transmission networks. This
provides a high degree of structural redundancy that enables the system to withstand unusual
contingencies without service disruption to the consumers. Power system planners and
operators require wide-ranging data analysis and computer model simulation to understand;
the behavior of complex power system under contingency situations to avoid cascaded
outages and; to evaluate the ability of power system to withstand such events. Computer
simulation helps system planners and/or operators to develop strategies to mitigate the
potential problem. The response obtained from the model simulation studies indicates
vulnerability of the system against the potential power system threats. In general a system
model is needed to reasonably represent the actual equipment performance in simulations.
With the increased penetration of solar PV, it has become considerable for the system
planners and operators to recognize the impact of PV plant on the stability and reliable
operation of grid. This enforces the development of adequate PV system models for grid
planning and interconnection studies.

Problem Statement:

The problem deals with the components design and the simulation of a photovoltaic power
generation system using MATLAB and Simulink software. The power plant is composed of
photovoltaic panels connected in series and parallel strings, a DC-DC boost converter and a
three-phase inverter which connects to a 0.4 kV three-phase low voltage grid and a 20 kV
medium voltage grid by means of a step-up transformer. The DC-DC boost converter uses a
MPPT controller and the inverter uses a control method based on d-q theory with a PI current
regulator. Some cases for which the dynamic behavior of the configured photovoltaic system
presents interest are simulated. They address the solar irradiance and temperature change.

The production of electrical energy without polluting actions and on the environment and
depletion of its resources is a very topical problem. The solar energy radiation, considered
relative to the life on Earth, seems to be inexhaustible. The photovoltaic solar energy relies
on the direct generation of electricity by means of silicon cells. Under favorable climate
conditions, when shining, the sun provides a power of 1 kW/m2 . The photovoltaic panels
allow for direct conversion in electricity of 10…15% from the above mentioned energy. The
efficiency of PV system is a permanent concern. The irradiance energy of the sun to electrical
energy can be converted through photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems. If the power
generation system does not include batteries to store the DC energy, instead including a
common capacitor between the DC-DC and DC-AC converters to store the energy on the side
of DC-Link, then a fully non-polluting source is obtained. To get an optimization of the
power supplied to the network, depending on the irradiance intensity of the sun, it is preferred
to select a configuration in which the photo-voltaic power generation system uses an efficient
controller such as Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

DESIGN OF THE PV POWER GENERATION SYSTEM

The design of a PV power generation system, with an installed power of 10 MW, is proposed
in what follows. The electric power supplying by using a PV equipment is made according to
the requirements imposed by the electric energy provider who operates at the PV site, two
options being available: the low voltage connection (400 V) and the medium voltage
connection (20 kV), by means of the step-up transformer (LV/MV). The designed PV power
generation system is composed of (Fig.1):

1) A PV array of PV panels grouped in series and/or parallel strings such as to obtain a

maximum power of 10 MW;

2) A DC-DC boost converter used as a load regulator and respectively to convert the output
voltage of the PV array to a suitable voltage for the inverter;

3) A three-phase DC-AC converter (i.e. inverter) to export the electrical energy to the three-
phase grid;

4) A three-phase step-up transformer to adapt the 0.4 kV low voltage output of the inverter to
the 20 kV voltage of the grid;

5) The PV power generation system controller, which contains the MPPT controller for the
DC-DC boost converter and the inverter's controller.

The MPPT controller is used to control the duty cycle in order to maintain the operating point
as close as possible to the maximum power point PMP of the PV array. PMP is located at the
intersection between the voltage-current characteristic curve of the PV array and the
equivalent load characteristic (Fig. 2).

In Fig. 2, VOL is the open-load voltage of the PV cell, ISC represents its short-circuit current
value. IMP and VMP are the current and voltage corresponding to the maximum power point
PMP .
Simulation diagram:-

By using the designing parameters of the PV park presented below and the data from
datasheet, a simulation of a field with PV cells corresponding to one of the 28 inverters was
done in the Simulink module which belongs to MATLAB.

The Simulink model of the PV field is built by using elements from the library
SimPowerSystems. The solving method is of discrete type and uses a fix step of 1 µs. The
control system operates at a sampling step of 100 µs, in order to reproduce as accurate as
possible the digital control.
Result Analysis:-

Viva Questions:

Q.1. What do you know about MPPT?

Q.2. Write different algorithms of MPPT?

Q.3. Explain DC-DC boost converter?

Q.4. What do you know about IGBT?

Q.5. What is inversion mode of converters?

Q.6.Draw Voltage-current characteristic of a PV cell?

Q.7. What do you know about inverters?

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 Experiment – 2

Objective: Load Compensation using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Apparatus Required:-

Matlab Simulink.
1. Gto
2. AC Voltage Source

3. Voltage Measurement
4. Current Measurement

5. Pulse generator
6. Scope

7. Powergui

Theory:-

Reactive Power Compensation by using FACTS Controllers (MATLAB)

Need of reactive power compensation

To enable the voltage and to provide active power (watt) along transmission line reactive power is
mandatory. As in the system major loads are passive loads. This passive device stores reactive
power produce by the ac source in the positive quarter of cycle and it sent back to the ac power
source during the next quarter of cycle. And same for the negative cycle. During this operation
frequency of reactive power motion is two times the rated value. So, to avoid the circulation
between the passive loads and AC power source reactive power needs to compensate. And to
maintain the power factor near to unity of the system and maintain the voltage stability reactive
power should compensate.

2 FACTS Device Now for the transmission planner most important aspect is that FACTS
technology opens up new opportunities for controlling power and enhancing the usable capacity of
present, as well as new upgraded lines. The likelihood that current through a line can be controlled

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at a practicable cost enables a large potential of increasing the capacity of existing line with huge
conductors, and use of FACTS devices to make it possible for concur with power to flow through
such lines under normal and occurrence.

Model Description Figure.1 represents the Simulink model being used to control the reactive power
by using IGBT’s for controlling the reactive power supplied by the capacitor. Figure.2 represents
the control of reactive power provided at the load side. It is an open loop model result for the
control of reactive power.

Simulation and Result:

Table 1 shows the Value of reactive power supplied to the load changes, as we change the pulse
width
Viva Questions:

Q.1. What is load compensation?

Q.2. What do you know about reactive power?

Q.3. What is pulse generator?

Q.4. Why compensation is required?

Q.5. How you improve voltage profile?

Q.6. What is the necessity of compensation?

Q.7. How is the reactive power controlled, using FACTS devices?

Q.8. How is reactive power controlled in electrical network?

Q.9. What are the objectives of line compensation?

Q.10. What are the diff types of compensation schemes?

 Experiment – 3

Objective:
FACTS Controllers using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Apparatus Required:-

Matlab Simulink.
1. Gto

2. AC Voltage Source
3. Voltage Measurement

4. Current Measurement
5. Pulse generator

6. Scope
7. Powergui

Theory:-
For the development and improvement of dynamic performance of the modern power system,
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices have been used since 1970s. FACTS devices
use power electronic components to improve system performance. FACTS controller includes
Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC_TCR), Static Synchronous Compensator
(STATCOM), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), Static Series Synchronous
Compensator (SSSC), Static VAR Compensator (SVC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC),
which are used in the transmission and distribution system to improve power transfer capability and
to enhance power system stability. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is the most
complex power electronic equipment and is able to control, simultaneously or selectively, all the
parameters affecting power flow in the transmission line. It can independently control both the real
and reactive power flow in the line. This paper shows the results that show the performance of the
system for each of the FACTS devices in improving the power flow in the transmission line. All the
simulations are carried out by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The simulation result shows
the performance of FACTS devices in transmission line.

To provide cheaper electricity, present power system is deregulated, under which power is
produced by separate generation, transmission and distribution system. Electric power demand is
growing day by day. Thus it is necessary to rely on utilization of existing generating unit and to
load the existing transmission line to their thermal limits and to maintain stability also. It is also
necessary to operate power system with minimum loss in the transmission line. Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) devices play an important role in controlling power and enhancing
the usable capacity of existing lines. FACTS devices use power electronic component to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer capability. Future electric transmission system can be
smart by using FACTS devices.

FACTS controller includes Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Thyristor Controlled

Series Capacitor (TCSC), Static Series Synchronous Compensator (SSSC), Static VAR
Compensator (SVC), which are capable of controlling the network condition in a very fast manner
to improve voltage stability and power quality. When the system is unable to meet the reactive
power demand, voltage instability occurs in the power system. Reactive power imbalance occur
when the system is faulted, heavily loaded and voltage fluctuation is there [20]. Reactive power
balance can be done by using FACTS devices in the transmission line, which can inject or absorb
reactive power in the system as per requirement.

Simulation and Result:-

A. Uncompensated model

The SIMULINK model of uncompensated system is shown below.

Fig.: Uncompensated System

Fig.: Real Power Flow

Fig.: Reactive Power Flow

B. FC-TCR Compensated System. The SIMULINK model of FC-TCR is shown below.

Fig.: FC-TCR compensated system

Results obtained after simulation is shown below.

Fig.: Real Power Flow

Fig.: Reactive Power Flow

Table 1
Variation of Power Flow with change in Capacitance

From the above table it is seen that power flow through the system increases with the increase in
capacitance.
Viva Questions:

Q.1. What are the different power electronic switching devices?

Q.2. Compare fixed series compensation and fixed shunt compensation

Q.3. What are the main areas of application of FACTS devices?

Q.4. What are different modes of operation of TCSC?

Q.5. List the models of TCSC.

Q.6. List the disadvantage of fixed series compensation

Q.7. List the generation of facts controllers.

Q.8. What are various categories of FACTS controllers?

Q.9. Define voltage stability

Q.10. What is STATCOM