Turbo Machine

Introduction to Turbomachines
1. Define turbo machines. Briefly classify Turbomachines (1a, 06,Dec18/19, 1a,

08,Dec17/Jan18)
2. Define turbo machines. Briefly classify on the basis of work transfer (1a,
04,June/July14,)
3. Define turbomachine . Explain with neat sketch construction and working of
turbomachine (1a, 06, June/July 18,1a,06,Dec15/Jan16, 1a,4, Dec13/Jan14)
4. Enumerate the difference between a turbomachine and a positive displacement pump
(1b, 06, June/July 18,1a,08, Dec 18/jan19, 1a, 05, June/july 17,1a, 05,
Dec16/Jan17,1a,06, June/July16, 1a, 06, June/July13)
5. Define with appropriate expressions i) flow mcoefficient ii) head coefficient iii) power
coefficient iv) specific speed ( 1a, 08, June/July 18 15ME53,1b, 05,June/July 17)
6. Define specific speed of pumps . Derive an expression for specific speed of a pump
1b,08, Dec16/Jan17,1b, 06, Dec14/Jan15)
7. Define specific speed of a turbine. Obtain an expression for the same in terms of P
shaft power speed and head (1c,06, June/July13)
8. Define specific speed and specific power (1c, 04, June/July14)
9. Define specific speed of a pump and a turbine . Explain the significance of specific
speed (1b, 06, Dec13/Jan14)
10. Define specific speed of pump . Show that specific speed of pump is given by
𝑁√𝑄
𝑁𝑠 = 3 (1b,06, Dec18/19, 1b, 06, Dec17/Jan 18)
𝐻4
11. What are Unit quantities.? Derive the expressions to each of them (1b, 06,
June/July16)
12. With usual notations , derive expressions for unit Discharge coefficient, Head
coefficient, and Power coefficient using Dimensional analysis (1c, 06, Dec15/Jan16)
13. Deducing an expression , expalain the significance of second law of thermodynamics
applied to a turbo machine (1a,06, Dec12)
14. Explain the significance of first and second law of thermodynamics applied to a
turbomachine (1a, 06, Dec14/Jan15)
15. Define the following efficiencies of power obsorbine macines i) Total to total efficiency
ii) static to static efficiency (1b, 06, June/July14)
Turbo Machine: It is a device in which energy transfer takes place between a flowing fluid
and a rotating element due to dynamic action and results in change of pressure and
momentum of fluid
Example: Turbine, centrifugal compressors, centrifugal pumps:
Principle components of turbomachines:
1
1. Rotor which carries a series of blades, rotating in the steams of fluid flow
2. A stationary element (fixed blade) which usually acts as a guide way for the proper
control of proper direction during energy conversion process
3. An input shaft
Classification of Turbo machine:
i) Classification Based on Direction of Energy Conversion.
The device in which the kinetic, potential or intermolecular energy held by the fluid is
converted in the form of mechanical energy of a rotating member is known as a turbine .
The machines, on the other hand, where the mechanical energy from moving parts is
transferred to a fluid to increase its stored energy by increasing either its pressure or velocity
are known as pumps, compressors, fans or blowers .
ii) Classification based on basic working principle
Ie Impulse and Reaction turbine----------
The machine for which the change in static head in the rotor is zero is known impulse machine.
In these machines, the energy transfer in the rotor takes place only by the change in dynamic
head of the fluid
In reaction turbine energy transfer in the rotor takes place by change in static and dynamic
head of the fluid
iii) Classification based on the direction of fluid flow:
• Axial in which fluid enters and leaves parallel to the axis of rotor
• Radial in which fluid enters and leaves along the direction perpendicular to the
axis of shaft
• Tangential in which fluid flow is tangent to the shaft
• Mixed flow: in which fluid entry is axial , exit is radial or vice versa
Difference between positive displacement machine and turbo machine:
2
Sl No Positive Displacement machine Turbomachine
1 Energy transfer takes place due to static Energy transfer takes place between
action and thermodynamic between rotor and fluid due to dynamic action
rotor and static fluid and thermodynamics between rotor
and flowing fluid
2 Reciprocating in nature Rotary in nature
3 Fluid flow is Unsteady Fluid flow is Steady
4 Fluid containment is positive Fluid containment is not positive
5 Low speed machine High speed machine
6 Complex in design Simple in design
7 Balancing of parts is difficult Balancing of parts is easy
8 There is no problem of surging and There is problem of surging and
cavitation cavitiaon
9 Conversion efficiency is high Conversion efficiency is low
10 Volumetric efficiency low Volumetric efficiency is high
Dimension Analysis
Force(N)/resistnace mass x acceleration kg m/sec2 MLT-2

work/Energy/Torque Force x displacement Nm MLT-2xL = ML2T-2
Pressure/Change in Force/Area N/m2 MLT-2/L2=ML-1T-2
Pressure
Power workdone /sec Nm/s ML2T-2xT=ML2T-3
Velocity distance/sec m/s LT-1
Density mass/Volume kg/m3 ML-3
Absolute viscosity Ns/m2 MLT-2xT/L2=ML-1T-1
Kinematic viscosity Absolute m2/s ML-1T-1/ ML-3=L2T-1
Viscosity/Density
Surface tension N/m MLT-2/L =MT-2
Discharge m3/s L3T-1
Energy per Unit mass gH m2/s ML2T-2/M=L2T-2
Surface roughness m L
Length/Diameter/Height m L
Angular speed, speed of rad/sec, rpm T-1
rotor
Efficiency/pressure ratio No dimension Dimensionless
number
Performance of a turbomachine depends upon the following
Discharge Q, speed or rpm N, size of the rotor D, energy per unit mass gH, Power P, density
ρ, dynamic viscosity μ, Using dimensional analysis find the 𝜋 terms
3
f(Q, N, D, gH, P, ρ, μ) =0
no of variables n =7
no of fundamental variables m = 3
no of π terms = n-m=7-3 =4
Let us select repeated variables , ρ (fluid property) N (dynamic property) D (Geometrical

Property)
Π1 = ρa1, Nb1, Dc1 , Q
Π2 = ρa2, Nb2, Dc2 , gH
Π3 = ρa3, Nb3, Dc3 , P
Π4 = ρa4, Nb4, Dc4 , μ
Q=L3T-1, N=T-1, D=L, ρ=ML-3, gH= L2T-2, μ=ML-1T-1, P=ML2T-3
Π1
M0L0T0 = (ML-3)a1 (T-1) b1 Lc1 L3T-1
M ----- 0=a1
T------ 0= -b1 -1 ie b1 = -1
L------- 0= -3a1+ C1 + 3 ie 0= -3x(0) + c1+3 ie C1= -3
Π1= ρ0, N-1, D-3 , Q

𝑸
=𝑵𝑫𝟑 Flow coefficient
Π2
M0L0T0 = (ML-3)a2 (T-1) b2 Lc2 L2T-2
M ----- 0=a2
T------ 0= -b2 -2 ie b2 = -2
L------- 0= -3a2+ C2 + 2 ie 0= -3x(0) + c2+2 ie C2= -2

𝒈𝑯
Π2= ρ0, N-2, D-2, gH; Π2= =𝑵𝟐𝑫𝟐 Head coefficient
4
Π3
M0L0T0 = (ML-3)a3 (T-1) b3 Lc3 ML2T-3
M ----- 0=a3+1 ie a3=-1
T------ 0= -b3 -3 ie b3 = -3
L------- 0= -3a3+ C3 + 2 ie 0= -3x(-1) + c3+2 ie C3= -5

𝑷
Π3= ρ-1, N-3, D-5, P; Π3= =𝝆𝟏𝑵𝟑𝑫𝟓 Power coefficient
Π4
M0L0T0 = (ML-3)a4 (T-1) b4 Lc4 ML-1T-1
M ----- 0=a4+1 ie a4=-1
T------ 0= -b4 -1 ie b4 = -1
L------- 0= -3a4+ C4 - 1 ie 0= -3x(-1) + c4 -1 ie C4= -2

𝝁
Π4= ρ-1, N-1, D-2, μ; Π4= =𝝆𝟏𝑵𝟏𝑫𝟐
Significance of π terms
𝑄
Π1 =𝑁𝐷3 is called as flow coefficient / capacity coefficient
It is defined as the volume flow rate of the fluid through a turbomachine of unit diameter of
runner operating at unit speed ie flow coefficient = Q when N=1 and H=1
From above π1 term for a pump of certain diameter running at various speeds the discharge
is proportional to the speed of the pump. This is called as First fan Law
𝑔𝐻
Π2 = =𝑁2𝐷2 is called as Head coefficient
Since U is directly proportional to DN, N2D2 can be replaced in π term as U2

𝐻
Hence π2 = 𝑈2
𝑔
From the above expression, for a given impeller, head varies as the square of the tangential
speed of the rotor. This is called second fan law
𝑃
Π3=𝜌1𝑁3𝐷5 Power coefficient
5
From the above expression for the same runner of turbomachine and same fluid Power
developed by the turbomachine is directly proportional to the cube power of speed. This is
called 3rd fan law
Specific speed for a pump: It is defined as the speed of the geometrically similar
turbomachine (pump) which discharges 1m3/s under unit head
N=Ns when Q=1m3/s and H=1m

𝑔𝐻
Π2 = is called as Head coefficient
𝑁 2 𝐷2
From the above expression HαD2 N2
√𝐻
Dα 𝑁
-------------1
𝑄
From flow coefficient 𝑁𝐷3 ; Ie Qα ND3
Substituting 1 in above eqution

3
√𝐻 𝐻 3/2 𝑘𝐻 3/2
QαN( ) ; Qα ; Q=
𝑁 𝑁2 𝑁2
From the definition of specific speed N=Ns when Q=1 and H=1
𝑘 𝑁2 𝑁√𝑄
Hence 1= 𝑁2 ie k =Ns2; Hence Q = 𝑁𝑠2 𝐻3/2; Ns= 𝐻 3/4
𝑠
Specific speed for a Turbine: It is defined as the speed of the geometrically similar
turbomachine (turbine) which develops unit power under unit head
N=Ns when Q=1m3/s and H=1m

𝑔𝐻
Π2 = is called as Head coefficient
𝑁 2 𝐷2
From the above expression HαD2 N2
√𝐻
Dα -------------1
𝑁
𝑃
From Power coefficient 𝜌1𝑁3𝐷5
Ie Pα N3 D5 for same fluid
Substituting 1 in above equation

5
√𝐻 𝐻 5/2 𝑘𝐻 5/2
P α N3 ( 𝑁 ) ; Pα 𝑁2
; P= 𝑁2
From the definition of specific speed N=Ns when P=1 and H=1
6
𝑘
Hence 1= 𝑁2 ie k =Ns2
𝑠
𝑁𝑠2 𝑁√𝑃
Hence P = 𝐻5/2; Ns= where P is in kW
𝑁2 𝐻 5/4
Unit quantities: (Applied to same machine)
Unit discharge Qu : is defined as the discharge of a pump under unit Head
Q =AV; Qα √𝐻 for a given pump as V=√2𝑔𝐻; Q=k √𝐻 −eqn 1
From definition of unit discharge Q= Qu when H=1
Qu = kx1; k= Qu
𝑄
Substituting k in eqn 1 ; Q=Qu √𝐻; Therefore Qu=
√𝐻
Unit Speed 𝑵𝑼
Unit Speed is defined as a speed of the turbomachine working under unit head
From flow coefficient gH𝛼 N2D2
For the given turbomachine HαN2; N α √𝐻 ; N =k√𝐻 – 𝑒𝑞𝑛 1
From definition of unit speed N=Nu when H=1
Nu=kx1; k= Nu
𝑁
Substituting k in eqn 1 ; N=Nu√𝐻; Nu =
√𝐻
Unit Power𝑷𝑼
Unit Power defined as the power of turbomachine working under unit head
P=ωQH
Pα √𝐻 H as Qα√𝐻 for a given pump
Pα H3/2; P=k H3/2− 𝑒𝑞𝑛 1
From the definition of unit power P=Pu when H=1m
Pu=kx1; k= Pu
𝑃
Substituting k in equation 1 ; P= PuH3/2; Pu= 𝐻 3/2
7
Reynolds Number: is defined as a ratio of inertia force to viscous force
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑉𝐷
Reynold number= 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝜇
In a pipe flow if Re<2000------Laminar flow
If 2000<Re<3000 -------Transition
If Re> 3000 ----------turbulent flow
In turbomachine Reynold mumber is not such an important parameter since machine losses
are not determined by viscous force alone because various other losses such as losses due
to shock at entry, turbulence, impact, friction , leakage and roughness
Most of the turbomachines use relatively low viscous fluid like air steam, water and lighoils.
Therefore, the flow in a turbomachine is turbulent in nature
According to Moodys friction factor depends only on relative roughness and not on Reynold
number which becomes constant for turbulent flow
For Hydraulic turbine, prototype will have low relative roughness due to its large size, even
though model has a smooth surface. Due to this dissimilarties of surface roughness the
model similarity loss must ve corrected for Reynolds number dependency. Moody has
suffested an equation to determine efficiencies from experiment on a geometrically similar
model
2
𝐷
The equation I s ηp= 1- (1-ηm)( 𝐷𝑚 )
𝑝
1. An output of 10kW was recorded on a turbine, 0.5m diameter, revolving at a speed of

800rpm, under a head of 20m. What is the diameter and output of another turbine
which works under a head of 180m at a speed of 200rpm when their efficiencies are
same. Find the specific speed and name the turbine can be used.(1c, 10, June/July 17)
Solution
𝑃1 = 10𝑘𝑊; D1=0.5m; N1=800rpm; H1=20m
D1=?; 𝑃2 =? N2=200rpm; H2=180m
𝜂1 = 𝜂2; Ns =?
𝑔𝐻1 𝑔𝐻 𝐻 𝑁 2 180 800 2

= 𝑁2 𝐷22 ; 𝐷22 = 𝐻2 (𝑁1) 𝐷12 ; 𝐷22 = (200) 0.52; 𝐷22 = 36 ; 𝐷2 = 6𝑚
𝑁12 𝐷12 2 2 1 2 20
𝑃1 𝑃 𝑁 3 𝐷 5 200 3 6 5
= 𝜌 𝑁32𝐷5; 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 (𝑁2) (𝐷2) ; 𝑃2 = 10 ∗ (800) ∗ (0.5) ; 𝑃2 = 38880𝑘𝑊
𝜌 𝑁13 𝐷15 1 1 1 1
8
𝑁1 √𝑃1 800√10
Ns = 5 ; Ns = 5 ; Ns =59.81
𝐻14 204
2. Tests on a turbine runner 1.25m in diameter at 30m head gave the following results,
power developed =736kW, speed is 180rpm and discharge 2.70𝑚3 /sec. Find the
diameter speed and discharge of a runner to operate at 45m head and give 1472kW at
the same efficiency . What is the specific speed of both the turbines? (1c, 08,
Dec18/19,1b,08, Dec18?jan19 15ME53,1c, 08 Dec16/17,1c, 10, Dec13/Jan14)
D1=1.25m; H1=30m; 𝑃1 = 736𝑘𝑊 N1=180rpm 𝑄1 = 2.70 m3/s
D2=? ; 𝑁2 =? 𝑄2 =? H2= 45m ; 𝑃2=1472kW;
Discharge:
𝜂1 = 𝜂2
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝜔𝑄1 𝐻1 𝜔𝑄2 𝐻2
736 1472
=𝑄 ; 𝑄2 = 3.6𝑚3 /𝑠;
2.7∗30 2 ∗45
Speed
𝑁1 √𝑃1 𝑁2 √𝑃2 180√736 𝑁2 √1472

Ns = 5 = 5 ; 5 = 5 ; 𝑁2 = 211.28𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝐻14 𝐻24 304 454
Diameter
𝑄1 𝑄2 2.7 3.6
=𝑁 ; 180∗1.253 = 211.28∗𝐷3 ; 𝐷23 = 2.219 D2= 1.303𝑚
𝑁1 𝐷13 3
2 𝐷2 2
Specific Speed
𝑁1 √𝑃1 𝑁2 √𝑃2 180√736

Ns = 5 = 5 ; 𝑁𝑠 = 5 = 69.55
𝐻14 𝐻24 304
Type of turbine:
3. A model of turbine 1m in diameter acting under a head of 2m runs at 150rpm.

Estimate the scale ratio of the prototype develops 20MW under a head of 225m with
specific speed of 100 (1d, 06, June/July14)
9
𝐷𝑚
Dm=1m; Hm=2m; Nm=150rpm;scale ratio = =?
𝐷𝑝
𝑃𝑝 =20MW=20000kW; HP= 225m; 𝑁𝑠 = 100
𝑁𝑚√𝑃𝑚 150∗√𝑃𝑚
Ns = 5 ; 100 = 5 ; 𝑃𝑚 = 2.514𝑘𝑊
4
𝐻𝑚 24
𝑁𝑃√𝑃𝑃 𝑁𝑃 √20000
Ns = 5 ; 100 = 5 ; 𝑁𝑃 = 616.188𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝐻𝑃4 2254
𝑃𝑚 𝑃𝑃 𝐷 5 2,514 150 3 𝐷 5 𝐷𝑚 1
3 𝐷5 =𝜌 3 5; ; ( 𝐷𝑚 ) = 20000 (616.188) ; ( 𝐷𝑚 ) = 1.813 ∗ 10−6; = 14.07
𝜌𝑚 𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑁𝑝 𝐷𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝐷𝑃
Scale ratio is 1: 14.07
4. A windmill model of 1:10 scale develops 2kW under a head of 6m at 500rpm. A

prototype work under a head of 40m. Assuming that the efficiencies of model and
prototype remains same Determine the power developed , speed of the prototype
and its specific speed (1c, 08, June/July18)
𝐷𝑚 1
= 10; 𝑃𝑚 = 2𝑘𝑊; Hm=6m; Nm=500rpm;
𝐷𝑃
𝐻𝑃 = 40𝑚; 𝜂𝑚 = 𝜂𝑃 ; 𝑃𝑃 =?; NP=?; Ns=?;
Speed of the prototype
𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝑔𝐻𝑝 𝐻 𝐷 2 40 1 2
2 𝐷2 = 𝑁 2 𝐷2 ; 𝑁𝑃2 = 𝑁𝑚
2
∗ 𝐻 𝑃 ∗ ( 𝐷𝑚 ) ; 𝑁𝑃2 = 5002 ∗ *(10) 𝑁𝑃2 = 16666.66
𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑃 𝑚 𝑃 6
NP=129.1rpm
Power developed by prototype
𝑃𝑚 𝑃𝑃 𝑁 3 𝐷 5 129.1 3
3 𝐷5 =𝜌 3 5 ; 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑃𝑚 ∗ (𝑁 𝑃 ) ∗ (𝐷 𝑃 ) ; 𝑃𝑃 = 2 ∗ ( 500 ) ∗ 105;
𝜌𝑚 𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑁𝑝 𝐷𝑃 𝑚 𝑚
𝑃𝑃 = 3442.9𝑘𝑊
Specific speed
𝑁𝑚√𝑃𝑚 500√2
Ns = 5 ; 𝑁𝑠 = 5 𝑁𝑠 = 75.30
4
𝐻𝑚 64
5. A turbine model of 1:10 develops 2.0kW under a head of 6m at 500rpm. Find the
power developed by the prototype under a head of 40m. Also find the speed of
prototype and its specific speed. Assume the turbine efficiencies to remain same (1c,
06, Dec17/Jan18)
Solution is same as above problem
6. A one fourth scale turbine model is tested under a head of 10meters. The prototype is
required to work under a head of 30meters and to run at 425rpm. Estimate the speed
of the model if it develops 125kW and uses 1.1m3/s of water at this speed . Also
10
calculate the power output of the prototype and suggest the type of turbine (1c, 08,
Dec14/Jan15)
𝐷𝑚 1
= 4; 𝐻𝑚 = 10𝑚; 𝐻𝑃 = 30𝑚 NP=425rpm 𝑃𝑚 = 125𝑘𝑊; Qm=1.1m3/s; Nm=?;
𝐷𝑃
𝑃𝑃 =?;
Speed of the model
𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝑔𝐻 𝐻 𝐷 2 10
2 𝐷2 = 𝑁2 𝐷𝑝2; 2
𝑁𝑚 = 𝑁𝑃2 ∗ 𝐻𝑚 ∗ (𝐷 𝑃 ) ; 𝑁𝑚
2
= 4252 ∗ 30 *(4)2
𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑚
Nm=981.49rpm
Power developed by Prototype
𝑃𝑚 𝑃𝑃 𝑁 3 𝐷 5 425 3
3 𝐷5 =𝜌 3 5 ; 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑃𝑚 ∗ (𝑁 𝑃 ) ∗ (𝐷 𝑃 ) ; 𝑃𝑃 = 125 ∗ (981.5) ∗ 45;
𝑃𝑃 = 10392.16𝑘𝑊
Specific speed
𝑁𝑚√𝑃𝑚 981.5√125
Ns = 5 ; 𝑁𝑠 = 5 𝑁𝑠 = 617.08
4
𝐻𝑚 104
Type of turbine suggested:
7. The quantity of water available for a hydroelectric power station is 260m3/sec. The head
developed is 1.73m. If the speed of the turbines is 50rpm and efficiency 82.5%, find the
number of turbines . Assume specific speed to be 760.( 1c, 06, Dec25/Jan16, ,)*
Q=260cumecs =260m3/s; H=1.73m; N=50rpm; ηo=82.5% number of turbine=?

𝑃 𝑇 𝑃
ηo=𝜔𝑄𝐻; 0.85=9810∗260∗173 ie 𝑃𝑇 = 3640343𝑊=3640.343𝑘𝑊
𝑁√𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 50√𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ
Ns each= ; 760= √𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ = 30.15 ; 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ = 909.49𝑘𝑊
𝐻 5/4 1.735/4
𝑃𝑇 3640.343
No of turbine required = 𝑃 ; n = = 4
𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 909.49
8. A single stage centrifugal pump with impellor diameter of 30cm rotates at 2000rpm
and with 3m3 of water per second to a height of 30m with an efficiency of 75%. Find a)
the number of stages and b) diameter of each impeller of a similar multistage pump to
lift 5m3 of water per sec to a height of 200m, when rotating at 1500rpm
A single stage centrifugal pump with impellor diameter of 30cm rotates at 2000rpm
and with 3m3 of water per second to a height of 30m with an efficiency of 75%.
D1=30cm; N1=2000rpm; Q1 =3m3/s ; H1 =30m;
In multistage: find the number of stage required if similar single stage pumps (as
above) are used to lift 5m3/s to a height o 200m when rotating at 1500rpm
11
Q2=5m3/s; N2=2000rpm HT =200m
𝑁1 √𝑄1 𝑁 √𝑄 2000√3 1500√5

= 𝐻2 3/42; = ; H2=28.73m
𝐻1 3/4 2 303/4 𝐻2 3/4
No of stage required =
𝐻𝑇 = 𝑛𝐻2 ; 200 =n x 28.73; n=6.96 ie 7
i) Diameter of the impellor

𝑔𝐻1 𝑔𝐻 30 28.73
= 𝑁2 𝐷22; = 15002𝑥𝐷2; 𝐷2 = 39𝑚
𝑁12 𝐷12 2 2 20002𝑥3002 2
9. A quantity of water available for hydel station is 310cumecs under a head of 1.8m.
Assuming speed of each turbine is 60rpm and efficiency of 85% find the no of turbines
required and power produced by each turbine. Each turbine has a specific speed of
800(metric)
• A quantity of water available for hydel station is 310cumecs under a head of 1.8m. ie
Q=310cumecs =310m3/s; H=1.8m
• Assuming speed of each turbine is 60rpm and efficiency of 85% N=60rpm; ηo=0.85
• find the no of turbines required and power produced by each turbine. Each turbine
has a specific speed of 800
ie no of turbines=? Peach=?; Nseach =800rpm (metric)
𝑃 𝑃𝑇
η o= ; 0.85= ie 𝑃𝑇 = 4652883 𝑊 =4652.9kW
𝜔𝑄𝐻 9810𝑥310𝑥1.8
𝑁 √𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 60√𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ
Ns each= ;800= ie 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ = 772.8 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑃 since specific in turbine
𝐻 5/4 1.85/4
is metric power is in HP
Peach =772.5x 0.7355 kW; Peach = = 566.25kW

𝑃𝑇 4652.9
No of turbine required = 𝑃 No of turbine required = 566.25 = 8.2
𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ
Hence 9 turbine required
9. From the performance curves of the turbine it is seen that a turbine of 1m diameter
acting under a head of 1m develops a speed of 25 rpm. What diameter should be
prototyped if it is developed 1000kW working under a head of 200m with a specific
speed of 150 (SI units)
10. A model of a centrifugal pump absorbs 5kW at a speed of 1500rpm, pumping water
against a head of 6m. The large prototype pump is required to pump water to a head
of 30m. The scale ratio of diameter is 4. Assume same efficiency and similarities, find
12
(a) the speed (b) power of prototype and (c) the ratio of discharge of prototype and
model (1b, 08, June/July 18, 15ME53)
A model of a centrifugal pump absorbs 5kW at a speed of 1500rpm, pumping water
against a head of 6m. ie Pm =5kW; Nm =1500rpm; Hm=6m
The large prototype pump is required to pump water to a head of 30m ie H P=30m
𝐷
The scale ratio of diameter is 4. Ie 𝐷 𝑃 = 4
𝑚
Speed of the model

2
𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝑔𝐻 𝐻𝑃 𝐷 30 1 2
2 𝐷2 = 𝑁2 𝐷𝑝2; NP2 = 2
𝑥 ( 𝐷𝑚 ) 𝑥𝑁𝑚 ; NP2 = 𝑥 (4) 𝑥15002 ; NP=838.5 rpm
𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑃 𝐻𝑚 𝑝 6
Power of Prototype
𝑃𝑚 𝑃𝑃 𝐷 5 𝑁 3
3 𝐷5 =𝜌 3 5 ; 𝜌𝑚 = 𝜌𝑃 (same fluid); 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑃𝑚 (𝐷 𝑝 ) (𝑁 𝑃 )
838.5 3
𝑃𝑃 = 5(4)5 ( 1500 ) ; PP=894.34kW
Ratio of discharge of prototype and model
𝑄𝑚 𝑄𝑃 𝑄𝑃 𝑁 𝐷 3 𝑄𝑃 838.5 𝑄𝑃
3 =𝑁 ; = 𝑁 𝑃 𝑥 (𝐷 𝑝 ) ; = 𝑥(4)3; = 35.76
𝑁𝑚 𝐷𝑚 𝐷3
𝑃 𝑃 𝑄𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑄𝑚 1500 𝑄𝑚
11. Two geometrically similar pumps are running at same speed of 1000rpm. One pump
has an impeller diameter of 0.3m and lifts water at the rate of 20litres /sec against a
head of 15m Determine the head and impeller diameter of other pump to deliver half
the discharge (1b, 08, June/July 13)
𝑁1 = 𝑁2 = 1000𝑟𝑝𝑚; 𝐷1 = 0.3𝑚; 𝑄1 = 20𝑙𝑖𝑡/𝑠 = 20 ∗ 10−3𝑚3 /𝑠; 𝐻1 = 15𝑚; 𝐻2 =
𝑄1
? 𝐷2 =? 𝑄2 = 2
𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄1 𝑄2
= ; = as 𝑁1 = 𝑁2 = 1000𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑁1 𝐷13 𝑁2 𝐷23 𝐷13 𝐷23
𝑄1
𝑄1 1 1 1 1 0.33
= 2
; = 2𝐷3; = 2𝐷3; 𝐷23 = ; 𝐷2 = 0.238𝑚
𝐷13 𝐷23 𝐷13 2 0.33 2 2
𝑔𝐻1 𝑔𝐻 𝐷 2 𝑁 2 0.3 2 1000 2

= 𝑁2 𝐷22; 𝐻2 = 𝐻1 (𝐷1) (𝑁2) ; 𝐻2 = 15 ∗ (0.238) *(1000) ; 𝐻2 = 9.48𝑚
𝑁12 𝐷12 2 2 2 1
12. A model of Francis turbine of 1:5 scale ratio is tested under a head of 1.5m. It develops
3kW at 360rpm. Determine the speed and power developed under a head of 6m. Find
its specific speed
13
𝐷𝑚 1
• A model of Francis turbine of 1:5 scale ratio is tested under a head of 1.5m ie =5
𝐷𝑝
and Hm=1.5m
• It develops 3kW at 360rpm ie Pm1=3kW and Nm1=360rpm
• Determine the speed and power developed under a head of 6m. Find its specific speed
ie NP=? PP=? HP=6m
Solution
𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝑔𝐻 𝐻𝑝 𝐷 2 6 1 2
2 𝐷2 = 𝑁2 𝐷𝑝2; NP2 = 2
𝑥 ( 𝐷𝑚 ) 𝑥𝑁𝑚 ; 𝑁𝑃2 =1.5 𝑥 (5) 𝑥 3602 ; 𝑁𝑃2 = 20736
𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑃 𝐻𝑚 𝑃
NP=144rpm
𝑁𝑚√𝑃𝑚 360√3
Ns = 5/4 ; Ns = =375.62
𝐻𝑚 1.55/4
𝑁𝑃√𝑃𝑃 144√𝑃𝑃
Ns = 5/4 ; 375.62 = ; 𝑃𝑃 = 600𝑘𝑊
𝐻𝑃 65/4
13. A Pelton wheel produces 10000kW while working under a head of 400m and running
at a speed of 300rpm. Assuming an overall efficiency of 82% , find the unit quantities,
During the off season, the head over the turbine reduces to 350m. Find the
corresponding speed, discharge and power for the same efficiency
P=10000x103W; H=400m; N=300rpm; ηo=0.82
𝑃 10000𝑥103
ηo=𝜔𝑄𝐻; 0.82=9810𝑥𝑄𝑥400; Q=3.1078m3/s
Unit Discharge
𝑄 3.1078
Qu= ; Qu = ; Qu=0.1553m3/s
√𝐻 √400
Unit speed:
𝑁 300
Nu = ; Nu = ; Nu =15rpm
√𝐻 √400
Unit Power
𝑃 10000𝑥103
Pu= 𝐻 3/2; Pu= ; Pu=1250W
4003/2
If head reduces to 350m

𝑄1 𝑄2 3.1078 𝑄2
= ; = ; Q2=2.907m3/s
√𝐻1 √𝐻2 √400 √350
𝑁1 𝑁2 300 𝑁2
= ; = ; N2=280.624rpm
√𝐻1 √𝐻2 √400 √350
14
𝑃1 𝑃2 10000𝑥103 𝑃
3/2 =𝐻 3/2 ; = 35023/2; P2=8184571.29W
𝐻1 2 4003/2
14. The following data were obtained from the main characteristics of a Kaplan turbine of
runner diameter 1m Pu=30.695, Qu =108.6, Nu =63.6. Estimate a) the runner diameter
b) the discharge c) the speed of a similar runner working under a head of 30m and
developing 2000kW. Also, d) determine the specific speed of the runner (1c,
June/July16)
𝐷1 = 1𝑚; 𝑃𝑢 = 30.695; 𝑄𝑢 = 108.6; 𝑁𝑢 = 63.6;
𝐷2 =? ; 𝑄2 =? ; 𝑁2 =? ; 𝐻2 = 30𝑚; 𝑃2 = 2000𝑘𝑊; 𝑁𝑠 =?
1
𝑁√𝑃 𝑁√𝑃 𝑁 𝑃 2
𝑁𝑠 = ; 𝑁𝑠 = ; 𝑁𝑠 = ∗ ( 3) ; 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑁𝑢 √𝑃𝑢;
𝐻 5/4 √𝐻𝐻 3/4 √𝐻 𝐻2
𝑁𝑠 = 63.6√30.695; 𝑁𝑠 = 352.36
𝑁2 √𝑃2 𝑁2 √2000
𝑁𝑠 = 5/4 ; 352.36 = ; 𝑁2 = 553.18𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝐻2 305/4
2 2
𝑔𝐻1 𝑔𝐻 √𝐻 1 𝐻 1 1 𝐻
= 𝑁2 𝐷22 ; ( 𝑁 1) ∗ 𝐷2 = 𝑁2𝐷2 2; (𝑁 ) ∗ 𝐷2 = 𝑁2𝐷2 2;
𝑁12 𝐷12 2 2 1 1 2 2 𝑢1 1 2 2
1 1 30
∗ = 553.182∗𝐷2; 𝐷22 = 0.3965; 𝐷2 = 0.629𝑚
63.62 12 2
𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄1 𝑄2
= ; = ; = ; = ; =
𝑁1 𝐷13 𝑁2 𝐷23 𝑁1 𝐷1 𝐷12 𝑁2 𝐷2 𝐷22 𝑈1 𝐷12 𝑈2 𝐷22 𝑉1 𝐷12 𝑉2 𝐷22 √𝐻1 𝐷12 √𝐻2 𝐷22
𝑄𝑢1 𝑄2 108.6 𝑄2
= ; = ; 𝑄2 = 235.33𝑚3 /𝑠
𝐷12 √𝐻2 𝐷22 12 √30∗ 0.6292
15. A model of Kaplan turbine having scale ratio 1:12 tested under a head of 3m. The
prototype of Kaplan turbine is designed to produce a power of 8000kW under a head of
8m running at a speed of 150rpm with a overall efficiency of 85%. Find the speed, flow,
power and specific speed of the model
• A model of Kaplan turbine having scale ratio 1:12 tested under a head of 3m
𝐷𝑚 1
Ie =12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑚 = 3𝑚
𝐷𝑝
• The prototype of Kaplan turbine is designed to produce a power of 8000kW under a

head of 8m running at a speed of 150rpm with a overall efficiency of 85%.
Ie 𝑃𝑃 = 8000𝑘𝑊 , 𝐻𝑃 = 8𝑚 𝑁𝑃 = 150𝑟𝑝𝑚 ηo =85%
• Find the speed, flow, power and specific speed of the model
Ie 𝑁𝑚 =? 𝑄𝑚 =? 𝑄𝑃 =? 𝑁𝑠 =?
𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝑔𝐻 𝐻𝑚 𝐷 2 3
2 𝐷2 = 𝑁2 𝐷𝑝2; Nm2 = 𝑥 (𝐷 𝑃 ) 𝑥𝑁𝑃2 ; Nm2 = 𝑥(12)2𝑥1502 Nm2 =12144999.15 ie
𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑃 𝐻𝑃 𝑚 8
Nm=1102.27rpm
𝑃 8000𝑥103
𝜂 P =𝜔𝑄 𝑃𝐻 ; 0.85= 9810 𝑄 ; 𝑄𝑃 = 119.92 m3/s
𝑃 𝑝 𝑃8
15
𝑄𝑝 𝑄𝑚 𝑁𝑚 𝐷 3 1102.27 1 3
= ; 𝑄𝑚 = 𝑥 ( 𝐷𝑚 ) x 𝑄𝑝 ; 𝑄𝑚 = 𝑥 (12) x119.92
𝑁𝑝 𝑃 𝐷3 𝑁 𝐷3
𝑚 𝑚 𝑁𝑃 𝑃 150
𝑄𝑚 = 0.509m3/s
𝑃𝑃 𝜂 𝜔𝑄 𝐻 8000 119.92𝑥8
= 𝜂 𝑃 𝜔𝑄 𝑃 𝐻𝑃 ; = 0.509𝑥3 ; 𝑃𝑚 = 12.73𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑃𝑚
16. A model of a turbine built to a scale of 1:4 is tested under a head of 10m. The prototype
has to work under a head of 50m at 450rpm (a) what speed should the model run be
if it develops 60kW using 0.9cumecs at this speed. (b) what power will be obtained
from the prototype assuming that its efficiency is 3% better than that of model
1 𝐷𝑚
• scale= =
4 𝐷𝑃
• Model: 𝐻𝑚 = 10𝑚 ; 𝑁𝑚 =? 𝑃𝑚 = 60𝑘𝑊; 𝑄𝑚 = 0.9𝑚3 /𝑠
• Prototype 𝐻𝑃 = 50𝑚 ; 𝑁𝑃 = 450 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑃𝑃 =?
• what power will be obtained from the prototype assuming that its efficiency is 3%
better than that of model PP=? if ηP=1.03 ηM
𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝑔𝐻𝑝
2 2
= 2 2
𝑁𝑚 𝐷𝑚 𝑁𝑃 𝐷𝑃
Speed of the model
𝐻𝑚 𝐷 2 10
Nm2 = 𝑥 (𝐷 𝑃 ) 𝑥𝑁𝑃2 ; Nm2 = 𝑥(4)2 𝑥4502 ; Nm=805 rpm
𝐻𝑃 𝑚 50
Power of Prototype
𝜔𝑄𝐻
η= ; P =ηωQH
𝑃
𝜂 𝑄 𝐻 𝑃𝑃
Hence 𝜂 𝑃 𝑄 𝑃 𝐻𝑃 =
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑃𝑚
𝑄𝑝 𝑄𝑚 𝑄𝑝 𝐷 3 𝑁
But = ; = (𝐷 𝑃 ) 𝑥 𝑁 𝑝
𝑁𝑝 𝑃𝐷3 𝑁 𝐷3
𝑚 𝑚 𝑄𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
Hence,
𝜂𝑃 𝐷𝑃 3 𝑁𝑝 𝐻𝑃 𝑃𝑃
𝑥( ) 𝑥 𝑥 =
𝜂𝑚 𝐷𝑚 𝑁𝑚 𝐻𝑚 𝑃𝑚
450 50 𝑃𝑃
1.03 𝑥(4)3 𝑥 805 𝑥 10 = 60
PP =11055kW
16
17. A Francis turbine model of 1:5 scaleThe data for model is P=4kW, N=3500rpm, H=2m
and for prototype , H=6m Assume that the overall efficiency is 70%, Calculate i) speed
of the prototype ii) Power of prototype Use Moodys equation (1c, 10, Dec 12)
𝐷𝑚 1
= ; 𝑃𝑚 = 4𝑘𝑊; 𝑁𝑚 = 3500𝑟𝑝𝑚; 𝐻𝑚 = 2𝑚; 𝐻𝑃 = 6𝑚; 𝜂𝑚 = 0.7; 𝑁𝑃 =? 𝑃𝑃 =?
𝐷𝑃 5
𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝑔𝐻 𝐻𝑚 𝐷 2 2 1 2
2 𝐷2 = 𝑁2 𝐷𝑝2; 𝑁𝑃2 = 𝑁𝑚
2
∗ ∗ ( 𝐷𝑚 ) ; 𝑁𝑃2 = 35002 ∗ 6 ∗ (5) ; 𝑁𝑃2 =163170;
𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑃 𝐻𝑝 𝑃
𝑁𝑃 = 403.94𝑟𝑝𝑚
0.2
𝐷𝑚 1 0.2
ηp= 1- (1-ηm)( 𝐷 ) ; ηp= 1- (1-0.7) (5) = 0.782
𝑝
𝑃 𝑃
𝜂𝑚 = 𝜔𝑄 𝑚𝐻 − 𝑒𝑞𝑛 1; 𝜂𝑃 = 𝜔𝑄 𝑃𝐻 − 𝑒𝑞𝑛 2
𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑃
𝜂𝑃 𝑃 𝑄 𝐻 𝜂𝑃 𝑃 2 𝐻
𝐷𝑚 √ 𝑚 𝐻 𝜂𝑃 𝑃 𝐷 2
𝑒𝑞𝑛 2/ 𝑒𝑞𝑛 1; 𝜂𝑚
= 𝑃 𝑃 ∗ 𝑄𝑚 ∗ 𝐻𝑚; 𝜂𝑚
= 𝑃𝑃 ∗ 2 𝐻
𝐷𝑃
∗ 𝐻𝑚; 𝜂𝑚
= 𝑃 𝑃 ∗ ( 𝐷𝑚 ) ∗
𝑚 𝑃 𝑃 𝑚 √ 𝑃 𝑃 𝑚 𝑃
𝐻 3/2
( 𝐻𝑚)
𝑃
0.782 𝑃𝑃 1 2 2 3/2 6 3/2 0.782

= ∗ ( 5) ∗ ( 6) ; 𝑃𝑃 = 4 ∗ (5)2 ∗ (2) ∗ ; 𝑃𝑃 =580.48kW
0.7 4 0.7
18. A small scale model of hydraulic turbine runs at a speed of 350rpm, under a head of
20m and produces 8kW as output Find : a) Unit Discharge b) Unit speed and c) Unit
Power assuming total to total efficiency of a turbine as 0.79 find the output power of
the actual turbine which is 12 times the model size, assuming the model and prototype
efficiencies are related by Moodys formula
𝐷𝑝
Model : Hm=20m; Nm=350rpm; Pm=8kW; ηtt=0.79; =12
𝐷𝑀
𝑃 8𝑥103
ηtt =𝜔𝑄 𝑚𝐻 ; 0.79=9810𝑥𝑄 ; Qm=0.0516m3/s
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚𝑥20
Unit Discharge
𝑄 0.056
Qu= = ; Qu=0.0115m3/s
√𝐻 √20
Unit speed:
𝑁 350
Nu = ; Nu = =78.262rpm
√𝐻 √20
Unit Power
17
𝑃 8𝑥103
Pu= 𝐻 3/2; Pu= 203/2 =89.442W
0.2 0.2
𝐷𝑚 1
ηp= 1- (1-ηm)( ) ; ηp= 1- (1-0.79) ( ) =0.8722
𝐷𝑝 12
𝑃
For model; 𝜂m =𝜔𝑄 𝑚𝐻
𝑚 𝑚
𝑃
For Prototype; 𝜂 P =𝜔𝑄 𝑃𝐻
𝑃 𝑝
𝜂𝑃 𝑃𝑃 𝜔𝑄𝑚 𝐻𝑚
= − 𝑒𝑞𝑛1
𝜂𝑚 𝑃𝑚 𝜔𝑄𝑃 𝐻𝑃
Discharge Q=AV
QαD2√𝐻 as AαD2 and V α √𝐻
𝑄𝑚 𝐷2 √𝐻𝑚
Hence = 𝐷𝑚2
𝑄𝑃 𝑝 √𝐻𝑝
𝑄
Substituting 𝑄𝑚 in eqn 1
𝑃
2 𝐻 2 3/2
𝜂𝑃 𝑃𝑃 𝐷𝑚 √ 𝑚 𝐻𝑚 𝜂𝑃 𝑃𝑃 𝐷𝑚 𝐻
= ; = 𝑃 ∗ ( 𝐷 ) ∗ ( 𝐻𝑚 ) ;
𝜂𝑚 𝑃𝑚 𝐷𝑝2 √𝐻𝑝 𝐻𝑃 𝜂𝑚 𝑚 𝑝 𝑃
𝐷𝑚 𝐻𝑚 1 𝐻𝑚
Assuming 𝐷 ∝ 𝐻; = ; =
𝐷𝑝 𝐻𝑃 12 𝐻𝑃
0.8722 𝑃𝑃 1 2 1 3/2 0.8722

= ∗ (12) ∗ ( 12) ; 𝑃𝑃 = 8 * ∗ (12)2*(12)3/2; 𝑃𝑃 =52870.49kW
0.79 8 0.79
19. A centrifugal pump is required to handle water at a capacity 6.75m3/s, head of 125m
and a speed of 350rpm. In designing a model of this pump the laboratory conditions
impose a maximum capacity of 0.127m3/s and a power consumption of 220kW model
and prototype efficiencies are assumed same, find the speed of model and scale ratio
20. An axial flow pump with a rotor diameter 30cm handles water at the rate of
2.7m3/min, while operating at 1500rpm. The corresponding energy input is 125J/kg.
The total to total efficiency is 75%. If a second geometrically similar pump with a
diameter of 20cm operates at 3000rpm, what is its flow rate? What is the change in
total pressure
The total to total efficiency being 75%.
Ie D1=30cm; N1=1500rpm; Q1 =2.7m3/s ;
18
energy input is 125J/kg ie gH1 =125J/kg ; The total to total efficiency is 75%.
If a second geometrically similar pump with a diameter of 20cm operates at 3000rpm,
ie D2=20cm; N1=3000rpm
what are a) its flow rate b) power input c) change in total pressure
𝑄2 =? ; 𝑃2 =? change in total pressure =?

𝑄1 𝑄2 2.7 2 𝑄
=𝑁 ; =3000𝑥20 3; Q2=1.6m3/min
𝑁1 𝐷13 3
2 𝐷2 1500𝑥303
𝑔𝐻1 𝑔𝐻 125 𝑔𝐻 𝐸
= 𝑁2 𝐷22; 2
=30002𝑥0.20 2; 𝑔𝐻2 =222.22 J/kg = (𝑚) = ∆ℎ𝑜2
𝑁12 𝐷12 2 2 15002 𝑥0.302 2
𝐸
P=𝑚 ∗
𝑚
m2= ρQ2
Power input = ρQ2 𝑔𝐻2
=1000x 1.6 x222.22=58.32x103 W
Change in pressure
∆ℎ𝑜𝑠 ∆ℎ
𝑜𝑠
𝜂𝑡𝑡 = ; 0.75 = 222.22
∆ℎ𝑜
∆ℎ𝑜𝑠 = 0.75 ∗222.22; ∆ℎ𝑜𝑠 = 166.65𝐽/𝑘𝑔

∆𝑝𝑜 ∆𝑝
∆ℎ𝑜𝑠 = 𝑜
; 166.65 = 1000 ; ∆𝑝𝑜 = 166.65 ∗ 1000𝑁/𝑚2; ∆𝑝𝑜 = 1.66 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝜌
19
Module 1 : Thermodynamics of fluid flow in Turbomachines
Important point:
Enthalpy where is the specific heat in kJ/kgK , T is in temperature in K
and h is in kJ/kg
If is in J/kgK then h is in J/kg
( ) if the process is isentropic
( ) if the process is Polytropic
( ) since static to stagnation is always isentropic
Efficiency of compressor or power absorbing machine
Efficiency of Turbine or power generating machine
Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 1

Static and stagnation states:
Static state: various properties such as pressure, temperature and volume may be determined at
any given fluid particle
Static properties are those properties which are measured with instruments or devices which are at
rest relative to the fluid . For example static temperature of any fluid particle moving with a given
speed, the measuring thermometer or thermocouple should theoretically move with the same
speed as the fluid particle itself while the measurements is being made
Example : measurements made by instrument fitted at the wall of the conduit in which fluid is
flowing is static properties ( because fluid particles at the wall has zero velocity, measuring
instrument fitted has zero velocity hence relative velocity between the fluid and measuring
instrument is zero)
Stagnation state is defined as the terminal state of fictitious, isentropic and work free
thermodynamic process, during which the macroscopic kinetic and potential energies of the fluid
particle are reduced to zero in steady flow . Measurement made by the instrument in which sensing
element is fixed at the centre of conduit represents stagnation property of fluid ( because
Instrument has zero velocity and fluid at the centre of conduit is having stream velocity of the fluid)
Stagnation state , as defined above, does not represent the existing state of a fluid at any point;
From Ist law of thermodynamics applied to static to stagnation
̇ ̇ ( )= ̇ ̇ ( )
Note that are static enthalpy, velocity, elevation at given point and is the
stagnation enthalpy at same point, ̇ is the rate of heat transfer and ̇ is the rate of work
done
Also note that without suffix is the static properties at the given point and properties with
suffix 0 represents stagnation properties
As stagnation point is the terminal state of fictitious, isentropic and work free; ̇ ;
̇ ; Vo =0; Z0=0
̇ ( )= ̇ ( ); ;
If PE is neglected, ;
; Hence stagnation temperature, =

Stagnation pressure
Bernoulli’s equation between static and stagnation prperties
; since at stagnation point velocity and

potential energy become zero
If potential energy is neglected , ;
Note that
Static to stagnation property (relation between Temperature and pressure)
( ) since static to stagnation process is isentropic Hence is used
Efficiency of turbomachine:
In turbomachines , losses occur in turbomachine is due to a) bearing friction, windage etc
which is referred as Mechanical losses and b) Unsteady flow, friction between the blade and
fluid losses referred to hydraulic losses
In Power generating machine;
Referred to Mechanical losses
Referred to Hydraulic losses
Overall efficiency:
= =
In Power absorbing machine;
Referred to Mechanical losses
Referred to Hydraulic losses

=
Overall efficiency :
= =
Various efficiencies based on static and stagnation properties

Power absorbing machine:
p02
02
02 ' P2
2
2''
P01
h
P1
01
i) Wt-t=h02s –h01 ;
ii) Wt-s=h2s –h01 ;
iii) Ws-t= h02s –h1;
iv) Ws-s= h2s –h1 ;

Power generating machine
P01
01 P1
p02
02
h
P2
02 '
2
2''
i) Wt-t= h01 −h02s ;
ii) Wt-s=h01 –h2s ;
iii) Ws-t= h1 h02s ;
iv) Ws-s= h2s –h1 ;
Application of First Law and Second Law of thermodynamics to Turbomachines
The fluid flow in any turbomachine is slightly varies with time (Steady flow) but unsteady
flow near blade tips at entry and exit of cascades. But overall fluid flow is steady
Hence applying First law of thermodynamics for steady flow
̇ ̇ ( )= ̇ ( )
But stagnation enthalpy: h0 =
Hence ̇ ̇ = ̇
̇ ̇( )
̇ ̇
̇ ̇
=

q =0 as turbomachine is ideally assumed as adiabatic
Hence,
Hence energy transfer as work per unit mass flow is therefore numerically equal to change
in stagnation enthalpy of the fluid between the turbomachine inlet and outlet
In power generating turbomachine, w is positive so that is negative
In power absorbing turbomachine, w is negative so that is positive
For incompressible fluid, internal energy changes are negligible, and density is constant
H= u+pv
( ) ( )
as For incompressible fluid, internal energy changes are negligible
; ;
Application of II law of thermodynamics to turbomachine
From 2 law of thermaodynamics
From Ist law of thermodynamics,
In ideal turbo machine , ;
Hence equation A becomes ;
Hence, substituting
Efficiencies of the compression process

i) Total to total efficiency
It is defined as the ratio of ideal work to the actual work between the stagnation states.
ηtt=

( )
( )
ηtt= = ( )
; ηtt= ; ηtt= -------------1
( )
But ( ) ; ( ) ; ηtt=
Actual Power required
Actual Power required, P =m ( ); ( ); ( )
( )
If Mechanical Efficiency is given, ( )
Efficiencies of the Expansion process

Turbine
i) Total to total efficiency
It is defined as the ratio of to the between the stagnation states.
( )
ηtt= ; ηtt= ; ηtt
( )
ηtt ; ηtt= ; ( )
( )
( )
But ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ;
( )
where is the total pressure ratio
ηtt= where is the total pressure ratio

( )
( +
Actual Power required
Actual Power required , ̇ ( )
( )
= ( )
( )
= ( )
If Mechanical Efficiency is given

( )
P= ( )
1. A stream of combustion gases at the point of entry to a turbine has a static temperature of
1050K , static pressure of 600kPa and a velocity of 150m/s. For the gases Cp =1.004kJ/kgK and
. Find total temperature and total pressure of the gases. Also find the difference
between their static and total enthalpies. (2b. 08, Dec/Jan 19, 15ME19)
Solution:
; ;
since elevation is not given
since elevation is not given

;
; ;
( ) ;
Static enthalpy ;
Stagnation enthalpy ;
Difference between static enthalpy and total enthalpy
Difference between static enthalpy and total enthalpy
2. Air enters a compressor at a static pressure of 15 bar, a static temperature of 15 oC and a

flow velocity of 50m/s, At the exit the static pressure is 30 bar , the static temperature is
100oC and the flow velocity is 100m/s . The outlet is 1m above the inlet Evaluate i) the
isentropic change in enthalpy ii) The actual change in enthalpy . Take Cp for air as
1005J/kgK. Also draw the relevant T-S diagram (2b. 10 June/July 13)
; ; ;
; ; ; m
Isentropic enthalpy drop
( * ; ( ) ;
( ); ( );

; ; ;
; ;
( );
Actual enthalpy drop
; ;
; ; ( ) ( );
Change in total enthalpy =89.184kJ/kg
Efficiency of the compressor
; ;
3. Air enters a compressor at a static pressure of 1.5 bar, a static temperature of 15 oC and
a flow velocity of 50m/s, At the exit the static pressure is 3 bar , the static temperature is
isentropic change in enthalpy ii) The actual change in enthalpy iii) Efficiency of the
compressor (2c. 10 June/July 17) (2b. O8 June/July 18, 15ME53)
o
C;
o
C;
; ;
( * ; ( ) ;
( ); ( );
( )

Actual enthalpy drop
( )
( ) ( )
( )
Effect of preheat in multistage compression or prove that preheat factor is always less
than 1
The overall isentropic efficiency is useful as it indicates the overall performance of a turbomachine.
But it is not always indicate the true efficiency from hydrodynamic point of view which is measure of
fluid losses within the machine.
A compressor stage with a finite pressure stage is called as finite stage
In a multistage compressor, in each stage efficiency depends on inlet temperature of fluid to the
stage and pressure ratio in each stage
Thus in multistage compressor for the same efficiency, each succeeding stage is suffered by the
inefficiency of preceding stage which is handling the fluid at higher temperature
4
TEMP
4'
p4 P3
Ws3
4'' p2 Wa
2' 3
p1
Ws Ws2
2
Ws 1
1
ENTROPY

Here , a three stage compressor is considered between the inlet pressure p1 and delivery pressure p4
Assume that stage pressure ratio for all stage is same
stage efficiency for all the stages are same =
Let 14’’ and 14 are the total isentropic and actual compression process respectively.
is the overall efficiency, Wa and Ws are the total actual and total isentropic work absorbed
; 1
For stage 1 , stage efficiency
Similarly for stage 2, ; For stage 3,
Total Work absorbed
∑
Hence, ;
∑
;
∑
As the constant pressure lines are diverging in nature towards the right hand side of temperature
entropy diagram, the isentropic work per stage increases as the temperature difference increases for
the same pressure ratio and stage efficiency, therefore ,
; x pre heat factor

∑
Effect of Reheat in multistage compression or prove that Rreheat factor is always greater
than 1
Thus in multistage turbine for the same efficiency, each succeeding stage is suffered by the
inefficiency of preceding stage which is handling the fluid at higher temperature
p1
TEMP 1
p2
Ws 1 2
P3
2'
Ws 3
Ws2 Wa
p4
Ws3
4
4'
4''
ENTROPY

Here a three stage Turbine is considered between the inlet pressure p1 and delivery pressure p4
Assume that stage pressure ratio for all stage is same
and stage efficiency for all the stages are same =
Let 14’’ and 14 are the total isentropic and actual compression process respectively.
is the overall efficiency
Wa and Ws are the total actual and total isentropic work absorbed
For stage 1 , stage efficiency; ;
Similarly for stage 2, ; For stage 3,
; ( ); ∑
∑
∑ ;
As the constant pressure lines are diverging in nature towards the right hand side of temperature
entropy diagram, the isentropic work per stage increases as the temperature difference increases for
the same pressure ratio and stage efficiency, therefore ,
∑
;
x Re heat factor=
Infinitesimal stage efficiency or Polytropic efficiency in compression Process(compressor)
A finite compressor stage can be viewed as it made up of infinitesimal number of small

stages. Each of these small stages has an efficiency, ηp, is called polytropic or infinitesimal
stage efficiency
Consider a single stage compressor having stage efficiency ηs operates between p1 and p2
divided into infinitesimal stages.
Considering one intermediate stage operating between pressures p and p+dp and temperatures T
and T+dT ( efficiency of such stage is called Polytropic efficiency)

2
TEMP
p2 p+dp
p
2'
p1
dT ' dT
ENTROPY
( *
ηp= ; ; ;
(( ) + (( ) +
;
( )
Using series of expansion ( ) ; Neglecting higher order
( ( ) ); ( )( )
Integrating above equation pressure from p1 to p2 and temperature from T1 to T2
( )
( ) ;
( ) ( )
Also, ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) -----------------1
Assuming the irreversible adiabatic compression process 1-2 as equivalent process with an index of
compression n
( )
( ) -----------------2
Comparing 1 and 2
( ) ( ); ( )( )
Hence there are two formulae to find polytropic efficiency
( )
1. 2. ( )( )

Infinitesimal stage efficiency or Polytropic efficiency in expansion process (Turbine)
A finite turbine stage can be viewed as it made up of infinitesimal number of small stages.
Each of these small stages has an efficiency, ηp, is called polytropic or infinitesimal stage
efficiency
Consider a single stage turbine having stage efficiency ηs operates between p1 and p2 divided
into infinitesimal stages.
Considering one intermediate stage operating between pressures p and p+dp and temperatures T
and T+dp ( efficiency of such stage is called Polytropic efficiency)
p1
TEMP 1
p
p-dp
dT
dT'
p2
2
2'
ENTROPY
ηp= ; ; ( ); ( )
( ( ) ); ( ( ) );
( ) ( )( )
Using series of expansion ( )
Neglecting higher order ; ( ( ( ) )); ( )( )
Integrating above equation pressure from p1 to p2 and temperature from T1 to T2
( ) ; ;
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) -----------------1
Assuming the irreversible adiabatic compression process 1-2 as equivalent process with an index of
compression n

( )
( ) -----------------2
Comparing 1 and 2
( ) ( ); ( )( ) this is another formulae for polytropic efficiency
There are two formulae to determine polytropic efficiency for turbine
1.
( ) ( )
Multistage compressors (Equal Pressure ratio case)
pk+1 4
TEMP
4'
p4 P3
Ws3
4'' p2
2' 3
p1
Ws2
2
Ws 1
ENTROPY
Consider multistage compression of k stages between the pressures p1 and pk+1 with overall pressure
ratio and having equal stage efficiencies ηst or ηp then the pressure ratio in each stage is given
by

Stage Efficiency
Efficiency of stage in multi stage compressor is called stage efficiency
a. Compressor
( )
( ) ( )
; ;
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
But , ( ) ( ) ; Hence
( )
( )
( )
( )
Overall efficiency of multistage compressor
For multistage compressor the stage efficiency ηst is replaced by the overall efficiency ηo and the
stage pressure ratio pr by the overall pressure ratio pro then the above equation becomes
( ) ( )
; as
( ) ( )
Multi stage turbine (Equal Pressure ratio case)

For multistage turbine the stage efficiency ηst is replaced by the overall efficiency ηo and the stage
pressure ratio pr by the overall pressure ratio pro then the above equation becomes
( )
( )
Multistage turbine
( )
( )
Consider multistage expansion of k stages between the pressures p1 and pk+1 with overall pressure
ratio and having equal stage efficiencies ηst or ηp then the pressure ratio in each stage is given
by

Stage Efficiency (Expansion Process – Turbine)
Stage efficiency
( )
( ) ( )
; ; ;
( )
( ) ( )
But
( * ( *
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
; ; where =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Overall efficiency of multistage Turbine

For multistage expansion the stage efficiency ηst is replaced by the overall efficiency ηo and the
stage pressure ratio pr by the overall pressure ratio pro then the above equation becomes
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
;
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Overall efficiency for a finite number compressor stages in terms of stage

efficiency for a Compressor
Ti is the initial temperature at which the fluid enters the turbine, K is the number of stages having
equal pressure ratio, pr is the pressure ratio in each stage, then the actual temperature rise in each
stage can be calculated as follows
For First stage
(( * )
( )
; ; ;
(( * )
; (( ) ); (( ) *
where (( ) *
; ; ( )

;
Substituting in terms of , ( )
; ; ( ); ( )( ); ( )
Substituting in terms of ; ( )
For Kth stage
( )
∑ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ;
∑ ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) );;
∑ [( ) ]
( )
[( ) ]
( ) *( ) +
; ; ;
( )
[( ) ]
*( ) + *( ) +
; as ( )
( ) ( )
[( ) ] [( ) ]
Let ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )
( )( ( ) )
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )

∑
[( ) ]
Overall efficiency for a finite number of turbine stages in terms of stage

efficiency for a Turbine
Ti is the initial temperature at which the fluid enters the compressor, K is the number of stages
having equal pressure ratio, pr is the pressure ratio in each stage, then the actual temperature rise in
each stage can be calculated as follows
For First stage
; ; ; ( ( ) )
( )
( ( * )
( ( ) ); ( ( ) ); ( ( ) )
( ( ) )
where ( ( ) *
; ; ( )
For Second stage,
; ; ( ); ( ); ( )( )
( )
For third stage, ;
Similarly for 4th stage, ( )
For Kth stage, ( )

∑
∑ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ;
∑ ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) );
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]
; ; ; ;
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
[ ( ( ( ) )) ] [ ( ( ( ) )) ]
;
( ) ( )
Let ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )
( )( ( ) )
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
Mutli Stage Compressor (Constant temperature rise for compressor)
For constant stage work in a multistage compressor, the temperature rise in each stage is
same, but the temperature at entry of each stage will be different. For given values of
overall pressure ratio and polytropic efficiency ηP, the total temperature rise per stage is given
by
( )
; ; ( ); (( ) )
( )
(( ) )
( )
(( ) *;
Knowing the temperature rise in each stage, the pressure ratio and hence the efficiency for each
stages can now be calculated.
For ith stage, it is given by

= ( )
( )
(( ) )
( )
( )
( )
( )
Hence the pressure rise in each stage is
( )
( *
From the above equation it can be seen that the pressure ratio in each stage decreases as
increases (as is constant for all stages
Hence stage efficiency is not constant and it varies for each stage, Hence
It can be calculated for each stage as
( )
( )
Constant temperature rise for Expansion stages (Turbine stage)
For constant stage work in a multistage turbine, the temperature rise in each stage is same,
but the temperature at entry of each stage will be different. For given values of overall
pressure ratio and polytropic efficiency ηP, the total temperature rise per stage is given by
( )
; ( ); ( ( ) )
( ) ( )
( ( ) ); ( ( ) *
( )
( ( ) )
Knowing the temperature rise in each stage, the pressure ratio and hence the efficiency for each
stages can now be calculated.
For ith stage, it is given by

; ( ); ( ( ) ); ( ( ) )
( ) ( )
( ( ) ); ( )
( )
( )
Hence the pressure rise in each stage is
( )
( *
From the above equation it can be seen that the pressure ratio in each stage decreases as
increases (as is constant for all stages

Various formulae
Efficiency Compressor Turbine

( )
Infinitesimal
( )
or Polytropic
( *( ) ( *( *
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Stage
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Overall
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Efficiency Compressor Turbine

Overall
*( ) +
efficiency in * ( ( ( ) *+ +
terms of
( )
stage [( ) ]
efficiency ( )
[( ) ]
* ( ( ( ) *+ +
( )
( ,
( )
[ ]
( )
( )
Numericals
4. A 16 stage axial flow compressor is to have a pressure ratio of 6.3 and tests have shown
that a stage efficiency of 89.5% can be obtained. The intake conditions are 288K and 1
bar pressure Find i) Overall efficiency ii) Polytropic efficiency iii) Preheat factor (2c. 08
Dec/Jan 17)
K=16; ; ;

; ; PHF=?
( ) ; 6.3 =( ) ;
*( ) +
= as ( )
( )
[( ) ]
[( ) ]
=
( )
*( * +
Also, Overall efficiency
( )
; ;
( )
; 0.8674=0.895xPHF ie PHF= 0.9691

5. In a three stage turbine the pressure ratio of each stage is 2 and the stage efficiency is75%.
Calculate the overall efficiency and reheat factor (2c. 08, June/July 14)
[ ( ( ( ) )) ]
[ ( ( ( ) )) ]
; ( )
;
( )
; ;
6. An air compressor has eight stages of equal pressure ratio 1:3.5. The flow rate through
the compressor and its overall efficiency are 50kg/s and 82% respectively. If the
conditions of air at the entry are 1 bar and 300K determine
i) The state of air at compressor exit
ii) Polytropic efficiency
iii) Stage efficiency
; ̇ ; ; ;
i) The state of air at compressor exit

( )
; ;
( )
( + ( )
( )
; ; 6363.02K
ii) Polytropic efficiency

( ) ( ) ( *
; ; ;
( ) ( *
iii) Stage efficiency
( + ( +
; ;
( ) ( )
( )
; ;
( )
7. Air flows through an air turbine where its stagnation pressure is reduced in the ratio 5:1, the
total to total efficiency is 80% . The air flow rate is 5kg/s If the total power output is 500kW, find
i) inlet total temperature ii) actual exit temperature iii) actual exit static temperature if the flow
velocity is 100m/s iv) total to static efficiency (2b. 10 June/July 16) (2c. 10 Dec17/Jan 18)
; ; m=5kg/s; P=500kW ; ; ;
i) inlet total temperature
( ̇ ); ( ̇ ); ( ̇ )
( ) ; 1.005( ) ; ( )
ηtt= ; 0.8= ;
( ( ) *
( ( ) +
ii) Actual exit temperature
( ) ( ) ; K
iii) Actual exit static temperature
v) Total to static efficiency
( * ; ( ) ;

; ;
8. A gas turbine has 2 stages and develops 20MW power. The inlet temperature is 1450K. The
overall pressure ratio is 7.5. Assume that pressure ratio of each stage is same and the expansion
isentropic efficiency is 0.88. Claculate i) Pressure ratio at each stage i) Pressure ratio at each
stage ii) Polytropic Efficiency iii) Mass flow rate iv) Stage efficnecy and power of each stage (2b.
10 Dec/Jan 12)
9. The output of three stage gas turbine is 30MW at the shaft coupling at an entry temperature of
1500K. The overall pressure ratio across the turbine is 11.0 and efficiency is 88%. If the pressure
ratio of each stage is the same. Determine i) Pressure ratio of each stage ii) Polytropic effiency
iii) The mass flow rate iv) The efficiency and power of each stage . Assume
Cp=1.005kJ/kgK, (2b. 10 Dec/Jan 19)
P=30MW =30000kW; ; ; ; ̇
i)
( ) ; 11 =( ) ;
ii) Polytropic effieciency
( )
( )
;
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ; ( ) ;( )
( )
( ) ; ;
48%
iii) Total mass flow rate
; ; kW
; ; ; ;
( )
( ( ) +
; ( ( ) )
; K
( )
( ( ) )
̇ ( ); ̇ ; ̇
iv) The efficiency and power of each stage
( )
( )
where =
( )
( )

( )
(
;
)
;
( ) ( )
( +
(
;
)
̇ ; ;
10. A multi stage axial flow compressor, the air is taken at 1 bar and 15 oC and compressed
to a pressure of 6.4bar. The final true temperature is 300 oC due to the compression
process. Determine the overall compression efficiency and also the polytropic efficiency.
Determine the number of stages required if the true temperature rise is limited to 13oK
for each stage. Assume polytropic efficiency is equal to stage efficiency. (2c. 10 Dec/Jan
15)
( * ; ( ) ;
; ;
( )
; ; ;
( )
11. Air enters a compressor at a static pressure of 1.5 bar, a static temperature of 15oC and
a flow velocity of 50m/s, At the exit the static pressure is 3 bar , the static temperature is
isentropic change in enthalpy ii) The actual change in enthalpy iii) Efficiency of the
compressor (2c. 10 June/July 17) (2b. O8 June/July 18, 15ME53)
12. A 16 stage axial flow compressor is to have a pressure ratio of 6.3 with a stage efficiency
of 89.5% can be obtained. The intake conditions are 15oC and 1 bar pressure Determine
i) Expected Overall efficiency ii) Polytropic efficiency Take =1.4 (2c. 08 June/July
18)

13. A 9 stage centrifugal compressor has overall stage pressure ratio 2.82. Air enters the
compressor at 1 bar and 15oC. The efficiency of the compressor is 88%. Determine the
following : i) Pressure ratio of each stage ii) Polytropic efficiency iii) Preheat factor (2b.
10 Dec/Jan 16

ENERGY TRANSFER IN TURBOMACHINES
1. With neat sketch derive an expression for Eulers turbine equation (3a. 10 June/July 17)
2. Derive an alternate form of Euler’s turbine equation and explain the significance of each energy
equations (3a. 10, June/July14)( 3a,10, Dec17/Jan18) ( 3a,10, Dec18/Jan19,08scheme)
3. Show that the alternate form of Eulers Turbine equation can be expressed as
(𝑉12 −𝑉22 )+(𝑈12 −𝑈22 )−(𝑉𝑟1

2 −𝑉 2 )
𝑟2
𝑊 = (3a. 10 June/July 13)
2
Draw the velocity triangles
4. Define degree of reaction (R) . Derive an expression relating utilization factor with degree of
reaction (2b. 10, Dec16/Jan 17)
5. Define utilization factor for a turbine. Derive an expression relating utilization factor with
degree of reaction for an axial flow turbine (3a. 10, Dec14/Jan 15) (3a. 10,
June/July18) (3a. 08, June/July18, 15 scheme)
6. Why the discharge blade angles has considerable effect in the analysis of turbomachine. Give
reasons (3a,04, Dec18/Jan 19,10scheme)
7. Draw the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of an axial flow turbine when i) R is – 𝑣𝑒 ,ii) R=0,
iii) R=0.5 iv) R=1 v) 𝑅 > 1. Discuss the energy in each case (3b,10, Dec18/Jan 19,10scheme)
8. Explain why turbine with reaction 𝑅 > 1 and 𝑅 < 0 are not in practical use (4a, 4, June/July18)
Energy Transfer in Turbo machines

𝜋𝐷𝑁
Rotor Speed- tangential speed –peripheral speed of the shaft -𝑈 = 60
In velocity triangle is always horizontal
Velocity of fluid (steam, water, air,jet)----- Absolute velocity of fluid----- 𝑉
Fluid Angle at inlet , nozzle exit angle (Impulse turbine), exit angle of guide (fixed) blade α1
with the direction of 𝑈
V1
α1
Absolute Velocity at is to be resolved into two components ---
Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 1

1) along tangential direction and is called as tangential component velocity of fluid Vu1
(whirl velocity Vw1) ---- along horizontal direction (along U) ie the image of V1 along the
direction of U
𝑽𝒖 or 𝑽𝒘
2) Along axial direction in axial turbomachine Vax1 (called as axial component), along radial
direction in radial flow turbomachine Vrd1 (called as radial component). Axial and radial
direction represented in velocity triangle in Y direction
Vax1 or Vrd1 or Vm1 or Vf1
Axial component in axial flow turbomachine and radial component in radial flow turbine is
called as velocity of flow
Symbol used in y direction is Vax1 or Vrd1 or Vm1 or Vf1
In drawing velocity triangle U1 and V1 should lead from common point
V1
α
1
U1
Vector difference between absolute velocity of the fluid and tangential speed of rotor is
called as relative velocity and in velocity diagram this is the line connecting tip of U and V as
given below and arrow opposes V and Vr follows U

line from top of V
V1
V or V ax1 or Vrd1 or Vf1
m1
Vr 1
a1 b1
From Bottom of V
U
1
Vu1
line from right end of V
line from left end of V
Above triangle is the general velocity triangle at inlet of the turbine
Direction of Vr is the moving vane angle ( vane (blade)angle, runner vane (blade) angle,
moving vane (blade) angle) and it is denoted by β
Hence α is always associated with V and β is always associated

with Vr
𝑉𝑚1
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1; 𝑉𝑚1 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽1 = ; 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑚1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1
𝑉𝑢1 −𝑈1
General outlet triangle as given below
V
2
U
2
𝑈2 and 𝑉2 are emerging from single point and line joining tip of 𝑉2 and 𝑈2 is relative velocity
at outlet

Vr2
Vm2 V
2
a1 b2
U
2
Vu2
⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 – 𝑈2 ; 𝑉𝑚2 or 𝑉𝑓2 =𝑉𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽2
Note down the difference between inlet velocity triangle for turbine (general) :
1) Direction of 𝑉1 is towards right in the inlet velocity triangle where as Direction of 𝑉2

in the outlet velocity triangle is towards right
2) Direction of 𝑉1 is towards right in the inlet velocity triangle where as Direction of 𝑉2in
the outlet velocity triangle is towards right
Inlet triangle for given condition:
If the vane angle at inlet is Axial/radial ie 𝛽1 =90o
V1
V r 1= V
m1
a1
b =90
1
U
1
𝑉𝑚1
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑈1; 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑢1
If U1 is greater than Vu1

V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1
U1
V
u1
Outlet velocity triangle for turbine
If fluid exit is Axial/Radial or utilization factor is maximum α2=90 (whirl velocity at outlet or
tangential component at outlet =0)
V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
𝑉𝑚2
𝑉𝑢2 =0 ; 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑚2; 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑈2
If blade angle at outlet =900 ie β2=900+
V2
Vr2 =Vm2
a2
b2=90
U = Vu2
2
If 𝑈2 is greater than 𝑉𝑢2 or tangential component of absolute velocity (Whirl velocity) at

outlet is in the opposite direction of tangential component at inlet

V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2
U2
V
u2
General velocity triangle for power absorbing turbomachine:
Direction of 𝑉𝑢1 and 𝑉𝑢2 are in the same direction
𝑈1 is greater than 𝑉𝑢1
𝑈2 is greater than 𝑉𝑢2
Outlet velocity triangle:
V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2
U2
V
u2
Here 𝑉𝑢2 is greater than 𝑉𝑢1

Eulers turbine equation:
Force= Rate change of momentum =mass (kg/s) x change in velocity
Force along tangential direction= mass (kg/s) x change in velocity along tangential direction
𝑚̇
𝐹𝑢 = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑉𝑢2 ) (tangential thrust (force)
𝑐
Force along a axial/radial direction= mass (kg/s) x change in velocity along axial/radial
direction (Axial/radial thrust)
𝑚̇
𝐹𝑎 = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑚1 – 𝑉𝑚2 )
𝑐
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ∗ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

𝑚̇
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑇 = (𝑉𝑢1 𝑟1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑟2)
𝑔𝑐
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 ∗ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐸 = 𝑇∗ 𝜔
𝑚̇ ̇ 𝑚̇ ̇ 𝑚̇ ̇ 2𝜋𝑁 2𝜋𝑁
𝐸 = (𝑉𝑢1 𝑟1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑟2 )𝜔; 𝐸 = (𝑉𝑢1 𝑟1 𝜔 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑟2 𝜔) ; 𝐸 = (𝑉𝑢1 𝑟1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑟2 )
𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 60 60
𝑚̇ ̇ 𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝑚̇ ̇
𝐸= (𝑉𝑢1 – 𝑉𝑢2 ); 𝐸 = (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
𝑔𝑐 60 60 𝑔𝑐
𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2
= − − − called as Eulers turbine equation
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐
𝐸
is also equal to change in stagnation enthalpy (∆ho ) =Cp (To1 –T02) = Cp ∆To
𝑚̇
𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2
=
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐
If 𝑉𝑢1 and 𝑉𝑢2 are in the opposite direction ie
𝐸 1
Hence 𝑚̇ = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 + ⃖𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
𝑐
Inlet Velocity triangle

V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1
U1
V
u1
Outlet velocity triangle:
V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2
U2
V
u2
𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
=
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐
Inlet and outlet velocity triangle if Vu1 and Vu2 are in the opposite direction
line from top of V
V1
V or V ax1 or Vrd1 or Vf1
m1
Vr 1
a1 b1
From Bottom of V
U
1
Vu1
line from right end of V
line from left end of V
Vu1 is +ve

Outlet velocity triangle
Vr2
Vm2 V
2
a1 b2
U
2
Vu2
𝐸 ⃖ 𝑢2 𝑈2 )
(𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 +𝑉
=
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐
In axial flow turbo machines𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈 since 𝐷1= 𝐷2
And generally (unless stated ) 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚 (ie flow velocity is constant)
In radial flow turbomachine 𝑈1 ≠(not equal) 𝑈2 since 𝐷1≠ 𝐷 2 ( centrifugal compressor,

Francis turbine)
All impulse turbine are axial flow machines ie 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈
In an Impulse turbine generally (unless stated ) 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑟2 ;
If blade friction coefficient K is given in the problem 𝑉𝑟2 = 𝐾𝑉𝑟1
In reaction turbine 𝑉𝑟2 > 𝑉𝑟1 and generally 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 (ie flow velocity is constant)
If blades are equiangular means 𝛽1 = 𝛽2
If outlet velocity triangle is 3o is less than inlet blade angle then 𝛽2 = 𝛽1 − 3
Other Important point is

𝐸
• For the power developing turbomachine ie turbine 𝑚̇ is +ve (ie 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 > 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2)
• For the power absorbing turbomachine ie pump or compressor
𝐸
is − ve (ie 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 > 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 )
𝑚̇

Alternative form of Eulers turbine equation:
V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1
U1
V
u1
Outlet Velocity triangle
V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2
U2
V
u2
𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
= --------------------- A
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐
From Inlet Velocity triangle
𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑢1
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚1 ; 2
𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉12 − 𝑉𝑢1
2
------------------------------------------ 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = (𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢1 )2 +𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑟1 − (𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢1 )2; 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑟1 – (𝑈12 +𝑉𝑢1
2
− 2𝑈1 𝑉𝑢1 )
eqn-2
Eqn 1 =Eqn2; 𝑉12 − 𝑉𝑢1

2 2
= 𝑉𝑟1 – (𝑈12 +𝑉𝑢1
2
− 2𝑈1 𝑉𝑢1 ) ; 𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑟1
2
– (𝑈12 − 2𝑈1 𝑉𝑢1)
𝑉12 +𝑈12 −𝑉𝑟1

2
2𝑈1 𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉12 + 𝑈12 − 2
𝑉𝑟1 ; 𝑈1 𝑉𝑢1 = -----------------3
2
Similarly from outlet velcocity triangle
𝑉22 +𝑈22 −𝑉𝑟2

2
𝑈2 𝑉𝑢2 = ----------------4
2
Substituting 3 and 4 in equation A
𝐸 𝑉12 +𝑈12 −𝑉𝑟1

2 𝑉22 +𝑈22 −𝑉𝑟2
2
𝑚̇
= 2𝑔𝑐
− 2𝑔𝑐

𝐸 𝑉12 −𝑉22 𝑈12 −𝑈22 2 −𝑉 2
𝑉𝑟1
= + − 𝑟2
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐
Ist term is the change in KE of the fluid due to change in absolute velocity of the fluid
2nd term is the change in KE of the fluid due to change in tangential speed of the rotor
3nd term is the change in KE of the fluid due to change in relative velocity of the rotor
Hence
𝑬 𝒎̇ ̇ 𝑽𝟐𝟏 −𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑼𝟐𝟏 −𝑼𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟏 −𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟐

= 𝒈 (𝑽𝒖𝟏 𝑼𝟏 – 𝑽𝒖𝟐 𝑼𝟐 ) = + − = Cp ∆To
𝒎̇ 𝒄 𝟐 𝒈𝒄 𝟐 𝒈𝒄 𝟐 𝒈𝒄
𝒎̇ ̇
• Tangential force = Fu = (𝑽𝒖𝟏 – 𝑽𝒖𝟐 ) Newton
𝒈𝒄
𝒎̇ ̇
• Torque = T = (𝑽 r1 – 𝑽𝒖𝟐 r2) Newton meter
𝒈𝒄 𝒖𝟏
𝒎̇ ̇
• Power 𝑬 = 𝒈 (𝑽𝒖𝟏 U1 −𝑽𝒖𝟐 U2 ) Watts
𝒄
𝒎̇ ̇ ⃖ 𝒖𝟐 𝑼𝟐 )watts
Power 𝑬 = ( 𝑽𝒖𝟏 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑽
𝒈𝒄
• Force along a axial/radial direction= mass (kg/s) x change in velocity along
axial/radial direction (Axial/radial thrust)
𝑚̇ ̇
Fa = (𝑉𝑚1 − 𝑉𝑚2 ) Newton
𝑔𝑐
Degree of Reaction: It is defined as the ratio of static enthalpy drop of the fluid to
stagnation enthalpy drop of fluid when it passes through the rotor of the turbomachine
static enthalpy drop of the fluid

Degree of Reaction=
stagnation enthalpy drop of fluid
ℎ1 −ℎ2
𝑅= ------A
ℎ01 −ℎ02
𝑉12 −𝑉22 𝑈12 −𝑈22 2 −𝑉 2

𝑉𝑟1
ℎ01 − ℎ02 = + − 𝑟2
2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐
𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑈12 −𝑈22 2 −𝑉 2
𝑉𝑟1
(ℎ01 − 2𝑔1 ) −(ℎ02 − 2𝑔2 ) = 2𝑔𝑐
− 2𝑔𝑐
𝑟2
𝑐 𝑐
𝑉2 𝑉2
But ℎ1 = (ℎ01 − 21 ) ; ℎ2 = (ℎ02 − 2𝑔2 )
𝑐

𝑈12 −𝑈22 2 −𝑉 2
𝑉𝑟1 𝑟2
Hence, ℎ1 −ℎ2 = −
2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐
Substituting, ℎ1 −ℎ2 and ℎ01 − ℎ02
𝑈12 − 𝑈22 2
𝑉𝑟1 2
− 𝑉𝑟2
−
2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐
𝑅= 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 𝑈1 − 𝑈2 𝑉𝑟1 − 𝑉𝑟2
+ −
(𝑼𝟐𝟏 − 𝑼𝟐𝟐 ) + (𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟐 )

𝑅=
(𝑽𝟐𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐𝟐 ) + (𝑼𝟐𝟏 − 𝑼𝟐𝟐 ) + (𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟐 )
Another form of Degree of Reaction
𝑉12 − 𝑉22 𝑈12 − 𝑈22 2

𝑉𝑟1 2
− 𝑉𝑟2 𝑉12 − 𝑉22
+ − −
2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐
𝑅= 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 𝑈 −𝑈 𝑉 −𝑉
+ 12𝑔 2 − 𝑟12𝑔 𝑟2
2𝑔𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
2
𝑉 −𝑉 2
𝐸
− 1 2 𝑽𝟐𝟏 −𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐
𝑅= 𝐸 ; 𝑅 =1− 𝑬
𝟐𝑔𝑐 ̇
𝑚̇ 𝒎
Hence Degree of Reaction can be written in two forms

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝑼𝟏 −𝑼𝟐 )+(𝑽𝒓𝟏 −𝑽𝒓𝟐 )
1. 𝑅 = 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝑽𝟏 −𝑽𝟐 )+(𝑼𝟏 −𝑼𝟐 )+(𝑽𝒓𝟏 −𝑽𝒓𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝟏 −𝑽𝟐
2. 𝑅 = 1 − 𝑬
𝟐𝑔𝑐 𝒎̇
Utilization factor: is defined as the ratio of ideal work done by the turbomachine to the
energy supplied at the inlet of turbine
Turbo machine
Input
𝑉22
--- exit energy
2

𝐸 𝑉12 −𝑉22 𝑈12 −𝑈22 2 −𝑉 2
𝑉𝑟1
Output = = + − 𝑟2
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐
Input = Output + exit fluid KE
𝐸 𝑉22
Input = +
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐
𝐸
𝑚̇
Hence utilization factor, ϵ= 𝐸 𝑉2
+ 2
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐
𝑉2 2 2 2 2
1 −𝑉2 + 𝑈1 −𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉𝑟2
2
ϵ= 2
𝑉1 −𝑉22 2
𝑈1 −𝑈22 𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉2
2 2
+ − 𝑟2 + 𝑉2
2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐
𝑉2 2 2 2 2
1 −𝑉2 + 𝑈1 −𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉𝑟2
2
Hence, ϵ = 2 2 2
𝑉1 𝑈1 −𝑈2 𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉2
2
𝑟2
2𝑔𝑐
+ 2𝑔𝑐
− 2𝑔𝑐
After simplifying ,
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝑽𝟏 −𝑽𝟐 )+(𝑼𝟏 −𝑼𝟐 )+(𝑽𝒓𝟏 −𝑽𝒓𝟐 )
ϵ= 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝟏 +(𝑼𝟏−𝑼𝟐)+(𝑽𝒓𝟏−𝑽𝒓𝟐 )
___________________________________________________________________________
Establish the relation between utilization factor and degree of reaction (or prove that
𝑽𝟐𝟏 −𝑽𝟐𝟐
ϵ=
𝑽𝟐𝟏 − 𝑹𝑽𝟐𝟐
2 2 2 2
(𝑈1 −𝑈2 )+(𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉𝑟2 )
R= 2 2 2 2 2 2
(𝑉1 −𝑉2 )+(𝑈1 −𝑈2 )+(𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉𝑟2 )
R [(𝑉12 − 𝑉22 ) + (𝑈12 − 𝑈22 ) + (𝑉𝑟1

2 2 )]
− 𝑉𝑟2 = (𝑈12 − 𝑈22 ) + (𝑉𝑟1
2 2)
− 𝑉𝑟2
R (𝑉12 − 𝑉22 ) + R [(𝑈12 − 𝑈22 ) + (𝑉𝑟1

2 2 )] (𝑈 2
− 𝑉𝑟2 = 1 − 𝑈22 ) + (𝑉𝑟1
2 2)
− 𝑉𝑟2
R (𝑉12 − 𝑉22 ) =[ (𝑈12 − 𝑈22 ) + (𝑉𝑟1

2 2 )] (1
− 𝑉𝑟2 − 𝑅)
𝑅
(𝑈12 − 𝑈22 ) + (𝑉𝑟1
2 2)
− 𝑉𝑟2 = (𝑉12 − 𝑉22 ) ----------------- 1
1−𝑅

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝑽𝟏 −𝑽𝟐 )+(𝑼𝟏 −𝑼𝟐 )+(𝑽𝒓𝟏 −𝑽𝒓𝟐 )
ϵ=
𝑽𝟐𝟏+(𝑼𝟐𝟏−𝑼𝟐𝟐)+(𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟏−𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟐)
substituting 1 in above equation

2 2 𝑅 2 2
(𝑉1 −𝑉2 ) + (𝑉1 −𝑉2 )
1−𝑅
ϵ=
𝑉21 + 1−𝑅
𝑅 2 2
(𝑉1 −𝑉2 )
(1−𝑅)(𝑽𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 −𝑽𝟐 )+𝑹 (𝑽𝟏 −𝑽𝟐 )
(1−𝑅)
ϵ= (1−𝑅)(𝑽𝟏 )+ 𝑹 (𝑽𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 −𝑽𝟐 )
(1−𝑅)
after simplification
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝟏 −𝑽𝟐
ϵ= 𝟐 𝟐 Hence proved
𝑽𝟏 − 𝑹𝑽𝟐
For Maximum utilization,

𝑽𝟐𝟏−𝑽𝟐𝟐
From the expression ϵ= it can be understand V2 is to be minimum
𝑽𝟐𝟏− 𝑹𝑽𝟐𝟐
For V2 to be minimum, V2 to be in the axial / radial direction ie α2=90o and Vu2 =0
Numericals

1. Air enters in an axial flow turbine with a tangential component of the absolute velocity
600m/s in the direction of rotation. At the rotor exit, the tangential component of the
absolute velocity is 100m/s in a direction opposite to that of rotational speed. The
tangential blade speed is 250m/s. Evaluate (i) The change in total enthalpy of air between
the inlet and outlet of the rotor (ii) The power in kW if the mass flow rate is 10kg/s (iii)
The change in total temperature across the rotor.(4c, 8, June/July18)
• Axial flow turbine ie 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈

• Air enters in an axial flow turbine tangential component of the absolute velocity 600m/s
in the direction of rotation
𝑉𝑢1 = 600m/s in the direction to that of rotational speed
At the rotor exit, the tangential component of the absolute velocity is 100m/s in a direction
opposite to that of rotational speed.
⃖𝑉𝑢2=100m/s opposite to the direction to that of rotational speed ie. Direction of u

and Vu2 are opposite to each other ie Vu2 direction is negative Vu2
• Tangential blade speed 𝑈 = 250m/s
To determine
i)∆ho=? ii)P=? if m=10kg/s iii) ∆To=?

𝐸 1 𝐸 1
= 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) ; = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 + ⃖𝑉𝑢2 )𝑈 as 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈
𝑚̇ 𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑐
𝐸
= (600 + 100)250 = 175000J/kg (175kJ/kg)
𝑚̇
𝐸
i) ∆ℎ0 = 𝑚̇ = 175𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝐸 𝐸
ii) 𝐸 = 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇ = 10 𝑥 175 = 1750𝑘𝑊 ( kW since 𝑚̇ is in kJ/kg)
iii) ∆ℎ0 = 𝐶𝑝 (∆𝑇0 )
175 = 1.005 ∆𝑇0 as 𝐶𝑝 for air is 1.005𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
∆𝑇0 = 174.13oC
2. Air enters in an axial flow turbine with a tangential component of the absolute
velocity 600m/s in the direction of rotation. At the rotor exit, the tangential
component of the absolute velocity is 100m/s in a direction same to that of
rotational speed. The tangential blade speed is 250m/s. Evaluate (i) The change in
total enthalpy of air between the inlet and outlet of the rotor (ii) The power in kW if
the mass flow rate is 10kg/s (iii) The change in total temperature across the rotor
3. In a certain turbo machine the fluid enters the rotor with the absolute velocity
having an axial component of 10m/s and a tangential component, in the direction of

the rotors motion is 16m/s. The tangential speed of the rotor at inlet is 33m/s. At the
outlet of the rotor, the tangential speed of the rotor is 8m/s and absolute velocity of
the fluid is 16m/s in axial direction. Evaluate the energy transfer between the fluid
and rotor. Is this turbo machine power absorbing and power generating? What is the
change in total pressure if the process is loss free and fluid is water Also calculate the
blade angles
Given Data
Axial component of absolute of velocity at inlet 𝑉𝑚1 =10m/s,
Tangential component at inlet, 𝑉𝑢1 = 16𝑚/𝑠,
Tangential speed of the rotor at inlet,𝑈1 = 33𝑚/𝑠
Tangential speed of the rotor at outlet=𝑈1 = 8𝑚/𝑠,
Absolute velocity of the fluid is 16m/s in axial direction ie 𝑉2 = 16𝑚/𝑠 and 𝛼2 = 900
To determine
𝐸
=?, Is the turbomachine is power absorbing or power generating? ∆p=? if fluid is
𝑚̇
water
Solution:
Note that 𝑈1 = 33𝑚/𝑠 > 𝑉𝑢1 = 16𝑚/𝑠
Hence
V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1
U1
V
u1
α2=90o
V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
𝑉𝑢2 = 0

𝐸 1 𝐸 𝐸
= 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) ; = (16 ∗ 33 − 0); = 528 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇
𝐸
Since 𝑚̇ = is + ve This machine is power developing machine
∆𝑃0
ii) For compressible fluid , ∆ℎ0 =
𝜌
0 ∆𝑃
528 = 1000 ; ∆𝑃0 = 528000 N/m2 (∆𝑃0 𝑖𝑠 N/m2 since ∆ℎ0 is in J/kg);
∆𝑃0 = 528 𝑘𝑃𝑎
iii) Blade angles
Inlet blade angle

𝑉 10
From Inlet velocity triangle, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 𝑈 −𝑚1𝑉 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 33−16 ; 𝛽1 = 30.465o
1 𝑢1
Outlet blade angle

𝑉 16
From outlet velocity triangle, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 𝑈𝑚2; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 8 ; 𝛽2 = 63.43o
2
Inlet velocity of the fluid
2 2
𝑉1 = √𝑉𝑢1 + 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉1 = √162 + 102 ; 𝑉1 = 18.867𝑚/𝑠
Outlet guide blade angle α1
𝑉𝑚1 10
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = 𝑉𝑢1
; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = 16
; 𝛼1 =320
Axial thrust
𝑚̇
𝐹𝑎 = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑚1 -𝑉𝑚2 ) Newton; 𝐹𝑎 = 1 (10 – 16) ; 𝐹𝑎 = −6 𝑁
𝑐
Tangential Thrust
𝑚̇
𝐹𝑢 = (𝑉𝑢1 – 𝑉𝑢2 ) Newton ; 𝐹𝑢 = 1 (16 – 0) 𝑁 ; 𝐹𝑢 = 16 𝑁
𝑔𝑐
4. The following data refers to a turbo-machine. Inlet velocity of whirl =16m/s, velocity
of flow =10m/s, blade speed =33m/s, outlet blade speed =8m/sDischarge is radial
with an absolute velocity of 16m/s. If water is the working fluid flowing at the rate of
1 m3/s. Calculate the following i) Power in kW ii) Change in total pressure in kN/m 2
iii) Degree of reaction iv) Utilization factor (3b, 08, June/July18 15 scheme)
Inlet velocity of whirl =16m/s, ie 𝑉𝑢1 = 16𝑚/𝑠,

velocity of flow =10m/s, 𝑉𝑚1 = 10𝑚/𝑠,
blade speed =33m/s at inlet, 𝑈1 = 33𝑚/𝑠
outlet blade speed =8m/s =𝑈2 = 8𝑚/𝑠,
16𝑚
Discharge is radial with an absolute velocity of 16m/s ie 𝑉2 = and 𝛼2 = 900
𝑠
If water is the working fluid flowing at the rate of 1 m3/s. 𝑄 = 1𝑚3 /𝑠
To determine
i)Power in kW ie E=? Ii)Change in total pressure in kN/m2 ∆𝑃0 =? iii) R=? Iv) 𝜀 =?
Solution:
Note that 𝑈1 = 33𝑚/𝑠 > 𝑉𝑢1=16m/s
Hence
V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1
U1
V
u1
α2=90o
V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
Vu2 =0
i) Power in kW
𝐸 1
= 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) ;
𝑚̇ 𝑐
𝐸 𝐸
= (16 ∗ 33 − 0); = 528 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑚̇
𝐸
Since 𝑚̇ = is + ve This machine is power developing machine
𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝑄 ; 𝑚̇ = 1000 ∗ 1; 𝑚̇ = 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑠

𝐸 528000𝐽
𝐸 = 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇; 𝐸 = 1000 ∗ 528 𝐽/𝑠; 𝐸 = = 528𝑘𝑊
𝑠
ii) Change in total pressure in kN/m2
∆𝑃0 ∆𝑃0
For compressible fluid , ∆ℎ0 = ; 528 = ; ∆𝑃0 =528000N/m2 ;
𝜌 1000
(∆𝑃0 𝑖𝑠 N/m2 since ∆ℎ0 is in J/kg); ∆𝑃0 =528 kPa
iii) Degree of reaction

𝐸 𝑉2−𝑉2
−( 1 2 )
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 (𝑉12 −𝑉22 )
𝑅= 𝐸 ; 𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ;
2𝑔𝑐 ̇
𝑚̇ 𝑚
𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑢1
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉12 = 162 + 102 ; 𝑉12 = 356; 𝑉22 = 162 ; 𝑉22 = 256
(356−256)
𝑅 =1− ; 𝑅 = 0.91
2∗528
iV) Utilization factor

𝐸
𝑚̇ 528
𝜀= 𝐸 𝑉
2 ; 𝜀= 256 ; 𝜀 =0.804
+( 2 ) 528+( )
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 2
Determine blade angles, Axial and tangential thrust in the above

problem
v) Blade angles
Inlet blade angle

𝑉 10
From Inlet velocity triangle, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 𝑈 −𝑚1𝑉 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 33−16 ; 𝛽1 = 30.465o
1 𝑢1
Outlet blade angle

𝑉 16
From outlet velocity triangle, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 𝑈𝑚2; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 8 ; 𝛽2 = 63.43o
2
Outlet guide blade angle α1

𝑉𝑚1 10
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = 𝑉𝑢1
; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = 16
; 𝛼1 = 320
vi)Axial thrust
𝑚̇
𝐹𝑎 = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑚1 −𝑉𝑚2 ) Newton
𝑐
𝐹𝑎 = 1 (10 – 16) ; 𝐹𝑎 = −6 𝑁

Tangential Thrust
𝑚̇
𝐹𝑈 = (𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑉𝑢2 ) Newton ; 𝐹𝑈 = 1 (16 – 0) N ; 𝐹𝑈 =16 N
𝑔𝑐
5. Water approaches the impeller of a mixed flow pump with an absolute velocity
having tangential and axial components each of 17m/s. At the rotor exit the radial
and tangential components of the absolute velocity are 13m/s and 25m/s
respectively. The tangential blade speed at inlet and exit are 12m/s and 47m/s Find
i) Change in enthalpy across the rotor
ii) Total change in pressure across the rotor
iii) Change in static pressure
iv) Degree of reaction (2b. 10 Dec/Jan 17)*
Water approaches the impeller of a mixed flow pump absolute velocity having
tangential and axial components each of 17m/s. ie 𝑉𝑢1 = 17𝑚/𝑠; 𝑉𝑚1 = 17𝑚/𝑠;
At the rotor exit the radial and tangential components of the absolute velocity are
13m/s and 25m/s𝑉𝑢2 = 25𝑚/𝑠; 𝑉𝑚2 = 13𝑚/𝑠

The tangential blade speed at inlet and exit are 12m/s and 47m/s
𝑈1 = 12𝑚/𝑠; 𝑈2 = 47𝑚/𝑠
i) Change in enthalpy across the rotor
𝐸 1 𝐸 𝐸
= (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) ; 𝑚̇ = (17 ∗ 12) − (25 ∗ 47); 𝑚̇ = −971𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐
ii) Total change in pressure across the rotor

∆𝑃0 ∆𝑃
, ∆ℎ0 = ; 971 = 10000 ; ∆𝑃0 = 971000𝑁/𝑚2
𝜌
iii) Change in static enthalpy

𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉22 −𝑉12
∆ℎ0 = ℎ02 − ℎ01 ; ∆ℎ0 = (ℎ2 + 2𝑔2 ) − (ℎ1 + 2𝑔1 ); ∆ℎ0 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + ( )
𝑐 𝑐 2𝑔𝑐
𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑢1
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉12 = 172 + 172 ; 𝑉12 = 578; 𝑉22 = 𝑉𝑢2
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚2 ;
𝑉22 = 252 + 132 ; 𝑉22 = 794
794−578
971 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + ( ); (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = 863𝐽/𝑘𝑔
2
iv) Change in static pressure

𝜌𝑉 2 𝜌𝑉 2 𝜌𝑉 2
𝑝𝑜 = 𝑝 + 2𝑔 ; ∆𝑝𝑜 = 𝑝𝑜2 − 𝑝𝑜1; ∆𝑝𝑜 = (𝑝2 + 2𝑔2 ) − (𝑝1 + 2𝑔1 )
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

𝜌(𝑉22 −𝑉12 ) 1000(794−578)
∆𝑝𝑜 = (𝑝2 − 𝑝1 ) + ; 971000 = (𝑝2 − 𝑝1 ) + ;
2𝑔𝑐 2
Change in static pressure (𝑝2 − 𝑝1 ) = 863000𝑁/𝑚2
Degree of reaction
𝐸 𝑉2−𝑉2
−( 1 2 )
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 (𝑉12 −𝑉22 ) (578−794)
𝑅= 𝐸 ; 𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑅 = 1− ; 𝑅 = 0.796
2𝑔𝑐 ̇ 2∗(−971)
𝑚̇ 𝑚
6. In an inward flow radial hydraulic turbine for maximum utilisation factor show that ,
1−𝑅
α1=𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 √ 1−𝜀 𝜀 where α1= nozzle angle, R=Degree of reaction, 𝜀 is the utilization
factor Assuming the radial velocity component is constant through out and there is
no tangential component absolute velocity component at outlet (3a,10 , Dec12) (4b,
8, June/July18)
Given Data :
• Radial turbine ie 𝑈1 ≠ 𝑈1
• Assuming the radial velocity component is constant through out
𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚
there is no tangential component absolute velocity component at outlet
𝑉𝑢2 = 0
outlet velocity triangle
V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
Inlet velocity triangle

V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U1
Vu1
2 2 2 2
𝑉1 −𝑉2 𝑉1 −𝑉𝑚
𝜖= ; 𝜖=
𝑉21 − 𝑅𝑉22 𝑉21 − 𝑅𝑉2𝑚
𝑉𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 = 𝑉1
; 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼1
2 2
𝑉𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝛼1 −𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝛼1 −1
𝜖= ; 𝜖=
𝑉2𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝛼1 − 𝑅𝑉2𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝛼1 − 𝑅
cosec 2 α1 = 1 + cot 2 α1
1+cot2 α1 −𝟏 cot2 α1
𝜖= ; 𝜖=
1+cot2 α1 − 𝑹 1− 𝑹+cot2 α1
ϵ(1 − 𝑅) + ϵcot 2 α1 = cot 2 α1 ; ϵ(1 − 𝑅) = cot 2 α1 (1 − ϵ)
ϵ(1− 𝑅) (1− 𝑅)ϵ

= cot 2 α1 ; α1 =𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 √
(1−ϵ) (1−ϵ)
7. In an slow speed inward flow radial hydraulic turbine, degree of reaction is R and
utlilization factor is ε. Assuming the radial velocity component is constant through
out and there is no tangential component absolute velocity component at outlet,
(1− 𝑅)ϵ
show that the inlet nozzle angle is given by α1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 √
(1−ϵ)
8. Show that for an axial flow turbine under maximum utilization factor condition , the
𝑈 2
speed ratio is ∅ is given by 𝑉 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 where U is the tangential speed of the rotor
1
and V1 is the tangential jet velocity of the fluid . Assume flow velocity is to remain
constant and α1is the Take degree of reaction =1/4, (3b. 10 Dec/Jan 2016)*
Axial flow turbine ---- 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈

Utillization factor is maximum ie α2=90o
V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U 2
Degree of reaction =1/4
Assume flow velocity is constant from inlet to outlet ie 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2
U 2
Prove = cos a 1
V1 3
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U
Vu1
𝑉12 −𝑉22
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 − − −1
2𝑔𝑐 ̇
𝑚
𝐸 1 𝐸 1
= 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑉𝑢2 )𝑈 ; = 𝑔 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈 ---------2 as 𝑉𝑢2 = 0
𝑚̇ 𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑐
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑚2 (From outlet velocity triangle as 𝛼2 = 90o)
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑚1 − − −𝑒𝑞𝑛 3 (as 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 )
Substituting 2 and 3 in 1

𝑉12 − 𝑉𝑚1
2
𝑅 =1−
𝑉 𝑈
2𝑔𝑐 𝑢1𝑔𝑐
2
From inlet velocity triangle 𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉12 − 𝑉𝑚1
2
2
𝑉𝑢1 𝑉𝑢1 V1 cosα1
Hence, 𝑅 = 1 − ; 𝑅 =1− ; 𝑅 = 1− as 𝑉𝑢1 = V1 cosα1
2𝑉𝑢1 𝑈 2𝑈 2𝑈
1 V1 𝑐𝑜𝑠α1 3 V1 𝑐𝑜𝑠α1 U 2
=1− ; = ; = cos a1
4 2𝑈 4 2𝑈 V1 3
9. A radial outward flow turbomachine has no inlet whirl. The blade speed at the exit is
twice at inlet. Radial velocity is constant throughout. Taking the inlet blade angle as
45o, show that the degree of reaction,
2+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝑅= Where 𝛽2 is the blade speed at exit wrt tangential direction
4
(3a,10June/July 16, ) (4b,10June/July 17 ) (4b,10June/July 13 ) (4a. 10, Dec12)
Given Data:
A radial outward flow turbomachine has no inlet whirl ie 𝑉𝑢1 = 0
Hence Inlet velocity triangle
V1
Vm1
V b1
1 a1 =90
U1
The blade speed at the exit is twice at inlet.
𝑈2 = 2𝑈1 ;
the inlet blade angle as 45o, ie 𝛽1 = 45o
The radial component of absolute velocity remains constant throughout ie 𝑉𝑚1 =

𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚
𝑉12 −𝑉22
𝑅 =1−
2𝑔𝑐 ̇
𝐸 ---------A
𝑚
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚 ----------1 f

rom Inlet velocity triangle asType equation here. 𝛼1 =900)
𝑉21 −𝑉22 𝑉2𝑚−𝑉22

Substituting 1,in A 𝑅 = 1 − ; 𝑅 =1−
2𝑔𝑐 𝐸
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 𝐸
𝑚̇
V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2
U2
V
u2
From outlet velocity triangle 𝑉22 =𝑉𝑢2

2
+𝑉𝑚2 ; 𝑉𝑚2 − 𝑉22 = 𝑉𝑢2
2
𝐸 1 𝐸 1
And = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑉𝑢2 )𝑈; = − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 as as 𝑉𝑢1 = 0
𝑚̇ 𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐
2
−𝑉𝑢2 −𝑉𝑢2
Hence, 𝑅 =1−
2(−𝑈2 𝑉𝑢2 )
; 𝑅 = 1+ 2(𝑢2 )
-----------------------2
From Inlet velocity triangle

𝑉𝑚1 𝑉 𝑉𝑚
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 𝑈1
; 𝑡𝑎𝑛45 = 𝑈𝑚1 ; 1= 𝑈1
; 𝑈1 = 𝑉𝑚
1
𝑈2 = 2𝑈1 ; 𝑈2 = 2𝑉𝑚 -----------3
From outlet velocity triangle

𝑉𝑚2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 𝑈 ; 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑉𝑚2 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝛽2;
2 −𝑉𝑢2
𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑚2 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝛽2; 𝑉𝑢2 = 2𝑉𝑚 − 𝑉𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝛽2--------------------4
Substituting 3 and 4 in 2
−(2𝑉𝑚 − 𝑉𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝛽2 ) −(2 − 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝛽2 )
𝑅 =1+ 2(2𝑉𝑚 )
; 𝑅 =1+ 2(2)
−2+𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝛽2 4−2+𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝛽2 2+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2

𝑅 =1+ 4
; 𝑅= 4
𝑅= 4

10. An Inward radial flow reaction turbine has radial discharge at outlet The outer blade
angle is 45o. The radial component of absolute velocity remains constant. Assuming
the the tangential speed of the rotor at inlet to be twice the tangential speed of
rotor at exit., determine the energy transfer per unit flow depending on mass and
degree of reaction . Assume 𝑉𝑚 = √2𝑔𝑐 If the values of degree of reaction
respectively are 0 and 1 , what are the corresponding values of energy transfer per
unit mass of the fluid (4b,10 Dec15/Jan16)
Data Given
Radial flow turbine 𝑈1 ≠ 𝑈2 , radial discharge at outlet ie 𝛼2 = 90o
Outlet velocity Triangle
V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
outlet blade angle of 45o.ie β2=45o
The radial component of absolute velocity remains constant throughout
𝑖𝑒 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚 = √2𝑔𝑐 ;
The blade speed at inlet is twice that at outlet U1=2U2

𝐸
To Express 𝑚 = 𝑓(𝛼1) R= 𝑓(𝛼1)
𝐸
α1=? When R=0, =? 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 α1
𝑚
𝐸
α1=? When R=1, =? 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 α1
𝑚
Inlet Velocity Triangle

V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U1
Vu1
𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1
= as 𝑉𝑢2 =0 ------------------------------A
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐
Note that here gc is included in above equation since 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚 = √2𝑔𝑐
From Outlet velocity triangle

𝑉𝑚2 𝑉𝑚2 𝑉𝑚
𝑡𝑎𝑛 β2 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛45 = ; 1= ; 𝑈2 = 𝑉𝑚
𝑈2 𝑈2 𝑈2
𝑈1 = 2𝑈2 ; 𝑈1 =2𝑉𝑚 − − − − 𝑒𝑞𝑛1

𝑉
𝑡𝑎𝑛α1 = 𝑉𝑚 ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉𝑚 cotα1 – ======= 𝑒𝑞𝑛 2
𝑢1
Substituting 1 and 2 in A
𝐸 𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 (2𝑉𝑚 ) 𝐸 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼

2𝑉𝑚 𝐸 2∗ 2gc 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1
1
= ; = ; = ;
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐
𝑬
= 4 cotα1
𝒎̇
𝑉12 −𝑉22
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ----------------B
2𝑔𝑐 ̇
𝑚
From outlet velocity triangle, V2=Vm2 =Vm1
𝑉12 −𝑉𝑚1
2 2
𝑉𝑢1 𝑉2 𝑉𝑢1
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑅 = 1 − 2𝑈 𝑢1𝑉 ; 𝑅 =1− ;
2𝑔𝑐 ̇ 2𝑔𝑐 ̇ 1 𝑢1 2 𝑈1
𝑚 𝑚
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1
𝑅 = 1−
𝑉𝑚 cotα1
2 𝑉𝑚
; 𝑅 = 1− 4
; 𝑅 = 𝟒−𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜶
𝟒
𝟏
At what value of α1, will the degree of reaction be zero

4−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1
0= ; 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 =4; 𝛼1 =
4

the corresponding values of energy transfer per unit mass
𝑬 𝐸 𝐸
= 4 cotα1 ; =4∗4; = 16𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝒎̇ 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇
At what value of α1, will the degree of reaction be 1

1= 4
; 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 = 0;
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = 0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = ∞ ; 𝛼1 = 90𝑜
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
= 4 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 ; = 4∗0; = 0 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇
11. An Inward radial flow reaction turbine has radial discharge at outlet with outlet
blade angle of 45o. The radial component of absolute velocity remains constant
throughout and equal to 2 gH where g is the acceleration due to gravity and H is
the constant head. The blade speed at inlet is twice that at outlet. Express the
energy transfer per unit mass and the degree of reaction in terms of α1, where α1 is
the direction of the absolute velocity at inlet with respect to the blade velocity at
inlet. At what value α1 will be the degree of reaction zero and unity? What are the
corresponding values of energy transfer per unit mass
Radial flow turbine 𝑈1 ≠ 𝑈2 , radial discharge at outlet ie α2=90o
Outlet velocityy triangle
V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
outlet blade angle of 45o.ie 𝛽2 = 45o
The radial component of absolute velocity remains constant throughout and equal to
2 gH 𝑖𝑒 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚 = √2𝑔𝐻
The blade speed at inlet is twice that at outlet U1=2U2

𝐸
To Express 𝑚 = 𝑓(𝛼1 ) R= 𝑓(𝛼1)
𝐸
𝛼1 =? When 𝑅 = 0, =? 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝛼1
𝑚
𝐸
𝛼1 =? When 𝑅 = 1, =? 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝛼1
𝑚
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U1
Vu1
𝐸 1
= 𝑔 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 as as 𝑉𝑢2 =0
𝑚̇ 𝑐
From Outlet velocity triangle

𝑉𝑚2 𝑉𝑚2 𝑉𝑚
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛45 = ; 1= ; 𝑈2 = 𝑉𝑚
𝑈2 𝑈2 𝑈2
𝑈1 = 2𝑈2 ; 𝑈1 = 2𝑉𝑚 --------------1

𝑉𝑚
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = ie 𝑉𝑢1 =𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 -----------------2
𝑉𝑢1
𝐸 1 𝐸 1 𝐸 1
= 𝑔 𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 ∗ 𝑉𝑚 ; = 𝑉 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 ; = 𝑔 2𝑔𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 ;
𝑚̇ 𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑔 𝑚𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑐
𝐸 1
= 𝑔 2𝑔𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1
𝑚̇ 𝑐
𝑉12 −𝑉22
R =1− 𝐸 ----------------B
2𝑔𝑐 ̇
𝑚
From outlet velocity triangle, 𝑉2=𝑉𝑚2 ; 𝑉2=𝑉𝑚1 as 𝑉𝑚2 =𝑉𝑚1
𝑉12 −𝑉𝑚1
2 2
𝑉𝑢1 2
𝑉𝑢1 𝑉𝑢1
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑅 =1− 1 ; 𝑅 = 1−
2𝑔𝑐 ̇ 2𝑔𝑐 ̇ 2𝑔𝑐 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 2 𝑈1
𝑚 𝑚 𝑔𝑐

𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 𝟒−𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜶𝟏
𝑅 =1− ; 𝑅 = 1− ; 𝑹=
2 𝑉𝑚 4 𝟒
𝐸
𝜶𝟏 =? When 𝑅 = 0; =? 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 α1
𝑚
0= ; 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 = 4; 𝛼1 =
4

𝐸 1 𝐸 1 𝐸
= 𝑔 2𝑔𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 ; = 1 2𝑔𝐻 ∗ 4 ; = 8𝑔𝐻
At what value of α1, will the degree of reaction be 1

1= 4
; 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 = 0;
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = 0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = ∞ ; 𝛼1 = 90𝑜
𝐸 1 𝐸 𝐸
= 2𝑔𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 ; = 4𝑔𝐻 ∗ 0 ; = 0 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇
12. An inward flow radial turbine has nozzle angle α and rotor blades are radial entry. The radial
velocity is constant and there is no whirl velocity at discharge. Show that the utilization
2 cos 2 a1
factor is equal to  =
1 + cos 2 a1
13. An inward flow radial turbine has nozzle angle α and rotor blades are radial entry. The radial
velocity is constant and there is no whirl velocity at discharge. Show that the utilization
2 cos 2 a1
factor is equal to  =
1 + cos 2 a1
14. In an axial flow turbine, for maximum utilization factor, prove that speed ratio is
cos 𝛼1
given by ∅ =
2(1−𝑅)
15. The velocity of steam in a Delaval turbine is 1200m/s. The nozzle angle being 22 o.
and rotor blades are equiangular. Assuming the relative velocity of fluid at inlet and
exit to be equal and the tangential speed is 400m/s. Determine (i) the blade angles
at inlet and exit (ii) the tangential force on the blade ring and (iii) power developed
in kW , if mass flow rate is 1kg/s ,iv) . the utilization factor (3a. 10 Dec/Jan 2016)*
Assume 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑟2(3b. 10 Dec17/Jan 2018)
Delaval turbine is Impulse turbine
Ie 𝑅 = 0 and 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈
• Velocity of steam from nozzle= 𝑉1 = 1200𝑚/𝑠, nozzle angle , 𝛼1 = 22o
• the rotor blades are equiangular ie 𝛽1 = 𝛽2

• Tangential speed 𝑈 = 400𝑚/𝑠,
• 𝑉𝑟1 equals to 𝑉𝑟2 ie 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑟2
To determine
i)𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛽1 =?, 𝛽2 =?., ii) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑢 =? iii) 𝑃 =?
iv) 𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜀 =?
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U
Vu1
V
r2
V V
m2 2
a2 b2
V
u2
From inlet velocity triangle
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉1 cos 𝛼1 1; 𝑉𝑢1 =1200𝐶𝑜𝑠22 ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 1112.62𝑚/𝑠 ;
𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 1200𝑠𝑖𝑛22; 𝑉𝑚1 =449.527m/s
𝑉𝑚1 449.527
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑉 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽1 = 111.2.62−400 ; 𝛽1 =32.24o
𝑢1 −𝑈1

𝑉 449.527
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑆𝑖𝑛32.24 = ; 𝑉𝑟1 =842.65m/s
𝑟1 𝑉𝑟1
𝛽1 = 𝛽2 (blades are equiangular); 𝛽1 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐𝟒o; 𝑉𝑟1 equals to 𝑉𝑟2 ie 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑟2
Hence 𝑉𝑟2 = 842.65𝑚/s
⃖𝑉𝑢2= 𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 − 𝑈; ⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 842.65 𝑐𝑜𝑠 32.24 − 400; ⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 312.732𝑚/𝑠
ii) Tangential force

𝑚̇
Tangential force = 𝐹𝑢 = (𝑉𝑢1 + ⃖𝑉𝑢2)
𝑔𝑐
Note that + sign since direction of Vu2 is opposite to the direction of Vu1
1̇
𝐹𝑢 = 1 (1112.62 + 312.732) assuming 𝑚 =1kg/s
𝐹𝑢 = 1425.35 𝑁/𝑘𝑔/𝑠
Power:
𝐸 1̇ 𝐸 1̇ 𝐸
= 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 + ⃖𝑉𝑢2 )𝑈 ; = 1 (1112.62 + 312.732)400 ; = 570140.8 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝐸
𝐸 = 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇ ; 𝐸 = 1 𝑥 570140.8; 𝐸 = 570140.8 𝑊
Utilization factor
𝑽𝟐𝟏−𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟏 −𝑽𝟐𝟐

ϵ= ; ϵ= 𝑎𝑠 𝑅 = 0
𝑽𝟐𝟏− 𝑹𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟏
𝑉𝑚2 𝑉𝑚2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = ; 𝑠𝑖𝑛32.24 = ; 𝑉𝑚2 = 449.526𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟2 842.65
2 2
𝑉2 = √𝑉𝑢2 + 𝑉𝑚2 ; 𝑉2 = √312.7322 + 449.5262 ; 𝑉2 = 369.06𝑚/𝑠
12002 −369.062
𝜖= ; 𝜖 = 0.905
12002
16. At a nozzle exit of a steam turbine, the absolute steam velocity is 300m/s.The rotor
speed is 150m/s at a point where the nozzle angle is 18 o. If the outlet rotor blade
angle is 3.5o less than the inlet blade angle, find the power output from the stage, for
a steam flow rate of 8.5kg/s. Assuming Vr1= Vr2 find utilization factor. Specify how
you would alter the blade design so that utilization may become maximum under the
given circumstances

17. In a delaval steam turbine nozzle angle at inlet is 18o. The relative velocity is reduced
to the exit at 6% when steam flows over the moving blades. The output of the
turbine is 120kJ/kg of steam. If the blades are equiangular, find i) speed ratio ii)
velocity of steam from nozzle iii) blade speed for maximum utlization
18. At a stage of an impulse turbine the mean blade dia is 0.75m, is rotational speed being
3500rpm. The absolute velocity of fluid discharging form a nozzle inclined at 20 o to the plane
of the wheel is 275m/s. If the utilization factor is 0.9 and the relative velocity at rotor exit is
0.9 times that at the inlet, find the inlet and exit rotor angle.Also find the power output from
stage for mass flow rate of 2 kg/s and axial thrust on the shaft
19. At a stage of an impulse turbine, the mean blade dia is 80cm, its rpm 3000rpm. The absolute
velocity of fluid discharging form a nozzle inclined at 20o to the plane of the wheel is 300m/s.
If the utilization factor is 0.85 and the relative velocity at rotor exit is equals at inlet, find the
inlet and exit rotor angle. Also find the power output from stage for mass flow rate of 1 kg/s
(4b,10, Dec 18/Jan19)
20. An impulse turbine the mean blade dia is 0.75m, with a speed of 2800rpm. The absolute
velocity of jet leaving a nozzle inclined at 18o to the plane of the wheel is 280m/s. If the
utilization factor is 0.88 and the relative velocity at rotor exit at inlet remains same,
Determine i) the inlet and outlet blade angles ii) work done iii) power output for a mass
flow rate of 10kg/s (3b. 10, June/July18)
21. The following data refer to an axial flow impulse steam turbine: Steam flow rate =20kg/s,
blade speed ratio=0.5, blade velocity coefficient Vr1/Vr2=0.9, the nozzle angle at the rotor
inlet = 30o such as to make the whirl velocity at inlet is positive, rotor speed =4000rpm,
mean diameter of the rotor = 60cm. Find the rotor blade angles if the rotor blades are
equiangular. Find also the power output, axial thrust and the utilization factor. Sketch the
velocity triangles
22. In an axial flow turbine , the discharge blade angle are 20oeach, for both the stator
and the rotor. The steam speed at the exit of the fixed blade is 140m/s. The ratio of
𝑉𝑎
= 0.7 at the entry and 0.76 at the exit of the rotor blade. Find i) the inlet rotor
𝑢
blade angle, ii) the power developed by the blade ring for mass flow rate of 2.6kg/s
iii) Degree of reaction (3b. 10 June/July 16) (3b. 10 June/July 13)
axial flow turbine 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈

the discharge blade angle are 20oeach, for both the stator and the rotor.
ie ∝1 = 20𝑜 ; 𝛽2 = 200 ;
The steam speed at the exit of the fixed blade is 140m/s ie 𝑉1 = 140m/s
𝑉𝑎
The ratio of = 0.7 at the entry and 0.76 at the exit of the rotor blade.
𝑢
𝑉𝑎1 𝑉𝑎2
Ie = 0.7 and = 0.76
𝑈 𝑈
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1; 𝑉𝑢1 = 140𝑐𝑜𝑠20 ; 𝑉𝑢1=131.56m/s ;
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑎1 = 140𝑠𝑖𝑛20; 𝑉𝑎1 = 47.88m/s

𝑉𝑎1 47.88
= 0.7; = 0.7; 𝑈 = 68.40𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑈
𝑉𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2
= 0.76 ; = 0.76; 𝑉𝑎2 = 51.98𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 68.40
𝑉𝑢1 > 𝑈, Hence Inlet velocity triangle is as follows
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U1
Vu1
𝑉 47.88
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 𝑉 𝑎1 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 131.56−68.40 ; 𝛽1 = 37.16o
𝑢1 − U
𝑉𝑎2 51.98
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2; = 𝑡𝑎𝑛20; 𝑋 = 142.81; 𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 = 142.81
𝑋 𝑋
𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 > 𝑈
V
r2
V V
m2 2
a2 b2
V
u2
⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 − 𝑈; ⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 74.40𝑚/𝑠
𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 + ⃖𝑉𝑢2 )𝑈 𝐸 (131.56 + 74.40)68.40 𝐸

= ; = ; = 14.08 ∗ 103 J/kg;
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 1 𝑚̇
𝐸
𝐸 = 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇; 𝐸 = 2.6 ∗ 14.08 ∗ 103 𝐸 = 36.62 ∗ 103 W
𝑉12 −𝑉22
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑉12 = 1402 ;
2𝑔𝑐 ̇
𝑚
𝑉22 = 𝑉𝑢2
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑎2 ; 𝑉22 = 74.402 + 51.982 ; 𝑉22 = 8237.28
1402 −8237.28
𝑅 =1− ; 𝑅 = 0.5964
2∗14.08∗103

23. Air flows axially through a axial flow turbine at a mean radius of 0.2m. If the
tangential component of absolute velocity reduced by 20m/s during passage through
the rotor, find the power developed by the turbine for a flow rate 100m 3/s at a
point, where the pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 27 oC. The rotational speed
of the rotor is 3000rpm
24. Liquid water lows at a rate of 31.5kg/s through a rotor of an axial flow turbine, where inlet
and outlet mean diameters are 18.5cm and 20cm respectively. The other data are: speed
=6000rpm, V1=35m/s and is directed axially. V2=160m/s such that 𝛼2 = 30𝑜 . Using mean
inlet and outlet diameter find i) Torque exerted ii) 𝑉𝑟1 and 𝑉𝑟2 (3c, 06,
Dec18/Jan19,10scheme)
31.5𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ = ; axial 𝐷1 = 18.5𝑐𝑚 = 0.185𝑚; 𝐷2 = 20𝑐𝑚 = 0.2𝑚; 𝑁 = 6000𝑟𝑝𝑚;
𝑠
V1=35m/s and is directed axially V1=35m/s; 𝛼1 = 90𝑜 ; V2=160m/s; 𝛼2 = 30𝑜
V1
Vm1
V b1
1 a1 =90
U1
𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋𝑥0.185𝑥6000
𝑈1 = 60
; 𝑈1 = 60
; 𝑈1 = 58.12m/s
𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝜋𝑥0.2𝑥6000
𝑈2 = 60
; 𝑈2 = 60
; 𝑈2 = 62.83m/s
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 35 cos 90 𝑉𝑢1 = 0

𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 35 sin 90 𝑉𝑚1 = 35𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 ; 𝑉𝑢2 = 160 cos 30 𝑉𝑢2 = 138.56𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2 = 160 sin 30 = 80𝑚/𝑠
𝑈2 < 𝑉𝑢2, Hence outlet velocity triangle as given below

V
r2
V V
m2 2
a2 b2
V
u2
𝑚̇
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑅1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑅2 );
𝑐
31.5 0.2
𝑇= 1
(0 − 138.56 ∗ 2
); 𝑇 = −13.856𝑁𝑚
From Inlet velocity triangle ; 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑈1 ; 𝑉𝑟1 = 62.83𝑚/𝑠;

𝑉𝑚2
From outlet velocity triangle : 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 =
𝑉𝑢2 −𝑈2
Assuming flow velocity is constant 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉𝑚2 = 35𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑚2 35
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 138.56−62.83; 𝛽2 = 24.80
𝑉𝑢2 −𝑈2
𝑉𝑚2 35
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽2 = 𝑉𝑟2
; 𝑠𝑖𝑛24.8 = 𝑉 ; 𝑉𝑟2 = 83.42𝑚/𝑠
𝑟2
25. An inward radial flow hydraulic turbine water enters with an absolute velocity of 15m/s with
a nozzle angle of 15o. The speed of the rotor is 400rpm. Diameter of the rotor at inlet and
outlet are 75cm and 50cm respectively. The fluid leaves the rotor radially with an absolute
velocity of 5m/s. Determine i) The blade angles ii) workdone iii) utilization factor ( 3b,08,
Dec18/Jan19,15 scheme)
𝑉1 = 15𝑚/𝑠; 𝛼1 = 150 ; 𝑁 = 400𝑟𝑝𝑚; 𝐷1 = 0.75𝑚; 𝐷2 = 0.5𝑚
The fluid leaves the rotor radially with an absolute velocity of 5m/s. 𝛼2 = 900 ; 𝑉2 = 5𝑚/
𝑠;
𝐸
𝛽1 =? ; 𝛽2 =? =?; 𝜖 =?
𝑚̇
𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋∗0.75∗400
𝑈1 = ; 𝑈1 = ; 𝑈1 = 15.70𝑚/𝑠 ;
60 60
𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝜋∗0.5∗400
𝑈2 = 60
; 𝑈2 = 60
; 𝑈2 = 10.47𝑚/𝑠;
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 15𝑐𝑜𝑠15; 𝑉𝑢1 = 14.49𝑚/𝑠;

𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 15𝑠𝑖𝑛15; 𝑉𝑚1 = 3.88𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑢1 < 𝑈1 ;

V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1
U1
V
u1
𝑉 3.88
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 𝑈 −𝑚1 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 15.70−14.49 ; 𝛽1 =72.67o
1 𝑉𝑢1
V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉2
𝑉𝑚2 3.88
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = ; 𝛽2 = 37.81𝑜
𝑈2 5
𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
= ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 14.49𝑚/𝑠 ; 𝑉𝑢2 = 0
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐
𝐸 (14.49∗ 15.70 + 0) 𝐸
= ; = 227.49𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 1 𝑚̇
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐸
𝑚̇ 227.49
∈= 𝐸 𝑉2
2 ; ∈= 52
; ∈= 0.9479
+ 227.49+
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 2∗1
26. An inward flow reaction turbine has outer and inner diameter of the wheel as 1m
and 0.5m respectively.. The vanes are radial at inlet , and discharge is radial at outlet
and water enters the blade at an angle of 10o. Assume the velocity of flow is
constant and equal to 3m/s. Find i) Speed of the wheel ii) outlet blade angle iii)
Degree of reaction (2c. 10 June/July 17) )(4b,10,June/July14)*
Inward flow turbine; Inner Diameter= 1m ie 𝐷1 = 1𝑚; 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐷2 =
0.5𝑚 𝛼1 = 100 . Assume the velocity of flow is constant and equal to 3m/s. 𝑉𝑓1 =
𝑉𝑓2 = 3𝑚/𝑠; 𝑁 =?; 𝑅 =?

V1
V r 1= V
m1
a1
b =90
1
U
1
V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
𝑉𝑚1 3
From inlet velocity triangle 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛10 = ; 𝑈1 = 17.01𝑚/𝑠;
𝑈1 𝑈1
𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋∗1∗𝑁
𝑈1 = ; 17.01 = ; 𝑁 = 324.94𝑟𝑝𝑚 ;
60 60
𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝜋∗0.5∗324.94
𝑈2 = ; 𝑈2 = ; 𝑈2 = 8.5𝑚/𝑠;
60 60
𝑉𝑚2 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 8.5 ; 𝛽2 = 19.424
𝑈2
𝑉12 −𝑉22
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ;
2𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇
𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
= ;
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐
From Inlet and outlet triangles
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑈1 ; 𝑉𝑢2 = 0
𝐸 (𝑈1 𝑈1 + 0) 𝐸 17.01∗17.01+0 𝐸
= ; = ; = 289.34𝐽/𝑘𝑔;
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 1 𝑚̇
𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑢1
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉12 = 17.012 + 32 ; 𝑉12 = 298.34; 𝑉22 = 32
298.34−9
𝑅 = 1 − 2∗289.34 ; 𝑅 = 0.5
27. The mean diameter of axial flow steam turbine is 50cm. The maximum utilisation
factor is 0.9 and degree of reaction is 0.5. The mass flow rate of steam is 10kg/s. The

speed of the blade is 2000rpm . Calculate i) Inlet and exit absolute velocities ii)
Power developed (3c. 08, Dec12)
Axial : 𝐷 = 𝐷1 = 𝐷2 = 50𝑐𝑚 = 0.5𝑚; ∈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.9; 𝑅 = 0.5 ; 𝑚̇ = 10𝑘𝑔/𝑠 ; 𝑁 =
2000𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝜋𝐷𝑁 𝜋𝑥0.5𝑥2000
𝑈= ; 𝑈= 𝑈 = 52.36𝑚/𝑠
60 60
2 2 2 2
𝑉1 −𝑉2 𝑉1 −𝑉2
𝜖= ; 0.9 =
𝑉21 − 𝑅𝑉22 𝑉21 − 0.5𝑉22
0.9𝑉12 –(0.9 ∗ 0.5𝑉22 ) = 𝑉12 − 𝑉22 ; 𝑉12 = 5.5𝑉22 --------------1
𝑅 = 50%, ie 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉2 , 𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉1 , 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 , 𝛼2 = 𝛽1
𝛼2 =90o since turbine is for maximum utilization
𝛼2 = 𝛽1 for 50% R Hence 𝛽1 =90o
V1
Vr2
V2 = Vm2 Vr1 =Vm1
b1
a2
a1 b2
Power Developed
𝑚̇
⃖ 𝑢2)𝑈
𝐸 = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 + 𝑉
𝑐
From inlet velocity triangle𝑉𝑢1 = U = 52.36 ; From outlet velocity triangle 𝑉𝑢2=0
2̇
Hence 𝐸 = 1 (52.36 + 0) 52.36; 𝐸 = 5.483 ∗ 103 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Exit absolute velocity

𝐸 5.483∗103 𝐸
𝑚̇
= 2
; 𝑚̇
= 2741.5𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝐸
𝑚̇ 2741.5 𝑉22
∈= 𝐸 𝑉2
2 ; 0.9 = 𝑉2
; 27415 + 2∗1 = 3046.11;
+ 2741.5+ 2
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 2∗1
𝑉22 = 609.22; 𝑉2 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟔𝟖𝒎/𝒔
Inlet absolute velocity

2
𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉22 + 𝑈 2; 2
𝑉𝑟2 2
= 609.22 + 52.362 ; 𝑉𝑟2 = 3350.67 𝑉𝑟2 = 57.88𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 since 50%R 𝑉1 = 57.88𝑚/𝑠
28. At a 50% reaction stage axial flow turbine, the mean blasé diameter is 0.6mtr. The maximum
utilization factor is 0.85 and steam flow rate is 12kg/s. Calculate the inlet and outlet absolute
velocities and power developed if the speed is 2500rpm (3b. 10, June/July14)
Axial : 𝐷 = 𝐷1 = 𝐷2 = 60𝑐𝑚 = 0.6𝑚; ∈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85; 𝑅 = 0.5 ; 𝑚̇ = 10𝑘𝑔/𝑠 ; 𝑁 =

2000𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑈= ;𝑈= = 62.83m/s
60 60
𝑉21 −𝑉22 𝑉21 −𝑉22

ϵ= ; 0.9=
𝑉21 − 𝑅𝑉22 𝑉21 − 0.5𝑉22
0.9𝑉12 – 0.9x0.5𝑉22 = 𝑉12 − 𝑉22 ; 𝑉12 = 5.5𝑉22 --------------1
𝑅 = 50%, ie 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉2 , 𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉1 , 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 , 𝛼2 = 𝛽1
𝛼2 =90o since turbine is for maximum utilization
𝛼2 = 𝛽1 for 50% R Hence 𝛽1 =90o
V1
Vr2
V2 = Vm2 Vr1 =Vm1
b1
a2
a1 b2

Power Developed
𝑚̇
𝐸 = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 + ⃖𝑉𝑢2)𝑈
𝑐
From inlet velocity triangle 𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑈 = 62.83 ; From outlet velocity triangle Vu1=0
2
Hence 𝐸 = 1 (62.83 + 0)62.83; 𝐸 = 7.895 ∗ 103 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Exit absolute velocity
𝐸 7.895∗103 𝐸
𝑚̇
= 2
; 𝑚̇
= 3947.5𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝐸
𝑚̇ 3947.5 𝑉22
∈= 𝐸 𝑉2
2 ; 0.9 = 𝑉2
; 3947.5 + 2∗1 = 4386.11;
+ 3947.5+ 2
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 2∗1
𝑉22 = 877.22; 𝑉2 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟔𝟏𝒎/𝒔
Inlet absolute velocity

2
𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉22 + 𝑈 2; 2
𝑉𝑟2 2
= 877.22 + 62.832 ; 𝑉𝑟2 = 4824.83 𝑉𝑟2 = 69.46𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 since 50%R 𝑉1 = 69.46𝑚/𝑠
29. At a 50% reaction stage axial flow turbine, the mean blade diameter is 60cm. The maximum
utilization factor is 0.9. Steam flow rate is 10kg/s. Calculate the inlet and outlet absolute
velocities and power developed if the speed is 2000rpm
30. The mean rotor blade speed of an axial speed of an axial flow turbine stage with a
degree of reaction of 50% is 210m/s. The steam emerges from nozzle inclined at 28 o
to the wheel plane with an axial velocity component which is equal to blade speed .
Assuming symmetric inlet and outlet velocity triangles. Find the rotor blade angles
and utilization factor. Find also the degree of reaction to make the utilization
maximum, if the axial velocity and the blade speed as well as the nozzle remain the
same above(3b. 10, Dec14/Jan 15)*
The mean rotor blade speed of axial flow turbine stage with 50% reaction is 210m/s ie
U=210m/s, R=0.5 ie 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 , 𝛼2 = 𝛽1
Steam emerges from the nozzle inclined at 28o to the plane of the wheel with axial
component equal to the blade speed ie 𝛼1 =28o, Vm1=U=210
To determine
𝜀 =?; 𝛽1 =? 𝛽2 =?

R=? for maximum utilization if the axial velocity, blade speed and nozzle angle remain the
same.
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U1 X
Vu1
V
r2
V V
m2 2
a2 b2
V
u2 Y
Rotor Blade angles

𝑉𝑚1 210
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛28 = 𝑉𝑢1 = 395𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑢1 𝑉𝑢1
𝑋 = 𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑈 𝑋 = 395 − 210 ; 𝑋 =185m/s

𝑉𝑚1 210
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 195
; 𝛽1 = 48.62o
𝑋
𝛼2 = 𝛽1 ; α1=48.62o
𝛽2 = 𝛼1 ; 𝛽2 =28o
𝑼𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝑟
𝑉 210
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛽1 = 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑆𝑖𝑛 48.62 = 𝑉 ; 𝑉𝑟1 = 279.87m/s
𝑟1 𝑟1

𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1 (50% R) ie 𝑉2 =279.87m/s
𝑉 210
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼1 = 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑆𝑖𝑛 28 = 𝑉 𝑉1 = 447.9𝑚/𝑠
1 1
𝑉21 −𝑉22 447.92 −279.872

𝜖 = 2; 𝜖= ; 𝜖 =0.757
𝑉21 − 𝑅𝑉2 447.92 − 0.5𝑥279.872
Find also the degree of reaction to make the utilization ma maximum, if the axial velocity
and the blade speed as well as the nozzle remain the same above
For maximum utilization outlet velocity triangle
V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑈 = 210𝑚/𝑠 ; 𝑉𝑚2 =210m/s
Vm2 =V2 as α2=90o
𝑉12 −𝑉22
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ;
2 ̇
𝑚
𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈
= as 𝑉𝑢2 = 0
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐
𝐸 395∗210 𝐸
= ; = 82950 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 1 𝑚̇
447.92 −2102
𝑅 =1− ; 𝑅 = 0.0565
2𝑥82950
𝑉21 −𝑉22 447.92 −2102

ϵ= 2; 𝜖= 𝜖 =0.79
𝑉21 − 𝑅𝑉2 447.92 − 0.0565𝑥2102

31. The following data refer to a 50% degree of reaction axial flow turbomachine. Inlet fluid
velocity =230m/s, inlet rotor angle =60o, Inlet guide angle =30o, outlet rotor angle 25o, Find
utilization factor , axial thrust and power output per unit mass flow. (3b,10,Dec13/Jan14)
𝑅 = 0.5; axial flow turbomachine 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈
Inlet fluid velocity =230m/s, 𝑉1 = 230𝑚/𝑠;
inlet rotor angle =60o , 𝛽1 = 600 ;
Inlet guide angle =30o please note that this is exit guide blade angle Hence this is not 𝛼1
outlet rotor angle 25o ie 𝛽2 = 250
𝜖 =?; 𝐹𝑎 =? ; 𝐸 =? if 𝑚̇ = 1𝑘𝑔/𝑠
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U1 X
Vu1
V
r2
V V
m2 2
a2 b2
V
u2 Y
utilization factor
Since 50%R 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 ; 𝛼1 = 250 ; 𝛼2 = 𝛽1 ; 𝛼2 = 600
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉1 cos𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 230cos25 𝑉𝑢1 = 208.45m/s
𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉1 Sin𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 230sin25 𝑉𝑚1 = 97.2m/s

𝑉𝑚1 97.2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛽1 = ; 𝑆𝑖𝑛60 = ; 𝑉𝑟1 = 112.24𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1 ; 𝑉2 = 112.24𝑚/𝑠; 𝛼2 = 𝛽1 ; 𝛼2 = 600 for 50%R
⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑉2 cos𝛼2 ; ⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 112.24cos60 ⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 56.11m/s
𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉2 Sin𝛼2 ; 𝑉𝑚2 = 112.24sin60 𝑉𝑚2 = 97.2m/s
𝑈 = 𝑉𝑢1 − X; 𝑈 = 𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑉𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1 ; 𝑈 = 208.45 − 112.24cos60; 𝑈 = 152.33𝑚/𝑠

𝐸 1 𝐸 1 𝐸
= ⃖ 𝑢2)𝑈;
(𝑉𝑢1 + 𝑉 = 1(208.45 + 56.11)152.33; = 40300.42𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑔 𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇
𝐸
𝑚̇ 40300.42
∈= 𝐸 𝑉2
2 ; ∈= 112.242
; ∈= 0.865
+ 40300.42+
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 2∗1
axial thrust
𝑚̇
𝐹𝑎 =
𝑔𝑐
( 𝑉𝑚1 − 𝑉𝑚2 ); 𝐹𝑎 = 0 since 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2
Power:
𝐸
𝐸 = 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇; 𝐸 = 1 ∗ 40300.42 𝐸 = 40300.42𝑊
32. A mixed flow turbine handling water operates under a static head of 65m. In steady flow the
static pressure at the rotor inlet is is 3.5atm (guage). The absolute at the rotor inlet is
directed at an angle of 25o to the tangent so that whirl velocity is positive. The absolute
velocity at the exit is purely axial. If the degree of reaction for the machine is 0.47 and the
utilisation factor is 0.896. Compute the tangential blade speed as well as the inlet blade
angle. Find the work output per unit mass flow of water. (4b. 10, Dec12)
𝑝𝑜 = 0; 𝑉𝑜 = 0; 𝑍𝑜 = 65𝑚; 𝑝𝑜 = 3.5 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 3.5 ∗ 1.03𝑏𝑎𝑟; 𝑍1 = 0
𝛼1 = 250 ; The absolute velocity at the exit is purely axial ie 𝛼1 = 900 ; 𝑅 = 0.47;
𝜀 = 0.896
𝐸
𝑈1 =? ; 𝛽1 =? ; =?
𝑚̇
𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓
Applying burnollis equation

𝑝𝑜 𝑜 𝑉2 𝑝1 𝑉2
1 3.5∗1.03∗105 𝑉2
1
+ 2𝑔 + 𝑍𝑜 = + 2𝑔 + 𝑍1 ; 0 + 0 + 65 = + 2∗9.81 + 0;
𝜔 𝜔 9810
𝑉12 = 575.52;

𝑉12 −𝑉22 575.52−𝑉 2
𝜀= ; 2
0.896 = 575.52−0.47∗𝑉 2; 𝑉22 = 102.01
𝑉12 − 𝑅𝑉22 2
𝑉12 −𝑉22 575.52−102.01

𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 0.47 = 1 − ; 𝑈1 = 20.30𝑚/𝑠
2𝑔𝑐 ̇ 2∗21.74∗𝑈1
𝑚
𝑰𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝑩𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆
𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) 𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1

= ; 𝑉𝑢2 = 0 as 𝛼2 = 0 hence 𝑚̇ =
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 23.99𝑐𝑜𝑠25; 𝑉𝑢1 = 21.74𝑚/𝑠

𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 𝐸 21.74∗20.30 𝐸
= ; = ; = 437.62𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 1 𝑚̇
𝑉𝑚1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 23.99𝑠𝑖𝑛25; 𝑉𝑚1 = 10.14𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑢1 − U
10.14
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 21.74−20.30 ; 𝛽1 = 82.900
33. A hydraulic reaction turbine of the radial inward flow type works under a head of 160m of
water. At the point of fluid entry, the rotor blade angle is 119o and diameter of the runner is
3.65m. At the exit , the runner diameter is 2.45m . If the absolute velocity of the wheel
outlet is radially directed with a magnitude of 15.5m/s and the radial component of velocity
at the inlet is 10.3m/s. Find the power developed by the machine , assuming that the 88% of
the available head of the machine is converted into work and the flow rate is 110m3/s. Find
also the degree of reaction and utilization factor (4b,08, June/July 18 , 15 scheme)
𝐻 = 160𝑚; 𝛽1 = 119𝑜 ; 𝐷1 = 3.65𝑚 𝐷2 = 2.45𝑚;

the absolute velocity of the wheel outlet is radially directed with a magnitude of 15.5m/s
∝2 = 90𝑜 ; 𝑉2 = 15.5𝑚/𝑠;
The radial component of velocity at the inlet is 10.3m/s. 𝑉𝑚2 = 10.3𝑚/𝑠
𝐸 =? ; the 88% of the available head of the machine is converted into work 𝜂ℎ = 88%
flow rate is 110m3/s 𝑄 = 110𝑚3 /𝑠; 𝑅 =? ∈=?
V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1
U1
V
u1

V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
𝐸
𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) 𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1
𝜂ℎ = 𝑚̇
; = ; 𝑉𝑢2 = 0 as 𝛼2 = 900 ; =
𝑔𝐻 𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐
𝑉𝑚1 10.3
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑈1 − 𝑋; = tan β1 ; = tan(180 − 119) ; 𝑋 = 5.709𝑚/𝑠
𝑋 𝑋
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑈1 − 5.709
𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 𝐸 (𝑈1 − 5.709)𝑈1

= ; =
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 1
𝐸
(𝑈1 −5.709)𝑈1
𝜂ℎ = 𝑚̇
; 0.88 = ; 1381.248 = 𝑈12 − 5.709𝑈1 ;
𝑔𝐻 9.81∗160
𝑈12 − 5.709𝑈1 − 1381.248 = 0 ; 𝑈1 = 40.13𝑚/𝑠;
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑈1 − 5.709; 𝑉𝑢1 = 40.13 − 5.709; 𝑉𝑢1 = 34.4𝑚/𝑠
𝐸 34.4∗40.13 𝐸
= ; = 1380.47 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 1 𝑚̇
𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑢1
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑢1
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉12 = 34.42 + 10.32; 𝑉12 = ; 𝑉22 = 15.52
𝑉12 −𝑉22 34.42 +10.32 −15.52

𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑅 =1− ; 𝑅 = 0.62
2𝑔𝑐 ̇ 2∗1380.47
𝑚
𝐸
𝑚̇ 1380.47
∈= 𝐸 𝑉2
2 ; ∈= 15.52
; ∈= 0.92
+ 1380.47+
̇
𝑚 2𝑔𝑐 2∗1

Power Absorbing machine
According to the direction fluid flow power absorbing turbo machine can be classified into
axial and radial flow power absorbing turbo machine
All are centrifugal turbo machines are radial flow power absorbing turbo machines
In axial flow power absorbing turbo machine 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈
In radial flow power absorbing turbo machine 𝑈1 ≠ 𝑈2
In power absorbing turbo machine

𝐸
= (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) is negative ie 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 > 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1
𝑚̇
Turning angle of fluid from inlet to outlet is small
Axial flow Compressor

General Inlet velocity triangle
V1
Vr1 Vm1
a1 b1
U1
Vu1
General outlet velocity triangle
V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2
U2
V
u2

In axial flow power absorbing turbomachine, since 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 outlet and inlet velocity
triangles can be drawn with common base
D Vu
g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1
U
Vu1
Vu2
γ are called air angles
γo is called air angle at inlet, γ1 is called as air angle at outlet

𝐸
output per unit mass 𝑚̇ = (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) This expression will have negative value
in power absorbing machine
therefore, generally In power absorbing we express Input/per unit mass

𝐸
Input/per unit mass ie − = (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
𝑚̇
Ie negative of output =Input
1. Define degree of reaction for an axial flow machine. Prove that degree of reaction for an
axial flow device (assuming constant velocity of flow ) is given by
𝑉 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 +𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
𝑅 = 2𝑈𝑓 ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 ∗𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 2 ) where 𝛽1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽2 are the angles made with tangent to the blades (4a.
1 2
10, Dec13/Jan 14)( 4a. 10, Dec18/Jan 19) (4a. 10 Dec17/Jan 2018)

D Vu
g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1
U X
Vu1
Y
Vu2
𝑈2 2 2 2
1 −𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉𝑟2 𝑈2 2
1 −𝑈2 𝑉2 2
𝑟1 −𝑉𝑟2
−
2 2 2 2
𝑅= 𝑉2 2 2 2 2 2 = 𝐸
1 −𝑉2 + 𝑈1 −𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉𝑟2
2 2 2 𝑚̇
𝐸
𝑈1 = 𝑈1 = 𝑈; = (𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑉𝑢2 ) U
𝑚̇
𝑉 −𝑉 2 2
−( 𝑟1 2 𝑟2)
−(𝑉2𝑟1 −𝑉2𝑟2 )
Hence, 𝑅 = (𝑉 − 𝑉 ) U; 𝑅 = 2(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) U
𝑢1 𝑢2 𝑢1 𝑢2
2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑎2 + 𝑋 2 ; 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑎2 + (𝑉𝑎 tan 𝛾1 )2
2 2
𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉𝑎2 + 𝑌 2 ; 𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉𝑎2 + (𝑉𝑎 tan 𝛾2 )2
−( ( 𝑉𝑎2 +(𝑉𝑎 tan 𝛾1 )2 )−(𝑉𝑎2 +(𝑉𝑎 tan 𝛾2 )2 )) 𝑉𝑎2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛾2 −𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛾1 )

𝑅= ; R=
2(𝑉𝑎 tan 𝛾0 − 𝑉𝑎 tan 𝛾3 ) U 2Va (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛾0 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛾3 ) 𝑈
𝑉𝑎 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛾2 −𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛾1 )
R= since, tan 𝛾1 − tan 𝛾2 = tan 𝛾3 − tan 𝛾0
2(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛾2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛾1 ) 𝑈
𝑉𝑎 (tan 𝛾1 + tan 𝛾2 )
R=
2U
𝛾1 = 180 − 𝛽1; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(180 − 𝛽1 ); 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽1
𝛾2 = 180 − 𝛽1; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(180 − 𝛽2 ); 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝑉𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 )
Hence , 𝑅 = 2U
;
1 1
𝑉𝑎 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 +𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 ) 𝑉𝑎 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1)
𝑅= 1
2U
2
; ; 𝑅= 2 U(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1∗𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2)

2. Draw the velocity triangles for axial flow compressor. From the triangles show that degree of
𝑉𝑎
reaction for axial flow compressor is given by 𝑅 = (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 ) refer previous
2𝑈
problem
3. With the help of inlet and outlet velocity diagrams , show that the degree of reaction for an
axial flow compressor is given by
𝑉𝑎𝑥
𝑅= (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾2 ) Assume axial velocity to remain constant. 𝛾1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾2 are angles
2𝑈
made by relative velocities with the axial direction (4a,10, June/July13) refer solution 38
4. Draw velocity triangles for the following types of vanes of centrifugal pumps and
compressors i) Backward curved vane ii) Radial vane iii) Forward curved vane (3b. 06, Dec12)
5. The total power input at a stage in an axial –flow compressor with symmetric inlet
and outlet velocity triangles (R=0.5) is 27.85kJ/kg of air flow. If the blade speed is
180m/s throughout the rotor, draw the velocity triangles and compute the inlet and
outlet rotor blade angles Do you recommend the use of such compressors?
Comment on the results you have obtained. Assume axial velocity component to be
120m/s (4a,10, Dec15/Jan16)
𝐸 𝐸
𝑅 = 0.5; = 27.85𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ; = 27850𝐽/𝑘𝑔; 𝑈 = 180𝑚/𝑠; 𝛽1 =?; 𝛽2 =?;
𝑚̇ 𝑚̇
𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 = 120𝑚/𝑠
D Vu
g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1
U X
Vu1
Y
Vu2
∆𝑉𝑢 = (𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 )
𝐸 (𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 )U (𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 )180

− = ; 27850 = ; (𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 ) = 154.72m/s
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 1
(𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 ) + X + X = U; 154.72 + 2X = 180; X = 12.64m/s

𝑉𝑚1 120
tan 𝛼1 = ; tan 𝛼1 = 12.64 ; 𝛼1 = 83.98𝑜
𝑋
𝑉 120
𝑚1
tan 𝛽1 = 𝑈−𝑋 ; tan 𝛽1 = 180−12.64 ; 𝛽1 = 35.64𝑜
𝛽2 = 𝛼1 = 83.98𝑜

6. Draw the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of an axial flow compressor form the
following data. Degree of reaction 0.5., inlet blade angle 45o, axial velocity of flow
which is constant throughout 120m/s, speed of rotation 6500rpm, radius of rotation
20cm, blade speed at inlet is equal to blade speed at outlet. Calculate angles at inlet
and outlet. Also calculate power needed to handle 1.5kg/s (4b. 10, Dec14/Jan 15)
𝐷
𝑅 = 0.5; 𝛽1 = 450 ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 =120m/s;𝑁 = 6500𝑟𝑝𝑚; 𝑅 = = 0.2𝑚;
2
𝑈1 = 𝑈2 ; 𝛽2 =? 𝛼1 =? 𝛼2 =? 𝐸 =? ; 𝑚̇ = 1.5𝑘𝑔/𝑠
D Vu
g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1
U X
Vu1
Y
Vu2
𝑈= ;𝑈 = = 136.13𝑚/𝑠;
60 60
𝑚1 𝑉 120
tan 𝛽1 = 𝑈−𝑋 ; tan 45 = 136.13−𝑋 ; 𝑋 = 16.13𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑚1 120
tan 𝛼1 = ; tan 𝛼1 = 16.13 ; 𝛼1 = 82.34𝑜
𝑋
𝛽2 = 𝛼1 = 82.34𝑜
𝐸 (𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 )U
− =
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐
(𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 ) = U − 2X; (𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 ) = 136.13 − (2 ∗ 16.13);
(𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 ) = 103.87m/s
𝐸 (103.87)136.13
̇
= ; 𝐸 = 21.20 ∗ 103 𝑊
1.5 1
7. An axial flow compressor of 50% reaction design has blades with inlet and outlet
angles of 44o and 13o respectively. The compressor is to produce a pressure ratio 5:1
with an overall isentropic efficiency of 87% when the inlet temperature is 290K. The
mean blade speed and axial velocity are constant throughout the compressor.

Assume that blade velocity is 180m/s and work input factor is 0.85, Find the number
of stages required and the change of entropy (4b. 10 Dec17/Jan 2018)
𝑅 = 50%;𝛽2 = 44𝑜 ; 𝛽1 = 13𝑜 ;

𝑝𝑘+1
The compressor is to produce a pressure ratio of 6:1 ie 𝑝1
= 5; 𝜂0 = 0.87; 𝑇01 = 290𝐾
The blade speed and axial velocity are constant throughout the compressor.
ie 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈 and 𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑉𝑎2 = 𝑉𝑎2
𝑈 = 180𝑚/𝑠; 𝑘 =? when Ω = 0.85
D Vu
g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1
U X
Vu1
Y
Vu2
the number of stages for work done factor is unity

𝑉𝑎 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1) 𝑉𝑎 (𝑡𝑎𝑛44+𝑡𝑎𝑛13)
𝑅= ; 0.5 = ; 𝑉𝑎 = 33.54𝑚/𝑠;
2 U(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 ∗𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2) 2∗180∗(𝑡𝑎𝑛44∗𝑡𝑎𝑛13)
𝑉𝑎 𝑉 33.54
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 𝑌
; 𝑌 = 𝑉𝑢1 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 𝑉 𝑎 ;; 𝑡𝑎𝑛44 = 𝑉𝑢1
; 𝑉𝑢1 = 34.73𝑚/𝑠
𝑢1
𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈 − 𝑌; 𝑉𝑢2 = 180 − 34.73 𝑉𝑢2 = 145.26𝑚/𝑠
𝐸 Ω(𝑉𝑢2 −𝑉𝑢1 )𝑈 0.85(145.26−34.73)180

− 𝑚̇ = 𝑔𝑐
; Increase in entalphy Δℎ𝑜 /𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 1
’
Δℎ𝑜 /𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 16911.09𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑇
Δℎ0𝑠 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑜𝑠𝑘+1 −𝑇01 ) 𝐶𝑝 𝑇01 ( 𝑜𝑠𝑘+1 −1)
𝑇01
𝜂0 = ; 𝜂0 = ; 𝜂0 =
Δℎ0 Δℎ0 Δℎ0
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
𝑝 𝑝
𝐶𝑝 𝑇01 (( 𝑘+1 ) 𝛾 −1) 𝐶𝑝 𝑇01 (( 𝑘+1 ) 𝛾 −1)
𝑝1 𝑝1
𝜂0 = Δℎ0
; Δℎ0 = 𝜂0
;
𝛾−1
𝑝
𝐶𝑝 𝑇01 (( 𝑘+1 ) 𝛾 −1)
𝑝1 1005∗290[(5)0.286 −1]
Δℎ0 = ; (Δℎ0 )total = ; (Δℎ0 )total = 200431.22𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝜂0 0.85
(Δℎ0 )total 200431.22

Number of stages, 𝑘, = Δℎ ; 𝑘= ; 𝑘 = 11.85 say 12 stages
𝑜 /𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 16911.09

8. A single stage axial blower with no inlet guide vanes is running at 3600 rpm. The
mean diameter of the rotor is 16cm and the mass flow rate of air through the blower
is 0.45kg/s. In the rotor the air is turned such that the absolute velocity of air at exit
makes angle of 20o with respect to the axis . Assuming that the axial component of
fluid remains constant, determine power input and degree of reaction. Assume that
the density of air is constant at 1.185kg/m3 and area of flow is 0.02m2 (4b,10 Dec
13/Jan14)
axial blower ie 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈 ; no inlet guide vanes 𝛼1 = 900
𝑁 = 3600𝑟𝑝𝑚; The mean diameter of the rotor is 16cm, 𝐷1 = 𝐷2 = 𝐷 = 0.16𝑚
𝑚̇ = 0.45𝑘𝑔/𝑠;
In the rotor the air is turned such that the absolute velocity of air at exit makes angle
of 20o with respect to the axis 𝛾3 = 200 ;
Assuming that the axial component of fluid remains constant 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 𝑉𝑓
𝐸 =?; 𝑅 =?
𝜌 = 1.185𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ; area of flow is 0.02m2 ie 𝐴𝑓 = 0.02𝑚2
𝜋𝐷𝑁 𝜋∗0.16∗3600
𝑈= 60
; 𝑈= 60
𝑈 = 30.15𝑚/𝑠
𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝐴𝑓 𝑉𝑓 ; 0.45 = 1.185 ∗ 0.02 ∗ 𝑉𝑓 ; 𝑉𝑓 = 18.98𝑚/𝑠
Vr1
Vf
a1
b1
U
g2 Vr2
g
V2 3
Vf
a 2 b
2
U
Vu2
Power Input
𝑉𝑢2 𝑉
𝑢2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾3 = 𝑉𝑓
; 𝑡𝑎𝑛20 = 18.98; 𝑉𝑢2 = 6.91𝑚/𝑠

𝐸 (𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 )U 𝐸 (6.91 − 0)30.15 𝐸
− = ; − = − = 208.28𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 1 𝑚̇
𝐸
−𝐸 = 𝑚̇ ∗ (− 𝑚̇); −𝐸 = 0.45 ∗ 208.28 −𝐸 = 93.72𝑊
Power Input= 93.72𝑊
Degree of reaction
𝑉𝑓 18.98
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾3 = ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠20 = 𝑉2 = 20.19𝑚/𝑠
𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑓 ; 𝑉1 = 18.98𝑚/𝑠
𝐸 𝐸
− = 208.28𝐽/𝑘𝑔; = −208.28𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑚̇
𝑉21 −𝑉22 18.982 −20.192

𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑅 = 1− 2∗1∗(−208.28)
; 𝑅 = 0.886
2𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇

Radial flow Power absorbing machine
Types of vanes in centrifugal pump:
Backward curved vane: 𝜷𝟐 < 𝟗𝟎𝒐
V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2
U2 X
V
u2
Vr1
V1
a1=90 b1
U1
As 𝛽2 < 900 cot𝛽2 is positive. Therefore as flow rate Q increases head 𝐻𝑒 decreases. Most
preferable design

Forward curved vane: 𝜷𝟐 > 𝟗𝟎𝒐
V2
V
V m2
r2
a2 b2
U2 X
Vu2
Vr1
V1
a1=90 b1
U1
If 𝛽2 > 90𝑜 𝐾2 becomes negative as cot𝛽2 is negative. Therefore as Q increases 𝐻𝑒 increases
This design is unstable since head goes on increases as head increases
Radial vanes: 𝜷𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎𝒐

V2
a2
b2=90
U = Vu2
2
Vr1
V1
a1=90 b1
U1
9. Draw the velocity diagram for a power absorbing radial flow turbo machine and
show that
1 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝑅 = 2 (1 + ) (4a. 10, Dec14/Jan 15)
𝑈2

Radial flow compressors
Generally 𝑉𝑢1 =0 (whirl velocity ( tangential component) at inlet is zero)
Hence Inlet velocity triangle
Vr1
V1
a1=90 b1
U1
V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2
U2
V
u2
𝐸
Input/per unit mass (− 𝑚̇) = (𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 )
𝐸
Input/per unit mass (− 𝑚̇) = 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 as 𝑉𝑢1 = 0
U2 = 𝑉𝑢2 + 𝑌
𝑉𝑚2
tan 𝛽2 = ; 𝑌 = 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 ; 𝑈2 = 𝑉𝑢2 + 𝑉𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝑌
𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2

𝐸
Input , (− 𝑚̇) = (U2 − 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 )𝑈2
Degree of Reaction

𝑉21 −𝑉22
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 -----------------A
2𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇
𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑚1
2 2
= 𝑉𝑚2 ; 𝑉12 − 𝑉22 = 𝑉𝑚2
2
− 𝑉22 ; 𝑉22 = 𝑉𝑢2
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚2 ; 2
𝑉𝑚2 − 𝑉22 = −𝑉𝑢2
2
𝑉12 − 𝑉22 = −𝑉𝑢2

2
-------------1
𝐸
= −U2 𝑉𝑢2 --------------------2 as 𝑉𝑢1 = 0
𝑚̇
𝐸
= −U2 (U2 − 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 )
𝑚̇
−𝑉 2 𝑉 U2 − 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝑅 = 1 − 2(−U 𝑢2𝑉
2 𝑢2 )
; 𝑢2
𝑅 = 1 − 2(U
2)
; 𝑅 =1− 2(U2)
;
1 𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 1 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝑅 = 1 − 2 + 𝑚2 ; R = 2 (1 + )
2(U2) U2
10. Derive an expression for degree of reaction for radial outward flow machine and explain
briefly the effect of 𝛽2 , balde angle at exit with repect to tangential direction (4a, 10
,june/July 17)
Solution same as Problem number 9
11. Derive theoretical head capacity relation in case of radial flow pump (Centrifugal )
𝑈22 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝐻 = 𝑈22 − 𝛽2 =Discharge blade angle with respect to tangential direction.
𝐴2
Dec18
Explain the effect of discharge angle on it (4b. 08, Jan19 , 15 scheme)
𝑈22 𝑈22 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝐻= − (4a. 08, June/July18, 15 scheme)
𝑔𝑐 𝐴2 𝑔𝑐
Vr1
V1
a1=90 b1
U1
:
𝑉1
Vu1=0 ; Vm1=V1; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 =
𝑈1

V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2
U2 X
V
u2
𝑉𝑚2
𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑋; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 =
𝑋
; 𝑋 = 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 ; 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝐸
= (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
𝑚̇
𝐸
= −𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 as 𝑉𝑢1 = 0
𝑚̇
Output = −𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ; − Output = 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ; Input = 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ;

𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2
g𝐻𝑒 = Vu2 U2 ; 𝐻𝑒 =
𝑔
Substituting 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 in above equation

(𝑈2 −𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 )U2 𝑈22 𝑉𝑚2 U2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝐻𝑒 = ; 𝐻𝑒 = − − −𝑒𝑞𝑛 1
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
𝑄
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑓 𝑉𝑓 ; 𝑄 = 𝜋𝐷2 𝐵2 𝑉𝑚2 ; 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝜋𝐷 − 𝑒𝑞𝑛2
2 𝐵2
Substituting 2 in 1
𝑈22 𝑄 U2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝐻𝑒 = − (𝜋𝐷 ∗ )
𝑔 2 𝐵2 𝑔
𝑈22 U 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝐻𝑒 = 𝐾1 − 𝐾2 𝑄 where 𝐾1 = and 𝐾2 = 𝜋𝐷2
𝑔 2 𝐵2 𝑔
Above equation is called as H-Q characteristic equation
If 𝛽2 < 90𝑜 𝐾2 becomes positive as cot𝛽2 is positive. Therefore as Q increases 𝐻𝑒 decreases
If 𝛽2 > 90𝑜 𝐾2 becomes negative as cot𝛽2 is negative. Therefore as Q increases 𝐻𝑒 increases
If 𝛽2 = 90𝑜 𝐾2 becomes zero as cot𝛽2 is zero. Therefore as Q increases 𝐻𝑒 remains constant
Above characteristics can be plotted as shown in fig

b2>90
b2=90
b2<90
U2
g
Prerotation
Q
12. Derive head – capacity relationship for centrifugal pumps and explain the effect of
discharge angle on it (4b,10, Dec16/Jan17)(4a,10,June/July14)
Solution is same as above question 11
13. The internal and external diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 20cm
and 40cm respectively. The pump is running at 1200rpm. The vane angle of impeller
at inlet is 20o. The water enters the impeller radially and velocity of flow is constant.
Calculate work done by the impeller /kg of water for the following two cases
i) When vane angle at outlet is 90o
ii) When vane angle at outlet is 100o (4b,10 Dec 16/Jan17)
𝐸
𝐷1 = 0.2𝑚; 𝐷2 = 0.4𝑚; 𝑁 = 1200𝑟𝑝𝑚; 𝛽1 = 20𝑜 ; 𝛽2 = 90𝑜 ; 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 ; =?
𝑚
i) When 𝛽2 = 90𝑜 ii) when 𝛽2 = 100𝑜
When 𝛽2 = 90𝑜
𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋∗0.2∗1200 𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝜋∗0.4∗1200
𝑈1 = ; 𝑈1 = = 12.56𝑚/𝑠; 𝑈2 = ; 𝑈1 = = 25.13𝑚/𝑠;
60 60 60 60
Vr1
V1
a1=90 b1
U1

V2
a2
b2=90
U = Vu2
2
𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) 𝐸 − 𝑈2 𝑈2 𝐸 − 25.13∗25.13

= ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 0; 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 ; 𝑚 = ;𝑚=
𝑚 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 1
𝐸
= −631.51 𝐽/𝑘𝑔; −sign indicates the input to the pump
𝑚
𝑖𝑖) When 𝛽2 = 110𝑜
Vr1
V1
a1=90 b1
U1
V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2
U2 X
V
u2
𝑉𝑚1 𝑉𝑚1
tan 𝛽1 = ; tan 20 = ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 4.57𝑚/𝑠; 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚1 = 4.57𝑚/𝑠;
𝑈1 12.56
𝑉𝑢1 = 0; 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑋; 𝑋 = 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡(180 − 100); 𝑋 = 4.57 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 80; 𝑋 = 0.805𝑚
𝑉𝑢2 = 25.13 − 0.805; 𝑉𝑢2 = 24.325𝑚/𝑠;
𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) 𝐸 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 𝐸 − 24.325∗25.13 𝐸

= ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 0; ; 𝑚 = ;𝑚= ; = −611.28𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 1 𝑚
−sign indicates the input to the pump

14. A centrifugal pump delivers water against a head of 25m. The radial velocity of flow
is 3.5m/s and is constant ., the flow rate of water is 0.05m3/s. The blades are radial
at tip and pump runs at 1500rpm. Determine i) Diameter at tip ii) width of blade at
tip iii) inlet diffuser angle at impeller exit (4b,10, June/July16)
𝐻 = 25𝑚; 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚1 = 3.5𝑚/𝑠; 𝑄 = 0.05𝑚3 /𝑠; 𝛽2 = 90𝑜 ; 𝑁 = 1500𝑟𝑝𝑚;
Assuming Hydrulaic efficiency is 100%

𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
− 𝑚̇ = 𝑔𝐻; 𝑚̇ = −9.81 ∗ 25 ; 𝑚̇ = −245.25𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Vr1
V1
a1=90 b1
U1
V2
a2
b2=90
U = Vu2
2
𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) 𝐸 − 𝑈2 𝑈2
= ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 0; 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 ; = ;
𝑚 𝑔𝑐 𝑚 𝑔𝑐
U22
−245.25 = − ; 𝑈2 = 15.66𝑚/𝑠
1
𝜋𝐷2 ∗1500
15.66 = ; 𝐷2 = 0.199𝑚
60
𝑄 = 𝜋𝐷2 𝐵2 𝑉𝑚2 ; 0.05 = 𝜋 ∗ 0.199 ∗ 𝐵2 ∗ 3.5; 𝐵2 = 0.022𝑚

UNIT 3
STEAM TURBINE
1. Define steam turbine. List the differences between Impulse and reaction steam
turbines (5a. 08, Dec15/Jan16)(5a, 06, June/July18)
2. Briefly explain velocity compounding (5b. 08, Dec15/Jan16)
3. Derive the condition for maximum utilisation factor for impulse turbine (5a,10,
June/July17)
4. Draw the inlet and exit velocity triangles for a single stage steam turbine. Further
prove that maximum blade efficiency is given by
and (7a. 10, June/July13) (5a. 08, June/July18,15CBCS)

5. Write a note on compounding of steam turbines and explain any two types of
compounding with neat sketches (5b. 10, Dec16/Jan17) Show the velocity and pressure
variations across the turbine (5a,10, Dec13/Jan14)
6. Define compounding .List different types of compounding. Explain any one method
of compounding with neat sketch showing variations of pressure and velocity of
steam (5a, 8,June/July18 15CBCS)
7. What is necessity of compounding of steam turbines and Discuss two types of
compounding with neat sketches (5a. 10, Dec17/Jan18)what is compounding 5a. 08,
Dec18/Jan19)
8. What is compounding or staging? Name the different compounding methods (5a,04,
June/July14)
9. With neat sketch , explain the pressure –velocity compounding of steam turbine
(5a,08, June/July16)( 5b, 06, June/July18)
10. Show that the maximum blade efficiency for a 50% reaction
Parsons turbine (4a,10,Dec18/19) (6a,08,CBCS 15,Dec18/19)
11. For a 50% reaction turbine show that and , where and are the
inlet angles of fixed and moving blades , and are the outlet angles of fixed and
moving blades (5a, 08 , Dec 12)
Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE , Mangalore Page 1

Definition of Steam turbine(*)
Steam Turbine is is a power generating machine in which pressure energy of the steam is converted
into mechanical energy due to dynamic action
Classification of steam turbine:
1. Based on working principle : a. Impulse Turbine b. Reaction turbine

2. Based on staging :a. Single stage b. Multi stage
Working Principle of Impulse turbine : The high pressure and high temperature steam generated in
the steam generator is expanded in a steam nozzle or fixed blade passages and expanded steam
with high velocity made to pass through the moving blades which is mounted on the shaft. In moving
blades decrease in velocity and pressure of steam takes place which results in force impart on the
moving blades . The resulting force rotates the rotor.
Steam turbine generally axial flow turbine
Differences between Impulse and Reaction turbines(***)
Sl no Impulse Reaction
1. High Pressure and High temperature High pressure stem is directly passed into the
steam is expanded in set of nozzle blades and pressure of the steam continuously
and pressure energy is completely drops and velocity increases . The steam leaving
converted into kinetic energy and the blades will exert reactive force in the
steam with high velocity directed to backward direction of flow and reactive force set
set of moving blades where kinetic the blade in motion
energy absorbed in blades and
converted into impulse This impulse
set the blade into motion
2. Blades are symmetrical in shape Blades are aerofoil in shape
3. The pressure of steam remains The pressure of steam continuously drops when it
constant when it flows through the flows through the moving blades
moving blades
4. Impulsive force is converted into work Reactive force is converted into work
5. Low efficiency Relatively high efficiency
6 High speed Relatively low speed
7. Compact Bulky
8. Less stages required More stages required for the same power
generation
9. Used for small power generation Used for medium and large power generation

Single Stage Impulse Turbine : De Laval Turbine
Working Principle: In a single stage impulse turbine high pressure steam enters set of nozzle (part of
stator or casing) and expands completely in nozzle which results in conversion of pressure energy to
kinetic energy. The steam with Kinetic energy made to flow through moving blades mounted on the
rotor wherein change in velocity takes place which results in change in momentum takes place. This
results in the rotation of rotor. There is no pressure drop as the stem flow through the passages of
moving blades. Hence the relative velocity between steam and moving blades remains constant over
the blades. Hence the degree of reaction is zero

Analysis on single stage Impulse turbine: (***)
Vr2 V1
V2 Vr1
a2 a1 b2 b1
U
Vr2cosb2 V13cos
V1cosa1
b1
DVu

Forces on the blade:
Tangential force: (***)
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)

or
Axial thrust:
( )
Newton
Energy Per unit mass
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)

J/kg 0r
Power
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
Watts
Blade efficiency(***): It is defined as the ratio of workdone per kg of steam by the rotor to the
energy available at the inlet per kg of steam
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
; ; Also
Stage Efficiency:(***)
It is the ratio of work done per kg of steam by the rotor to the isentropic enthalpy change per kg of
steam in the nozzle
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)

ηstage= ηb * ηnozzle

Condition for maximum Efficiency (******)
Vr2 V1
V2 Vr1
a2 a1 b2 b1
U
Vr2cosb2 V13cos
V1cosa1
b1
DVu
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ; ∆ ;
From velocity triangle, ∆ r1 1+ r2 2
( ) ( )
Hence, ;
= (blade friction coefficient) ; , constant
( )
; But from Inlet velocity triangle,
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
; ηb= ; ηb=
( )
( ); ηb= φ ( )( ) where φ
For max efficiency
0; ( ( )( )) ; ( ( ))=0
( ) ; 2 = 0;
Substituting in φ( )( ) will give max efficiency
( )( )

( )
If rotor blade angles are equiangular
If ;
* ; =
Necessity of compounding:(*****)
Single stage impulse turbine operates at very high speed.
High speeds are undesirable for the following reasons
 High speed causes high blade tip stresses due to centrifugal forces acting at the tip of blade
 Large losses due to disc friction
 Low efficiencies due to large exit steam velocity in the turbine
 Gear trains with large efficiencies and high speed ratios must be used to match between the
turbine speed and the driven component speed since most driven machines run at speeds
around a few thousand RPM at most
Reasonable blade tip speeds are obtained in impulse turbines by the compounding stage.
Definition of Compounding(******)
Compounding is the method of reducing blade speed for a given overall pressure drop. Multiple
rotors are mounted on common shaft in series and velocity is obsorbed in stages as it flows over the
blades
Types of Compounding(*******)
1. Velocity compounded turbine

2. Pressure compounded turbine
3. Velocity and pressure compounded turbine
Velocity compounded turbine: compounding involves in which the whole pressure drop occurs in
one set of stationary blades or nozzles where as all the kinetic energy is absorbed in usually two,
three or even four rows of moving blades with a row of stationary blades between every pair of
them. The total energy of the stream can be absorbed by all the rows in succession until the kinetic
energy at the end of last row becomes negligible.

Boiler prssure MB MB
N FB
Velocity variation line during the flow of steam
Intial velocity of steam

When the steam flows through the nozzle steam expands nearly to atmospheric pressure and
velocity increases.
While steam flows through moving blades velocity decreases while steam pressure remains constant
While steam flows through the stationary (fixed) blades both pressure and velocity remains constant
Both stationary blades and moving blades are symmetrical
The first row of the moving blades absorbs most of jet energy while latter absorbs comparatively less
Advantages:
1. Maximum possible pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy in nozzles of first stage
and there is no pressure drop in stages and hence the stress in the turbine is less
2. Fewer stages are sufficient due large kinetic energy drop compared to pressure
compounding
3. Compact compared to pressure compounding
Disadvantage:
1. The friction losses are more due to high velocity of steam
Pressure Compounding

N MB N MB
Boiler prssure
Intial velocity of steam pressure variation line during the flow of steam
It is equivalent to a number of simple impulse stages put together. It is the type of compounding in
which pressure drop occur in each stator row. Between the two moving blade rows there is a row of
nozzles are often referred to as diaphragms.
In the row of nozzle pressure decreases and velocity increases. In rows of moving blade velocity
decreases while pressure remains constant.
Advantages: High efficiency because very high velocities are avoided.
Disadvantages: Leakage loss is higher compared to velocity compounding

Velocity and pressure compounded steam turbine
MB MB
N MB FB
MB N FB
Pressure variation line during the flow of steam
Boiler prssure
Exit velocity
Intial velocity of steam
In this method high rotor speeds are reduced without sacrificing the efficiency or the output.
Pressure drop from boiler pressure to the condenser pressure occurs in two stages
First and second stage taken separately are identical to a velocity compounding consists of set of
nozzle and rows of moving blade fixed to the shaft and rows of fixed blades to casing in which
pressure decreases and velocity increases in the nozzle. While moving through the moving blades
velocity decreases while pressure remains constant where as while the steam flows through the
fixed blade pressure and velocity remains constant

Analysis of maximum efficiency for velocity compounded steam turbine
Vr2 V1
Vf2 V2
Vr1
a2 a1 b2 b1
V2cosa2 U
D Vu I
Vr1 cosb1 Vr2cosb2
V1cosa1
Vr4 V3
V4 Vr3
a4 b4 b3
a3
U
Vr4cosb 4 Vr3cosb3
V3cosa3
DVuII
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ( )
( ) ----------A
From velocity triangle for I stage, ( ) ( )
( )
Hence ( )
If and , ( )
But from Inlet velocity triangle of Ist stage,
( )
( )= ----------------1
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ( )
( )
From triangle for II stage, ( ) ( )

If and , ( )
But from Inlet velocity triangle of II stage,
( )
( )
( )
If , ( )
But from outlet velocity triangle of Ist stage,
and ; Hence,
Substituting above relation in ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ; ( )
But from Inlet velocity triangle of Ist stage,
( ) ( )
( ) ; ( )
( ) =( ) +( ) ;
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ; ( ) for 2 stages
In general form
( )
( ) for n stages
Blade efficiency
( )
( ) ( )
; ;
( )
; ( )
For max efficiency
; ( ( )) ; ( )=0
=0; = condition for max efficiency for 2 stages
Substituting = in ηb = ( ) will give max efficiency

( );
Reaction Turbine
In the case of reaction turbine, the moving blades of a turbine are shaped in such a way that
the steam expands and drops in pressure as it passes through them. As a result of pressure
decrease in the moving blade, a reaction force will be produced. This force will make the
blades to rotate.
Impulse Reaction turbine
In the impulse reaction turbine, power is generated by the combination of impulse action
(Impulse force) and reaction (Reactive force) by expanding the steam in both fixed blades
and moving blades. In fixed blades as velocity increases as steam expands where as in
moving blades both pressure and velocity decreases. In other words in Impulse reaction
turbine both pressure energy is converted into work
Degree of Reaction
Degree of reaction defined as ratio of static enthalpy drop to stagnation enthalpy drop in the stage
For Axial flow turbine U1=U2
Also
( )
( ) ( )

( ) = ;( ) =
= carry over factor ; = nozzle efficiency
Derive an expression for Degree of Reaction for axial reaction turbine(***)
For Axial flow turbine U1=U2
R=
R= ------------A
( ) ( )
Vr2
V1
Vr1 Vf1
Vf2 V2
a2 a1 b1
b2
U
Y X
DVu
( ) ( )
( ) ; ( ) --------------1

= sin ; = sin
Substituting 1 and 2 in equation A
( ) ( )
;
( )
( ) ( ( )) ( )
; ;
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
; ; ( )
( ); ( )
Condition for 50% reaction turbine(******)
( )
For 50% reaction
( ); ( ) --------------1
From Inlet velocity triangle
Vu1−X
But = ; =
= ;
Hence, U = −
( ) ------------2
1=2; ( ) ( ); ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
But ; = ; ; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Hence, − ; ( ) ------------3
1=3; ( ) ( ); ;
Hence in 50% reaction turbine

;
Hence both Inlet and Outlet triangle in 50% Reaction turbine are symmetrical
Hence Vr1 =V2; Vr2 =V1
Efficiency of 50% reaction turbine(***)
A as for axial flow turbine
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
Vr2
V1
Vr1 Vf1
Vf2 V2
a2 a1 b1
b2
U
Vr1cosb1
V2cosa2 V1cos a1
DVu
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ +
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ +
But
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + V1cos α1-U
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
( )

( )
But speed ratio Φ
( )
---------------B
(50%R)
; -
From outlet velocity triangle and applying cosine rule
Hence, eqn 1 becomes ;
; +
( )
( )--------------C
( )
( )
; ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
; ( )
; ( )
for max efficiency
( (
)
)
; (( )
)
( ) ; ; ;
= condition for max efficiency for 2 stages

Substituting
in = ( )
will give max efficiency
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

Numerical Problems
1. The following data refers to Delaval turbine. Velocity of steam at exit of the nozzle is
1000m/s with a nozzle angle 200. The blade velocity is 400m/s and blades are equiangular.
Assume a mass flow rate of 1000kg/hr, friction coefficient 0.8, nozzle efficiency is 0.95,
calculate i) blade angles ii) Work done /per of steam iii) Power developed iv) Blade efficiency
v) Stage efficiency (5b. 10, June/July17) (5b. 10, Dec14/Jan15)
Given Data:
Delaval turbine is Impulse turbine
Ie and
 Velocity of steam from nozzle= V1=1000m/s, nozzle angle = α1=20o
 the rotor blades are equiangular ie β1= β2
 Tangential speed ,
 ̇ ; ̇
 friction coefficient 0.8 ie

 To determine
i)Rotor blade angle β1=?, β2=?., ii) iii) =? iv)
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U
Vu1
Blade angles
From inlet velocity triangle
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
(blades are equiangular);
Work done /per of steam
; ;
; ;
; ;
, Hence , Outlet velocity triangle as given below
V
r2
V V
m2 2
a2 b2
V
u2
⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 400; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ m/s
Power:
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ( )
̇
; ̇
; ̇
̇ ̇
; ; ;
Blade efficiency
̇
; ;
Stage Efficiency:
ii) Tangential force

Tangential force , ̇ (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ; ( ) 272.02N
Axial thrust : ̇ ( )
; ;
̇ ( ); ( )
Graphical solution
4 V1 2
Vr2
34,2
27,08
5 Vr1 3 Vm1
32°
32°
20°
U 1
40
97,31
Scale 1cm = 100m/s
1. ; ; 2. ;
3. Complete triangle (right side) 4. Measure and ie
4. ; ( )
5. Draw at an angle measuring from right and complete right triangle
6. Measure ie ie ; ie
Calculation
Power
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
̇
; ̇ ̇
; ̇
̇ ̇
; ; ;

Blade efficiency
̇
; ;
Stage Efficiency:
10% Difference between theoretical and graphical solution is permitted
2. Steam issues from a nozzle of a Delaval turbine with a of 1200m/s. The nozzle angle is 20 0.
The blade speedy is 400m/s. The inlet and outlet blades are equal. Assume a mass flow rate
of 1000kg/hr, calculate i) blade angles ii) relative velocities of blade entering ii) Axial thrust
iii) Power developed iv) Blade efficiency Assume K=0.8 (5b. 10, Dec18/Jan19)
3. Steam issues from a nozzle of a Delaval turbine with a of 1000m/s. The nozzle angle is 200.
The blade speedy is 400m/s. The inlet and outlet blades are equal. Assume a mass flow rate
of 900kg/hr, calculate i) blade angles ii) relative velocities if blade velocity coefficient is 0.8
ii) Tangential force on the blades iii) Power developed iv) Blade efficiency (5b. 10,
Dec17/Jan18)
4. The data pertaining to an impulse turbine is as follows: Steam velocity =500m/s, blade speed
=200m/s, exit angle at moving blade =25o measured from tangential direction, nozzle
angle=20o. Neglecting the effect of friction when passing through blade passages, calculate :
i) Inlet angle of moving blade ii) Exit velocity and direction iii) Work done per kg of steam iv)
Power developed v) Diagram efficiency (5b,16, June/July14)
; ;
; Nozzle angle ie
Neglecting the effect of friction when passing through blade passages,
Inlet blade angle
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U
Vu1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;

Exit velocity and direction
(given)
; ;
; ;
; ;
V
r2
V V
m2 2
a2 b2
V
u2
⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 200; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ m/s
; ;
√ ; √ ;
; ;
Work done /kg of steam
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ( )
̇
; ̇
; ̇
Power
Assume ̇
̇ ̇
; ; ;
Diagram efficiency

̇
; ;
Tangential force
Tangential force , ̇ (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ; ( ) 559.41N
Axial thrust : ̇ ( )
̇ ( ); ( )
5. The following particulars refer to a single impulse turbine. Mean diameter of blade ring
=2.5m, speed =3000rpm. Nozzle angle 20o, ratio of blade velocity to steam =0.4, blade
friction factor =0.8, blade angle at exit is 3o less than that at inlet. Steam flow rate
36000kg/hr. Draw the velocity diagram and calculate i) power developed ii) blade efficiency (
5b. 08, Dec18/Jan19 CBCS)
Mean diameter of blade ring =2.5m ;
ratio of blade velocity to steam =0.4 ie ; blade friction factor =0.8 ie
blade angle at exit is 3o less than that at inlet ie ; ̇ , ̇
; ;
; ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U
Vu1

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
; ;
; ;
; ;
; ;
V
r2
V V
m2 2
a2 b2
V
u2
⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ( )
̇
; ̇
; ̇
̇ ; ̇ ̇
; ; ;
Blade Efficiency
̇
; ;
6. In a single stage impulse turbine the mean diameter of blades is 1m. It runs at 3000rpm. The
steam is supplied from a nozzle at a velocity of 350m/s and the nozzle angle is 20o. The rotor
blades are equianglular. The blade friction factor is 0.86. Draw the velocity diagram and
calculate the power developed if the axial thrust is 117.72 Newtons (5b,10, Dec13/Jan14)
(5c,08, June/July18)
7. In a single stage impulse turbine the mean diameter of blades is 80cm. It runs at 3000rpm.
The steam issues from a nozzle with a velocity of 300m/s and the nozzle angle is 20o. The
rotor blades are equiangular. The blade velocity coefficient is 0.85. what is the power
developed when the axial thrust is 140 Newtons (6b,08, June/July,15,18CBCS)

Mean diameter of blades ;
The rotor blades are equiangular. ; blade friction factor =0.85 ie
ie
Inlet blade angle
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U
Vu1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
; ;
; ;
; ;

V
r2
V V
m2 2
a2 b2
V
u2
⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ m/s
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ( )
̇
; ̇
; ̇
; ;
̇( ); ̇( ); ̇
̇ ̇
; ; ;
8. The simple impulse turbine has a mean blade speed of 200m/s. The nozzles are inclined at
to the planes of rotation of the blades. The steam velocity from nozzles is 600m/s. The
turbine uses 3500kg/hr of steam. The absolute velocity at exit is along the axis of turbine
Determine i) Inlet and exit angles of blades ii) Power output of turbine iii) Diagram efficiency
(5a. 10, Dec16/Jan17)
Inlet and exit angles of blades

; ; ; ̇ ; ̇
The absolute velocity at exit is along the axis of turbine ie is axial
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U
Vu1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
; ;
Hence outlet velocity triangle is as given below
V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
Assume ;
; ;
Power output of turbine

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) ( )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ as ; ;
̇ ̇ ̇
̇ ̇
; ; ;
Diagram efficiency
̇
; ;

9. One stage of an impulse turbine consists of a nozzle and one ring of moving blades. The
nozzle is inclined a 22o to the tangential speed of blades and the blade tip angles are
equiangular and equal to 35o (a) Find the blade speed, diagram efficiency by neglecting
losses, if the velocity of steam at the exit of the nozzle is 660m/s (b) If the relative velocity of
steam is reduced by 15% in passing through the blade ring. Find the blade speed, diagram
efficiency and end thrust on the shaft when the blade ring develops 1745kW
10. Steam flows through the nozzle with a velocity of 450m/s at a direction which is inclined at
an angle of 16o to the wheel tangent. Steam comes out of the moving blades with a velocity
of 100m/s in the direction of 110o with the direction of blade motion. The blades are
equiangular and the steam flow rate is 10kg/s. Find (i) Power developed (ii) the power loss
due to friction (iii) Axial thrust (iv) blade efficiency and (v) blade coefficient
11. Dry saturated steam at 10atmospheric pressure is supplied to single rotor impulse wheel,
the condenser pressure being 0.5 atmosphere with the nozzle efficiency of 0.94 and the
nozzle angle at the rotor inlet is 18o to the wheel plane. The rotor blades which move with
the speed of 450m/s are equiangular. If the coefficient velocity for the rotor blades is 0.92.
find (i) the specific power output (ii) the rotor efficiency (iii) the stage efficiency (iv) axial
thrust (v) Velocity and the direction of exit steam (5b,12, Dec 12)
 Dry saturated steam at 10 atmospheric pressure is supplied to single rotor impulse wheel
the steam enters nozzle at 10 atmospheric pressure and dry
 the nozzle efficiency of 0.94 ; ηn=0.94
 nozzle angle at the rotor inlet is 18o to the wheel plane α1=18o
 The rotor blades which move with the speed of 450m/s are equiangular ie U=450m/s and
β1= β2
 If the coefficient velocity for the rotor blades is 0.92 ie =0.92
find (i) the specific power output ie E=? (ii) the rotor efficiency ηb=? (iii) the stage efficiency ηs=? (iv)
axial thrust Fa =? (v) the direction of exit steam α2=?
from mollier diagram
10 bar
saturation line
h1=2780
h
0.5 bar
h2=2270

s
1 Nozzle 2 Turbine
√ ( ) ; √ ( ) ;
Take scale
4 Vr2 V1 2
5
30,25
27,84
V2 a2 3
32,2°
Vr1 b1
32,2°
88
,5°
18°
a1 b2
U 1
DVu=92,37
Measure ;
( )
; ;
ii) Rotor efficiency
Blade
iii) stage efficiency =
iv) Axial thrust
; ;
; ; Assume ̇

̇ ( ); ( )
Analytical method
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U
Vu1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
; ;
; ;
V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2
U2
V
u2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ m/s

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) ( )
̇
; ̇
; ̇
ii) Rotor efficiency
Blade
iii) stage efficiency =
iv) Axial thrust
; ; ; Assume ̇
̇( ); ( );
(v) Velocity and the direction of exit steam
√ ; √ ;
; ;
12. In a two row velocity compounded impulse steam turbine, the steam from the nozzle issues
at a velocity of 600m/s. The nozzle angle is 20o to the plane of rotation of the wheel. The
mean diameter of rotor is 1m and the speed is 3000rpm. Both rows of moving blades have
equiangular blades. The intermediate row of fixed guide blades makes the steam flow again
at 200 to the second moving blade ring . The frictional losses in each row are 3%. Find i) The
inlet and outlet angles of moving blades of each row ii) The inlet blade angle of the guide
blade iii) The power output of first and second moving blade rings for unit mass flow rate iv)
the blade efficiency v) the stage efficiency (assume nozzle efficiency =0.95)
the steam from the nozzle issues at a velocity of 600m/s ie
; The mean diameter of rotor is 1m ie ;
Both rows of moving blades have equiangular blades. Ie and
The intermediate row of fixed guide blades makes the steam flow again at 200 to the second
moving blade ring . ie
The frictional losses in each row are 3%. Ie ;
) ; ii) ( ̇ ) and ( ̇ ) iii) iv) if

88,3
7
2
V1
4 Vr2 3
41,04
40,12
62, Vr1
04 5
b2 91,11
27°
V2
27°
b1
20°
a1
U 1
160,08
31,5
3 Vr4
51
32, Vr3
V3
8
9 60,1
10V4 7
20,58
19,84
39°
20°
b4 a3 8 b3
39°
U 6
49,66
1. Draw 3,14cm ie
2. Draw line ie 12cm at an angle
3. Join end of U and ie
13. In a Curtis stage with two rows of moving blades the rotor are equiangular. The first rotor
has angle of 29o each while second rotor has angle of 32o each. The velocity of steam at the
exit of nozzle is 530m/s and the blade coefficients are 0.9 in the first , 0.95 in the stator and
in the second rotor. If the absolute velocity at the stage exit should be axial, find i) Mean
blade speed ii) The rotor efficiency iii) The power output for a flow rate of 32kg/s (5b,12,
June/July16)
Two rows of moving blades the rotor are equiangular ie ;

The first rotor has angle of 29o each ;
The velocity of steam at the exit of nozzle is 530m/s
Blade coefficients are 0.9 in the first ie
0.95 in the stator ie ;
0.95 in the second rotor ie
If the absolute velocity at the stage exit should be axial ie

Assume
Start from last triangle (4)

1. Draw for 2 stage
2. Draw line vertical since
3. Draw line at an angle , Line and line intersect each other ,
measure ; ; ; ;
4. Draw line equal to

5. Draw line joining right end of U and end of line measure ie 37.24mm
6. Draw for first stage ,
7. Draw line from right end of U of first stage at an angle
8. Left end of the U of first stage velocity triangle as centre draw an arc of radius
37.24 mm to cut line
9. Join left end of U of First stage velocity triangle to intersection point of arc and line ie
line, Measure ie mm
; ;
10. Draw line from right end of U of the first stage velocity triangle measuring
at an angle
11. Join end of line with left end of U of first stage velocity triangle ie
12. Measure ie at

92,7
4
9
130,0
8 V1
7Vr2 11 Vr1
V2
49,95
44,96
04
23°
9 103,
29°
10
29° U 6
171,23
64,67
Vr4
35,3 V3
8 5
32°
3
°
Vr3
19,73
90
18,75
V42 44
32°
37,2
1
U 61,58
on the drawing
Actual
Hence ie
Mean Blade speed

Mean blade speed ( ) ;
Rotor Efficiency
( ) ; ( )
( ) ; ( )
( ) ( ) ; ;
; ;
; ;
The power output for a flow rate of 32kg/s
̇ ̇
; ; ;

14. In a curtis stage turbine steam enters the first row of moving blades at 700m/s. The outlet
angles of the first rotor blade, the stator blade and the last rotor blade are respectively, 23o,
19o and 37o. If the mean bade speed is 160m/s and the blade coefficient is 0.93 for all blades
and steam flow rate is 162kg/min, Discharge is axial. estimate: i) Power developed in the
stage ii) rotor efficiency iii) axial thrust and iv) tangential force on the blades
15. In a curtis stage turbine steam enters the first row of moving blades at 700m/s. The outlet
angles of the firstrotor blade, the stator blade and the last rotor bade are respectively, 23 o,
19o and 37o.and the blade coefficient is 0.93 for all blades and steam flow rate is 162kg/min,
Discharge is axial. estimate: i) Power developed in the stage ii) rotor efficiency iii) axial
thrust and iv) tangential force on the blades
16. A curtis impulse stage has two rotors moving with an average tangential speed of 250m/s.
The fluid relative velocity is reduced 10% in its passage over every blade, whether fixed or
moving. The nozzle is inclined at an angle of 17o to the wheel tangent, has an efficiency of
0.92. The inlet angle of the first rotor blade is 22o. The intermediate stator inlet and exit
angles are respectively 31.5o and 20o. Assuming that the second rotor is of equiangular.
Find: i) the absolute velocity V1 and the speed ratio ii) the ratio of work output from the
second rotor to that of the first rotor iii) stage efficiency and iv) the power output and axial
thrust for a flow of 5kg/s of steam over the blade
17. The mean rotor blade speed of an axial flow turbine stage with 50% reaction is 200m/s. The
steam emerges from the nozzle at 28o to the wheel plane with axial velocity component
equal to the blade speed. Assuming symmetric inlet and outlet velocity triangles, find the
rotor blade angles and utilization factor
18. A Parsons turbine is running at 1200rpm. The mean rotor diameter is 1m. Blade outlet angle
is 23o, speed ratio is 0.75 , stage efficiency is 0.8. Find the isentropic enthalpy drop in this
stage (6b, 08 Deec18/Jan19, 15 CBCS)
Parson turbine ie 50% Reaction turbine; ; ; ;
Speed ratio ie
For turbine ;
; ;
; ;

V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U
Vu1
V
r2
V V
m2 2
a2 b2
V
u2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
For turbine, ;
⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ( )
̇
; ̇
; ̇
;
̇;
; ;
Graphical Solution
Parson turbine ie 50% Reaction turbine; ; ; ;
Speed ratio ie
For turbine ;
; ;
; ;

; ; ; ;
41,89
66 °
V1
23°
Vr2
16,37
16,37
V2 Vr1
U
45,7
31,42
; ;
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ( )
̇
; ̇ ̇
; ̇
;
̇;
; ;
19. The following particulars refer to a stage of a parsons steam turbine. Mean diameter of
blade ring =70cm, steam velocity at inlet of moving blades=160m/s, outlet blade angles of
moving blades , steam flow through the blades =7kg/s and speed 1500rpm
, . Draw the velocity diagram and find the following: i) Blade inlet angle ii) Power
developed in the stage iii) Available isentropic enthalpy drop (5b, 08,June/July1815CBCS)
Parson Turbine- ; ;
steam velocity at inlet of moving blades=160m/s, ;
outlet blade angles of moving blades ,
steam flow through the blades =7kg/s ̇ ; ;
i) Blade inlet angle ii) Power developed in the stage
iii) Available isentropic enthalpy drop

; ;
For turbine ;
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U
Vu1
V
r2
V V
m2 2
a2 b2
V
u2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
For turbine, ;
⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ( )
̇
; ̇
; ̇
;
̇;
; ;
Graphical Solution
Parson Turbine- ; ;
steam velocity at inlet of moving blades=160m/s, ;
outlet blade angles of moving blades ,
steam flow through the blades =7kg/s ̇ ; ;

i) Blade inlet angle ii) Power developed in the stage
iii) Available isentropic enthalpy drop
; ;
For turbine ;
Scale : 1cm=10m/s; ; ; ;
160 160
4 2
Vr2
V1
5 3
54,72
V2
Vr1
20°
30°
20°
30°
U 1
54,98
245,72
; ;
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ( )
̇
; ̇ ̇
; ̇
;
̇;
; ;
20. The following data refer to a 50% reaction turbine D=1.5m
) blade efficiency ii) Determine percentage increase in the blade
efficiency and rotor speed if the rotor is designed to run at its best theoretical speed , the
exit angle is 20o. Blade efficiency for the best speed is given by (7b, 10,
June/July 13)
50% Reaction turbine; ; ; ; ;
ii) Determine percentage increase in the blade efficiency and rotor speed if the rotor is
designed to run at its best theoretical speed , the exit angle is 20o. Blade efficiency for the best
speed is given by
For turbine ;

; ;
V
r2
V V
m2 2
a2 b2
V
u2
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U
Vu1
; ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
For turbine, ;
⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ( )
̇
; ̇
; ̇
;
; ;
;
̇
; ; 0.902
̇
For best theoretical speed

;
Percentage increase in efficiency
; 3.88%
; ; ;
; ;
21. In a reaction turbine , the inlet and outlet blade angles are 50o and 20o respectively. Steam
enters at 18o to the plane wheel and leaves at 40o . The rotor speed is 260m/s. Calculate the
speed ratio , specific work and degree of reaction (5c. 08, Dec15/Jan16)
Reaction turbine
the inlet and outlet blade angles are 50o and 20o respectively ie ;
Steam enters at 18o to the plane wheel and leaves at 40o ie ;
The rotor speed is 260m/s ie
Scale 1cm =50m/s
75,17
Vr2
4 2
V2
33,42
V1 23,23
5 3
40°
20°
50°
18°
Vr1
1
U
52
52
111,33
1.
Draw line U
2. Draw line at an angle at
3. Draw line at an angle ; line and line intersect each other ie end of
and
4. Draw line at an angle
5. Draw line at an angle at ; line and line intersect each other ie is the
end of and
Speed ratio
Measure ie 7.517cm ie
Speed ratio ie Speed ratio Speed ratio
Specific work output

Measure ;
̇
; ̇
; ̇
Degree of Reaction
Measure ie cm ie
( )
( )
; ;
22. At a stage in reaction turbine the mean blade ring diameter is 1m and the turbine runs at a
speed of 50rev/s. The blades are designed for 50% reaction with exit angles 60o and inlet
angles 40o with respect to the axial direction. The turbine is supplied with steam at the rate
of 60000 kg/hr and the stage efficiency is 85%. Determine a) the power output of the stage,
(b) the ideal specific enthalpy drop in the stage in kJ/kg and c) the percentage increase in
relative velocity
23. One stage of an impulse turbine consists of a nozzle and one ring of moving blades. The
nozzle is inclined a 22o to the tangential speed of blades and the blade tip angles are
equiangular and equal to 35o (a) Find the blade speed, diagram efficiency by neglecting
losses, if the velocity of steam at the exit of the nozzle is 660m/s (b) If the relative velocity of
steam is reduced by 15% in passing through the blade ring. Find the blade speed, diagram
efficiency and end thrust on the shaft when the blade ring develops 1745kW
24. A 50% reaction steam turbine, running at 7445rpm develops 5MW and has a steam mass
flow rate of 6.5kg/kWhr. At a particular stage in the expansion the absolute pressure is
85kPa at a steam dryness fraction of 0.94. If the exit angle of the blade is 70 o measured from
the axial flow direction, and the outlet relative velocity of the steam is 1.3 times the mean
blade speed, find the blade height if the ratio of rotor hub diameter to blade height is 14
25. In a reaction turbine, the blade tips are inclined at 35o and 20o in the direction of rotor. The
stator blades are the same shape as the moving blades, but reversed in direction. At a
certain place in the turbine, the drum is 1m diameter and the blades are 10cm high. At this
place, the steam has pressure of 1.75 bar and dryness is 0.935. If the speed of the turbine is
250rpm and the steam passes through the blades without shock find the mass of steam flow
and power developed in the ring of moving blades
26. Consider a 2 stage velocity compounded axial flow impulse steam turbine. The absolute
velocity of steam entering the first row of moving blades=450m/s. The steam leaves the last
row of moving blades axially. The blade angles at inlet and outlet of both the rotors are the
same and equal to 30o . Sketch the velocity triangle at inlet and outlet of each stage
separately. Find the blade speed
27. The velocity of steam at the exit of a nozzle is 440m/s which is compounded in an impulse
turbine by passing successively through moving, fixed, and finally through a second ring of
moving blades, The tip angles of moving blades through out the turbine are 30o.Assume loss
of 10% in velocity due to friction when the steam passes over a blade ring. Find the velocity
of moving blades in order to have a final discharge of steam as axial. Also determine the
diagram efficiency

28. Given data for a two-wheel velocity compounded Curtis steam turbine stage are as follows:
mean rotor speed=450m/s. Rotor exit angles are 22o and 33o respectively for the 2 rotors,
stator blade exit angle=20o. Blade velocity coefficient for each blade (stator and rotors) =
0.95. Assume axial discharge (assume rotors are to be equiangular). Draw velocity triangles
to a scale. Find nozzle angle at inlet and the rotor efficiency
29. The following details refers to a Curtis turbine: i) both rotors are equiangular (ii)
rotor blade angles are 29o in first rotor and 32o in second rotor (iii) absolute velocity
of steam entering the first row of blades is 530m/s iv) blade coefficients are 0.9 in
first rotor, 0.91 in stator and 0.93 in second rotor v) the absolute velocity is axial
from the second rotor. Find graphically or otherwise a) mean blade speed b) power
output for a flow rate of 3.2kg/s

HYDRAULIC TURBINES
1. Classify Hydraulic turbines with example (6a, 05, Dec13/Jan14)
2. With mathematical expression , define the following i) Hydraulic efficiency ii)
Mechanical efficiency iii) overall efficiency iv) Volumetric efficiency (
)( )
3. Obtain an expression for the workdone per second by water on the runner a pelton
wheel and hydraulic efficiency (6a, 10,June/July14)
4. Show that for maximum efficiency of pelton wheel the bucket velocity is equal to
half of the jet velocity ( )(
)
5. Show that for a Pelton turbine the maximum hydraulic efficiency is given by
where is the blade velocity coefficient and is the blade
discharge angle (6a, 08, June/July 16) (6a, 08, Dec15/Jan 16) Draw the inlet and exit
velocity triangles for a pelton wheel turbine (5a, 10, Dec13/Jan 14) (6b,
08,Dec17/Jan18)
6. Derive an expression for maximum hydraulic efficiency of a Pelton wheel in terms of
runner tip angle and bucket velocity coefficient (6a, 10,June/July18)
7. Draw an neat sketch of a Francis turbine and draw velocity triangles at inlet and
outlet (6c, 05, Dec13/Jan14)
8. Define the draft tubes with neat sketch. Explain different type of draft tubes (6a,
05,June/July 17) (6b, 05,June/July 17)
9. Explain the function of draft tubes and mention its types (6b, 04, June/July 16) (6b,
04, Dec15/Jan 16) (6a, 05,Dec17/Jan18)
10. Write short note on draft tubes in a reaction hydraulic turbine (6a, 04,Dec14/Jan15)
11. Show that pressure at the exit of the reaction turbine with draft tube is less than
atmospheric pressure (8a,08,June/July18, 15 scheme)
12. With a meat sketch , explain the working of Kaplan turbine , Mention the functions
of draft tube (6a, 10, Dec16/Jan17)
13. Draw the cross sectional view of a Kaplan turbine and explains its working . Also
sketch the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet (6a, 10, Dec18/Jan19)
14. Define mechanical efficiency and overall efficiency of turbines

Hydraulic turbine is a turbomachine which converts Hydraulic energy into mechanical
energy by dynamic action of water flowing from a high level . Hydrualic energy is in the fom
of potential and kinetic
Classifiacation
1. Based on the type of hydraulic enrgy at the inlet of turbine:

i) Impulse turbine in which inlet energy is in kinetic form ex: Pelton wheel ,
Turgo wheel
ii) Reaction turbine in which inlet energy is in the form of kinetic and pressure
Ex : Francis , Propeller, Kaplan, tubular Bulb
2. Based on the direction of flow of water through the runner
i) Tangential flow in which water flows in a direction to path of the rotation
example : Pelton wheel
ii) Radial flow –a) radial inward b) radial outward
In radial inward water flows along radius of runner from outer diameter to
inner diameter ex Francis
In radial outward flow turbine water flows from inner diameter to outer
diameter ex: Forneyron
iii) Axial flow: water flows parallel to the axis of the turbine Ex Kaplan turbine
iv) Mixed flow : water enters radially at outer periphery and leaves axially
example : modern Francis turbine
3. Based on the pressure head under which turbine work
i) High Head Impulse turbine example: Pelton wheel
ii) Medium Head reaction turbine Ex : Frnacis
iii) Low Head reaction turbine Ex: Kaplan , Propeller
4. Based on the specific speed of the turbine
i) Low specific speed, Impulse turbine Ex Pelton wheel
ii) Medium specific reaction turbine Ex Francis turbine
iii) High specific speed reaction turbine Ex Kaplan and propeller turbine
Efficiencies in Hydraulic turbine
1. Hydraulic Efficiency is defined as the ratio of Power developed by the runner to

water power available at the inlet of turbine
;
where is calculated from Eulers turbine equation and Q is the discharge

in , H is the net pressure head available at the inlet of turbine
In Pelton wheel at the inlet of turbine water power is in the form of Kinetic energy
Hence , where ̇ is the mass flow rate of water flowing through the
̇
runner is the velocity of water enters the turbine

2. Mechanical Efficiency: is the ratio of Power developed at the shaft of turbine to the
power developed at the runner
3. Overall efficiency : is the ratio of power developed at the shaft to the water power
available at the inlet of turbine
; ;
4. Volumetric Efficiency: is the ratio of actual volume of water used in the energy
transfer to the volume of water supplied to the turbine
If the volumetric efficiency is given in the problem, then actual hydraulic efficiency is
Pressure Heads:
Gross Head, : Pressure head of water available at the Dam
Friction Head : Pressure head of water lost due to friction in the penstock which supplies
the water from Dam to turbine
Net Head : Pressure Head available at the inlet of turbine
Pelton wheel
The water from the reservoir at higher position flows down through penstocks end of which
is fitted with nozzle. In a nozzle potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. The high
velocity from the exit of nozzle strikes the buckets fitted at the periphery of the rotor at
centre. Water while passing through the buckets there is change in velocity and direction
which results in change in momentum. The tangential force induced due to change in
tangential component of fluid in buckets sets the rotor in rotary motion. Thus kinetic energy
of fluid converted into work.

Vr2
Vm V2
a2 b2
U
Vu2
U Vr1
V1 =Vu1
The tangential force mass flow rate change in velocity of fluid in tangential direction
̇ ̇
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ); (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)

̇ ̇
Torque (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ; (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
̇
Power : (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
̇
Axial thrust: ( )
Important design parameters for Pelton wheel
 Jet velocity emerging from nozzle √ where is coefficient of velocity

ie 0.96 to 0.98, is the net head available ie , where is the gross head
available at the Dam, is the friction loss in penstocks
 Speed ratio ie 0.43 to 0.46
√
 Jet ratio : where is the runner diameter , is the jet diameter ie 14 to 16

 No of Buckets ie
Hydraulic Efficiency ( Theoritical)
Blade efficiency or Diagram efficiency or Utilization factor is given by is difined as the ratio
of power developed by the runner to the water power available in the turbine
; =
Water power =ωQH where ω is specific weight of the fluid (Since here fluid is water ω is
9810 N/m3, Q is the rate of flow of water in m3/s and H is the net head available at the inlet
of turbine
Above equation is holds good for all the hydraulic turbine
For Impulse turbine (Pelton wheel) water power also equal to
((⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)) (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )

/ ;
Above equation is holds good only for impulse turbine
II) Volumetric Efficiency: It is the ratio of quantity of water actually striking the runner to
the quantity of water supplied to the runner

where is the amount of water that slips directly to the tail race
without striking or it is known as leakage or loss
Actual Hydraulic efficiency is the product of theoretical hydraulic efficiency and Volumetric
efficiency
iii) Mechanical Efficiency: is the ratio of shaft power output by the turbine to the power developed
by the runner
iv) Overall efficiency: is defined as ratio of shaft output power by the turbine to the water power
available at inlet of the turbine
Generator Efficiency : is the ratio of Generator output to Power at the shaft
It converts large portion of velocity energy rejected from the runner into useful pressure
energy

Work done by the Pelton wheel
Vr2
Vm V2
a2 b2
U
Vu2
U Vr1
V1 =Vu1
̇
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ; Blade friction coefficient
; ( )
From outlet velocity triangle; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( )
̇ ;
( ( ( ) ))
̇
[ ( ) ] ; ( )( )
̇ ̇
( )( ) ; ( )( )

Blade efficiency/Hydraulic efficiency
( )( )
̇
; ;
( )( ) ( )
; * *( )
Speed ratio
( ) ( )
For Maximum efficiency
( ( ) ( )) (( ) )
; ; ( )
( ) ( )
; ; ;
Hence blade speed = 50% of jet velocity for maximum efficiency
Max Efficiency ( ) ( ); ( )
( )

FRANCIS TURBINE
Main Components of Francis Turbine
The major components of Francis turbine are
1. Spiral Casing
Spiral casing is the inlet medium of water to the turbine. The water flowing from the
reservoir or dam is made to pass through this pipe with high pressure.
To maintain the same pressure the diameter of the casing is gradually reduced, so as to
maintain the pressure uniform, thus uniform momentum or velocity striking the runner
blades.

2. Stay Vanes
Stay vanes and guide vanes guides the water to the runner blades. Stay vanes remain
stationary at their position and reduces the swirling of water due to radial flow, as it enters
the runner blades. Thus making turbine more efficient.
3. Guide Vanes
Guide vanes change their angle as per the requirement to control the angle of striking of
water to turbine blades to increase the efficiency. They also regulate the flow rate of water
into the runner blades thus controlling the power output of a turbine according to the load
on the turbine.
4. Runner Blades
The performance and efficiency of the turbine is dependent on the design of the runner
blades. In a Francis turbine, runner blades are divided into 2 parts. The lower half is made in
the shape of small bucket so that it uses the impulse action of water to rotate the turbine.
The upper part of the blades use the reaction force of water flowing through it. These two
forces together makes the runner to rotate.
5. Draft Tube
The pressure at the exit of the runner of Reaction Turbine is generally less than atmospheric
pressure. The water at exit cannot be directly discharged to the tail race. A tube or pipe of
gradually increasing area is used for discharging water from the exit of turbine to the tail
race.
This tube of increasing area is called Draft Tube. One end of the tube is connected to the
outlet of runner while the other end is sub-merged below the level of water in the tail-race.
Working Principle
Francis Turbines are generally installed with their axis vertical. Water with high head
(pressure) enters the turbine through the spiral casing surrounding the guide vanes. The
water looses a part of its pressure in the volute (spiral casing) to maintain its speed. Then
water passes through guide vanes where it is directed to strike the blades on the runner at
optimum angles. As the water flows through the runner its pressure and angular
momentum reduces. This reduction imparts reaction on the runner and power is transferred
to the turbine shaft.
If the turbine is operating at the design conditions the water leaves the runner in axial
direction. Water exits the turbine through the draft tube, which acts as a diffuser and
reduces the exit velocity of the flow to recover maximum energy from the flowing water
In Francis turbine the pressure and velocity of the fluid decreases as it flows through the
moving blades. Hence it converts both the kinetic energy and pressure energy is converted
into work

The water coming out of runner blades would lack both the kinetic energy and pressure
energy, so we use the draft tube to recover the pressure as it advances towards tail race,
but still we cannot recover the pressure to that extent that we can stop air to enter into the
runner housing thus causing cavitation.
Velocity triangle
V r2
V2
Vf2 a2 b2
U2
Vu2=0
V r1 V1
Vf1
b1 a1
U1
Vu1
Applications of Francis Turbine

o Francis turbine is the most widely used turbine in hydro-power plants to generate
electricity.
o Mixed flow turbine is also used in irrigation water pumping sets to pump water from ground
for irrigation.
o It is efficient over a wide range of water head and flow rate.
o It is most efficient hydro-turbine we have till date.

Analysis of Francis Turbine:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ as ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =0 where ρQ
Q=(1 %of Blockage) 𝝅D1B1Vf1 = (1 %of Blockage) 𝝅D2B2Vf2
If
V1
Vf1
Vr1
a1 b1
U1
Vu1
If U1 Vu1
V1 Vr1
Vf1
a1 b1
Vu1
U1

Outlet Velocity Triangle
Vr2
Vf2
a2 b2
U2
Vu2=0
Hydraulic Efficiency:
Blade efficiency or Diagram efficiency or Utilization factor is given by is difined as the ratio
of power developed by the runner to the water power available in the turbine
̇ (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )

( ) ( )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ̇ ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
( )
II) Volumetric Efficiency: It is the ratio of quantity of water actually striking the runner to
the quantity of water supplied to the runner
= where is the amount of water that slips directly to the tail race
without striking or it is known as leakage or loss
Actual Hydraulic efficiency is the product of theoretical hydraulic efficiency and Volumetric
efficiency
iii) Mechanical Efficiency: is the ratio of shaft power output by the turbine to the power developed
by the runner

iv) Overall efficiency: is defined as ratio of shaft output power by the turbine to the water power
available at inlet of the turbine
Generator Efficiency : is the ratio of Generator output to Power at the shaft
Working Proportions of Frnancis turbine
Speed ratio: φ =
√
Flow ratio ψ =
√
Area of flow=(1-Blockage fraction) 𝝅D1B1
Generally Radial flow velocity is constant Vf1= Vf2 and Vr2 is greater than Vr1
Overall efficiency and Mechanical efficiency is same as Pelton wheel
Important points
U1≠U2 (U1is not equal to U2 ie U1= and U2=
α2 is 90o and Vu2=0
Area of flow=(1-Blockage fraction) 𝝅D1B1
Kaplan Turbine
Schematic Diagram of Kaplan Turbine and working principle:
Scroll casing: The water from the penstock enters the scroll casing. The main function of
spiral casing is to provide an uniform distribution of water around the runner and hence to
provide constant flow velocity
Guide vanes: Water from the Scroll casing into guide vanes. Main function is i) to regulate
the quantity of water entering the runner and ii) to direct the water on to the runner
Runner: This houses the moving vanes or runner blades usually 4 to 6. From the guide vane
directed to the moving vanes. As the water flows through the moving vanes both pressure

and velocity decreases. Here both pressure energy and kinetic energy converted into power
which is is responsible for the rotation of the shaft.
Draft Tube: The water from the runner flows to the tail race through the draft tube. The
shape of draft tube is in diverging in nature.
The main function of draft tube is i) It permits a negative or suction head established at the
runner exit
It converts large portion of velocity energy rejected from the runner into useful pressure
energy
Working Principle
Velocity triangle
V r2
V2
Vf2 a2 b2
V u2 =0
V1 V r1
a1
Vf1
b1
Vu1
U

The water from the pen-stock enters into the scroll casing. The water moves into the scroll
casing and the guide vanes directs the water from the casing to the blades of the runner.
The vanes are adjustable and can adjust itself according to the requirement of flow rate. As
the water moves over the blades it starts rotating due to reaction force of the water. The
blades in the Kaplan turbine is also adjustable. From the runner blades, the water enters
into the draft tube where its pressure energy and kinetic energy decreases. Actually here
the K.E. is gets converted into pressure energy results in increased pressure of the water.
Finally the water discharged to the trail race. The rotation of the turbine is used to rotate
the shaft of generator for electricity production and for some other mechanical work.
Advantages
 It can work more efficiently at low water head and high flow rates as compared with
other types of turbines.
 It is smaller in size.
 It is easy to construct and space requirement is less.
 The Efficiency of Kaplan turbine is very high as compares with other hydraulic turbine.
Disadvantages
Cavitation is the major problem in this turbine. Use of draft tube and proper material
generally stainless steel for the runner blades may reduce the cavitation problem to a
greater extent.
Application
This turbine is used in power generation (mostly electricity) where water is available at low
head and at higher flow rates.
This is the all about Kaplan Turbine. If you find anything missing or incorrect than lets us
notify through your valuable comments. And if this article has enhanced some knowledge in
you than don’t forget to like and share it on Facebook , Google+, Twitter and on other social
medial networks.
It is an axial flow reaction turbine Here U1=U2=U
U is based on Outer rim Diameter ie Do U=
( )
Q= Vf1
Speed ratio: φ =
√
Flow ratio ψ =
√
Vf1= Vf2
Draft tubes

In power turbines like reaction turbines, Kaplan turbines, or Francis turbines, a diffuser tube
is installed at the exit of the turbine, known as draft tube.[1]
This draft tube at the end of the turbine increases the pressure of the exiting fluid at the
expense of its velocity. This means that the turbine can reduce pressure to a higher extent
without fear of back flow from the tail race.
By placing a draft tube (also called a diffuser tube or pipe) at the exit of the turbine, the
turbine pressure head is increased by decreasing the exit velocity, and both the overall
efficiency and the output of the turbine can be improved. The draft tube works by
converting some of the kinetic energy at the exit of the turbine runner into the useful
pressure energy
Types of Draft tubes
1. Conical diffuser or straight divergent tube-This type of draft tube consists of a conical
diffuser with half angle generally less than equal to 10° to prevent flow separation. It is
usually employed for low specific speed,vertical shaft francis turbine. Efficiency of this type
of draft tube is 90%
2. Simple elbow type draft Tube-It consists of an extended elbow type tube. Generally, used
when turbine has to be placed close to the tail-race. It helps to cut down the cost of
excavation and the exit diameter should be as large as possible to recover kinetic energy at
the outlet of runner. Efficiency of this kind of draft tube is less almost 60%
3. Elbow with varying cross section-It is similar to the Bent Draft tube except the bent part
is of varying cross section with rectangular outlet.the horizontal portion of draft tube is
generally inclined upwards to prevent entry of air from the exit end

Draft tube analysis
WATER FROM TURBINE
Atm Pressure p2 , V2
TA I L RA C E
A2
h
Z2
--------------------------
- - -- --
--------------------
Z1=0
-------------------------------
---------------------------------
p3 ,A3, v3
Draft tube efficiency d=
d=
Important Note:
If Draft tube is fitted at the exit of Francis and Kaplan turbine
Then theoretical Efficiency is

( )
Numerical Problems :
Pelton wheel
1. A pelton wheel turbine is required to develop 10MW of power when working under a head
of 200m. The runner is having a speed of 650rpm. Assuming overall efficiency of 88%.
Determine i) quantity of water required ii) Diameter of the wheel. Take CV=0.98 and value of
φ=0.48
2. A pelton wheel produces 15500 kW under a head of 350m at 500rpm. If overall efficiency
of the wheel is 84% Find: i) Required number of jets and diameter of each jet ii) number of
buckets iii) Tangential force exerted
3. In a power station single jet Pelton wheel produces 23110kW under a head of 1770m while
running at 750rpm. Estimate i) jet diameter ii) Mean diameter of the runner iii) Number of
buckets Assume (6b, 06,June/July18)
; ; ; i) ) iii)
i) Diameter of jet
Overall efficiency is not given Hence Assume overall efficiency
; ;
√ ; √
; ;
ii) Mean diameter of runner
Assume
;
√ √
iii) Number of buckets
; ; ;
; ;

4. In a power station single jet Pelton wheel produces 23110kW under a head of 1770m while
running at 750rpm. Estimate i) jet diameter ii) Mean diameter of the runner iii) Number of
buckets Assume the necessary data suitably. (6b, 06,Dec14/Jan15)
; ; ; i) ) iii) iv)Diameter of jet=?
Overall efficiency is not given Hence Assume overall efficiency
; ;
Assume Cv=1 as it has not been given in the data
√ ; √
; ;
iv) Mean diameter of runner
Assume
;
√ √
v) Number of buckets
; ; ;
; ;
5. A pelton wheel is required to develop 12000kW with a head of 400m. The wheel speed is
720rpm. Assuming φ=0.45, CV=0.98,ηo=86% and approximate jet ratio =8, Design the
machine and specify a) bucket circle diameter b) number of buckets and 3) Number of jet
6. A pelton wheel produces 15500kW under a head of 350m at 500rpm. IF the overall
efficiency of the wheel is 84% . Find i) Required number of jets and diameter of each jet ii)
Number of buckets iii) Tangential force exerted Assume : jet ratio
(6b,10, Dec18/Jan19)
; ) ii) iii)
The angle of deflection of the jet is 160o;
i) Required number of jets and diameter of each jet

;
Assume
√ ; √

;
√ √
Dia meter of jet
Dia meter of jet
; ;
* ; * jets
Number of jets
ii) Number of bucket
; ; ;
iii) Tangential force exerted
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Since blade coefficient K is not given consider it is 1 ie ;

Vr2
Vm V2
a2 b2
U
Vu2
U Vr1
V1 =Vu1
⃐⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃐⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃐⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
̇ ̇
̇ (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ; ( )
7. Two jet strike at buckets of a Pelton wheel , which is having shaft power as 14715kW. The
diameter of each jet is given as 150mm. If the net head on the turbine is 500m, find the
overall efficiency , take and speed ratio . If the blade angle at outlet is
and reduction in relative velocity over the bucket is 5% , find the hydraulic efficiency (6b,
10,Dec 13/14)
; ;
speed ratio ie ; ;
reduction in relative velocity over the bucket is 5% ie ie ;
i) overall efficiency
√ ; √
* ;
ii) Hydraulic Efficiency
;
√ √

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Vr2
Vm V2
a2 b2
U
Vu2
U Vr1
V1 =Vu1
⃐⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃐⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃐⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃐⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ( )
;
8. A three jet Pelton wheel is required to generate 10000kW under a head of 400m. The blade
angle at outlet is 15o and reduction in relative velocity over the buckets is 5%. If overall
efficiency is 80%, CV=0.98 and speed ratio =0.46 Find i) Diameter of jet ii) Total flow in m3/s
iii) Force exerted by a jet on the buckets
9. The penstock supplies water from a reservoir to the Pelton wheel with a gross head of 500m.
One third is lost in friction in the penstock. The rate of flow of water through the nozzle
fitted at the end of penstock is 2m3/s. The angle of deflection of the jet is 165o. Determine
the power given by the water to the runner and also hydraulic efficiency of the Pelton
wheel. Take speed ratio 0.45 and Cv =1.0 (6b, 10, Dec16/Jan17)
gross head of 500m. Ie
One third is lost in friction in the penstock ie ie ;
; The angle of deflection of the jet is 165o;

speed ratio 0.45 ie and 1.0
Power given by the water to the runner
Net Head available ie ; m
;
√ ; √
;
√ √
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
44.48m/s
Since blade coefficient K is not given consider it is 1 ie ;
Vr2
Vm V2
a2 b2
U
Vu2
U Vr1
V1 =Vu1
⃐⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃐⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃐⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ̇ (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)

̇
; ;
( )
;
( )
;

ii) Hydraulic efficiency of the Pelton wheel
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃐⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ( )
;
10. A double jet pelton wheel develops 1200MHP with an overall efficiency of 82% and head is
60m. The speed ratio =12 and nozzle coefficient =0.97. Find the diameter of jet, wheel
diameter, and wheel speed in rpm
11. A double over hung pelton wheel unit is to produce 30000kW at the generator under an
effective head of 300m at base of the nozzle. Find the size of the jet , mean diameter of the
runner, speed and specific speed of each pelton turbine. Assume generator efficiency
, Pelton wheel efficiency , speed ratio jet velocity coefficient ,
and jet ratio 12 (6b, 8,June/July18 15 scheme)
Double over hung wheel
; ;
;
i) Size of jet
; ;
Since there are two pelton wheel connected
Power at the shaft of each Pelton wheel
√ ; √
* ;
ii) Mean Diameter
;
√ √
iii) Specific speed

√ √
;
12. A pelton wheel is designed to develop 12000kW of power at an overall efficiency of 86%.
The speed is 0.46 times the jet velocity. Assuming a nozzle coefficient of 0.975 and an
approximate jet ratio of 10, calculate the wheel diameter, number of jets diameter of each
jet and number of buckets

13. In a power station . a pelton wheel produces 15000kW under a head of 350m while running
at 500rpm. Assume a turbine efficiency of 0.84, coefficient of velocity for nozzle as 0.98 ,
speed ratio 0.46 and bucket velocity coefficient 0.86, Calculate i) number of jet ii) Diameter
of each jet iii) Tangential force on the buckets if the bucket deflect the jet through
(7b, 8,Dec18/Jan19, 15 scheme)
; ; ;
) ) ) bucket deflect the jet through ie ;
i) number of jet
√ ; √
;
√ √
Assuming jet ratio 12 (not given)
* ; say 6
Diameter of each jet ie
iii) Tangential force on the buckets if the bucket deflect the jet through
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

V2
Vr2
Vm
a2 b2
Vu2 U
Vr2 C os b2
U Vr1
V1 =Vu1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
̇ ̇ ̇
̇ (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) ; ( )
14. A double jet Pelton wheel is supplied with water through a pipeline 1600m long from
reservoir in which the level of the water is 350m above that of the Pelton wheel. The turbine
runs at 500rpm and develops an output of 6800kW. If the pipe losses are 10% of the gross
head and friction coefficient f=0.005. Determine i) the diameter of the pipe ii) The cross
section of each jet iii) Mean diameter of the bucket circle. Assume that Cj of jet is equal to
0.98, bucket speed is equal to 0.45 times the jet velocity and turbine efficiency is 0.86
15. The supply to a single jet Pelton wheel is from a reservoir 310m above the nozzle center
through a pipe 67.5cm diameter, 5.6km long. The friction coefficient for pipe is 0.008. The
jet has a diameter of 9cm and its velocity coefficient 0.97, The blade speed ratio is 0.47 and
the buckets deflect the water through 170o. The relative velocity is of water is reduced by
15% in passing over the buckets. Determine the hydraulic and overall efficiency of system if
mechanical efficiency is 88%
16. A pelton wheel turbine has 2 wheels and 2 jets ( one jet for one wheel ) producing 42.5MW
per wheel under a head of 730m. Estimate the speed of the wheel if runner diameter is 4m.
Draw the inlet and outlet velocity triangles and calculate the hydraulic efficiency. If the
volumetric efficiency is 98%, find the discharge through the nozzle and jet diameter. Take
CV=0.98; ; β2=15o
17. A Francis turbine works under a head of 260m and develops 16.2MW at a speed of
600r/min. The volume flow rate through the machine is 7m3/s . If outside wheel diameter is
1.5m and axial wheel width at inlet is 135mm, find overall efficiency , hydraulic efficiency,
and inlet angles of guide blades and rotor angles. Assume a volumetric efficiency of 0.98 and

velocity at draft tube exit to be 17.7m/s. The whirl velocity component at the wheel exit is
zero
18. The internal and external diameters of an inward flow reaction turbine are 1.2m and 0.6m
respectively. The head on the turbine is 22m and velocity of flow through the runner is
constant and is equal to 2.5m/s. The guide blade angle is and runner vanes are radial at
inlet. If the discharge at outlet is radial. Find i) speed of turbine ii) Vane angle at outlet iii)
Hydraulic efficiency iv) Draw velocity triangles (5b,10, June/July2013)
; The guide blade angle is ie
runner vanes are radial at inlet ie If the discharge at outlet is radial ;i)
) iii)
Speed of the turbine
V1
Vm1 = V r1
a1 o
b1 =90
U1
; ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
From Inlet velocity triangle ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ;
Vane angle at outlet
Vr2
V2 = Vm2
o
a2=90
b2
U2

;
; ;
Hydraulic efficiency
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
19. The following data is given for a Francis turbine: net head =70m, speed=600rpm, shaft
power=367.5 kW, Overall efficiency =85%, Hydraulic efficiency =95%, flow ratio=0.25, width
ratio =0.1, outer to inner diameter ratio = 2.0, the thickness of vanes occupies 10% of the
circumferential area of the runner, Velocity of flow is constant at inlet and outlet, and
discharge is radial at outlet. Determine 1) Guide blade angle ii) Runner vane angles at inlet
and outlet and iii) Diameter of runner at inlet and outlet and iv) Width of the wheel at inlet
(6c,10,Dec12)
; ; ; ,
flow ratio=0.25 ie ; breadth ratio ie

√
outer diameter of runner = 2 times inner diameter of runner ,ie

velocity of flow is constant at inlet and outlet ie
the thickness of vanes occupies 10% of the circumferential area of the runner 1
discharge is radial at outlet )
ii) Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet ie ?; ?
iii)
Width of the wheel at inlet ie B1=?
Diameter of runner at inlet and outlet
√
√
Diameter at inlet
Diameter at outlet
Diameter at outlet D2=0.2225m
Guide blade angle

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
Guide blade angle=

Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet ie ?; ?
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U
Vu1
Runner blade angle at inlet=18.14o
V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
; ;
Runner blade angle at outlet =

Width of the wheel at inlet
power=368kW,ηo=86%, ηH=95%, flow ratio=0.25, breadth to diameter ratio =0.12, outer
diameter of runner = 2 times inner diameter of runner , velocity of flow is constant at inlet

and outlet, the thickness of vanes occupies 10% of the circumferential area of the runner
and discharge is radial at outlet. Determine 1) Guide blade angle ii) Runner vane angles at
inlet and outlet and iii) Diameter of runner at inlet and outlet and iv) Width of the wheel at
inlet
H=70m ; N=600rpm; shaft power=368kW ie Ps=368kW; ηo=86%, ηH=95%,
flow ratio=0.25 ie =0.25; breadth ratio 0.12 ie =0.12

√
outer diameter of runner = 2 times inner diameter of runner ,ie D1=2D2

velocity of flow is constant at inlet and outlet ie Vf1=Vf2
the thickness of vanes occupies 10% of the circumferential area of the runner C=1
discharge is radial at outlet α2=90o
α1=?;
Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet ie β1=?; β2=?
Width of the wheel at inlet ie B1=?
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U
Vu1
V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
Flow ratio= =0.25; 0.25√ =9.26m/s

√
ηo 86%, ηo ;

0.623m3/s; ; 0.623=0.9x x9.26
Diameter at inlet D1=0.445m

D1 2D2; 0.445 2D2 ; Diameter at outlet D2=0.2225m
; 13.98m/s
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =42.24m/s
ie
Guide blade angle=12.36o
; ; 18.14o
Runner blade angle at inlet=18.14o
; ; ;
; ;
Runner blade angle at outlet =52.95o

Width of the blade at inlet = 0.12D1=0.12x0.445=0.534m
power=368kW,ηo=86%, ηH=95%, flow ratio=0.25, breadth to diameter ratio =0.12, outer
diameter of runner = 2 times inner diameter of runner , velocity of flow is constant at inlet
and outlet, the thickness of vanes occupies 10% of the circumferential area of the runner
and discharge is radial at outlet. Determine 1) Guide blade angle ii) Runner vane angles at
inlet and outlet and iii) Diameter of runner at inlet and outlet and iv) Width of the wheel at
inlet
22. In a Francis turbine , the discharge is radial, the blade speed at inlet is 25m/s. At the inlet
tangential component of velocity is 18m/s. The radial velocity of flow is constant and equal
to 2.5m/s. Water flows at the rate of 0.8m3/s. The utilization factor is 0.82, Find i) Eulers
head ii) Power developed iii) Inlet blade angle iv) Degree of reaction. Draw the velocity
triangles (6c,08, June/July16)
the discharge is radial ie , the blade speed at inlet is 25m/s
At the inlet tangential component of velocity is 18m/s. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
The radial velocity of flow is constant and equal to 2.5m/s.
Water flows at the rate of 0.8m3/s
The utilization factor is 0.82,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
i) Eulers head ii) iii) iv)

i) Eulers head
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
ii) Power developed
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ; ;
iii) Inlet blade angle

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1
U1
V
u1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
iv)Degree of reaction
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
15. An inward flow reaction turbine with radial discharge having overall efficiency 80% when
power developed is 147kW.The head is 8m. The peripheral velocity of the fluid is
0.96√ The flow velocity of the fluid is 0.36√ The speed of the rotor is 1500rpm and
hydraulic losses is 22% of available energy. Determine the following : i) Inlet guide vane and
blade angles ii) Diameter of the rotor iii) width of the rotor (6c, 08, Dec15/Jan 16)
The peripheral velocity of the fluid is 0.96√ ie √ ;
The flow velocity of the fluid is 0.36√ ie √ ;
Hydrulic losses 22% available energy
; ;
i) Inlet guide vane and blade angles ?; ?; ?
ii) Diameter of the rotor

iii) width of the rotor ?;
Inlet guide vane and blade angles
√ ; √
√ √ 4.51m/s
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Hence, Inlet triangle as given below
V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1
U1
V
u1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
Diameter of the rotor
width of the rotor
;
Take C=1 since blockage is not given
23. An Inward flow reaction turbine works under a head of 110m. The inlet and outlet diameters
of the runner are 1.5m and 1.0m respectively. The width of the runner is constant
throughout as 150mm. The blade angle at outlet is 15o. The hydraulic efficiency is 0.9.
Calculate i) The speed of the turbine ii) The blade angles iii) The power developed when the
discharge velocity is 6m/s(6c, 10,Dec14/Jan15)
i) ii) iii)
i) The speed of the turbine

;
V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
; ;
;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1
U1
V
u1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
The power developed
Take C=1 since blockage is not given
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

;

24. Design an inward flow Francis turbine whose power output is 330kW under a head of 70m
running at 750rpm., ηh=94%,ηo=85%. The flow ratio at inlet is 0.15, the breadth ratio is 0.1.
The outer diameter of the runner is twice the inner diameter of runner. The thickness of the
vanes occupy 6% the circumferential area of the runner. Flow velocity is constant and
discharge is radial at outlet
25. Two inwards flow reaction turbine have the same runner diameter of 0.6m and the same
hydraulic efficiency. They work under the same head and have the same velocity of flow of
6m/s. One runner A revolves at 520rpm and has an inlet vane angle of 65o. If the other
runner B has an inlet vane angle of 110o , at what speed should it run?. Assume for both the
turbine, the discharge is radial at outlet
26. A Francis turbine works a head of 180m while running at 750rpm. The outer and inner
diameter of the runner is 1.4m and 0.85m. The water enters the runner with a velocity of
30m/s. The outlet angle of the guide blade is 10o. Estimate the runner blade angles at inlet
and outlet if the discharge is radial and velocity of flow is constant through the runner. Also,
calculate the hydraulic efficiency
27. A medium Francis turbine has diameter 75cm and width 10cm. Water leaves the guide vanes
at a velocity of 16m/s inclined at 25o with the runner periphery. The net head is 20m. The
overall and hydraulic efficiencies are 80% and 90% respectively. Assuming that 8% of the
flow area is lost due to the runner vanes thickness, calculate the runner vane angle at inlet
and outlet, Power output by the runner,speed and specific speed of machine and
mechanical efficiency
28. A Francis turbine required to develop a power of 330kW under a head of 30m while running
at 350rpm, if η0=85%,ηh=88%,φ=0.75,ψ=0.25 and diameter ratio of outer to inner diameter
=2 , calculate the stator and rotor angles and the dimensions of the runner.
29. A Francis turbine has to be designed to give an output of 500MHP under a head of 80m. The
rotational speed is 700rpm. Determine the main dimensions of the runner and the guide
vane and runner blade angles assuming the following data: Hydraulic losses 10%; flow ratio
=0.15; ratio of inner to outer diameters=0.5; ratio of width to diameter at inlet =0.1; overall
efficiency=82%; Area blocked by thickness of runner vane=15%
30. A Francis turbine is working under a head of 100m and the discharge 5m3/s. The velocity of
flow is assumed constant through the runner is 16m/s. The runner blade angle at inlet is 90o.
The width of the blades at inlet is 0.15 times at the inlet diameter, the outer diameter is 0.6
times the inlet diameter. Find the hydraulic efficiency when the wheel is rotating at 500rpm
and discharge is axial. Assume that 10% of the flow area is blocked by the thickness of the
blades
31. Francis turbine has a cylindrical draft tube 2.5m in diameter. The velocity of water at inlet to
the draft tube is 5m/s. Calculate the percentage gain in power output if the outlet diameter
is changed to 3.5m. The draft tube efficiency is 75%. Assume the available head at inlet is 5m

KAPLAN TURBINE
32. A Kaplan turbine develops 10MW under an effective head of 8m. The overall efficiency is
0.86, the speed ratio is 2.0 and the flow ratio is 0.6. The hub diameter is 0.35 times the
outside diameter of the wheel. Find the diameter and speed of the turbine(6c,
08,Dec17/Jan18)
The hub diameter is 0.35 times the outside diameter of the wheel ie ;
; ;
√ √
; ;
√ √
Diameter of the turbine
( ) ( ) ( )
; ;
Speed of the turbine
; ;
33. A Kaplan turbine produces 30000kW under a head of 9.6m, while running at 65.2rpm. The
discharge through the turbine is . The diameter of the runner is 7.4m . The hub
diameter is 0.432 times the tip diameter. Calculate i) Turbine efficiency ii) Specific speed of
the turbine iii) Speed ratio (based on tip diameter) iv) Flow ratio (8b,08,June/July18,15
scheme)
) ) )
i) Turbine efficiency
; ;
Specific speed of the turbine

√ √
;
Speed ratio (based on tip diameter)

;
√ √
Flow ratio
( ) ( )
;
;
√ √
34. A Kaplan turbine has an outer dia of 8m and inner diameter 3m and develops 30000kW at
80rpm under a head of 12m. The discharge through the runner is . If the hydraulic
efficiency is 95% , determine i) Inlet and outlet blade angels ii) Mechanical efficiency iii)
Overall efficiency (6b,10, June/July14)
) ) )
Inlet and outlet blade angels

;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1
U1
V
u1
( ) ( )
;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;

V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
Overall efficiency
; ;
35. A Kaplan turbine generates 45MW under a head of 22m. The overall efficiency is 90% and
ratio of outlet to hub diameters is 2.85. Calculate the speed, specific speed and diameters
of the runner. Assume φ=2.2 ; ψ=0.8
36. A Kaplan turbine develops 9000kW under a head of 10m. Overall efficiency of the turbine is
85%. The speed ratio based on outer diameter is 2.2 and flow ratio is 0.66. Diameter of the
boss is 0.4 times the outer diameter of the runner. Determine the diameter of the runner,
boss diameter and specific speed of the runner
37. A Kaplan turbine develops 2 MW at a head of 30m. The flow and speed ratio are 0.5 and
2.0m respectively. The hub diameter is 0.3 times the outer diameter of the runner. Calculate
the runner diameter and speed of the turbine when the overall efficiency is 85%
38. A Kaplan turbine working under a head of 15m develops 7350kW. The outer diameter of the
runner is 4m and hub diameter=2m. The guide blade angle at the extreme edge of the
runner is 30o. The hydraulic and the overall efficiency of the turbine are 90% and 85%
respectively. If the velocity of whirl is zero at outlet determine i) runner vane angle at inlet
and outlet at the extreme edge of the runner ii) speed of the turbine
39. A Kaplan turbine working under a head of 20m develops 11772kW of shaft power. The outer
diameter of runner is 3.5m and hub diameter is 1.75m. The guide blade angle at the extreme
edge of the runner is 35o. The hydraulic and overall efficiencies of the turbines are 88% and
84% respectively. If the velocity of whirl is zero at outlet, determine i) Runner vane angle at
the inlet and outlet at the extreme edge of the runner ii) speed of the turbine(8b, 08,Dec18)
The guide blade angle at the extreme edge of the runner is 35o ;
If the velocity of whirl is zero at outlet ie ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; i) ii)
( ) ( )

; ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , hence velocity triangle as given below
V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U
Vu1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
; ;
speed of the turbine
; ;
40. A Kaplan turbine produces 10MW at head of 25m. The runner and hub diameters are 3m
and 1.2m respectively. The inlet and outlet are right angled triangles. Calculate the speed ,
and outlet angles of the guide and runner blades if the hydraulic and overall efficiencies are
96 and 85 percent respectively.
41. Determine the efficiency of a Kaplan turbine developing 2940kW under a head of 5m. It is
provided with a draft tube with its inlet diameter 3m set at 1.6m above the tailrace level. A
vacuum pressure gauge is connected to draft tube inlet indicates a reading of 5m of water.
Assume that draft tube efficiency is 78%
42. A Kaplan turbine model built to a reduced scale of 1:10 develops 25MHP when run at
400rpm under the head of 6m. If its overall efficiency is 85%. What flow rate should be
supplied to the model? If the prototype machine works under a head of 40m, compute the

speed, power output and discharge of the machine. Assume same overall efficiency for the
model and prototype
29 A propeller turbine has outer diameter of 4.5m and inner diameter 2m. It develops
20,605kW under a head of 20m at 137rpm, the hydraulic efficiency is 0.94, overall efficiency
is 0.88 Find i) the Runner blade angles ii) Discharge through the runner (6c, 10,June/July
17)
; ; ; ; ;
) ii)
ii) Discharge through the runner
i) the Runner blade angles
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1
U1
V
u1
( ) ( )
;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;

V r2
Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90
U2
; ;

MODULE 5
Centrifugal Pumps
1. Define a Centrifugal pump. With usual notations, derive theortical head –capacity relationship
for a centrifugal pump (7a,8,Dec15/Jan16)
2. Define the following with respect to centrifugal pumps: i) Manometric head ii) Manometric
efficiency iii) Overall efficiency (7b, 6,Dec16/Jan 17)
3. What is priming ? How priming will be done in centrifugal pumps ? (7b, 04, Dec12)
4. Explain the following with reference to centrifugal pump ; i) Manometric efficiency with
expression ii) Cavitation in pumps iii) Need for priming iv) Pumps in series ( 6a, 10,June July
13)(7a, 10,June/July 18)
5. Define the following :i) Suction head ii) Delivery Head iii) Manometric Head iv) Net positive
suction head (9a, 8, Dec18/Jan19,15 scheme)
6. With reference to the centrifugal pump explain what do you mean by i) Net positive section
Head (NPSH) (7a, 6,Dec13/Jan 14)
7. Explain the phenomenon of cavitation in centrifugal pump (7b, 4,June/July16) (7c, 4,Dec13/Jan
14)
8. What is Cavitation? What are the causes for cavitation? Explain the steps to be taken to avoid
cavitiation (7a, 6, Dec18/19)
9. What is Cavitation? What are its effects (7b,4,Dec15/Jan16)
10. Explain the following , with reference to the centrifugal pump: i) Slip and it effects ii) Cavitaiton ,
its effect and remedies to it iii) Difference between manometric head and NPSH (7a,
10,Dec17/Jan18)
11. What are the applications of multi-stage centrifugal pump? With a sketch, explain centrifugal
pumps in series and parallel (7a, 8,June/July16)(7a,08,Dec12)
12. Explain with a neat sketch , multistage centrifugal compressor (7a, 5June July 17)
13. Explain with neat sketch , different casings of pump and label the parts (7b, 5June July 17) (7b,
6, Dec18/19)
14. What is minimum starting speed of a centrifugal pump? Derive an expression for minimum
starting speed of a centrifugal pump (7a, 6,Dec16/Jan 17) (7a,6,Dec14/Jan15)
(7a,12,June/July14)
15. Show that the pressure rise in the impeller of a centrifugal pump when the frictional and other
losses in the impeller are neglected is given
( )
Where Vf1 and Vf2 are the flow velocities at inlet and outlet of the impeller, =Tangential speed
of the impeller at the exit,β2=Exit blade angle (7c,8,Dec15/Jan16) (9a, 8,June/July18 15 sheme)
Centrifugal pump is defined as a power absorbing machine in which the dynamic
pressure generated by the forced vertex motion of the blades lifts the water from a low
level to high level at the expense of mechanical energy. In other words it is defined as a
turbomachine in which mechanical energy is converted into pressure energy. It is radial
inward power absorbing machine
Classification of centrifugal pump

1. According to shape of impeller and casing
a) Volute or spiral casing type b) Vortex (whirlpool) casing c) Diffuser type
2. According to type of impeller
a) Closed or shrouded impeller b) Semi- open impeller c) open impeller
3. According to working head
a) Low head centrifugal pump b) Medium head centrifugal pump iii) High Head
centrifugal pump
Definitions with respect to centrifugal pump
1. Suction Head ( ) : It is the vertical distance between the centre line of the pump and the water
surface in the sump
2. Delivery Head( ) : It is the vertical distance between the centre line of the pump and the water
surface at the delivery tank
3. Static Head (h) : It is the vertical distance between the liquid level in the sump and the delivery
tank ie
4. Total Head: The net work done by the pump on the water should be enough to overcome the
static head and also total loss in the system due to friction, turbulence, foot valves and bends,
while providing the kinetic energy of water at the delivery tank
Thus
; ; ; ;
( )
* ; ;
( )
= x
5. Manometric Head: It is pressure head against which pump has to work

= h+hf + − +
=He+
If diameter of suction and delivery pipe are same then Vs=Vd
Hence Hm =He
Even otherwise also Vs and Vd are very small such that kinetic energy associated with them are
negligible.
Hence generally Hm=He if manometric efficiency is not given
If losses are given
Hm =He−losses (ie loss of head in the impellor and casing)
4. A centrifugal pump lifts water under a static head of 36m of water of which 4m is suction lift.
Suction and delivery pipes have both 150mm in diameter. The head loss in suction pipe is 1.8m
and 7m in delivery pipes. The impeller is 380mm in diameter and 25mm wide at mouth and
revolves at 1200rpm . The exit blade angle is 35o . If the manometric efficiency of the pump is
82% , find the discharge and pressure at the suction and delivery branches of the pump. (7c,08,
Dec12)
Discharge
; ; ;
; ; ; ;
; ( )
; ;
; ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ;
where since there is no blockage , Hence
;
Suction pressure:
;
;
delivery pressure
5. A centrifugal pump impeller has radial vanes from inner radius of 8cm to outer radius 24cm. The
width of the impeller is constant and is 6cm between the shrouds. If the speed is 1500rpm and
the discharge is 25litres/s. Find i) Change in enthalpy ii) The outlet pressure if inlet pressure is
0.8kPa and flow is outward (7c, 8,June/July16)
radial vanes, ; ; ; ;
; ; =
; ;
;
Change in enthalpy ̇
;
radial vanes,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ;
̇ ̇ ̇
̇
The outlet pressure if inlet pressure is 0.8kPa and flow is outward
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
;
;
6. A centrifugal pump is to discharge 0.118m3/s of water at a speed of 1450rpm against a head of

25m. The impeller diameter is 25cm and its width at the outlet is 5cm and manometric
efficiency is 75% Calculate the vane angle at outlet (7b,6,Dec14/Jan15)
; ; ; ;
;
vane angle at outlet
;
; ;
; ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ;
7. A centrifugal pump working in dock pumps 1565lit/s against ahead (mean lift ) of 6.1m when the
impeller rotates at 200rpm. The impeller diameter is 122cm and the area at outlet periphery is
6450cm2. If the vanes are set back at an angle of 26o at the outlet, find i) hydraulic efficiency ii)
Pump required to drive the pump. If the ratio of external to internal diameter is 2, find the
minimum speed to start pumping (9b, 8,Dec18/Jan19 15 scheme )
; ; ;
; ;
Pump required to drive the pump
If the ratio of external to internal diameter is 2 ie

hydraulic efficiency
; ;
; ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
minimum speed to start pumping
For minimum starting speed
=( ) ( ); ( ) ( );
8. A centrifugal pump with 1.2 diameter runs at 200rpm and pumps 1.88m 3/s, the average lift
being 6m. The angle which the vane makes at exit with the tangent to the impeller is 26 o and
radial velocity of flow is 2.5m/s. Find manometric efficiency and the least speed to start
pumping if the inner diameter being 0.6m(7c,8,Dec14/Jan15)
9. A centrifugal pump has its impeller diameter 30cm and a constant area of flow 210cm 2. The
pump runs at 1440rpm and delivers 90LPS against a head of 25m. If there is no whirl velocity at
entry, compute the rise in pressure head across the impeller and hydraulic efficiency of pump
(9b, 08,June/July18)
Rise in pressure head across the impeller
; constant area of flow 210cm2. ;

; ; ;
; ;
; ;
Blade angle at outlet is missing Hence assume
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
Assuming flow velocity is constant ; ie ;
of water
; ; ( )
( );
hydraulic efficiency of pump
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
10. A centrifugal designed to run at 1450rpm , with a maximum discharge of 1800litrres/min against
a total head of 20m. The suction and delivery pipes are designed such that they are equal in size
of 100mm. If the inner diameter and outer diameters of the impeller are 12cm and 24cm
respectively. Determine the blade angles and for radial entry. Neglect friction and other
losses (7c,10,Dec13/Jan14)
; ; ;
Neglect friction and other losses ie
i) =? Ii) =?
; Also
; ;
; ;
; ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ;
; ;
11. A 3 stage centrifugal pump has impeller each of 38cm diameter and 1.9cm wide at outlet. The
vane are curved at anangle is 45o at the outlet and reduced the circumferential area by 10%. The
manometric efficiency is 90% and overall efficiency is 0.8%. Find the total head generated by the
pump when running at 1000 rpm delivering 50litres /s. Also calculate the power required to
drive the pump(7c, 10, June July 17)*
12. A centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter and running at
1000rpm works against a total head of 40m. The velocity of flow through the impeller is
constant and equal to 2.5m/s. The vanes are set back at an angle of 40o at outlet. Of the outer
diameter of the impeller is 500mm and width at outlet is 50mm, determine i) vane angle at inlet
ii) Work done by impeller on water /s iii) manometric efficiency (7c, 8,Dec16/Jan 17)
outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter ie ;

; ; ; ;
; i) ii) iii)
vane angle at inlet
;
; ;
; ;
Work done by impeller on water /s

;
̇ ; ̇ ̇
; ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
13. A centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter and running at
1200rpm works against a total head of 75m. The velocity of flow through the impeller is
constant and equal to 3m/s. The vanes are set back at an angle of 30 o at outlet. Of the outer
diameter of the impeller is 60cm and width at outlet is 5cm, determine i) vane angle at inlet ii)
Work done by impeller on water /s iii) manometric efficiency (7b,08,June/July14)
14. The outer diameter of a pump is 50cm and inner diameter is 25cm and runs at 1000rpm against
a head of 40m. Velocity of flow is constant and is equal to 2.5m/s. Vanes are set back an angle
40oat the outlet . Width at outlet is 5cm Find i) Vane angle at inlet ii) Work done by impeller iii)
Manometric efficiency ( 6b, 10,June July 13)
15. The outer diameter of the impeller of a centrifugal pump is 40cm and Width of the impeller at
outlet is 5cm The pump is running at 800 rpm and working against a total head of 1.5m.The
Vanes angle at outlet 40o and manometric efficiency is 75%. Determine i) velocity of flow at
outlet ii) velocity of water leaving the vane iii) Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet
with the direction of motion at outlet iv) Discharge ( 7b, 08,Dec18/Jan19) (7b, 10,Dec17/Jan18)
; ; ; ; ;
) ) ii) iii)
i) velocity of flow at outlet
; ;
; ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ;
ii) velocity of water leaving the vane
; ;
iii) Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet with the direction of motion at outlet
iv) Discharge
16. A three stage centrifugal pump has impeller of 40cm diameter and 2.5cm wide at the outlet. The
vanes are curved back at outlet at 30o and reduce the circumferential area by 15%. The
manometric efficiency is 85% and overall efficiency is 75%. Determine the head generated by
the pump when running at 12000rpm, and discharging the water at 0.06m3/s. Find the shaft
power also
17. A 4 stage centrifugal pump has impellers each of 38cms diameter and 1.9cm wide at outlet. The
outlet vane angle is 49o and vanes occupy 8% of outlet area. The manometric efficiency is 84%
and overall efficiency is75%. Determine the head generated by the pump when running at
900rpm discharging 59litres per sec
18. A centrifugal pump is running at 1000rpm, the output vane angle of the impeller is 45 o and the
velocity of flow at outlet is 2.5m/s. The discharge through the pump is 200lit/s, when the pump
is working against the total head of 20m. If the manometric efficiency of the pump is 80%,
determine : i) Diameter of the impeller ii) width of the impeller at outlet
19. The diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 30cm and 60cm respectively. The
velocity of flow at outlet is 2m/s and the vanes are set back at an angle of 45 o at outlet.
Determine the minimum starting speed of the pump if its manometric efficiency is 70%
20. A centrifugal pump with impeller outer diameter 1.5m runs at 180rpm and pumps 1.9m3/s. The
average lift is 8.0m. The angle which the vane makes at exit with the tangent to the impeller is
24o and the radial velocity is 2.8m/s. Determine the manometric efficiency of the centrifugal
pump
21. A centrifugal pump delivers 50lit/s against a total head of 24m when running at 1500rpm. The
velocity of the flow is maintained constant at 2.4m/s. and blades are curved back at 30 o to the
tangent at outlet. The inner diameter is half the outer diameter. If the manometric efficiency is
80%, determine i) Blade angle at inlet ii) Power required to drive the pump)(7b, 10,June/July
18)*
; ; ; ; ;
The inner diameter is half the outer diameter ie ; i) ii)
i) Blade angle at inlet

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ( )
; ( )
( ) ;
√ √ ( [ ])
; ;
; ;
; ;
; ;
; ;
Power required to drive the pump
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

;
̇ ; ̇ ̇
̇
22. The outer diameter of the impeller of a centrifugal pump is 40cm and width of the impeller at
outlet is 5cm. The pump is running at 800rpm and is working against a total head of 15m. The
vane angle at outlet is 40o and manometric efficiency is 75%. Determine i) Velocity of flow at
outlet ii) Velocity of water leaving the vane iii) Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet
with the direction of motion at outlet iv) Discharge
23. A backward swept centrifugal fan develops a pressure of 75mm W.G. It has an impeller diameter
of 89cm and runs at 720rpm. The blade angle at the tip is 39o and the width of the impeller
10cm. Assuming a constant radial velocity of 9.15m/s and density of 1.2kg/m3, determine the
fan efficiency , discharge , power required , stage reaction and pressure coefficient
24. A centrifugal pump discharges 0.15m3/s of water against a head of 12.5m, the speed of the
impeller being 600rpm. The outer and inner diameter of the impeller are 50cm and 20cm
respectively and the vanes are bent back at 35o to the tangential at the exit. If the area of flow
remains 0.07m2from inlet to outlet, calculate i) manometric efficiency of the pump ii) vane angle
at inlet iii) loss of head at inlet to the impeller when the discharge is reduced by 40% without
changing the speed
25. The following data refers to a Centrifugal pump: Pump being single stage radial bladed.
i)impeller diameter =120mm ii) Discharge gauge reading =1.5 bar iii) Suction gauge reading
=150mm of Hg below atmosphere iv) RPM =1440 v) Flow rate =240lit/min vi) Power required
=1kW vii) Impeller width at tip= 10mm. Find Overall efficiency and specific speed
26. A centrifugal pump has its impeller diameter 30cm and a constant area of flow 210cm2. The
pump runs at 1440 rpm and delivers 90lps against a head of 25m. If there is no whirl velocity at
entry, compute the rise in pressure head across the impeller and hydraulic efficiency of pump.
The vanes at exit are bent back at 22o wrt tangential speed
27. A centrifugal pump with an impeller outer diameter of 1.05m runs at 1000RPM. The blades are
backward curved and they makes an angle of 20o with the wheel tangent at the blade tip. If the
radial velocity of flow at the tip is 8m/s and the slip coefficient is 0.86. Find i) The actual work
input /kg of water flow ii) the absolute velocity of fluid at the impeller tip and iii) hydraulic
efficiency.If the pump is fitted with diffusion chamber with an efficiency of 0.75, so that the exit
velocity is reduced to 5m/s. Find the new efficiency
28. A single stage centrifugal pump with a impeller of diameter of 30cm rotates at 2000rpm and lifts
3m3/s water to a height of 40m with a manometric efficiency of 75%. Find the number of stages
and diameter of each impeller of a multistage pump to lift 5 m3/s of water to height of 200m
when rotating at 1500rpm
29. Explain the phenomenon of surging , stalling and choking in centrifugal compressor stage (7a,
5June July 17)
Module 5 compressors
1. With neat schematic diagram, explain an axial flow compressor, Also sketch the general
velocity triangles for an axial flow compressor(8a, 10, Dec18/19)
2. With a neat sketch, explain the axial flow compressor (8b, 6, Dec16/Jan17)
3. What are the types of diffuser ? Explain any two ( )
4. What is a function of diffuser? Name the different types of diffusers and explain them with
neat sketch (8a,10,June/July 18)
5. Draw the velocity triangles at the entry and exit for the axial compressor stage
(8b,6,June/July14) (
6. Explain the working principle of axial flow compressor along with a neat sketch of
compressor (10a, 10,June/July18)
7. For axial flow compressor show that ( )( )
8. Derive an expression for overall pressure ratio for a centrifugal compressor in terms of
impeller tip speed , slip . power input factor and isentropic efficiency of
compressor(8a,12,Dec 13/Jan14 )
9. With the help of H-Q plot explain the phenomenon of surging in centrifugal compressor(8a,
10,June/July13)
10. Define the following terms of centrifugal compressor i) slip factor , ii) Power factor and iii)
Pressure coefficient (8a,6,June/July 16)
11. Explain slip and slip coefficient (8a,5,June/July17)and slip factor (8a, 06,Dec14/Jan15)
12. Define the following terms of centrifugal compressor:i) overall pressure ratio i) slip factor ,
ii) Power factor and iii) Pressure coefficient (8a, 08,Dec12)
13. Explain surging and choking of compressor (8b,5June/July17) (8b,4,June/July 16)(8b,
04,Dec14/Jan15) (8b, 08,Dec12)
14. Explain surging , stalling and Slip factor with reference a compressor (8a,
8,Dec15/Jan16)(8a,6,June/July14)
15. Explain the phenomenon of surging and stalling in centrifugal compressor(8a, 6,
Dec16/Jan17)and Choking(8a,6,June/July14)
16. What is radial equilibrium in an axial flow compressor? Derive an expression for radial
equilibrium in terms of flow velocity and whirl velocity of fluid (8a,10, Dec17/Jan18)
17. What is a function of diffuser? Name the different types of diffusers and explain them with
neat sketch (8a,10,June/July 18)
Dr Abdul Sharief PACE Mangalore Page 1

Axial flow compressor
An axial flow compressor is essentially an axial flow turbine driven the reverse direction. The turning
angle is very small preferably lower than 30o to avoid flow separation.
It consists of number of fixed blades which are attached to the casing and alternative rows of moving
blades on to the shaft which is mounted on bearings. Air progresses from one blade row to the next
blade rows guided through the fixed blades. Fixed blades serves the function of diffuser and hence
the pressure of air increases when it comes out of it. Air flows in the compressor parallel to the
shaft.
The usual type of compressor is of 50% degree of reaction in which static enthalpy change in rotor is
half the stage static enthalpy change (total head). In 50% Reaction compressor velocity triangle at
inlet and outlet are symmetrical as in the case of 50% reaction turbine. It is necessary to achieve
prewhirl at inlet so as to maintain the Mach number below 0.9 as it required for high efficiency.
Because of low turning angle the pressure rise per stage is very small. However, the large axial
velocity of flow at the exit can cause more losses and hence it leads to a low total to static efficiency.
For ideal condition diffuser inlet angle α1 is same as the fluid angle at inlet of the rotor
If the fluid enters axially, no guide vane blades are required ie α 1=90o, the static pressure rise in the
rotor blades is much larger than in the stator blades. Because of the large relative velocities
compared to 50% reaction, the stage efficiency is lower than that of symmetrical stage.
If the fluid leaves axially α2=90o the static pressure rise occurs entirely in the rotor blades, the stator
blades causing only a small pressure rise. The degree of reaction is therefore greater than 100%. The
energy transfer per stage is low and hence stage efficiency also . But due to low exit velocity, the
overall efficiency is likely to be larger than the other types of compressors with R<0.5, R=0.5,R<1
With neat schematic diagram, explain an axial flow compressor, Also sketch the general velocity
triangles for an axial flow compressor(8a, 10, Dec18/19)
A single stage axial flow compressor consisting one row of inlet guide vanes, one row of rotor blades
(moving blades) and one row of diffusers (fixed blades) as shown in figure 4.1(a). The main function
of the inlet guide vane is to control the direction of fluid flow at the rotor inlet. The rotor blades
exert a torque on the fluid, its pressure and velocity increases. The diffuser blades increase the fluid
pressure further by decreasing fluid velocity. The pressure and velocity variations through an axial
flow compressor stage are shown in the figure

Fig. 4.1 The pressure and velocity variations through an axial flow compressor stage
The general velocity triangles for an axial flow compressor are shown in the figure
For axial flow compressors the mean tangential rotor velocity remains constant (U1=U2=U).
If the flow is repeated in another stage of axial flow compressor, then V1=V3 and α1=α3.
V3
Va
DIFFUSER BLADE
V2 Vr2 O U T L E T V E L O C I TY T R I N G L E
a2 b2
U
ROTOR BLADE
Vr1
V1 INLET VELOCITY TRIANGLE
a1 b1
U
II N L E T G U I D E V A N E
Velocity triangles for an axial flow compressor
Work Input and Efficiencies in Compressor

All are centrifugal turbo machines are radial flow power absorbing turbo machines
In axial flow power absorbing turbo machine
In radial flow power absorbing turbo machine
In power absorbing turbo machine
̇
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) is negative ie ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ > ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Turning angle of fluid from inlet to outlet is small
Axial flow Compressor

General Inlet velocity triangle
V1
Vr1 Vm1
a1 b1
U1
Vu1
General outlet velocity triangle
V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2
U2
V
u2
In axial flow power absorbing turbomachine, since outlet and inlet velocity
triangles can be drawn with common base

D Vu
g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1
U
Vu1
Vu2
γ are called air angles
γ1 is called air angle at inlet, γ2 is called as air angle at outlet
output per unit mass ̇

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
output per unit mass ̇

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) since
This expression will have negative value in power absorbing machine since ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
therefore, generally In power absorbing we express Input/per unit mass
Input/per unit mass ie ̇

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
Ie negative of output =Input
When the kinetic energy is neglected
The actual work Input , ; ( )
The Ideal work, ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

( )
But ( ) ; ( ) where is the static pressure ratio
( )
;
( ) ( )
; ;
( ) (( ) ) ( )
; ; where is the
static pressure ratio
For more general case, when the kinetic energy is significant then, the actual work required is
; ;
( ) (( ) )
( )
; ;
( )
; ; ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ; ( ) ;
and are not differ much for compressor and generally both are same. Hence, isentropic
efficiency of compressor is generally based on static values
Work Done factor:
Due to the growth of boundary layers on the hub and casing of the axial flow compressor, the
axial velocity along the blade height is not uniform. This effect is not so significant in the
first stage of a multi-stage machine but is quite significant in the subsequent stages.

Fig :Axial velocity profile along blade height in an axial flow compressor
Figure shows the axial velocity distribution in the first and last stages of a multi-stage axial flow
compressor. The degree of distortion in the axial velocity distribution will depend on the number of
the stages. On account of this, axial velocity in the hub and tip regions is much less than the mean
value, whereas in the central region its value is higher than the mean.
In cascade design, generally the value of α1, and U will be kept constant. It may be the
work absorption capacity decreases with an increase in the axial velocity and vice versa. Therefore,
the work absorbing capacity of the stage is reduced in the central region of the annulus and
increased in the hub and tip region. However, the expected increase in the work at the tip and hub is
not obtained in actual practice on account of higher losses. Therefore stage work is less than that
given by the Euler’s equation based on a constant value of the axial velocity along the blade height.
This reduction in the work absorbing capacity of the stage is taken into account by a “work done
factor”.
The work done factor (Ω) is defined as the ratio of stage work to Euler’s work. It can also be defined
as the ratio of actual work absorbing capacity to ideal work absorbing capacity
Diffuser
Diffuser is a set of stationary vanes that surround the impeller. The purpose of diffuser is to increase
the efficiency by allowing a more gradual expansion and less turbulent area for the liquid and convert
the velocity energy at the exit of the the rotor to pressure energy,
Diffusers can be vaneless, vaned or an alternating combination. High efficiency vaned diffusers are
also designed over a wide range of solidities from less than 1 to over 4. Hybrid versions of vaned
diffusers include: wedge, channel, and pipe diffusers. Some turbochargers have no diffuser.
Bernoulli's fluid dynamic principle plays an important role in understanding diffuser perform
Vaneless diffusers have a wider flow range but lower pressure recovery and efficiency, whereas
vaned diffusers have higher pressure recovery and efficiency, but narrower flow range. ...

The diffuser with the constant area diffuser has a slightly lower efficiency but the operation range
was larger.
1. For axial flow compressor show that ( )( )
D Vu
g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1
U X
Vu1
Y
Vu2
̇
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) ; ̇
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
̇
( ) ; ( )
̇ ̇
( ); also ( )
( ) ( );

Hence, ( )
̇
; ( );
; ( );
( ) ; ( ) ; ( )
̇ ̇ ̇
Power Input in axial flow compressor is ( )
2. Define degree of reaction for an axial flow machine. Prove that degree of reaction for an
axial flow device (assuming constant velocity of flow ) is given by
( ) where are the angles made with tangent to the blades (4a.
10, Dec13/Jan 14)( 4a. 10, Dec18/Jan 19) (4a. 10 Dec17/Jan 2018)
D Vu
g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1
U X
Vu1
Y
Vu2
=
̇
; ̇
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
( )
( )
Hence, ;
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
; ( )

; ( )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(( ( ) ) ( ( ) )) ( )
;
( ) ( )
( )
since,
( )
( )
; ( );
; ( );
( )
Hence , ;
( ) ( )
; ; ( )
The effect of axial velocity:
( )
From Inlet and outlet velocity triangle
and
Hence, W= (( ) ( ))
W= ( )
Adding and subtracting to the above equation
W= ( ( ) ( ))
But U=
Hence, ( ( ))
From above equation fit is seen that if and are kept constant in axial flow compressor Work
absorbed by the compressor to raise the pressure depends only axial velocity
Variation of alters

As increases U decreases Hence W decreases as U is +ve and have –ve sign in Work absorbing
equation Hence Work absorption capacity decreases. Therefore, the work absorbing capacity of the
stage is reduced in the central region of the annulus and increased in the work at the hub and tip
region
Therefore stage work is less than that given by the Eulers equation based on a constant value of the
axial velocity along the blade height. This reduction in the work absorbing capacity of the stage is
taken into account by Work Done Factor
Work done factor is defined as the ratio of stage work input to Eulers work Input
Also degined as the ratio of actual absorbing capacity to Ideal work absorbing capacity
Radial Equilibrium Condition:
Assumptions:
1) The rate of radial pressure gradient is assumed

2) There is no flow in radial direction ie flow in axial direction only
3) Stream lines do not experience any shift in radial direction and therefore lie on cylindrical
surface coaxially
In axial flow machines the stream lines in a flow do not experience any radial shift and therefore
flow is assumed along coaxial cylinders. Such a flow in an annulus is known as radial equilibrium.
Equation of motion for three dimensional flow in cylindrical co-ordinate is therefore given as
There is no flow in radial direction
Flow velocity is constant ie
Hence above equation becomes
0+0
-----------------1
Stagnation pressure
But ; as
Hence, ( )

( )
2 + 2
------------2
From 1
------------3
Substituting 3 in 2
This is known as radial equilibrium equation for axisymmetric unsteady flow in turbomachine
The pressure coefficient is defined is the ratio of the actual stagnation enthalpy change
to kinetic energy of a fluid which has the same speed as the blades.
; ;
If Fluid is incompressible
Then for Incompressible fluid ,
Pressure coefficient usually ranges between 0.4 and 0.7
The flow coefficient is defined as is the ratio of flow velocity to the blade speed
Numericals
1. An axial flow compressor of reaction design has blades with inlet and outlet angles
with respect of axial directions of and repectively . The compressor is to produce a
pressure ratio of 6:1 with a overall isentropic efficiency of 0.85. When the inlet static
temperature of C. The blade speed and axial velocity are constant throughout the
compressor. Assuming a value of 200m/s for blade speed. Find the number of stages
required if the work done factor is i) unity and ii) 0.87 for all stages (8c,10,
June/July17)(8b,08,Dec13/Jan14)

; ; ;
The compressor is to produce a pressure ratio of 6:1 ie ; ; C
The blade speed and axial velocity are constant throughout the compressor.
ie and
; when i) ii)
D Vu
g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1
U X
Vu1
Y
Vu2
the number of stages for work done factor is unity

( ) ( )
; ; ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ; ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) ( )
̇
; Increase in entalphy ’
J/kg
( ) ( )
; ;
(( ) ) (( ) )
; ;
; ;
; ;
(( ) )
[( ) ]
; ( ) ; ( )
( )
Number of stages ; ; say 10 stages
the number of stages for work done factor is

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) ( )
̇
; Increase in entalphy ’

(( ) ) (( ) )
[( ) ]
; ; ( )
( )
( )
Number of stages ; ; say 11 stages
2. The axial flow compressor with 50% reaction is having a flow coefficient of 0.54. Air enters
the compressor at stagnation condition of 1 bar and . The total to total efficiency
across the rotor is 0.88. The total to pressure ratio across the rotor is 1.26. The pressure
coefficient is 0.45 and workdone factor is 0.88. The mass flow rate is 15kgs. Calculate i) The
mean rotor blade speed ii) Rotor blade angles at inlet and exit iii) Power input to the system
(8b,10,Dec 12)
flow coefficient ; ; ; ; ;
; work done factor ; ̇
i) ii) iii) Power input
i) The mean rotor blade speed
( ) ( )
; ;
(( ) )
(( ) )
; ;
; ;
ii) Rotor blade angles at inlet and exit
; ;
D Vu
g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1
U X
Vu1
Y
Vu2

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
̇
; ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ since ie triangles are symmetrical
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ; ;
For ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
For ;
iii) Power input to the system
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
̇
; ̇
;
3. An axial flow compressor has the following data entry condition 1 bar, ,degree of
reaction 50% mean blade ring diameter 36cm. Rotational speed 18000rpm bade height at
entry 6cm. Blade angle at rotor and stator exit axial velocity 180m/s mechanical
efficiency 0.967. Find i) Guide blade angle at outlet ii) Power required to drive the
compressor (8c, 8, Dec16/Jan17)
; ; ; ; ;
bade height at entry 6cm ;
Blade angle at rotor and stator exit axial velocity 180m/s ;
i) ; ii)

D Vu
g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1
U X
Vu1
Y
Vu2
; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Since, , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
For ;
ii) Power required to drive the compressor
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
̇
;
̇ ; ;
̇ ; ̇ ̇
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) ( )
̇
; ;
Power input to the impeller
Power Required to drive the shaft of Impeller
Power Required to drive the shaft of Impeller ie
4. The speed of an axial flow compressor is . The mean diameter is . The axial
velocity is constant and is . The velocity of whirl at inlet is 85m/s. The work done is
The inlet conditions are 1 bar and . Assume a stage efficiency of

. Calculate i) Fluid deflection angle ii) Pressure ratio iii) Degree of reaction iv) Mass flow
rate of air . Power developed is (8c,10,June/July 16)
; ; ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ; ̇
; ;
i) Fluid deflection angle ii) Pressure ratio ; iii) iv) ̇
D Vu
g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1
U X
Vu1
Y
Vu2
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )

̇
; Assume ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
Pressure ratio
( ) ( )
; ;
(( ) )
; ̇
;
(( ) )
; ( ) ;

̇
( )
( )
; ;
̇ ̇
; ;
; ;
̇
; ̇
( ) ( )
( )
̇
( ); ( );
( ) this formula can be used only when workdone factor is 1
iv) Mass flow rate of air .
̇
; ̇
; ̇
̇
5. The mean diameter of rotor of an axial flow compressor is 0.5m, and it rotates at 15000 rpm.
The velocity of flow 220m/s, is constant and the velocity of whirl at the inlet is 80m/s. The
inlet pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 300K. The stage efficiency is 0.88. The pressure
ratio through the stage is 1.5. Calculate i) Fluid deflection angle ii) The degree of reaction if
work done factor is 0.8 (8c, 10,Dec14/Jan15)
; ; ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ;
; ; work done factor is 0.8

D Vu
g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1
U X
Vu1
Y
Vu2
( ) ( )
; ;
(( ) )
( )
; ;
̇
; ̇
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )

; ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
̇
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
̇
( )
( )
; ;
̇ ̇
; ;
; ; 94234.53
̇
; ̇
( ) ( )
( )
̇

( ); this formula cannot be used since work done factor is not 1

Centrifugal Power absorbing machine
Power absorbing tubomachines are classified into
i) Fans, ii) Blowers and iii) compressors
Difference between fan , blower and compressor
A fan consists of single rotor with or without a stator which causes only small pressure rise as low as
few centimeters of water column ( 70cm of water). In analysis of fan fluid considered as
incompressible fluid as the density change is very small due to small pressure rise.
Blowers may consist of one or multistage of compression with rotor mounted on a common shaft.
The air is compressed in a series of successive stages and passed through a diffuser located near the
exit to recover the pressure energy from the large kinetic energy. The overall pressure rise may be in
the range of 1.5 bars to 2. Bars. Blowers are used in ventilation, power station, workshops etc
Compressors is used to produce large pressure rise ranging from 2.5 bars to 10bars or more. A single
stage compressor can generally produce a pressure rise upto 4 bar.
Important elements of centrifugal compressor
i) Nozzle ii) Impeller iii) diffuser iv) casing
Functions
i) Inlet casing with convergent nozzle: is to accelerate the entering fluid to the impeller
inlet which direct the flow in the desired direction at the inlet of the impeller from state
0 to 1
ii) Impeller converts the supplied mechanical energy into fluid energy wherein the fluid
kinetic energy converted into static pressure rise. Impeller consists of radial vane fitted
to shrouds and has two portion inducer and a large radial portion. The inducer receives
the flow between hub and tip diameter of the impeller eye and passes onto the radial
portion of the impeller blades. The impeller may be single sided or double sided. Double
sided impeller may be used where for the given size the compressor has to handle more
flow
iii) The diffuser receives the flow from the impeller through a vane less space and raises the
static pressure of the fluid further an account of conversion of exit high energy to
pressure energy
iv) Spiral casing: The flow at the outer periphery of the diffuser is collected by a spiral
casing known as volute, which discharges the flow into the delivery pipe.

Volute
Duffuser
casing
Impeller Eye Shroud

Impeller
Hub
Driving Shaft
Inducer casing with nozzle
Variation of Pressure and Velocity.
As the fluid approaches the impeller, it is subjected to centrifugal effect thereby the kinetic energy
and pressures of the fluid both increases along the radial direction.
When the impeller discharges the fluid into the diffuser, the static pressure of the fluid rises due to
the deceleration of the flow results in reduction in velocity and increase in pressure further due to
conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy.
Energy Transfer
Velocity triangle at Inlet
Vr1
V1
a1=90 b1
U1

Velocity triangle at Outlet
V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2
U2 X
V
u2
; ;
Energy Input = where
Eulers Head
For maximum Efficiency vanes are assumed to be radial
Ie
Energy Input ; vvEnergy Input
Slip and Slip coefficienct:
In Euler’s equation , it is assumed that the velocities in turbomachine is constant across the given
area. But in actual machine, velocities vary across the given area. This results in change of pressure
across the vane, with high pressure at the leading face and a low pressure at the trailing face. As a
result, the fluid leaves tangentially only at the high pressure face and nowhere else. The lower
pressure at the trailing face results in a lower speed of fluid flow compared with that of leading face
and the mean vane exit angle is less than the vane exit angle
Hence the actual tangential component of absolute velocity at the exit (Vu2)will be less than the
tangential component of absolute velocity for the ideal condition (Vu2’) . Hence, Eulers head
developed in actual condition is less than the actual condition The difference between Eulers head
developed for actual case and ideal condition is called slip
Slip
The ratio of actual Eulers head developed (with pre-rotation) to the ideal Eulers head developed
(with out pre-rotation) is called as slip coefficient
Slip coefficient =

Actual Eulers head developed
Slip = Vu2' - Vu2
V2
V r2 '
V2 ' Vr2 Vm2

a2 b2
U2 X
Vu2 '
Vu2
With slip for radial curved vane
Energy Input
Power Input Factor or Work done factor
Power Input factor is defined as the ratio of actual power to be supplied to theoretical work
supplied
In real fluid, some part of the power supplied by the impeller on the air is used to overcome
the losses like windage, disc friction and losses. Therefore the power required is greater
than the actual power to be supplied on the air and hence the actual power to be supplied is
taken care by the term power Input factor
The typical value of

Overall pressure ratio ( )
As there is no work transfer in the diffuser, by energy balance we can write,
as in diffuser enthalpy remains constant ie
( )
; ( ) ( )
( )
Dividing both sides by
( ) ( ) ( )
; ( ) ; ( )
( )
( ) ; ( )
Pressure coefficient /Loading Coefficient
Because of compressor losses as well as the kinetic energy, the actual pressure rise is less
than theoretical specified by the impeller speed. This is expressed by a quantity is called
pressure coefficient
It is defined as the ratio of isentropic work input across the impeller to the Eulers work input
( ) ( )
; ( )
; ( ) ( )
( )
Hence,
( )
The loading factor in terms of exit blade angle

( )
Surging
Surge is a characteristic behavior of a centrifugal compressor that can occur when inlet flow is
reduced such that the head developed by the compressor is insufficient to overcome the pressure at
the discharge of the compressor. Once surge occurs, the output pressure of the compressor is
drastically reduced, resulting in flow reversal within the compressor.
RISING PORTION
FALLING PORTION
SURGE POINT
F
C B
D
A
Pressure ratio
p2 UN
STABLE STABLE REGION E CHOKINGPOINT
p1
REGION
Mass flow rate
At very high flow rates in machines with high pressure ratios , it possible for the flow to be chocked .
In that case , the mass flow will be fixed no matter how low the delivery pressure. The charecterstic
becomes nearly vertical
Consider the machine with an actual characteristic D-C-F-B-A. A stable operation at a point such as A
implies that head developed by the machine at A equals the losses due to friction and other
causes in delivery pipe when the flow rate is .At A, if due to an instantaneous disturbance is in the
operating conditions the frictional losses are slightly increased, the flow rate tends to decrease. The
operating point tends to move towards the left (ie, towards B) the delivery head developed by the
machine increases. The rising head tends to compensate for the increased frictional losses and

increases the flow rate to push the operating point back to A . In a similar way , if instantaneously
the exit pipe loss decreased due to small disturbance, the flow rate tend increase and the head
developed by the machine tends increase and the head developed by the machine tends to drip as a
consequence, trying to reduce the flow and to bring operating point back to its location at A. The
machine thus tries to maintain a stable operating point. Thus machine maintain a stable operating
point with a constant flow rate at a constant head
If the machine is initially operating at a point such as C on the rising portion of the characteristic, any
slight disturbance in the operating conditions tending to increase the frictional losses leads to a
decrease in flow. However, since C is on the rising portion of characteristic curve the head decreases
(opposite to operating condition at A) Decreased head results in still decrease in flow and continues.
The operating point tend move down still further along the curve CD in an unstable manner until the
point D is reached. At D fluid cease to flow and loss of head due to friction is tends to zero since
there is no flow. Then it starts to deliver suddenly. . Thus operating point moves up and down to
cause a recurrence of unstable equilibrium. The periodic on and off operation of the machine in an
unstable condition is referred to as surge.
Let C is the point at which compressor is operating. At C if the flow is reduced by gradual closing of
control valve operating point will be shifted to B and become stable. Further gradual closing of
control valve at point B pressure ratio increases and it reaches maximum pressure ratio at A. If flow
decrease by gradual closing of control valve beyond the point A pressure ratio decreases. At this
condition, at downstream pressure is higher than the upstream of control valve which results in
momentary stop of flow of compressed air and even flow may be reversal. Due to momentary stop
or reverse flow pressure in the downstream decreases which causes delivery of compressed air to
the downstream of control valve. Again, the pressure at downstream increases, which causes again
stoppage of flow or reverse flow. Due to this again after a moment pressure at downstream
decreases causing flow from downstream to upstream. Likewise cycle gets repeated with high
frequency. This Phenomenon is called Surging or Pumping
Surge Mechanism
When a centrifugal compressor surges, there is an actual reversal of gas flow through the compressor impeller. The surge usually starts in
one stage of a multistage compressor and can occur very rapidly.

Now we will see how the surge starts in a compressor. The surge is starting with the instant flow reverses, shown in the above figure.
Consider the Point “A” is the actual flow developed by the compressor during normal operation. Due to the decrease in flow the operating
point shift from “A” to “B”. The compressed gas actually rushes backwards through the impeller from the discharge to the inlet. The release
of compressed gas from the discharge side results in the pressure drop from “B” to “C”. The reduction in pressure allows the flow to be re-
established in the positive direction “C” to “D” and increase the discharge pressure from “D” to “A”. If nothing in the system change, then
the surge cycle will continuous. The increase in duration of the surge cycle results in damage to the compressor.
How Surge takes place in Centrifugal Compressor

Now we will see the surge phenomena in centrifugal compressor with the example compressor performance curve
Suction throttling
Now consider the inlet flow decreases due to the suction valve throttling (they are many reasons will cause the compressor inlet flow rate
decreases). Consider the compressor operating at the following conditions
Flow rate = 5500 kg/hr
Discharge pressure = 20 bar.
Speed = 6000 rpm

Due to suction valve throttling the inlet flow rate of the compressor is decreased from operating point (A) to the new operating point (B)
(Refer above figure). At the new operating point (B) the compressor flow is reduced on the other hand the discharge pressure will rise
further. Due to the rise of pressure and decrease flow will cause the Surge cycle.
Discharge valve throttling

Similarly, if the discharge side system resistance will increase due to discharge valve throttling. The pressure developed by the compressor
will increase and flow rate will start decreases. The same phenomena will happen, that is the operating point “A” shifted to the new
operating point of “B”. This will cause the surge in the centrifugal compressor.
Change in Speed
An increase in operating speed of the compressor also causes compressor surge. Now consider the operating speed of the compressor is
6000 rpm. If the speed increase to 7500 rpm. The Operating point of the compressor will shift from “A” to “B”. (Refer below figure)

At new operating point “B”, the discharge pressure of the compressor will increase. Due to the increase in pressure. The point “B” fall in the
surge line. Due to this surge phenomena will occur in the compressor.
Other reasons will cause Surge in Centrifugal Compressor
Inlet Filter Chocking

Due to dirty particles present in inlet filter will decrease the flow rate and reduce the suction pressure. Due to the reduce flow rate, the
operating point will move toward the surge line. Once the operating point touches the surge line then Surge occur in the compressor.
Driver Input Speed

In the case of the compressor is driven by Turbine or Variable speed drives. Sometimes the increase in speed may cause operating will shift
to surge limit line and surge will occur.
Change in Compressed gas Property

The change in operating gas can cause compressor surge.
Surge result in centrifugal compressor

As we seen the surge is due to the flow reversal in the compressor. As a result of the surge in the compressor, it may lead to damage of
compressor or compressor system. The following are some of the resulting due to surging.
 During the surge, a significant mass gas will flow in the reverse direction. As a result of a large dynamic force act on the impeller or
blading within the compressor. Due to this the components of the compressor (such as thrust bearings, bearing, casing) exposed to
large changes in axial force on the rotor. If the surge is not controlled it may result in fatigue damage to compressor or piping
components.
 During the surge, the reversal of flow within the compressor results in hot compressed gas returning to the compressor inlet. If the
surge is not controlled, as a result the temperature at compressor inlet will increase and leads to a potential rubbing of close clearance
components. Due to the differential thermal expansion of components within the compressor.
6. A centrifugal compressor delivers of air with a total head pressure ratio of . The
speed of the compressor is . Inlet total temperature is stagnation pressure
at inlet is , slip factor is 0.9, and power input is 1.04. Efficiency is . Calculate the
outer diameter of the impeller (8b,10,June/July 18)
̇ ; ; ; ; ;
; Power Input factor ; ;
outer diameter of the impeller
( ) ( )
; ;
(( ) )
( )
; ;
̇
; ̇
̇
; ;

;
7. A centrifugal compressor delivers 18.2kg/s of air with a total pressure ratio of 4:1. Speed is
15000rpm. Inlet total temperature is , slip coefficient is 0.9, power input factor is 1.04.
Efficiency is 0.8. calculate overall diameter of impeller(8b, 10,June/July13)
̇ ; ; ; ; ;
; Power Input factor ; ;
outer diameter of the impeller
( ) ( )
; ;
(( ) )
( )
; ;
̇
; ̇
̇
; ;
8. A centrifugal compressor runs at a speed of and delivers air at . Exit

radius is , relative velocity and vane angles at exit are and respectively .
Assuming axial inlet stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure as and 1 bar
respectively. Calculate: i) the torque ii) the power required to drive the compressor iii) ideal
head developed iv) the work done and v) the exit total pressure. Take of air
(8b,10, Dec17/Jan18)
; ̇ ; ; ; ; ;
i) Torque ii) iii) iv) v) of air
i) Torque
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Torque ̇ (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ); ( );

ii) the power required to drive the compressor
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
̇
; ;
Power required to drive the compressor
iii) ideal head developed
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
;
iv) the work done
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
̇
; ̇
work Input per kg
v) the exit total pressure
( ) ( )
; ;
(( ) )
; Assuming (( ) )
̇
;
(( ) ); ( ) ;
9. The impeller tip speed of a centrifugal compressor is 370m/s, slip factor is 0.9, and the radial
component at the exit is 35m/s. If the flow area at the exit is 0.18 and compressor
efficiency is 88%. Determine the mass flow rate of air and the absolute Mach number at
impeller tip. Assume air density and inlet stagnation temperature 290K.
Neglect the work input factor. Also find the overall pressure ratio of the compressor (8b, 12,
Dec15/Jan16 )
; slip factor i ;
the radial component at the exit is 35m/s ie ;
flow area at the exit is 0.18 ie ;
i) ̇ ii) absolute Mach number at impeller tip ; Assume ;
Neglect work input factor ie iii)
the mass flow rate of air
̇ ; ̇ ̇

Absolute Mach number at impeller tip.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ assuming radial vane at outlet ie ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
; ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
̇
; ̇ ̇
; ̇
;
̇
;
( ); ( )
; ;
;
√ √
overall pressure ratio of the compressor
( ) ( )
; ;
(( ) )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
̇
; ̇
; ̇ ̇
̇
;
(( ) ) (( ) )
; ; ( )
10. Backward swept centrifugal fan develops a pressure of 75mm WG. It has an impeller
diameter of 89cm and runs at 720rpm. The blade angle at the tip is and the width of the
impeller is 10cm. Assuming a constant velocity of flow of 9.15m/s and density of ,
determine the fan efficiency , discharge, power required , stage reaction and pressure
coefficient (8b, 10, Dec18/19)
ie 75mm WG; ; ;
The blade angle at the tip is ie ; width of the impeller is 10cm

constant velocity of flow of 9.15m/s ie 9.15m/s ;
i) ; ii) ̇ iii) ; iv) v) pressure coefficient
fan efficiency
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
̇ ̇ ̇
̇
;
( ) ( )
; ;
(( ) )
75mm WG ( );
( ) head (generally 10.3m of water)
( )
; ( )
( ) ( ) ; Assume ;
( ) ( ) ; ( )
Assume ;
(( ) )
;
Discharge
; ( ) ;
̇ ; ̇ ̇
power required
̇
̇; Power required
stage reaction

̇
( )
( )
; ;
̇ ̇
; ;
; ;
̇
; ̇
( ) ( )
; ( )
;
̇
pressure coefficient
11. An axial compressor / blower supplies air to furnace at the rate of 3kg/s. The atmospheric
conditions being 100kPa and 310K , the blower efficiency is 80%. Mechanical efficiency is
85% The power supplied to 30kW. Estimate the overall efficiency and pressure developed in
mm WG(8c,8,June/July14)
̇ ; ;
overall efficiency
pressure developed in mm WG
̇
; ̇
; ̇
;
( ) ( )
; ;
(( ) ) (( ) )
; ( )
( ) ; ( )

Turbo Machine

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Turbo Machine

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Introduction to Turbomachines

1. Define turbo machines. Briefly classify Turbomachines (1a, 06,Dec18/19, 1a,

Example: Turbine, centrifugal compressors, centrifugal pumps:

Principle components of turbomachines:

Classification of Turbo machine:

i) Classification Based on Direction of Energy Conversion.

ii) Classification based on basic working principle

Ie Impulse and Reaction turbine----------

iii) Classification based on the direction of fluid flow:

Difference between positive displacement machine and turbo machine:

Force(N)/resistnace mass x acceleration kg m/sec2 MLT-2

Performance of a turbomachine depends upon the following

Let us select repeated variables , ρ (fluid property) N (dynamic property) D (Geometrical

Π1 = ρa1, Nb1, Dc1 , Q

Π2 = ρa2, Nb2, Dc2 , gH

Π3 = ρa3, Nb3, Dc3 , P

Π4 = ρa4, Nb4, Dc4 , μ

Q=L3T-1, N=T-1, D=L, ρ=ML-3, gH= L2T-2, μ=ML-1T-1, P=ML2T-3

M0L0T0 = (ML-3)a1 (T-1) b1 Lc1 L3T-1

L------- 0= -3a1+ C1 + 3 ie 0= -3x(0) + c1+3 ie C1= -3

Π1= ρ0, N-1, D-3 , Q

M0L0T0 = (ML-3)a2 (T-1) b2 Lc2 L2T-2

L------- 0= -3a2+ C2 + 2 ie 0= -3x(0) + c2+2 ie C2= -2

M0L0T0 = (ML-3)a3 (T-1) b3 Lc3 ML2T-3

M ----- 0=a3+1 ie a3=-1

L------- 0= -3a3+ C3 + 2 ie 0= -3x(-1) + c3+2 ie C3= -5

M0L0T0 = (ML-3)a4 (T-1) b4 Lc4 ML-1T-1

M ----- 0=a4+1 ie a4=-1

L------- 0= -3a4+ C4 - 1 ie 0= -3x(-1) + c4 -1 ie C4= -2

Since U is directly proportional to DN, N2D2 can be replaced in π term as U2

N=Ns when Q=1m3/s and H=1m

From the above expression HαD2 N2

Substituting 1 in above eqution

N=Ns when Q=1m3/s and H=1m

From the above expression HαD2 N2

Ie Pα N3 D5 for same fluid

Substituting 1 in above equation

Unit quantities: (Applied to same machine)

Unit discharge Qu : is defined as the discharge of a pump under unit Head

Q =AV; Qα √𝐻 for a given pump as V=√2𝑔𝐻; Q=k √𝐻 −eqn 1

From definition of unit discharge Q= Qu when H=1

From flow coefficient gH𝛼 N2D2

For the given turbomachine HαN2; N α √𝐻 ; N =k√𝐻 – 𝑒𝑞𝑛 1

From definition of unit speed N=Nu when H=1

Pα √𝐻 H as Qα√𝐻 for a given pump

Pα H3/2; P=k H3/2− 𝑒𝑞𝑛 1

From the definition of unit power P=Pu when H=1m

In a pipe flow if Re<2000------Laminar flow

If Re> 3000 ----------turbulent flow

1. An output of 10kW was recorded on a turbine, 0.5m diameter, revolving at a speed of

𝑔𝐻1 𝑔𝐻 𝐻 𝑁 2 180 800 2

D1=1.25m; H1=30m; 𝑃1 = 736𝑘𝑊 N1=180rpm 𝑄1 = 2.70 m3/s

D2=? ; 𝑁2 =? 𝑄2 =? H2= 45m ; 𝑃2=1472kW;

𝑁1 √𝑃1 𝑁2 √𝑃2 180√736 𝑁2 √1472

𝑁1 √𝑃1 𝑁2 √𝑃2 180√736

3. A model of turbine 1m in diameter acting under a head of 2m runs at 150rpm.

𝑃𝑝 =20MW=20000kW; HP= 225m; 𝑁𝑠 = 100

Scale ratio is 1: 14.07

4. A windmill model of 1:10 scale develops 2kW under a head of 6m at 500rpm. A

Type of turbine suggested:

Q=260cumecs =260m3/s; H=1.73m; N=50rpm; ηo=82.5% number of turbine=?

D1=30cm; N1=2000rpm; Q1 =3m3/s ; H1 =30m;

𝑁1 √𝑄1 𝑁 √𝑄 2000√3 1500√5

𝐻𝑇 = 𝑛𝐻2 ; 200 =n x 28.73; n=6.96 ie 7

i) Diameter of the impellor

Peach =772.5x 0.7355 kW; Peach = = 566.25kW

Hence 9 turbine required

Speed of the model

Ratio of discharge of prototype and model

𝑔𝐻1 𝑔𝐻 𝐷 2 𝑁 2 0.3 2 1000 2

P=10000x103W; H=400m; N=300rpm; ηo=0.82

If head reduces to 350m

• The prototype of Kaplan turbine is designed to produce a power of 8000kW under a

Speed of the model

0.782 𝑃𝑃 1 2 2 3/2 6 3/2 0.782

QαD2√𝐻 as AαD2 and V α √𝐻