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SHORT QUESTIONS

Define Computer.
A computer is an electronic data processing device. It reads data processing and
produces results accurately at a very high speed.

What is algorithm and what is the role of algorithm in problem solving?

Algorithm:
Algorithm means method, procedure, technique or plan. It is a step-by-step pr blem
solving method. It is easy to understand and follow. It is a set of steps that clearly
defines a sequence of operations to solve a problem.
Role of Algorithm in Problem Solving:
Algorithm plays an important role in computer programming.
Computer programming is the process of taking an alg ri hm and coding it in a
programming language.
Formulating an algorithm is the first step for developi g a c mputer program.

What is a flowchart?
Flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of gorithm. It describes what operations
are required to solve a given problem.

What are the advantages of using flow harts?

Flowchart illustrates the sequence of operations to be performed to solve a
problem.
Programmers draw flowcharts bef re writing computer programs.
Flowchart provides an easy way to analyze and find solutions of problems.
Once, the flowchart is draw , it becomes very easy to write the program in any
high level language.
Flowchart is very helpful in communicating the problem solving method to other
people.
It also helps in finding and removing errors in computer programs.

Draw any four graphical symbols used in flowchart and explain them.
Flo chart symbols have specific meaning and are connected by arrows indicating the
flow from one step to another.
Flow line:
It is a line with arrow head. It is used to connect various flowchart symbols. It
indicates the flow of control.
Start/Stop Symbol:
It is a rounded rectangular shaped. It is used to indicate the start or end of a
flowchart. We can only write the words START or STOP inside this symbol. A flowchart
can only have one start but it may have many ends.
Input/Output Symbol:
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COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 1)
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It is represented by parallelogram. It indicate input or output operations. It contains
the word READ or INPUT along with the variables for input operation or PRINT for
OUTPUT along with the output data for output operation.
Processing Symbol:
It is represented by a rectangular block. It is used for data processing operation. All
the calculations appear inside the processing symbol, such as “SUM=A+B”. Variables
are also initialized inside the process symbol such as “K=1”.
Decision Symbol:
A decision or branching point. Lines representing different decisions emerge from
different points of the diamond.

What is defining the problem?

Defining the problem is first stage of problem solving. It’s very important to
understand the problem before the programmer starts working on its solution. The
following are the steps to properly efine and understand the problem.
Carefully read the problem to underst nd what it tells.
Find out what the prob em asks to do.
What information can be btained from the problem?
What is required to be calculated as the solution of the problem?

LONG QUESTIONS

Describe the steps involved in problem solving?

The follo ing five steps are involved in problem solving on computer.

1) Defining the Problem:

Defining the problem is first stage of problem solving. It’s very important to
understand the problem before the programmer starts working on its solution. The
follo ing are the steps to properly define and understand the problem.
Carefully read the problem to understand what it
tells. Find out what the problem asks to do.
What information can be obtained from the problem?
What is required to be calculated as the solution of the problem?
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COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 1)
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2) Analyzing the Problem:
The programmer investigates the problem and gathers as much information as
possible to find a solution. The following questions can be asked to analyze the
problem.
Is it possible to solve the problem on a computer?
What is to be done to find the solution of the problem?
What is the proper and what output is required?
How many solutions are possible?
Which solution is the best and why?
How solution will be implemented?

3) Planning The Solution Of The Problem:

It refers to dividing the solution of any problem into steps and arranging them into
proper order.
How to Discuss a Problem:
Talk to the right person.
Focus on talking about the problem
only. Stay calm and reasonable.
Explain the problem in detail and provide ny evidence you may have.
Tell them what outcome you want.
Listen to their response.
Does his/her response resolve your issue?

4) Candid Solutions of a Problem:

All the possible solutions f a pr blem that produce correct result are known as candid
solutions. To find candid s lutions of a problem, programmer has to look for different
methods to solve the problem and come up with several solutions.

5) Select The Best Solution:

After finding the candid solutions, only one solution can be selected. The selection of
final solution of a pr blem should be based on the followings:
Speed: It means when the solution is implemented in a programming language,
the program should run fast.
Cost: The selected solution should be cost-effective.
Complexity: The selected solution of the problem should not be complicated.

Write an algorithm to calculate the area of a rectangle for given breath and
length?
Step 1 Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle
Step 2 Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W
Step 3 Print A

Write an algorithm that inputs length in inches and calculate and prints it in
centimeters.
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Step 1 Input the length in inches (LI)

Step 2 Calculate the length in cm (LCM) by multiplying LI with 2.54
Step 3 Print LCM

Write an algorithm that inputs marks and prints the message “PASS” or
“FAIL”. Passing marks are 33.
Step 1 Input Marks (M)
Step 2 Check if (M<33) then Print “FAIL” GOTO Step 4
Step 3 ELSE Print “PASS”
Step 4 Stop

Write an algorithm to find the sum of given sequence.

Step 1 Start
Initialize Sum to 0 and K=5
Step 2 Add K to SUM
SUM=SUM+K
Step 3 Increment K by 5
K=K+5
Step 4 Check if the value of K is less than or equal to 60
IF K≤100 THEN GOTO Step 2 otherwi e GOTO Step 5
Step 5 Print SUM
Step 6 Stop

Write an algorithm to find the pro uct of given numbers.

PRODUCT = 1×3×5×7×9×11×13×15
Step 1 Start
Initialize variab e K to 1 and prod = 1
K=1 Prod= 1
Step 2 Increment K by 2
K=K+2
Step 3 Find the Product
Pr d=Pr d × K
Step 4 Check if the value of K is less than 16
IF K<16 THEN GOTO Step 2 otherwise GOTO Step 5
Step 5 Print product
Print Prod
Step 6 Stop

Write an algorithm to print multiplication table of a number in reverse order.

Step 1 Enter the number N whose table is to be generated
Step 2 Initialize the valve of 1 with 10
I=10
Step 3 Find the product of N and I
Prod= N × I
Step 4 Print N, I and Prod
Print N I and Prod
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COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 1)
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Step 5 Decrease the value of I by 1

I=I – 1
Step 5 IF the value of I is > 0 THEN GOTO Step 3 Otherwise GOTO Step 6
Step 6 Stop

Write a Flowchart to calculate the area of a rectangle for given breadth and
length.
Flowchart for the area of a rectangle for given breadth and length:

Write a Flowchart to that inputs length in inches and calculate and prints it
in centimeters.

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COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 1)
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Write a Flowchart to that inputs marks and prints the message “PASS” or
“FAIL” Passing marks are 33.

Write a Flowchart to find the sum of given sequence.

SUM = 20+25+30+40+45+50+55+60

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COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 1)
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Write a Flowchart to to find the product of given numbers.

PRODUCT = 1×3×5×7×9×11×13×15

Write a Flowchart to print multiplication t b e of a number in reverse order.

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COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 2)
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SHORT QUESTIONS

Define computer program.

A computer program is a set of instructions (statements) written in a programming
language to solve a problem.
There are many programming languages for writing computer programs.
Any task performed by a computer is controlled by a set of instructions that are
executed by the microprocessor.

Differentiate between syntax and semantic.

Syntax:
Syntax refers to the rules of a programming
language. Statements are written as per syntax.
It is just like the grammar of a natural language.
For example, an assignment statement consists of a variable and an expression
separated by equal sign as an assignment operator.

Semantic gives meaning to statements of a programming

language. It describes the sequence of operations to be performed.
For example, in the assignment statement;
Sum = a + b;
The semantic of the statement is to perform the expression, that is add the values
stored in variables a and b and then store the result in variable Sum.

Write three differences between ssembly language and HLLs.

Feature of high level language (HLLs):
These are easily u dersta dable.
The programs written in HLL are portable.
Debugging process is easy.
Written program is not machine dependent.
Features of Assembly language:
These are n t easily understandable. However, they are relatively easier than
machine level languages.
The programs written in Assembly languages are not portable.
Debugging process is not very easy.
Written program is machine dependent.

Write four characteristics of HLLs.

These languages were developed to make programming simple, easier and less
prone to errors.
High level languages are not machine dependent.
The process of finding and removing errors in programs (debugging) is easier.
High-level language programs are highly structured. They allow programmers to
break lengthy programs into a number of modules.

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COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 2)
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Define Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

IDE is computer software that brings all the processes and tools required for
program development into one place.
Its aim is to make the life of programmers easier by grouping together all the
tasks needed for building applications into one environment.
Modern IDEs has easy GUI interface.
Most of the new programming languages use IDE to create, compile and run
programs.

Differentiate between constant and variable.

Constants:
Constants are quantities whose values do not change during program execution.
The constants has following types:
i. Numeric Constants:
Numeric Constants are of two types, integer and fl ating-p int numbers.
Integer constants represent values that are c unted. For example, the
numbers of students in a class. Some examples of integer constants are
9535, -724, 31 etc.
Floating-point constants are u ed to represent values that are
measured. For example the height of per on is 166.75 cm or the weight
such as 82.6 kilograms.
ii. Character Constant:
Character Constant is one of the symbols in C character set. It includes digits
from 0 to 9, upper-case letters A to Z, lower-case letters a to z, punctuation
symbols such as semicolon (;), comma (,), period (.) and special symbols such
as +, -, =, > etc. A char cter constant is enclosed by single quotes such as „a‟,
„s‟, etc.
iii. String Co sta t:
String Constant co tai s a string of characters within double quotes such as
“Hello Wahaj”, ”a”, etc.

A variable is a symbolic name that represents a value that can change during
execution of a pr gram.
A variable has a name, known as variable name and it holds data of other
types. A number or any other type of data held in a variable is called its value.
It has follo ing types:
i. Numeric variables:
Numeric variables are used to represent numeric values in computer
programs. They represent integer and floating-point values. Some
examples of numeric variables are sum, average, length, salary, marks,
etc.
ii. Character variables:
Character variables represent character values in computer programs. It
can represent a single character or a string of characters. Some example
of character variables are name, city, gender, etc.

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COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 2)
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Which of the following are valid C variables? Give the reason if not a valid
variable area, 5x, Sum, net pay, float, _age, else, case, size22, my_weight?
Valid Variables:
My_weight
Area
size22
Sum
Not Valid Variables:
5x A variable can‟t be start with number
Net pay Space can‟t be used in variable name
Float Data types can‟t be used in variable name
_age Special character ( ) can‟t be used in variable name
Else Commands cannot be used as variable name
Case Commands cannot be used as variable name

What are reserved words? Why they should not be used as variable names.
The words that are part of programming language a d have special purposes in
computer programs are called reserved words or keywords.
They have predefined use and cannot be used for any other purpose.
These are always written in lowercase.
There are 32 words defined as reserved words in C which are as under:
RESERVED WORDS
Auto double Int Struct
Break Else Long Switch
Case Enum Register Teepee
Char Extern Return Union
Const Float Short Unsigned
Continue For Signed Void
Default Goto Sizeof Volatile
Do If Static while

Why comments are used in programs?

Adding Comments is a good programming practice.
Comments makes the program understandable for others.
Comments in the source code are ignored by the compiler.
Generally, programmers write comments at the beginning of the program
explaining thereunder what the program is intended to achieve.
There are two types of comments
Single line comment
Multiple line comment

Typecasting is a method to convert a variable from one data type to another data
type during program execution.
For example, a variable of type int can act as a variable of type char using
typecasting.

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For example, a one use for typecasting is when there is need to produce ACII
characters for decimal codes (0-127). To do this, the programmer will need format
specifier %c.
There are two types of typecasting in C.
o Implicit typecasting
o Explicit typecasting

LONG QUESTIONS

Describe the follo i g HLLs. C/C++, Visual Basic, C# and Java

C/C++:
It was devel ped in early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories.
C has become ne f the most popular programming languages today.
It is a highly structured programming language which is easy to understand and
use.
In the past, it was mainly used for writing system programs such as operating
systems, compilers, assemblers etc.
Today it is used for writing all types of application programs. For example word-
processing programs, spreadsheet programs, database management systems,
educational programs, games etc.
C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup also at Bell Laboratories during 1983-
1985.
C++ is a superset of C, meaning that any valid C program is also a valid C++
program.
The purpose of developing C++ was to provide programming facilities to easily
and quickly write more powerful programs.
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Visual Basic:
Visual Basic (VB) is a high level language which evolved from the earlier version
called BASIC.
BASIC stands for Beginner‟s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.

VB is a very popular programming language for writing windows and Web

applications.
It provides a graphical development environment.
VB is commonly used for developing business programs such as payr ll system and
inventory control program.
The user can also write programs related with engineering, science, art, education,
games etc.
C#:
C# (C-sharp) is a language developed in 2000 by Microsoft Corporation.
It is a simple, modern, general-purpose programming language.
Syntax of C# is very similar to C and C++.
It also has some features of Java.
It is a language that makes computer programmi g ea y a d efficient.
It provides facilities to write Web applications that can be used across the internet.
All types of programs including games, utilitie , operating system, compilers,
business applications and Web based app ic tions can be developed in C#.

Java is a high-level language developed by Sun Microsystem.

It is very similar in syntax to C and C++.
Java is an ideal language for network computing.
It is used for writing programs for m ny evices, computers and networks.
It is widely used in web applic ti ns.
The current versions of m st f the Web browsers are made Java enabled.

Differentiate between compiler and interpreter.

Compiler:
A compiler is computer software that translates source program into object
program.
Source program c nsists of statements written in a high level language such as C,
Pascal and Java etc.
For example, a program written in C language by a programmer to print table of a
number is known as source program. When it is translated with a compiler into
machine language, the resulting program is known as object program.
The object program is understandable by computer processor but difficult for a
human to read and understand because it consists of zeroes and ones.

Interpreter translates high level language programs into machine language but it
translates one instruction at a time and executes it immediately before translating
the next instruction.
Examples of programming languages that use interpreter are Java script, BASIC,
Visual Basic and Perl.

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Interpreter reads each statement of source program, one at a time and determines
what it means as it executes it.
It means each time a statement is read, it must be translated into machine
language before execution.

Describe the functions of linker and loader programs.

Linker:
Linker is software that translates object program into a single executable pr gram.
During this process, if it could not find the definition of a particular fun ti n that is
used in the program, then it would assume that it is defined in C library
It will replace this function in the object program with the code from C library and
then create a single executable program.
Loader:
It is software that loads programs into memory and then ex cu s them.
What are the rules for specifying a variable name in C language?
A variable begins with a letter or underscore ( ) a d may consist of letters,
underscores and or digits.
The underscores may be used to improve readability of the variable name. For
example, over times.
There is no restriction on the length of a v ri ble name. However, only the first 31
characters of a variable are significant.
Both upper and lower case letters are allowed in naming variables. An upper case
letter is considered different from lower caser letter, for example the variable
AVG is different from Avg or vg.
Special characters cannot be used s variable name. e.g. #, ? , @ etc.
Reserved words of C anguage such as int, case, if, etc. cannot be used as variable
names.
There must be no embedded blank in the name of variable, for example (mass ss)
is not correct.

What is the difference between implicit type casting and explicit type
casting? Give examples.
Typecasting is a method to convert a variable from one data type to another data
type during program execution.
For example, a variable of type int can act as a variable of type char using
typecasting.
For example, a one use for typecasting is when there is need to produce ACII
characters for decimal codes (0-127). To do this, the programmer will need format
specifier %c.
There are two types of typecasting in C.

Implicit typecasting is performed automatically by the compiler without

programmer‟s intervention.
In this type of casting the compiler converts all operation into the data type of the
largest operand.
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Suppose an expression contains variables of integer and double data types, the
result will be evaluated to a double data type.
For example in the program given below, compiler converts the sum of two float
numbers to an int.
#include<stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
float value1 = 2.5;
float value2 = 5.3;
int result;
result = value1 + value2;
printf(“Result : %d”, result);
}
Explicit Typecasting:
Explicit casting is performed by programmer.
The programmer explicitly defines the data type in pare thesis before the variable
or expression, as follows:
(type) expression
For example in the program given below, the programmer converts division of two int
numbers to float.

#include <stdio.h>
Void main(void)
{
Int value1 = 30;
It value2 = 7;
Float result;
Result = (float)value1 / va ue2;
Printf(“Result : %f”, result);
}

What is a Prepr cess r Directive? Give Examples.

Preprocess r irective are instructions for the C compiler.
Every language program contains certain preprocessor directives at the beginning
of the program.
Before translating a C language program into machine language, the compiler of C
language carries out the processor directives.
These directives start with number sign (#)
The most commonly used preprocessor directives are include and define.

The include Preprocessor Directive:

It has the following syntax.
#include<header file name>
When this preprocessor is carried out by the C compiler, it will search for the
header file that is written within the less than (<) and greater than (>) symbols
and copy it into the source file.
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COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 2)
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For example when we include stdio.h in any program, it tells the C compiler to
copy the stdio.h header file into the program. The stdio.h header file stand for
standard input-output header. It includes the standard prindf() and scanf()
function prototypes. In the above program the printf() function is used.
Therefore, it is required to include this header file in the include preprocessor
directive.

The define Preprocessor Directive:

The define preprocessor is used for defining constants (i.e. Symbolic nstants) in
C programs.
It directs the compiler to replace all the occurrences of using this dire tive are to
give a meaningful name to a constant value that is to be us d in the program.
It has the following syntax.
#define SYMBOL value/expression
Here, SYMBOL is a valid C variable name and it is by c nvention written in
uppercase. An examples of define preprocessor directive is given below.
#define HEIGHT 12
This preprocessor directive tells the compiler to replace all the occurrences of the
variable HEIGHT with the value 12, in the program during its execution.
#define CUBE(a) (a*a*a)
It can be used in a program as given be
ow. volume=CUBE(side);
The volume will be calculated
as: volume=(side*side*side);

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COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 3)
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SHORT QUESTIONS

Why format specifier is used? Explain with examples.

A format specifier is computer code that tells about the data type, field, width and the
format according to which a value is to be printed or read from an input device.
Following are the commonly used format specifiers:
%d = Decimal Integer
%i = integer
%ld = long decimal integer
%f = floating-point (decimal notation)
%g = floating-point (exponential notation)
%e = floating-point (%f or %g, whichever is short r)
%c = single character
%s = string

Why escape sequence is used? Explain with examples.

The special characters used in C language to control pri ti g on the output device are
called escape sequences. These characters are not pri ted. An escape sequence is a
combination of a backslash (\) and a code ch r cter. The backslash is called the
control character. A list of commonly used esc pe equences is given below:
Escape Sequence Meaning
\a Produces alert (be ) sound
\b Moves cursor ba kward by one position
\n Moves cursor to the beginning of next line
\r Moves cursor to the beginning of current line
\t M ves cursor to the next horizontal tabular position
\\ Pr duces a backslash
\‟ Produces a single quote
\” Produces a double quote
\? Produces a question mark

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The output of the program is shown in Fig.

What is the purpose of gets() function? Explain with an example.

The gets() functions is used to read a string from the keyb ard and store it in the
variable specified inside the parenthesis. The program given below demonstrates the
use of gets() function in a program.

In this program, the format specifier %s is used to print the string stored in the
variable name. The execution f this is shown in Fig.

Differentiate between getch() and getche() functions.

 Sometimes in programming, it is required to read a single character as soon as it
 is typed, without waiting for Enter key to be pressed.
 For example, in a game the user might want an object to move each time he
presses one of the arrow keys. It would be awkward to press the Enter key each
 time the user presses and arrow key.
 The getche() function is used for this purpose. The get means it gets something
from an input device. The „ch‟ means it gets a character and the „e‟ means it
echoes (displays) the reads a single character to the screen when it is typed.
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COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 3)
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 The program in Fig below reads a single character the instant it is typed and
displays it on the screen. The user does not have to press the Enter key after
typing the letter.

 In this program, the getche() function reads a single charac r from the keyboard
and it is assigned to the variable ch. The format specifier %c is used to print the
letter stored in variable ch. The execution of this program is shown in Fig.




 The getch() is a similar function to getche(), the difference is that it does not
display the typed character t other s reen. The getche() and getch() functions
require conio.h header file, so it must be in luded in the program as well.

Evaluate the following expressions.

7+5*(3+4) 100/10/4 50%13%3 30/7*3-6
= 7+5*7 = 10/4 = 11%3 = 4.28*3-6
= 7+35 = 2.5 =2 = 12.8-6
= 42 = 6.8

What will be the output of the following program?

#include <stdio.h>
Void main(v i )
{
int x,y,z1,z2,z4,z4
Y=5;
y=5;
printf(“\nz1=1=%d”,z1)’
z2=x%y’
z3=++z’
printf(“\nz2=%d”,z2)’
z3=++z’
printf(“\nz4=%d”,z4);
}

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COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR 10 CLASS (UNIT # 3)
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Ans: Output:

Z1 = 3
Z2 = 2
Z3 = 18
Z4 = 5

What will be the output of the following Program?

#include<stdio.h>
Void main(void)
{
int b;
floata,c,d,e,f;
a=1484;
b=7;
c=a-b;
printf(“\nc=%f”,c);
d=a/b;
printf(“\nd=%f”,d);
e=a-b3;
printf(“\ne=%f”,e);
f=(a+b)/2;
printf(“\nf=%f”,f);
}

Ans: Output:
C= 7.840000
D = 2.120000
E = 6.160000
F = 10.920000

LONG QUESTION

Describe how basic and compound assignment operators are used?

 They are used to assign values to variables used in computer programs.
 C language provides three types of assignment operators.
 These are:
o Basic assignments operator
o Compound assignment operators
o Increment/decrement operators.

Basic Assignment Operator:

 The basic assignment operator is =.
 This is used to assign value of an expression to a variable.
 It has the general form:
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Variable = expression
 Where expressions may be a constant, another variable to which a value has
 previously been assigned or a formula to be evaluated. For example:
Sum = a + b;

Compound Assignment Operators:

 In addition to =, there are a number of assignment operators unique to C.
 These include +=, -=, *=, /= and %=.
 Suppose op represents an arithmetic to assign value of an expressi n to a variable.

 Variable op = expression
 This is equivalent to:

Variable = variable op expression

 For example, consider the following statement:

Sum = sum + n;
 This assignment statement could be written u ing a compound assignment
operator as:

Sum += n;
 The effect is exactly the same but the expression is more compact. Some more
examples are:

Sum -= n is equiv lent to sum = sum – n

Prod*= n is equiv ent to prod = prod * n
A /= b is equiva ent to a=a/b
A %= b is equiva ent to a=a%b

Describe the functio s of the following operators?

i) Relational perators
ii) Logical perat rs
iii) Con iti nal perator

A) Relational Operators:
 These are used to compare two values of the same type.
 These are used in expressions when a decision is to be based on a condition.
 After evaluation of a relational expression, the result produced is either True of
 False.
 Relational operators are used in programming for decision making.
 There are six types of relational operators in C language. These are described in
table below:

Operator Definition

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== Equal to
!= Not equal to
< Less than
> Greater than
<= Less than or equal to
>= Greater than or equal to

Following are some examples of relational operators:

c>=a+b
x<5.3
n==20
count!=10
 If a has the value 25, b has the value 10 and c the value 28 h n first expression is
 false since 28 is not greater than or equal to 35.
 In the second expression, if x has the value 4.5, the expressi n is true because x is
 less than 5.3.
 In the last expression if count is any number other than 10 then the expression
will be true. It will only be false when count is equal to 10.

B) Logical operators:
  Logical operators are used for building ompound conditions.
 A single condition is built using a relational operator in an expression.
 If we need to build more th n one condition for some action to take place
 programming, then we have to form compound condition.
 They have following types:

Operator Definition
&& AND
|| OR
! NOT

Logical AND (&&) Operator:

 It is used to form compound condition in which two relational expressions are
 evaluated
 One relational expression is to the left and the other to the right of the compound
condition is considered true otherwise it is false.

Syntax
Expression1 && Expression2

Truth table for AND operator is shown here under.

Expression-1 Expression-2 Expression-1 && Expression-2
True True True
True False False
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False True False

False False False
Example:
Consider the following compound condition:
(a>=1)&&(a<=10)

This expression is considered true if both conditions (a>=1) and (a<=1) are true,
that is, if the value of a is between 1 to 10.

In the next example, the compound condition is considered true if the value stored in
a is greater than the value stored in b and the value stored in c is equal to 15.
(a>b)&&(c==15)

The following compound condition will check whether the charac r stored in variable
ch is a lowercase letter or not.
(ch>=‟a‟)&&(ch<-„z‟)

Logical OR (||) Operator:

Logical OR operator is also used to form compound condition just like the logical AND
operator, one relational expression is to the eft and the other to the right of the OR
operator.

The compound condition is true if either of the conditions is true or both conditions
are true. It is considered false only if both of the conditions are false.

Syntax:
Expression1|| Expression2

Truth table for AND operator is shown here under:

Expression-1 Expression-2 Expression-1 && Expression-2
True True True
True False True
False True True
False False False

Example:
(n<10)||(n>25)
Suppose, the value of n is 5, then the expression will be considered true because one of
the t o conditions is true if the value of n is 28 then also the compound condition ill be
true. If the value of n is 12 then the expression will be false since both
conditions are false.

The next compound conditions will be true if a is greater b or c is equal to 10. It will
also be true if both conditions are true, that is, a is greater than b and c is not equal
to 10.

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(a>b) || (c==10)

Logical OR condition is used when we wish to perform an operations if one of the two
conditions is true or both of the conditions are true.

Logical NOT (!) Operator:

The logical NOT operator is used with a single expression (condition) and evaluates to
true if the expression is false and evaluates to false if the expression is true. In ther
words, it reverses the result of a single expression.

Syntax:

!Expression1

Truth table for AND operator is shown here under;

Expression !Expression
True False
False True

For example, the expression:

!(a<b)

C) Conditional Operator/ Conditional (Ternary) Operator:

A conditional operator is a decision-making operator. It has the following form.
Condtion?expression1: expression2:

When this statement is executed, the condition is evaluated. If it is true, the entire
conditional expression takes n the value of expression1. If it is false, the expression
takes on a value and can theref re be used in assignment statements. Consider the
following example.
A= (k>15)? x*y : x+y;

This statement will assign the product of x and y to the variable a, if k is greater than
15, otherwise a will be assigned the sum of x and y. this expression is equivalent to
the following if-else statement which will be explained in the next unit. If (k>15)

A = x*y;
Else
A = x+y;

Some programmers may prefer to use the above if-else statement rather than using
the conditional operator because it is easy to understand.

The program in Fig, demonstrate the use of conditional operator for finding the larger
of two numbers.

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The execution of the program is shown in Fig.

Write a program that reads three numbers and prints their sum, product and
average.
#include <stdio.h>
int maint()
{
int num1, num2, num3, sum, prod, avg;
printf(“Enter the three numbers separated by „,‟\n”);
scanf(“%d, %d, %d, & um1, &num2, &num3); sum
= num1 + um2 + um3;
prod = num1 * num2 * num3;
avg = sum/3;
prinf(“the sum f the three numbers is : %d\n”,sum);
printf(“the pr d f the three numbers is : %d\n”,prod);
printf(“the average of the three numbers is : %d\n”, avg);
}

Write a program that reads the length and width of a rectangle and prints its
area.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
float length, width, area;
printf(“Enter length of rectangle:”);
scanf(“%f”, &length);
printf(“Enter width of rectangle:”);
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scanf(“%f”, &width);
area= length*width;
printf(“Area of rectangle - %f sq. units “,area);
}

Write a program that reads the length of one side of a cube and prints its
volume.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
float side, volume;
printf(“Enter length of any side of cube\n”);
scanf(“%f”, &side);
printf(“Volume of Cube: %0.4f\n, volume);
}

Write a program that reads temperature in Celsius, Converts it into

Fahrenheit and prints on the screen.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
float fahren, celsius;
printf(“Enter the temperature in
celsius\n”); scanf(“%f”, &celsius);
fahren =(9.0/5.0)*ce sius + 32;
prinft(“%.2fC is equal to %.2fF\n:, celsius, fahren);
}

Write a program that reads name and address of a person and prints it on
the screen using gets() and puts() functions.
#include <st io.h>
#include <string h>
int main()
{
char name[50], add[50];
printf(“Enter your name:”);
gets(name);
printf(“Enter your address:”);
gets(add);
printf(“Your name is:”);
puts(name);
printf(“Your address is:”);
puts(add);
}
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SHORT QUESTIONS

Differentiate between if condition and if else condition.

If Selection Structure:
The if statement has the following general form / Syntax.
if (conditions)
{
Block of statements
}

If-else Selection Structure:

The if-else statement is used in situation where some code is to be executed if
a condition is true and some other code is to be executed if the condi ion is false.
The if-else statement has the following general form / Syn ax.
if (condition)
{
Block of statements
}
else
{
Block of statements
}

Differentiate between else-if and switch selection structures.

Else-if Selection structures:
The if-else statement is used in situ tion where some code is to be executed if a
condition is true and some other c de is to be executed if the condition is false.
The if-else stateme t has the f llowing general form / Syntax.
if (condition)
{
Block of statement
}
else
{
Block of statement
}
When if-else statement is executed, the condition is evaluated.
S itch Selection Structures:
The s itch statement has the following general form
S itch (expression)
{
case const-1:
statements;
break;
case const-2:
statements;
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break;
.
.
.
default:
statements;
}
The switch statement is similar to the else-if statement. It is used when multiple
choices are given and one choice is to be selected.

What is nested selection structure?

The selection structure that is within another selection structure is known as nested
selection structure. This is also supported in C language in C language; the
programmer can have a selection structure (if, if-else, else-if or switch
statement) within another selection structure.

Program:
When this program is executed, it reads an integer number, stores it in the
variable n and then the condition (n>0) is evaluated.
If it is true, it prints the message that the entered number is a positive number
and then the nested if-else statement is exe uted.
The nested if-else statement prints whether n is an even number or an odd
number.
If the condition (n>0) is false then the statements following the first if are skipped
and the last statement after the else is executed which prints the message that the
user entered a negative number r zero.

Write the following statement using if-else statement.

K = (a+b>20)? A+3*b; a-
b;= if (a+b)>20
K = a+3*b;
else
K = a-b;
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Write the following statement using conditional operator.

If (x>y)
z=(x+y)/3;
else
z=x-5*y;

Ans: z=(x>y) ? (x+y)/3 : x-5*y;

What will be the output of the following code?

Int n, count=15; sum=30;
If (n<25)
{count=count+5;
printf(“\nCount=%d”,count);
printf(“\nSum=%d”,sum); }
else
{count=count-5; Sum=sum+n;
printf(“\nCount=%d”,count);
printf(“\nSum=%d”,sum);}

Ans: Count = 10
Sum = 58

What will be the output of the following code?

charch;
ch=‟c‟;
switch(ch)
{case „a‟:
Printf(“\nGood Mor i g! “); break;
Case „b‟:
printf(”\nHave a Nice Day! “); break;
case „c‟:
case „ ‟:
case „e‟:
printf(“\n Good Bye! “); break;
}

Ans: Good Bye!

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LONG QUESTION

What is control structure? Explain conditional control structure with

examples.
Control Structure:
In a programming language, a control statement is an instruction which deter ines
the sequence of execution of other statements in a program.
Conditional control structure:
Conditional Statement:
A conditional statement is an instruction in a programming language that
contains a condition. When a conditional statement is executed, fir t the condition is
evaluated and then based on the result (true or false) a particular tat ment or a set of
statements is executed.
Conditional statements of C language are if, if-else, else-if and switch
statements.
Structure of IF Statement:
The if statement has the following general form.
if (conditions)
{
Block of statements
}

Use of If Statement:
Program 1: The program in Fig, demonstrates the use of if statement.

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Structure Of If-Else Statement:
The if-else statement is used in situation hwre some code is to be executed if a
condition is true and some other code is to be executed if the condition is false. The
if-else statement has the following general form.

if (condition)
{
Block of statements
}
else
{
Block of statements
}
When if-else statement is executed. The condition is evalua d.
If the condition is true then the block of statements f ll wing if will be executed
and the block of statements following else will be skipped.
If the condition is false then the block of stateme ts following if will be skipped and
the block of statements following else will be executed.
If a single statement is to be executed after if or else then braces are not
required.

Structure OF If-Else-If Statement:

The else-if is a type of conditional statement that combines more than two
conditions. It allows the programmer to make a decision based on several conditions.
The else-if statement has the following general form.
if(condition-1)
{
Block of statements
}
Else if(condition-2)
{
Block f statements
}
Else if(con ition-3)
{
Block of statements
.
.
.
}
Else
{
Block of statements to be executed
When none of the conditions is true,
}

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When this statement is executed, contion-1 is evaluated, if it is true then the block
of statements following if is executed and if it is false, the next condition is
evaluated.
If any condition is true then the following block of statements is executed.
If none of the conditions is true then the block of statements following else is
executed automatically.
If a single statement is to be executed after if, else-if or else, instead f set of
statement then the braces are not required.

Switch Statement:
The switch statement has the following general form.
Switch (expression)
{
Case const-1;
Statement;
Break;
Case conts-2;
Statements;
Break;
.
.
.
Default:
Statements;
}
The switch statement is simi ar to the else-if statement. It is used when multiple
choices are given and o e ch ice is to be selected.

What is the purpose of switch () statement? Explain with help of example.

Switch Statement:
The switch statement has the following general form
Switch (expression)
{
Case const-1;
Statement;
Break;
Case conts-2;
Statements;
Break;
.
.
.
Default:
Statements;
}
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Purpose of switch statement:

The switch statement is similar to the else-if statement. It is used when multiple
choices are given and once choice is to be selected.
When switch statement is executed, the expression is evaluated. Based on the
result of expression one of the cases in the switch statement is executed. The
result of expression is compared with the constant values given after the key word
case. If the result matches the constant value after any case then the statements
under that case are executed.
In switch statement, it is allowed to use a variable within the parenthesis instead
of an expression based on which statements under a case can be executed.
The purpose of break statement is to exit the body of the switch statement after
executing the statements under a case and transfer con rol o he first statement
following the end of the switch statement.
If no case is matched then the statements u der the default keyword are
executed. Its use is optional if it is not used then the co trol exits from the body of
the switch statement and goes to the fir t tatement following the end of the
switch statement.
The expression should be of type int, ch r but not float.

When this pr gram is executed, the switch variable must have an integer value.
The value of switch variable n is compared with the constant values statements
following that particular case.
If the s itch variable does not match any of the case constants, control goes the
key ord default which is at the end of the switch statement.
Notice the use of break statement in this program. It terminates the switch
statement when the body of the statements in a particular case has been
executed.

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SHORT QUESTION

Differentiate between for loop and while loop.

For loop:
The for statement is used to execute a set of statements repeatedly for a fixed
number of times in a program.
While loop:
The while statement is used to implement repetition when the number f repetitions
are not known in advance. In this case, repetition continues until s me ndition
remains true.

Differentiate between while loop and do while loop.

WHILE() loop DO-WHILE() loop
While() loop is pre-tested loop. Do-While loop is p st- ested loop.
The Syntax or general form of while() The Syntax r ge eral form of do-while()
loop is: loop is:
While(condition) Do{
{ Statement ; //body of loop
Statements; //body of loop }
} whi e(condition)
In „while‟ loop the controlling condition In „do-while‟ loop the controlling condition
appears at the start of the loop. appears at the end of the loop.
The iterations do not occur if, con ition The iteration occurs at least once even if
at the first iteration appears false. the condition is false at the first iteration.

What will be the output of the f ll wing code?

int k;
for(k=1;k<=5;k++)
pri tf(“\ I am a student”);
printf(“\n GOOD BYE”);
I am student
I am student
I am student
I am student
I am student
GOOD BYE

What ill be the output of the following code?

int n;
for(n=30;n>=10;n=m-5)
printf(“\n%d”,n);
30
25
20
15
10
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Find errors in the following code.

Int k, a
A=3;
K=1;
while(k<10);
{
printf(“\n%f\t%f”,k,k*a-1);
k=k+2;
}
int k, a
a=3;
k=1;
while(k<10)
{
printf(“\n%d\t%d”,k,k*a-1);
k=k+2;
}
Output:
1 2
3 8
5 14
7 20
9 26
Convert the following for loop into while
loop.
int k;
for(k=25; K>0; k=k-3)
pri tf(“\n%d”,k);
int k;
k=25;
hile(k>0)
{
printf(“\n%d”d,k);
k=k-3;
}

LONG QUESTIONS

What is looping structure? Explain for loop with examples.

Loop Structure:
A loop is a structure that enables the programmer to execute the same sequence of
statements repeatedly until a particular condition is met.
For loop / For Statement:
 The for is a looping statement which is used to execute a set of statements
repeatedly for a fixed number of times. It is also known as counter loop. It has
the general form:

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for (initialization; test condition; increment/decrement)

{
body of the loop
}
 When for statement is executed, a variable (also known as loop variable) is
assigned an initial value in the initialization part of the loop, such as k=1 or
count=0. The value of the loop variable is checked with the given test c ndition.
The test condition is relational expression, such as k<10. If the onditi n is true, the
 control enters the body of the loop otherwise it will exit the loop
 After the execution of the body of the loop, the control is tran ferred ba k to the
increment/decrement part of the loop. The loop variable is incremented or
decremented using an assignment statement such as k = k+1. The new value of
loop variable is again checked with the test condition. If he condition is satisfied
then the body of the loop is again executed. This pr cess goes on till the test
 condition becomes false.
 Body of the loop may have one or more statements. If it contains only a single
statement then braces are not needed.

Note: All the three expressions such an initi iz tion, test condition and increment are
optional. You can omit any or all in for statement.
Example: For example the following all for statement are valid.
For(; ;)
For(int i=1 ; ;)
For(l k<10 ; k++)
For(; ; k++)
For(: x<12 ;)
Explain while and do-while loops with examples.
While loops/ The While Statement:
A repetition structure hen the number of iterations is not known in advance and the
repetition continues until test condition remains true. The while statement has the
general form:
while (test con ition)
{
Body of the loop
}
 When a while statement is executed, the computer first evaluates the test
condition. If it is true, body of the while loop is executed. After the execution of
the body of the loop, the test condition is again evaluated and if it is true, the body
of the loop is executed once again. This process continues until the test condition
 statement following the end of the body of loop.
 The body of the loop can be a single statement or it can be multiple statements. If
the body of the loop consists of a single statement then the braces are not
required but if it consists of more than one statement then braces must be used.
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Examples:
Program: The program in Fig. prints all the upper-case letters are in the range 65 to
90.

Output of the program is shown in Fig.

Do-while loops / The Do While Statement:

 The do while statement is used to implement oop tructure when it is required to
execute the loop at least once. The gener form of the do while loop is given
below.

do
{
Body of the loop
}
While (test conditio );
 The statement while (test co dition) is placed at the end of the loop so that the
body of the loop is executed at least once whether the condition is true or false.
There is a semic l n after the test condition because it is at the end of loop if the
body of loop c ntains a single statement then braces are not required.

Program:
The program in Fig. prints all the lower-case letters of the alphabet using do while
loop. The ASCII codes for the lower-case letters are in the range of 97 to 122.

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The output of this program is shown in Fig.

 In this program, the integer variable n is initialized to 97 which is the ASCII value
 of letter a, before entering the loop.
 The expression in the do while statement, n<=122 acts as the test ondition. The
 statement within the loop execute as long as this expression remains true.
 The statement n=n+1 increments the value of n by one with ach iteration. Note
that the ASCII value of z is 122.

Explain the purpose of Break and continue stateme ts with one example
each.
The Break Statement:
C language provides the break statement to exit from a loop as soon as certain
condition occurs. It is used in for, while and do while statements. Break statement
is also used to exit the body of switch st tement after executing the statements
under a case and transfers control to the first st tement following the end of the
switch statement.
The Continue Statement:
Sometimes during the execution of loop, when a certain condition occurs after
executing a statement, it may be required to skip the remaining statements within
the body of the loop and continue l p for next iteration until the test condition in met.
C language provides the c tinue statement to achieve this task. The continue
statement causes the loop to be continued with the next iteration after skipping the
remaining statements ithin the body of the loop. The general format of continue
statement is:

Program to check f r prime number by using break statement:

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 When the above program is executed, it reads a number and determines whether
it is a prime number or not. The integer variable a is assigned the value 0 to
 assume that the number num is a prime number.
 The remainder operator (%) is used inside the for loop to check if the number is
 exactly divisible by any number in the range 2 to num/2.
 If the number is exactly divisible by any number in the range 2 to nu /2 that
 means it is not a prime number. This is checked, with the condition num%k==0.
 If this condition is true, the variable a assigned the value 1, indicating that num is
 not a prime number.
 At this point, the break statement is used to exit the for loop immediately. After
the execution of the for loop, the value of a is checked, if it is 0 th n the message
telling the user that num is a prime number is printed h rwise the message, num
is not a prime number is printed.

The Output of the program is shown in Fig.

Program to read 10 numbers and find the sum of those that are less than 20
by using continue statement:

 When the program is executed, the user enters 10 numbers one by one.
 If a number less than 20 is entered, the condition of if statement is false and the
 number is added in the sum.
 If a number greater than or equal to 20 is entered, the number is not included in
the sum as the condition is true and the last statement of the loop that adds the
 number, is skipped using the continue statement.
 After ten iterations the loop terminates and the last statement of the program
prints the sum of those numbers that are less than 20.

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What is nested loop? Give two examples.

Nested Loops:
In C language, it is allowed to nest loops within another l p. Nes ed loops can be of
any kind. For example, the programmer can nest a for l p inside a while loop or
inside a do while loop. Loops can be mixed in anyway as required.
Example # 1:
Program uses nested loop to print the products of numbers as given below.
1×1=1
1×2=2
1×3=3
1×4=4
2×1=2
2×2=4
2×3=6
2×4=8
3×1=3
3×2=6
3×3=9
3 × 4 = 12
The program prints the products of number.

The Output of the program is shown in Fig.

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 The loop variable j is assigned its initial value 1 and the nested
 loop For (k=1; k<=4; K++)
{
prod = j*k;
printf(“\n%2d × %2d = %2d”, j, k, prod);
}
If executed, this calculates and displays the first four pr ducts, 1×1, 1×2, 1×3 and
1×4.
 The value of j is then incremented by 1 and the inner loop is executed again. This
calculates and displays the next four product , 2×1, 2×2, 2×3 and 2×4.
 Finally, j is incremented to 3, giving the st four products, 3×1, 3×2, 3×4 and 3×4.

 In this program braces must be used in the inner for loop because there is more
than one statement to be executed.

Example # 2:
Program uses nested loop to calculate the sum of the integers for each
integer from 1 to n, where is the value that the user of the program enters:

The execution of the program is shown in Fig.

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SHORT QUESTION

What is a logic gate?

 Logic gates are the basic building blocks of digital computer.
 Logic gates operate on two voltage levels and process digital signals which represent
binary digits 0 and 1.

 A truth table represents a digital logic circuit in table form.

 It shows how a logic circuit’s output responds to all the possible combinations f the inputs
using logic ‘1’ for true and logic ‘0’ for false.

 A Boolean function can be transformed from an algebraic expression into a logic circuit
 composed for AND, OR and NOT gates.
 A Boolean function is an expression formed with binary variabl s, he logical operators (OR,
AND and NOT), parenthesis and equal sign.
 All binary variable can take the value of 0 or 1.
 For a given value of the variables, the function can be either 0 r 1.

As an example, consider the following Boolean function.

F=x+y
The function F is equal to 0, if x = 0 and y = 0. For ll the other combinations of x and y, the
function will be equal to 1.
What is Karnuagh map and why is it used?
 K-map is a pictorial form of a truth table.
 It consists of square boxes called cells.
 All the possible combinations of variables involved in a Boolean function are written inside
 the cells in their respective positions.
2 2
 A two-variable K-map contains 2 = 4 cells, three-variable 2 = 8 cells and so forth.

 A three-variable K-map variab e A, B and C is shown in Fig.

 It consists of eight cells having two rows and four columns.

 Rows are labeled with the complement and normal form of the variable A.
 Each column is labeled with two variables B and C, in their normal or complemented form.
 Each cell contains a product term of variables A, B and C in its respected cell.
 For example, the term ABC is placed in cell that is in row A and column BC.

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Rules for simplifying a three-variable K-map:

 For each term of the function, place 1 in the corresponding cell in Karnaugh map.
 Form groups of four if possible otherwise groups of two.
 Groups can contains only 1s.
 Groups can be horizontal or vertical.
 Groups can overlap and wrap around the side of the K-map.
 If possible include each 1 in at least one group.
 Eliminate the variables that are normal and complemented form in a group and create a
 term for each group.
 Write the simplified function in the form of sum of terms. If a cell containing a 1 ann t be
included in any group then write the full term with three variables.

LONG QUESTIONS

Draw the graphical symbols of AND, OR, NOT, NAND and NOR ga s and write their
functions.
There are three basic logic gates used in digital circuits which are AND< OR and NOT gates.
AND GATE:
 The AND gate has two or more inputs that can be LOW (0) or HIGH (1).
 The output is HIGH only when all the inputs are HIGH.
 It produces a LOW output when at least one of the inputs is LOW.
 The logic operation of a two-input AND gate is shown in Fig, with all the possible input
combinations and the resulting output for ea h.

OR Gate:
 The OR gate has t o or more i puts, the output of an OR gate is LOW only when all the
inputs are LOW.
 The output is HIGH hen one or more of its inputs are HIGH
 The logic operati n f a t o-input OR gate is shown in Fig, with all the possible input
combinations and the resulting output for each.

NOT Gate:
 The NOT gate performs the functions of inversion. Therefore, it is also known as inverter.
It has a single input.
 The output of a NOT gate is HIGH when the input is LOW and vice versa.

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NAND Gate:

 The NAND gate combines the AND and NOT gates, such that the output will be 0 only
when all the inputs are 1 as shown in Fig.
 Its logic expression is F = xy which indicates that inputs x and y are first ANDed and then
the result is inverted. Inversion is indicated by a bar.
 Thus, an AND gate always produces an output that is the inverse (opposite) of and AND
gate.

The NOR Gate:

 The NOR gate combines the OR and Not gates, such that the utput will be 0 when any
input is 1 as shown in FIG.
 Its logic expression is F = x + y, which indicates that x a d y are first ORed and then the
 result inverted.
 Inversion is indicated by a bar.
 A NOR gate always gives an output that is the inverse of an OR gate.

Explain how NAND and NOR gates can be created using AND, OR and NOT gates.
Creating NAND Gate Usi g Basic Gates:
The NAND gate can be easily created by using an AND gate and a NOT gate as shown in Fig.

Creating NOR Gate Using Basic Gates:

The NOR gate can also be created in a similar way by using anOR gate and a NOT gate as sho
n in Fig.

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Draw truth table of the following Boolean functions.

X Y Z ¯x ¯y ¯z ¯xy¯z ¯xyz xy¯ F1

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

X Y Z ¯x ¯y ¯z ¯xz y¯z Xyz F2

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

X Y Z ¯x ¯y ¯z ¯x¯y¯z ¯x¯yz ¯xyz xy¯z F3

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

X Y Z ¯x ¯y ¯z x¯z ¯x¯y F4
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
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Simplify the Boolean functions of Question 5 using Karnaugh map.

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Draw the logic circuits of the following Boolean functions.

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SHORT QUESTION

Differentiate between website and Web server.

Website:
 A website is a collection of related Web pages hosted on a Web server.
 It is accessible through an internet address known as Uniform Resource Locator
 (URL).
 A URL is typed in Web browser and ENTER button is pressed to view it.

Web Server:
 A Web server is a computer that makes Web pages available through the internet.
 Web servers are used to host websites, data storage and for running applications.
 Web servers deliver HTML documents when a user types a URL in browser.
 Any computer can be turned into a Web server by installing server software and
connecting it to the Internet.

Describe how a search engine is used for earching information on the

Internet.
Search Engine:
A search engine is a website or software that ows people to find information on the
World Wide Web (WWW).
Use of Search Engine:
 Finding exactly what the user is looking for is not easy from billions of Web pages.
 Therefore, search engine h ve been designed to help users find specific information
 on the Web.
 Users type in one or more keyw rds in a search engine.
 The search engine will look for matches found from all over the Web.
 User will see the total umber of matches found and then the first ten sites that
 most closely match the keywords.
 The informati n sh wn for each website includes a title and a brief description.
 Most popular search engines are Yahoo! And Google.

Define URL and Web hosting.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL):
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is an Internet address that identifies a website.
Web Hosting:
Web Hosting is a service that uploads a website on a Web server and makes it
available for computer users.

Describe HTML.
 HTML is a mark-up language use to create Web pages.
 A browser such as internet Explorer or Google Chrome is used to read HTML
document and display it on the screen as Web pages.
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Hypertext Mark-Up Language:

 HTML stands for Hypertext Mark-up Language.

 It is called mark-up language because it uses mark-up tags that tell the Web
 browser how to display the Web page.
 It is the language of Internet’s World Wide Web.
 Websites and Web pages are written in HTML.
 It is used to create hypertext documents that bring together text, pictures,
 sounds, video clips and links all in one place.
 HTML files are plain text files, so they can be created using a imple editor such as
Notepad or WordPad.

LONG QUESTION

Describe any four types of websites.

1) Web Portals:
 Web portal is a website that offers a large variety of ervices.
 These include online shopping malls, news, tock prices, e-mail, search engines,
 etc.
 For example, a school Web portal delivers information about the school’s historical
background, admission requirements, s hool curriculum, tuition fees structure,
school news, student results, etc.

2) News Websites:
 News websites provide informati n about current events and opinions.
 These sites publish news stories and let their visitor’s voice be heard.
 These sites provide their visitors a way to get their thoughts and views published.
 Very often at the end of news stories, visitors are asked to share their experience
 or knowledge ab ut the topic.
 Therefore, a link f r the readers comment is provided for feedback.
For example www.paktribune.com, www.dailytimes.com etc.

3)
 Information Websites:
 Information ebsites provide information on any topic in the form of text, graphics,
 sounds and videos.
For example, www.wikipedia.org is an informational website that provides
information on thousands of articles.
 It allows users to contribute and edit articles as well.

4) Educational Websites:
 Educational websites are created for educational purpose.
 These sites contain animation, slide presentation and tutorials to educate people
 on various topics, information is presented in a very well organized way.
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 The purpose of any educational website is to impart knowledge to people who are
 looking for better understanding of a topic and pursue knowledge.
For example www.easymcqs.com etc.

Write the HTML tags for the following?

i) Paragraph vii) Center text
ii) Heading viii) Strike out
iii) Bold ix) Superscript
iv) Underline x) Subscript
v) Italic xi) Font size, color and typeface
vi) Inserting Line Breaks xii) Inserting Spaces

i) Paragraph:
The <p></p> tags are used to define paragraph. HTML aut matically adds an extra
blank line before and after a paragraph.

ii) Heading:
There is six heading tags, <h1></h1> to <h6></h6>. The <h1></h1> tags are
used to specify the largest heading and <h6></h6> t gs specify the smallest.

iii) Bold:
Bold <b></b>
These tags will make the text bold th t is within the tags.
For example: <b>Chapter 5 Output Devices</b>

iv) Underline:
Underline <u></u>
These tags will underline the text that is within the
tags. For example: <u>Please Note:</u>

v) Italic:
Italic <i></i>
These tags are used to make the text italic that is within that tags.
For Example: <i>I Love Pakistan</i>

vi) Center text:

Center <center></center>
These tags will make the text centered that is within the tags, the text will appear in
the middle of the left and right margins.
For example: <center>UNIT 2 PROGRAMMING IN C</center>
Vii) Strike out:
Strike out<strike></strike>
These tags will put a line right through the center of the text that is within the tags.
This is known as strike-out.
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For Example: <strike>Obsolete Computer Devices</strike>

viii) Superscript:
Superscript 
These tags are used to convert the text to superscript that is within the tags.
For example: X_Y

ix) Subscript:
Subscript 
These tags are used to convert the text to subscript that is within the
tags For example: X₅

x) Font size, color and typeface:

Font Size<font size=?></font>
These tags are used to change the font size. Replace the ? symb l with a number in
the range 1 to 7. One is the smallest and seven is the largest f nt size.
For example: <font size=3><Types of Computers</fo t>

Font Color <font color=?></font>

These tags are used to change the color of text th t is within the tags. Replace the ?
symbol with color such as black, blue, brown, gr y, green, maroon, orange, pink, red,
white, yellow, etc.
For example: <font color=red><Laptop Computer</font>
Result: Laptop Computer

Font Face <font face=?></f nt>

These tags are used to cha ge the f nt face of text that is within the tags. Replace
the ? Symbol with font face such as arial, courier, Calibri, new times roman, etc.
For example: <font face=arial>FORMATTING TAGS</font>

xi) Inserting Line Breaks:

The <br> tag is line break tag. It is used to end a line wherever it is placed and
it does not have a cl sing tag.

xii) Inserting Spaces:

Very often, spaces are needed in HTML documents. If the user inserts more than one
space any here in a document, the browser will show only one space, rest of the
spaces ill be truncated. If the user wants to have many spaces in a HTML document
then the &nbsp character entity must be used. Some characters have special meaning
in HTML, like &nbsp (non-breaking space) and <, these are known as character
entities.

Describe how background color and image are applied to Web page.
To apply a background color in a page, insert the background color attribute and
for foreground color, insert text attribute in the <body> tag as shown in Fig.

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Applying Background Image:

An image can be set as background of a page using the background attribute in
the <body> tag.
<body background=”image.jpg”>
If the image is smaller than the browser window then it will repeat itself till the
entire window is filled.
The HTML document in Fig, demonstrates the u e of image file computer.jpg as
background of a Web page.

Create an HTML document that contains a graphical hyperlink.

Creating a Graphical Hyperlink:
The syntax for creating a graphical hyperlink to another Web page is
<a href=”url”><image scr=”name of image file></a>
For example:
<a href=http:// ww.fbise.edu.pk><img src=”image.jpg”></a>
It will display the image.jpg image file in the browser window. When the reader
moves the mouse pointer over the image, it will change to a small hand and clicking
on the image will open the Federal Board website that has the URL www.fbise.edu.pk
The HTML document in Fig, demonstrates how to create a graphical hyperlink.

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Describe the tags used for creating a table in HTML.

Tables are very often used in Web pages to present information I an organized
manner which is easy to read and understand by the user.
A table consists of rows and columns. The following tags are used for creating a table.
<table></table>: These tags are used to create a table.
<tr></tr>: These tags define a row.
<td></td>: These tags define data cell. Column of each row is called data cell. A
data cell can contain text, image, paragraph, etc.
The HTML document for creating the following table (Fig.) for date sheet of
examination is shown in Fig. This table has 5 rows and 4 columns.

In the HTML document of Fig, The tag

<table border=1 cellspacing=3 cellpadding=8>
It tells the browser to display the table with border and to have cell spacing equal to
3 pixels and cellpadding to 8 pixels. Cell spacing is the space between the cells of
the table and cell padding is the space between the text a d the b rder of the cell.

The space between the cells and also the space between the text and the border of
the cells has decreased to default values.

In the HTML document, the code for creating the he ding of each column of second
row is given as below.
<tr>
<td>S.No</td>
<td>Date</td>
<td>Class IX</td>
<td>Class X</td>
</tr>
The text of all the four cells of second row is within the <tr></tr> tags and the
text of each cell is within the <td></td> tags. The text of the next three rows is
also defined in the same ay.

The code for the first r w that contains the title is:
<tr>
<td colspan=4 align=center>
<b>FINAL EXAMINATIONS 2011-
2012</b></td> </tr>
Here, the colspan attribute is used to combine the four columns and the align
attribute centers the table. The user can also use the rowspan attribute to combine
the cells of rows of a table. The align attribute is used to align the title in the center
of the row. Title can also be aligned to the left or right.

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