What is PL/SQL

PL/SQL is a Procedural Language extension of Structured Query Language (SQL).

 PL/SQL is a very secure functionality tool for manipulating, controlling, validating,

 Using PL/SQL we can improve application performance. It also allows

 PL/SQL have a great functionality to display multiple records from the multiple
tables at the same time.

 PL/SQL is capable to send entire block of statements and execute it in the Oracle

Advantages PL/SQL
 Procedural language support : PL/SQL is a development tools not
only for data manipulation futures but also provide the conditional
checking, looping or branching operations same as like other
programming language.
 Reduces network traffic : This one is great advantages of PL/SQL.
Because PL/SQL nature is entire block of SQL statements
execute into oracle engine all at once so it's main benefit
is reducing the network traffic.
 Error handling : PL/SQL is dealing with error handling, It's permits
the smart way handling the errors and giving user friendly error
messages, when the errors are encountered.
 Declare variable : PL/SQL gives you control to declare
variables and access them within the block. The declared
variables can be used at the time of query processing.
 Intermediate Calculation : Calculations in PL/SQL done quickly and
efficiently without using Oracle engines. This improves the
transaction performance.
  Portable application : Applications are written in PL/SQL
are portable in any Operating system. PL/SQL applications
are independence program to run any computer.
 PL/SQL is block structured language divided into three logical
blocks.
 BEGIN block and  END;  keyword are compulsory, and other two
block DECLARE and EXCEPTION are optional block.  END;  is not
a block only keyword to end of PL/SQL program.
 PL/SQL block structure follows divide-and-conquer approach to
solve the problem stepwise.

Declare Block
Variables and constants are declared, initialized within this section.
Variables and Constants : In this block, declare and initialize variables
(and constants). You must have to declare variables and constants in
declarative block before referencing them in procedural statement.
Declare Variables and Assigning values : You can define variable name,
data type of a variable and its size. Date type can be: CHAR,
VARCHAR2, DATE, NUMBER, INT or any other.
 Begin Block
BEGIN block is procedural statement block which will implement the
actual programming logic. This section contains conditional statements
(if...else), looping statements (for, while) and Branching Statements
(goto) etc.
Exception Block
PL/SQL easily detects user defined or predefined error condition.
PL/SQL is famous for handling errors in smart way by giving suitable
user friendly messages. Errors can be rise due to wrong syntax, bad
logical or not passing a validation rules

PL/SQL Programming
-- First PL/SQL Program

set SERVEROUTPUT ON

declare

var_first_name varchar2(30):='virat'; -- Declartion and Initialization of the variable at the Declare Block

begin

DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line(var_first_name);

end;

-- Second PL/SQL Program

declare

var_first_name varchar2(30); -- Declartion at Declare Block and Initialization at the Execution Block

begin

var_first_name:='virat';

DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line(var_first_name);

end;
-- Fetching a value from the column of a row of a table and assigning that value to PL/SQL Variable.

-- This requirement is possible by using SELECT INTO Statement

declare

var_first_name varchar2(20);

begin

select first_name into var_first_name from employees where employee_id=100;

dbms_output.put_line('Fetched Value from Employee Table: '||var_first_name);

exception

when no_data_found then

dbms_output.put_line('Table Doesnot Contain Rows');

end;

-- select * from employees where employee_id=100;

-- Exception

--create table employ(eid number,fname varchar2(10));

--select * from employ;

set serveroutput on

declare

var_fname varchar2(20);

begin

select fname into var_fname from employ;

dbms_output.put_line('Fetched Value from Employee Table: '||var_fname);

exception

when no_data_found then

dbms_output.put_line('Table Doesnot Contain Rows');

-- select fname from employ;

-- Anchored DataType

declare

var_salary employees.salary%type;

var_first_name employees.first_name%type;

begin

select first_name,salary into var_first_name,var_salary from employees where employee_id=100;

dbms_output.put_line(var_first_name||' Earns Monthly Salary: '||var_salary||'$');

end;

-- Constants in PL/SQL

declare

v_pi constant number(8,7):=3.1415921;

begin

dbms_output.put_line(v_pi);

end;

-- Default in PL/SQL

declare

v_pi constant number(8,7) default 3.1415921;

begin

dbms_output.put_line(v_pi);

end;
-- NOT NULL in PL/SQL

declare

v_pi constant number(8,7) not null default 3.1415921;

begin

dbms_output.put_line(v_pi);

end;

-- Declation of Bind Variable

variable v_bind varchar2(20);

-- To See the Definition of Bind Variable

variable v_bind

-- Bind Variable doesnot need Exceution block to get executed. Initialiation of Bind Variable

exec :v_bind :='viart';

-- Printing Bind Variable

-- Initialization of the bind variable by explicitly writing execution section of PL/SQL block

begin

:v_bind := 'kohli';

dbms_output.put_line(:v_bind);

end;

-- Displaying Bind Variable Value (3 Ways) 1.dbms_output.put_line 2.Print 3. Setting Autoprint

begin

:v_bind := 'kohli';

dbms_output.put_line(:v_bind);

end;

-- 2. Print Command to display bind variable value

print :v_bind;

-- 3. Setting Autoprint parameter on

set autoprint on

--set autoprint off

variable v_bind varchar2(20);

exec :v_bind :='viart';

-- In Oracle PL/SQL we have two types of conditional control statements which are

-- 1. IF statements (1. IF THEN 2. IF THEN ELSE 3. IF THEN ELSIF)

-- 2. CASE statements (1. SIMPLE CASE and 2. SEARCHED CASE)

-- 1. IF THEN Demonstartion1

declare

v_num number :=9;

begin

if v_num<10 then
 dbms_output.put_line('Inside IF');

end if;

end;

-- 1. IF THEN Demonstartion2

declare

v_name varchar2(20) :='virat';

v_prof varchar2(20) :='cricketer';

begin

if v_name='virat' and v_prof='cricketer' then

dbms_output.put_line('Yes, You are Right');

end if;

dbms_output.put_line('IF THEN BLOCK COMPLETES');

end;

-- 2. IF THEN ELSE (Even or Odd Number)

declare

v_num number:='&Enter_a_Number';

begin

if mod(v_num,2)=0 then

dbms_output.put_line(v_num||' is Even');

else

dbms_output.put_line(v_num||' is Odd');

end if;

dbms_output.put_line('IF THEN ELSE BLOCK COMPLETES');

-- 3. IF THEN ELSIF

declare

v_place varchar2(20):= '&Enter_the_City_in_INDIA';

begin

if v_place='hyderabad' then

dbms_output.put_line('Telangana State');

elsif v_place='bangalore' then

dbms_output.put_line('Karnataka State');

elsif v_place='mumbai' then

dbms_output.put_line('Maharashtra State');

else

dbms_output.put_line('No Information');

end if;

dbms_output.put_line('IF THEN ELSIF Completes');

end;

-- Loops in PL/SQL

-- Loop without Exit

declare

v_counter number:=0;

v_result number;

begin
 loop

v_counter:=v_counter+1;

v_result:=20*v_counter;

dbms_output.put_line('20'||'X'||v_counter||'='||v_result);

end loop;

end;

-- Loop with Exit clause

declare

v_counter number:=0;

v_result number;

begin

loop

v_counter:=v_counter+1;

v_result:=20*v_counter;

dbms_output.put_line('20'||'X'||v_counter||'='||v_result);

-- Loop Termination Code Starts

if v_counter>=10 then

exit;

end if;

-- Loop Termination Code Ends

end loop;

end;

-- Loop with Exit when clause

v_counter number:=0;

v_result number;

begin

loop

v_counter:=v_counter+1;

v_result:=20*v_counter;

dbms_output.put_line('20'||'X'||v_counter||'='||v_result);

exit when v_counter>=10; -- Loop Termination Code

end loop;

end;

-- While loop

declare

v_counter number:=0;

v_result number;

begin

while v_counter<10 loop

v_counter:=v_counter+1;

v_result:=20*v_counter;

dbms_output.put_line('20'||'X'||v_counter||'='||v_result);

end loop;

end;

-- While Loop (Boolean Expression as Test Condition)

v_counter number:=0;

v_result number;

v_test boolean:=true;

begin

while v_test loop

v_counter:=v_counter+1;

v_result:=20*v_counter;

dbms_output.put_line('20'||'X'||v_counter||'='||v_result);

-- Loop Termination Code Starts

if v_counter=10 then

v_test:=false;

end if;

-- Loop Termination Code Ends

end loop;

end;

-- Numeric Loops (For Loop)

declare

v_counter number;

v_result number;

begin

for v_counter in 1..10 loop

v_result:=20*v_counter;

dbms_output.put_line('20'||'X'||v_counter||'='||v_result);
 end loop;

end;

-- For Loop in Reverse

declare

v_counter number;

v_result number;

begin

for v_counter in reverse 1..10 loop

v_result:=20*v_counter;

dbms_output.put_line('20'||'X'||v_counter||'='||v_result);

end loop;

end;