I Am An Action Researcher (Sinhala Medium Book) : February 2018

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- I am an action researcher (Sinhala Medium

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Book · February 2018
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2 authors:
Godwin Kodituwakku Wmc Wijayakoon and Yvonne Samarawickrama

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ISBN: 978-955-7299-00-6
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lsÍu o lD;sh m< lsÍfï wruqKls'
f.da,Sh jifhka ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj, mj;sk m%jK;djla jkqfha
iyNd.s;aj ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhs (Participatory action research)' fï ixl,amfhka
woyia lrkqfha" jHjydßlhkaf.a oekqu m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh i|yd Ndú; lr" oekqu
m%cd;ka;S%lrKh (Knowledge democracy) i|yd moku ieliSu hs' fï f.da,Sh
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ixj¾Okh i|yd jk Tfí woyia f.!rjfhka wfmalaId lruq'
tka'tÉ' fm%audj;S premanawarathne@yahoo.com

ã'weï' rxckS f;kakfldaka ranjanitennakoon@yahoo.com
wdpd¾h f.dâúka fldä;=jlal= tuwakku@gmail.com
ví'tï' pkaok úchfldaka chandana870@gmail.com
ã'bfjdaka'tia' iurúl%u yvonne.samarawickrama@gmail.com
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ye¢kaùu iv
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yÿkd .ekSu wjYH fõ 3
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lafIa;% fm< iy lafIa;% igyk 12
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f,d.a igyka 14
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wúêu;a iïuqL idlÉPd 18
úêu;a iïuqL idlÉPd 19
m%Yakdj,s 20
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iudcñ;sl mÍlaIK 21
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kdNs.; lKavdhï iïuqL idlÉcd 22
f,aLk iy fjk;a o;a; uQ,dY% 23
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cdhdrEm" ùäfhda iy Yío mg 24
fN!;sl fydavqjd / i,l=Kq 24
ldgqka 24
u;l igyka 25
m%;HfõlaIK i.rdj 29
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lreKq fidhd ne,Sfï wjika m%;sM,h 31
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Yÿw; úYaf,aIKh 34
idys;H úu¾Ykh 34
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ie,iqu yd tys mshjr ls%hd;aul lsÍu iy wNsuka;%Kh 43
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ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha mshjr 5 ms<sn| iudf,dapkh 47
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha plS%h mshjr 48
mka;sfha fmda<su 49
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKh jd¾;d lsÍu 50
wdfY%ah .%ka: 52
moud,dj 55
1 jk Wm.%ka:h' m%;HfõlaIKh 57
VII
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fiùug fhduq ùu 8
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4 jk rEmh' mka;s ldurfha iudc iïnkaO;d rgd 21
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6 jk rEmh' áhqIka wOHdmkh ms<sn| j Ñ;% Ys,amS úfÊfidau úiska
w¢k ,o ldgqka Ñ;%hla 25
7 jk rEmh' úNd. flakaøSh wOHdmkh ms<sn| j wka;¾cd,fha
m< ù ;snQ ldgqka Ñ;%hla 25
j.= kdudj,sh
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2 jk j.=j' ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ie,eiaulg WodyrKhla 42
m%fõYh
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hQ'ã'whs' isrsfiak iy ví'tka'ta' j¾Kiqrsh hk wOHdmk wud;HdxY ks,OdrSkaf.a
l¾;D;ajfhka wOHdmk ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK mss<snò Y%S ,xldfõ m<uq ,shú,a, ìys
úh' fï wkqj YS% ,xldfõ ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK b;sydihg 2017 § wjqreÿ 50la imsf¾'
miq.sh wjqreÿ 50l ld,fha wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha o
úYajúoHd,j, o m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j, o iyNd.s;ajfhka yd
odhl;ajfhka ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ixialD;sh fmdfydi;a jQfha h' úfYaIfhka
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hk mdGud,dj, w;HjYH úIhdx.hla f,i ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK kï flreKq miq"
th YS% ,dxlsl mdGud,dj, w;HjYH wx.hla njg o m;a úh'
cd;sl uÜgfï fï ixj¾Ok Odrdjg wu;r j ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK
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mshjrla jYfhka ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ms<snò —uu ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIlfhla fjñ(
wOHdmk jD;a;slhka i|yd w;aje,la ˜ lD;sh t<s olajkq ,efí'
fuu lD;sfhka wfmalaId lrkq ,nkafka" ms<s.;a mdGud,dj,ska neyer j
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha ksr; ùug wfmalaId lrk wOHdmk lafIa;%fha ish¨ u
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j" úúO udÈ,sfha ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK lsÍug wjYH is;=ú,s Odrd ,nd §u h' fï
moku u; lD;sfha wruqKq jkqfha ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhlg wvx.= úh hq;=
uQ,sldx. my jk .eg¨j" lreKq fidhd ne,Su" ie,iqu tys mshjr iys; j ieliSu"
ie,iqu ls%hd;aul lrñka wNsuka;%Kh ^Monitoring) iy we.hqu ms<sno j .eUqßka
meyeos,s lr ta mshjr ksrka;rfhka u m¾fhaIK .eg¨jg ms<s;=re oSug yels jk
mßÈ yiqrejd .ekSfï ksmqK;d ,nd §ug h' ls%hduQ,sl m¾ffhaIKfha iEu mshjrl §
u m¾fhaIlhd ksr; úh hq;= m%;HfõlaIKh ms<snò j o .eUqre wjfndaOhla ,nd oSu
wruqKq lr .kq ,efí' Bg wu;r j ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK jd¾;dj ilia lrk whqre o
meyeos,s lr oSu wruqKla fõ' ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha jd¾;dj ,sùfuka wfmalaId
lrkqfha jD;a;slhl= uqyqK mdk iudc ls%hdjg wod< .eg¨j úiª whqre iudcfha
ish¨ idudcslhkag oek .; yels jk mßÈ l;dka;rhla fia jd¾;d .; lsÍu h' fï
l;dka;rh ^Story) úoHd;aul yd jdia;úl NdId iajrEmfhka ,shk whqre .ek o fï
lD;sfha oS wjOdrKh lrkq ,efí'
1
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK hkq yqfola m¾fhaIKhla lr jd¾;djla t<s oelaùfï
ls%hdj,shla muKla fkd fõ' ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK hk moh uq,ska u Ndú; l< l=¾;a
f,úka ^Kurt Levin) o mejiqfõ fmd;a muKla ksl=;a lrk m¾fhaIKj,ska
m%fhdackhla ke;s nj h (Research that produces nothing but books will not sufce.
– Lewin 1946). fï ;¾lh wkqj YS% ,xldfõ mdi,aj, iy mx;sldurj,"
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mdif,a jeä jQ .=Kd;aulNdjh;a ta iòyd jD;a;slhka odhl jQ whqre;a
ksrEmKh lsÍu iòyd m¾fhaIK jd¾;djla ,súh hq;= fõ' YS% ,xldfõ mdi,aj,
jD;a;slhka YsIH idOkh by< kexùu iòyd úúO ls%hdud¾. ks¾udKd;aul j
wkq.ukh lrkq ,efí' Bg wu;r j mdif,a úúO md¾Yaj ixj¾Okh i|yd kj
jHdmD;s ls%hd;aul lrkq ,efí' tfy;a ta ks¾udKd;aul ls%hdodu fyj;a hym;a
jHjydr ls%hduq,sl m¾fhaIK jd¾;d f,i t<s ±lafjkafka u ke;s ;rï h' fuu
lD;sh wOHdmk lafIa;%fha jD;a;slhkag iajlSh ks¾udKd;aul ld¾h f,aLk .;
lsÍu iòyd o wjYH u. fmkaùu ,nd fokq we;'
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj,g iudc ls%hd iy

iudc ls%hdj,g iïnkaO .eg¨ mokï fõ
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK lrkqfha iudc ls%hd mokï lrf.k h' iudc ls%hdjla
hkq iudc tallhlg iïnkaO mqoa.,hka lrk ls%hdjls' WodyrK folla jkqfha
.=rejrhl= <uhska 45la isák 10 jk fY%aKsfha mka;shlg —Ôúka j¾.SlrKh˜ hk
úoHdj mdvu W.ekaùu iy <uhska úisfokl= isák l=vd mdi,l 3 yd 4 mka;s fofla
isák <uhska ;=ka fokl=g" WmdêOdß .=rejrhl=, —wfma f.j;a;˜ .ek mdvula
nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùfï l%uYs,am wkqj W.ekaùu h'
wm fjk;a jD;a;Ska yd iïnkaO iudc ls%hd ද y`ÿkd .ksuq' ta wkqj
úÿy,am;sjrhl=g iïnkaO WodyrKhla jkqfha mdi,a fkdmeñKs .=rejreka mia
fokl=f.a ld,igyk wdjrKh lsÍug, jev mejÍfï ie,eiaula ieliSu h' nia
r:hl fldkafodia;rjrhl= u.Skaf.ka uqo,a f.k, ta iòyd álÜ m;la ksl=;a
fkdlsÍu m%jdyk lafIa;%fha iudc ls%hdjlg WodyrKhls' frday,l ffjoHjrhl=
idhkhg meñKs frda.Ska 25 fokl= mÍlaId lr m%;sldr ,nd §u iy fmd,sia
ks,Odßhl= y;ruxyxÈhl isg úúO Èidj,ska meñfKk jdyk yeisrùu ;j;a
WodyrK fõ'
2
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK i|yd iudc ls%hdjla
.eUqßka ú.%y lr yÿkd .ekSu wjYH fõ
iudc ls%hdjla .eUqßka ú.%y lsÍug WodyrKhla" mdi,la wdY%fhka" my;
iòyka mßÈ fm< .eiaúh yels h'
mdi, fmdÿ m%jdyk fiajd iys; uyd ud¾.fha isg ls'ñ' 2la ÿßka msysá ksid
.=rejreka mdi,g meñKSu m%udo fõ'
mdif,a z.=re m%udohZ hk iudc ls%hdjg iïnkaO jD;a;slhka jkqfha
úÿy,am;s" .=rejreka" mdi,a YsIHhska iy .fï m%cdjhs' fï tla tla lKavdhu —.=re
m%udoh˜hk .eg¨j ms<snò j olajk woyia iy lKavdhïj, wdl,am biau;= lr
.ekSfuka iudc ls%hdjg iïnkaO jk ie`.jqKq .eg¨ o biau;= lr .; yels h'
· .=re m%udoh ksid úÿy,am;sg ld, igyk l<ukdlrKfha § .eg¨ we;s fõ'
· .=rejreka lsf,daógr folla mhska wd hq;= ksid Tjqkaf.a fjfyi mka;s
ldur bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,shg n,mEï lrhs'
· m%udo ù meñfKk .=rejreka olsk m%cd idudcslfhda .=rejreka flfrys
wys;lr wdl,am we;s lr .ks;s'
· YsIHhka tÈfkod imqrd .; hq;= ksmqK;d uÜgï imqrd .ekSfuys ,d ÿIalr;d
mek k.S'
· wOHdmk ld¾hd,fha ks,OdÍka o fï mdi,g meñKSfï ,d ukafoda;aidys ùu
ksid mdif,a mßmd,k lghq;= úêu;a njlska f;drj" .,d hdug ;j ÿrg;a
bv yir mEoS ;sfí'
· wOHdmk kS;sh wkqj m%udo ù meñKSu .=rejrekaf.a flá ksjdvqj,ska ys,õ
lr .; hq;= ksid" kS;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍug hk úÿy,am;s yd .=rejreka w;r
.egqï we;s fõ'
· mdi,g m%udo ù meñfKk .=rejrhd úkdä 10la m%udo ù mka;shg meñK
úkdä 40lska l< hq;= úoHd mdvula ^Wod( ridhksl nkaOk tallfha ixhqc
nkaOk wdlD;sh - 10 jk fY%aKsh& úkdä 30lska wjika lsÍug ;e;a lsÍfï §"
YsIHhkaf.a ukfia ;=,kh fuka u .=rejrhdf.a ukfia ;=,kh o iunr
fkd jk ksid mdvu iunr j lsÍug fkdyels fõ' túg YsIH YsIHdjkag
mdvfukA wfmalaIs; ixl,am .,d hdfï .eg¨j we;s fõ'
.=re m%udoh hk iudc ls%hdjg iïnkaO jk wjika jrg i|yka l< .eg¨
wjia:dfõ § .=rejrhl=g" wdldr ;=klska iajlSh m%udo ùfï ls%hdj ms<snò j
m%;HfõlaIKfha fhÈh yels h'
· m%udo ù mdvu wdrïN lr ls%hd;aul lr f.k hk w;r;=r oS
m%;HfõlaIKfha fh§u( fuh iuld,Sk m%;HfõlaIKh (Reection-in-
3
action) f,i y`ÿkajkq ,efí' tjeks wjia:djl .=rejßhlg l< yels
m%;HfõlaIKhla my; oelafõ'
wo <uhsj wU .y hgg f.ksyska mdvu lrkakhs ie,iqï lf<a' ta;a oeka

úkdä 10la mrlal= fj,d ksid oeka hkak .sfhd;a ;j;a úkdä 10la
hkjd' mka;sh we;=f< b|f.k fï l%shdldrlï lrkak;a neye' ta uÈjg
wdj fj,dfj b|, kvq f.akj' lE .ykj' uu mrlal= fjÉp úkdä 10 §
<uhska w;r úúO .egqï we;s fj,d' uf.a m%udoh j<lajd .kak l%uhla
kï fydhd .kaku ´kE'
· mdvu W.kajd wjika lsÍfuka miq lrkq ,nk m%;HfõlaIKh( fuh

miqld,Sk m%;HfõlaIKh (Reection-on-action) f,i y`ÿkajkq ,efí'
m%udo ù werUQ mdvula wjidkfha .=rejßhl ,shQ m%;HfõlaIK igyklaa
my; ±lafõ'
wo fï tallfha bjr lrkak ;snqK wka;su fldgi ksid mdvu lrkak

fyd|g ie,iqï lrf.k iafldaf,a .sfha' úfkdao ckl l%Svdjlska
ixl,am yÿkaj, §, lKavdhï lr .kak;a ´k WKd' ta;a m<fjks
úkdä 10 m%udo WK ksid yeufoau wjq,a WKd' taflka wo ojiu wjq,a'
ie<iqï lrmq úosyg ke;=j kslï <. <. bkak <uhs lKavdhï lrmq
tflka n,dfmdfrd;a;= WK wruqK bIaG WfKa u kE' olaI <uhs tlu
lKavdhïj,g jegqfK' ta ksid ÿ¾j, wks;a <uhs yhsfhka lE .ykak
.;a; jev fkdlr' nf,ka ksYaYío flfrõjg ug u f;areKd mdvu
álla yrs f;arefKa m<fjks lKavdhfï ;=ka y;r fofklag ú;rhs
lsh,' ksjdvq ojia fofla lrf.k tkak fokak ysgmq mejreu fokak;a
wu;l WKd' oeka b;ska B <. ojfi jefâg;a lrorhsfk'
· ls%hdjla isÿ lsÍug fmr ta ls%hdj ie,iqï lsÍu iòyd lrkq ,nk
m%;HfõlaIKh( ls%hdjla iòyd jQ m%;HfõlaIKh (Reection-for-action)
f,i ye`Èkafõ' m%udo ù mdvu l< .=re;=ñh bÈß i;sfha § weröug iQodkï
jQ mdvula ie,iqï lsÍu ms<snò j ,shk ,o m%;HfõlaIK igyklaa iòyd
WodyrKhla my; ±lafõ'
4
óg miafikï m<fjks mSßhâ tl óg jvd fjkia úosyg ie<iqï
lrkjd' udfi uq,osu lKavdhï fno, ;shd.;a;kï fj,dj;a b;=rehs'
f.orska lrkak fok mejreu fld<hl f,dl=jg ,shdf.k .syska
ì;a;sfh w,jkak ,Eia;s lr.kakjd' t;fldg meyeos,s lrkak ú;rhs
´k' <uhsg ksoyia fj,djl tal ,shd.kak lshkak mq¨jka' lKavdhï
kdhlfhd ,jd tal wëlaIKh lrjkak;a mq¨jka'
m%;HfõlaIK igyka ,sùfï § wm w;ska wCIr úkHdY fodaI" mo fn§fï fodaI"

jHdlරK fodaI fyda jdlH .e<mSfï fodaI we;s úh yels h' WodyrK f,i by;
m%;HfõlaIKj, my; wlaIr úkHdස fodaI olakg ,efí'
Wod( ie<iqï - ie,iqï úh hq;= h'
WK - jqK úh hq;= h'
<uhsj - <uhska j úh hq;= h'
,sùfï fodaI .ek fkdi,ld wmg mqreÿ NdId ffY,sfhka m%;HfõlaIK
,sùug wm iQodkï úh hq;= h' túg isoaêhla .ek wmg we;s jQ is;=ú,s wjHdc iy
wjxl f,i o" blaukskao f,aLk .; lsÍug yels fõ' jHdlrK .ek fkdis;d wmg
yqre mqreÿ f,i ,shdf.k hdu o jeo.;a h' ,sùfï jHdlrK fodaI miq j ksjerÈ lr
.; yels h' ta wkqj ksjerÈ ,sùu o wmg ilia lr .; yels h ^1 jk Wm.%ka:h o
n,kak&'
ls%hduq,sl m¾fhaIKfha m<uq mshjr iudc ls%hdjlg iïnkaO

.eg¨jla y`ÿkd f.k tlS .eg¨jg iïnkaO
wksl=;a wkq.eg¨ biau;= lr .ekSuhs
.eg¨j y`ÿkd .; hq;af;a jD;a;slhd iïnkaO jk ^by; meyeÈ,s l< mßÈ&
jD;a;sh iudc ls%hd iuqodh u miqìfï ;nd f.k h' m¾fhaIK jd¾;dj ,shk úg tu
jD;a;sh ls%hd iuqodh" .eg¨j ±laùug fmr" .eg¨fõ miqìu fia o úia;r l< yels h
^;sfk;" 2015 iÕrdfõ WfoakS ,shQ 175 - 176 msgq lshjkak&' ke;s kï fuf;la wm
,shd we;s mßÈ .eg¨j yÿkd .;a miq" th ú.%y lsÍfï miq mshjrla f,i o fï miqìï
lreKq y`ÿkd f.k ,súh yels h' miq mshjrla f,i lreKq fidhd ne,Su .ek
WodyrK folla i,ld n,uq'
m<uq WodyrKh wkqj mdi,a fkd meñKs YsIHhl= ms<snò .eg¨jla b,lal
lr f.k l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla Èh;a lsÍug ie,iqï l< .=rejßhlg" ta ioyd
ueÈy;a ùfï §" wkq.eg¨ /ila ms<snò j f;dr;=re ,eìKs' ta ms<snò j weh úiska
,shk ,o m%;HfõlaIK igykla my; ±lafõ ^fuys o ,sùfï fodaI mj;sk nj Tng
fmfkkq we;' taa ,sùfï fodaI m%;HfõlaIK igykaj, § fkdi,ld yeßh yels h'&
5
—chka mdi,a tAug oeä wlue;a;la olajk njg chkaf.a uj
ks;r ks;r meñKs,s l<d h' fuhg fya;= f,i Tyq ujg mjid ;snqfKa
mka;sfha wfkl=;a isiqka ;ukag ks;r Wiq¨ úiq¨ lrk njhs' mka;sfha
wfkla isiqka g jvd chka f.a lgyfvys mj;sk iq¨ fjki ksid
fujeks ;;ajhla óg fmro Woa.; jQ nj Tyqf.a m%d:ñl mka;sNdr
.=rejrekaf.ka oek.kakg ,enqK neúka chkag mdi, m%sh ckl
ia:dkhla njg m;a lsrSu ioyd l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla lsÍug wdrïN
lf<ñ'
lreKq fidhd ne,Sfï § olakg ,enqfKa uq,a jdrfha oS yereKq
fldg chka lsisu isl=rdod oskhl mdi,a meñK ke;s njhs' fï ms<sno
;jÿrg;a lreKq úuik úg fmkS .sfha isl=rdod oskj, úoHd úIh ioyd
ld,fPao folla fjka ù we;s nj;a Tyq úoHd úIhg oeä wlue;a;la
olajk nj;a h' ta lreK wkqj hñka úoHd úIh W.kajk .=re Nj;d
iu. l< l:d nfyaoS fndfyda lreKq wkdjrKh lr.; yels úh' fuu
.=rejrhd chka ms<sno wm%idohlska miqjk nj tu l;dnfyaoS yÿkd .;
yels úh'
Tyq lshd isáfha wks;a isiqka fuka fkdj chka ks;ru È.ska
È.gu b;d ir, lreKq ms<snòj widudkH f,i m%Yak wyk njhs' fï
fl<jrla fkdue;s m%Yak weiSu ksidu m<uq jdrfha § wfmalaIs; tall
ixLHdj iïmQ¾K lsÍug .eg¨ u;= jq nj o mqkÍlaIK b.ekaùï mjd u.
yereKq nj o Tyq ;j ÿrg;a úia;r lf<a h'
flfia jqjo fojk jdrfha isg Tyqf.a tu lrorldÍ iajNdjh wvq
ù Tyq —álla fydò ù˜ we;s jqj;a wfkl=;a isiqkag ndOd lrkakg
fm<fUk nj lSfõ h'˜
iudc ls%hdjla yd tu iudc ls%hdjg iïnkaO .eg¨jla yÿkd f.k tu

.eg¨j ú.%y lrk wdldrh ms<sno j fojk WodyrKh;a i,ld n,uq' YS% ,xldfõ
ckms%h ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK f;aud folla fyj;a .eg¨ folla jk 9 jk fY%aKsfha
<uhl=g wl=re yelshdj fkdue;slu yd l,yldß p¾hd ksrEmKh hk lreKqj,ska
tlla jk wl=re fkdyelshdj .; fyd;a" tu .eg¨jg iïnkaO iudc ls%hd ^1 jk
rEmh& úúO f;aud Tiafia .eUqßka úia;r úh hq;= h'
6
<uhd cSj;a jk
<uhd wh;a jk
.fï jerÈ wdo¾Y
mjqf,a foudmshkaf.a
<uhdg ,eî
wOHdmk uÜgu
we;ao hk j.
mdif,a wNHka;r
fouõmshka ksjfia
kshduk uKav,fha
iduldó j cSj;a
idudcslhkaf.a
jkafka o hk j.
ls%hdldß;ajh
9 jk fYa%Kshg 09 .=rejrekag
meñfKk f;la <uhdg Wmfoia §ug meñKs
b.ekajQ .=rejrekaf.aa jk
.=re WmfoaYljreka
j.ùu bgq fkd jQ whqre YsIHhd 9 jk fY%aKshg
ms<sno o;a; fYa%Ksfha
meñfKk f;la fï
bf.kqu ms<sno j ueÈy;a jQ
wdldrfha fodaI
9 jk fY%aKshg wod< ,nk
úoHd úIhud,dj wkqj i;H
jYfhka u YsIHhd isiqjl=f.a foudmshka
±k isáh hq; wl=re fï ms<sno j ie,ls,su;a
wl=re fkdùu iy .=re fo.=re
ms<sn| lreKq /iaùï mka;s ljj, § fï
fkdyelshdj ms<sno wjOdkh fhduq
fkdjqfKa wehs@
l,dm ld¾hd,fha iïnkaO
wod< ks,OdÍkag fï wOHdmk ld¾hd,j,ska
iudc
ms<sno j meñfKk ks,Odrska
f;dr;=re fkd,enqfKa o@ ls%hd fï ms<sno j fidhd
fkd ne,qfõ wehs@
wl=re fkdyels Wla; .eg,qj yd Bg iïnkaO

orejdf.a oDIaáfhka" úúO lreKq ms<sno j óg fmr
Tyqg wfkla <uhska fmfkk lr we;s m¾fhaIKj,$úúO
whqre' ta wkqj Tyqf.a uki fmd;am;aj, iòyka f;dr;=re
úlD;s ùug we;s bv lv îdys;H úu¾Ykh fyj;a idys;H
ms<snò udkisl lreKq ixo¾Nh ú.%y lsÍu'&
jdr úNd. ,l=Kq
mokï lr f.k
m%;sld¾h jevigyka ls%hd;aul
fkdjqfKa wehs@ jdr úNd.
meje;aùfï wruqKq
fuhska bgq ù ke;ao @
1 jk rEmh' .eg¨jg iïnkaO iudc ls%hd
7
1 jk rEmfha we;s lreKq m%Odk f;aud follg fnÈh yels h'
· <uhdf.a ksjfia mßirhg wod< lreKq iy
· .eg¨jg uqyqK mE .=rejrhd isák mdi,g iïnkaO lreKq
f,i h' id¾:l ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla ioyd m<uq j .eg¨jg iïnkaO <uhd iy
tu <uhdf.a miqìï f;dr;=re .ek lreKq fiùu w;HjYH fõ' tfy;a <uhdg
wod< lreKq fiùfuka iy <uhdf.a .eg¨j úi£ug ueÈy;a ùfuka muKla
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhl ,CIK biau;= fkd fõ' .eg¨jg iïnkaO <uhd isák
mdi, iy mdif,a <uhdg W.kajk .=rejrhd jk ;ud .ek o lreKq fidhñka ta
.ek;a m%;HfõlaIKh lsÍu wjYH fõ' tkï <uhd hy u. heùug ;sfnk mdi,
úiska bgq l< hq;= N+ñld yd j.ùï bgq jQfha o hkak ms<snò lreKq fidhd ne,Su o
jeo.;a h ^2 jk rEmh&'
wl=re fkd yels <uhd ksji
fhduq úh hq;= h'

lreKq fiùu'
lreKq fiùu"
;u wdh;kh
N+ñldj iy
idïm%odhsl
;ud" ;u
fj; o
.=re m¾fhaIl
mdi,
2 jk rEmh' <uhd .ek" ;ud .ek yd ;u wdh;kh .ek lreKq fiùug fhduq ùu
WodyrKhla jYfhka ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhl fldgila lshjd n,uq'
—fuu iqúfYaIs .;s,laIK we;s ùug hï fya;=jla we;a±hs fidhd

ne,Sug ud fm,fUkafka fuu f;dr;=re wkqjhs' uq,ska u uu wehf.a
m%d:ñl .=re;=ñhf.a woyia fufkys lf<ñ' wehg wkqj fuu ÈhKsh
m%d:ñl wjêfha È.g u miqng wlSlre fkdie,ls,su;a orejl= ù ;sfí'
tfia kï wehf.a mjq,a mßirfha lsishï .eg¨jla fï iòyd n,mdkakg
we;a±hs ud is; ;=< ielhla u;= úh' tu ksid wehf.a uj uqK .eiS
idlÉPd lf<ñ' weh ;u orejka ms<snò j fidhd n,kakg fyda mdif,a
fmdÿ lghq;= iòyd b;d wvqfjka iyNd.s jk wfhls' tfia iyNd.s jqj o
.=rejreka iu. l:d lsÍug fkd/`§ msg j hhs'
8
b;d ióm j ksÍlaIKfhka fidhd .;a ÈhKshf.a mqxÑ hym;a
.=Kdx.hla tkï —mx;sh w;= .Eu fydÈka lrk nj˜ lshñka weh ûj&
l:djg fhduq lr .;sñ'
weh úfoaY .; jkafka ms%hYdks ÈhKsh iy ksjqka fidhqrdg udi
lsysmhla jk b;d l=vd wjêfha h' ta jk úg wjqreÿ 3"5 muK msßñ
fidhqrka fofokl= yd ksjqka fidhqrl= w;r ujf.a /ljrKh o
fkdue;sj lsßwïud hgf;a f.ùug isÿùu wehg fujka o`.ldr wlSlre
.;s ,laIK msysgkakg fya;= jqjd úh yels h' wehf.a fmr mdi,a iufha
kej; o weh úfoaY .; ù we;' fuu orejkaf.a uQ,sl wOHdmkhg
ujf.ka fyda ksjiska neyer fmof¾re l¾udka;fha fhfok mshdf.a fyda
iydh ,eî we;af;a w,am jYfhks' fuu orejka isõ fokdf.a u ,sùfï
lshùfï iy wjfndaO lr .ekSfï yelshdj b;d my< uÜgul jk w;r"
ks;r u ÿUqre meye jQ weÿï mdjyka fkd m<`§' krl jpk l:d lrhs'
ks;r u l,y lr ovqjï ,nhs' uj mjik mßÈ ms%hdYdkS ÈhKsh ujg mjd
krl jpkfhka nek j§' is;+ ´kEu fõ,djl fkdlshd ksjiska neyer
j hhs˜ ^úfÊfldaka" 2015&'
Wla; fldgiska meyeÈ,s jkqfha 8 jk fY%aKsfha ±ßhlf.a wlSlre yeisÍï

rgdjg n,mE ksjig wod< lreKQ muKla m¾fhaIlhd úiska ú.%y lr we;s nj h'
m<uq jk fYa%Ksfha isg 8 jk fYa%Ksh olajd" mdif,a .; l< ±ßhf.a hy meje;au
we;s lsÍug mdi, wiu;a ùug wod< lreKq .ek iòyka lr ke;' fï wkqj iudc
ls%hdjg iïnkaO m¾fhaIK lrk m¾fhaIlhd iy m¾fhaIlhd issák wdh;kfha
wfkl=la wh ms<sno j o lreKq fidhd ne,sh hq;= h' fuys uQ,sl mrud¾:h" iudcfha
fldgila jYfhka iudc ls%hdjg wm ksid jQ n,mEula ù ±hs" iqúfYaI j y`ÿkd
.ekSu h'
1 jk rEmh wkqj uq,ska u yÿkd .;a .eg¨j mokï lr f.k wkq.eg¨
.Kkdjla y`ÿkd .ekSug yelshdj ,efnk nj ±ka Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;' fï f,i
wkq.eg¨ yÿkd .ekSu iòyd m%;HfõlaIKh o bjy,a lr .; yels h'
fuf;la idlÉcd l< lreKq wkqj meyeÈ,s jkqfha .eg¨j we;s jk mßirh
fyj;a ud iïnkaO jk iudc ls%hdjg wod< mßirh b;d l=vd fuka u b;d m<,a
iudc rduqjla úh yels nj h' 3 jk rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ" .eg¨j we;s jkqfha
YsIHhl= iïnkaO j kï .eg¨ m%foaYh YsIHhdg iSud fõ' ;j;a iuyr úgl .eg¨j
we;s jkqfha YsIHhka lKavdhula mokï lr f.k h' túg m¾fhaIlhdf.a
ie,ls,a, fhduq jk mßirh úYd, fõ' iuyr úg uq`M mka;shla ke;skï iïmQ¾K
úIhhla .eg¨ m%foaYh úh yels h' túg .eg¨ m%foaYh jvd;a ixlS¾K fõ'
9
Small Groups
l=vd lKavdhï
Student
YsIHhd
Issues that cut across all
areas of schooling
mdif,a iEu jmißhla u
yryd úysfok
Small Groups újdodmkak m%Yak
l=vd lKavdhï
Areas of Concern
All areas of concern are ultimately about improving
teaching, learning, schooling and ourselves.
wjika jifhka ie,ls,a, fhduq jkafka W.ekaùu" Wf.kSu"
mdi,alrKh iy wfma u jeäÈhqKqj h'
3 jk rEmh' ie,ls,a, fhduq jk l=vd iy m<,a lafIa;%

uQ,dY%h ( Holly, Arhar & Kasten (2005)
10
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha fo jk mshjr y÷kd .;a
wkq.eg¨j ms<sno j lreKq fidhd ne,Suhs
y`ÿkd .;a .eg¨fõ úúO wkq.eg¨ mj;sk nj fuf;la idlÉcd l<
lreKqj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ' ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla lsÍfï § fojkqj l< hq;af;a
fufia yÿkd .;a wkq.eg¨j,ska úi§u iòyd wkq.eg¨jla fyda folla f;dard f.k
tajd .ek lreKq fidhd ne,Su h' fuys os ;ud bgq lrk jD;a;aSh N+ñldjg wod< j
úiÈh hq;= .eg¨fõ m<,a jmißhg wh;a tl wkq.eg¨jla fyda wkq.eg¨ lsysmhla
f;dard .ekSu jeo.;a h' ke; fyd;a ;udg l<ukdlrKh lr .; yels
wkq.eg¨jla muKla f;dard .; hq;= h'
fï wdldrfhka f;dard .;a wkq.eg¨j fyda wkq.eg¨ .ek lreKq fidhd
ne,Su iòyd Ndú; l< yels l%u Ys,am .Kkdjls ^1 jk j.=j&' fï lreKq fidhd
ne,Sfï l%uj,ska jD;a;slhdg" ;u N+ñldjg wkqj Ndú; l< yels myiq l%u tlla
fyda lSmhla f;dardf.k o;a; /ia l< yels h' ta wkqj úi`Èh hq;= wkq.eg¨j .ek
jvd fyd`Èka wjfndaO lr .ekSug yelshdj o ,nd .; yels h' ±ka wms lreKq fidhd
n,k tla tla l%uh .ek y`ÿkd .ksuq'
1 jk j.=j' lreKq fidhd ne,Sfï WmlrK$ l%u
ksÍlaIKh iïuqL idlÉPd f,aLk iy fjk;a o;a; uq,dY%
(Field text, Note taking and (Informal interviews) (Student work )

Field notes) wúêu;a iïuqL idlÉcd YsIH f,aLk
lafIa;% fm<" igyka
(Formal interviews)
;nd .ekSu úêu;a iïuqL idlÉcd
(Photogrphs and video
yd lafIa;% igyka and audio)
(Questionnaires) cdhdrEm" ùäfhda iy Yío mg
(Shadow study) m%Yakdj,s
(Physical traces) - fN!;sl
fijKe,s wOHhkh
(Attitude scales) fydavqjd $ i,l=Kq
wdl,am mrsudK
(Anecdotal records) (Cartoon) - ldgqka
WmdLHdkuh jd¾;d (Checklist) - úuiqï m;
(Memoir) - u;l igyka
(Rating scale) - m%udKk mßudK
(Log, Diary, Vedio Journal)
f,d.a" Èkfmd;" ùäfhda (Critical incident interview) (Reective journal) -
i.rd úfõpkd;aul isoaê iïuqL idlÉcd m%;HfõlaIK i`.rdj
(Sociogram) - iudcñ;sl l%ufõo (Content analysis)

(Checklist) - úuiqï m;
ikaOdr úYAf,aIKh
(Projective technique)
(Rating scale) m%lafIamK l%u Ys,am
m%udKk mrsudKh
(Focus group interviews)
kdNs.; lKavdhï iïuqL idlÉcd
11
ksÍlaIKh
lafIa;% fm< ^Field text) iy lafIa;% igyk (Field note)
lafIa;%fha § ,nk w;aoelSïj, úúO me;s ksfhdackh lsÍug m¾fhaIlhka
úiska ks¾udKh lrkq ,nkqfha lafIa;% fm<hs' lafIa;% igyka jeks o;a; wdLHdk"
m¾fhaIKfha § lafIa;% fm< f,i yeÈkaúh yelsh' o;a; ^Data) f,i fkdj —fm<˜
f,i tajd y`ÿkajkq ,nkqfha tajdfha mj;sk wdLHdk .=Kh ksid h' o;a; hkq isoaê
ms<snò jdia;úl jd¾;d .; lsÍï h' fmf<ys tu .=Kh ke;' lafIa;% igyka ,sùfï §
wkq.ukh l< hq;= úúO Wmfoia ;sfí' tfy;a m¾fhaIlfhda ;u ;ukag wdfõKsl
m%fõYj,ska lafIa;% igyka ;nd .ks;s' WodyrK jYfhka Vulliamy (1990) ;u
lafIa;% igykaj, wvx.= jQ m%j¾. fufia yÿkd .kS'
· ksÍlaIKfhka Wlyd .;a úia;r iy o< ie,iqï
· wyïfnka$wkshñka mqoa.,hka yd l;d nfyka ,nk f;dr;=re
· jvd úêu;a iïuqL idlÉPdj,ska ,nd .kakd f;dr;=re
· wod< f,aLkj,ska Wmqgd .kakd WOD;
· fm!oa.,sl m%;HfõlaId
· m¾fhaIKh ixj¾Okh jk úg lrkq ,nk l%ufõod;aul m%;HfõlaIK
· o;a;j, úúO me;s ms<snò m%d:ñl úYaf,aIK
lafIa;% igyka ;nd .ekSu ms<sno j m¾fhaIK ksnkaOhlska WodyrKhla
my; ±lafõ'
—ksÍlaIK o;a; jd¾;d lrk ,oafoa jeä jYfhka u lafIa;% igyka u.sks'
lafIa;% igyka ;eîfï uQ,O¾uh f,i yeu¾ia,s yd weÜlskaika
(Hammersley & Atkinson) úiska ioyka lrkafka ksrSlaIKh l<
iefklska u ksÍlaIlhd ÿgq foa tmßoafoka u úia;r iys; j igyka l<
hq;= njhs' ta wkqj iyNd.s ksrSlaIlhka ;u osk fmd;aj, ta ta isÿùïj,
fõ,dj" ia:dkh" iyNd.s jQjka we;=<;a jk fia ksÍlaIK igyka lr .kq
,efí' fuu m¾fhaIlhd o Wmfhda.s lr .;af;a osk fmd; ^Diaries& h'
ksrSlaIKh lrk wjia:dfõ oS u jd¾;d lr .ekSu m%dfhda.sl jYfhka
wmyiq ksid yels ;rï ixjdo ^Conversations) muKla ,shd .ekSug;a
wfkla f;dr;=re fláfhka igyka lr .ekSug;a isÿ úh' flfia jqj;a
m¾fhaIKhg wod< hhs is;+ iEu lreKla u tu isÿùu isÿ jQ oji we;=<;
§ u iïmQ¾Kfhka ksjerÈ jk fia jd¾;d lr .ekSug m¾fhaIlhd j.
n,d .kakd ,§ ^wkq,dj;S" 1991&'
12
fijKe,s wOHhkh (Shadow study)
fuys § yÿkd .;a .eg¨jlg iïnkaO j YsIHhl= fyda YsIHhka lKavdhula
wLKav j mÍlaId lrñka ksÍlaIKh lrñka o;a; /ia l< hq;= fõ' .eg¨j iïnkaO
j YsIHhd fyda YsIH lKavdhu i;= fijKe,a, fuka m¾fhaIlhd o tu msßi iu`.
u isg o;a; /ia lrkq ,efí' tu.ska tu <uhd fyda <ud lKavdhu ms<sno j wLKav
.eUqre ±kqula ,nd .ekSug yelshdj ,efí' WodyrKhla my; ±lafõ'
—m<uqfjks fY%aKshg w¨;ska msúiqk <uhska 35 fokdf.ka tla <uhl=
mdi,g we;=<;a jQ uj iu. kej; hdug wjYHhehs mjiñka wvkakg mgka .;af;a
h' túg .=re;=ñh WmdhYS,s j tu <uhd mka;sfha rojd uj ksjig msg;a lr heù h'
wk;=re j fï <uhd mka;sfha wfkl=;a <uhska iu. iudcdkqfhda.s jk wdldrh
.ek fidhd ne,Sug ;SrKh l<d h' ta wkqj yeu mdvï wjia:djl § u <uhd
iqúfYaIs j ksÍlaIKh lrñka Tyq ksÍlaIKh lrk jd¾;d igyka lr .;a;d h'
tu.ska <uhd l%udkql+, j mka;shg yqre jk whqre wOHhkh l<d h'˜
WmdLHdk jd¾;d $ril:duh jd¾;d (Anecdotal records)

.=rejrhl= mka;s ldurfha W.kajk úg Tyqg uqyqK oSug isÿ jQ my; isoaêh
.ek wjOdkh fhduq lruq'
—.eUqre jpk .=rejrhd meyeÈ,s lrf.k hk úg <uhd tlajr u fmd;

lgq .dkq ±lSu ksid .=rejrhdg tlajr u mdvu keje;aùug isÿúh'
fma<sfha wfkla <uhska o ta foi ne,Sug fhduq ùu ksid Tjqkaf.a
wjOdkh .=rejrhd fj;ska ìoS hdu thg fya;= úh yels h' th mdvfï
.,d hdug ndOdjla úh' bka miq uu tf,i lgq .Efõ wehs@ hkak
<uhdf.ka úuisñ' túg <uhd fïifha ysi ;nd .;af;a h' YsIHhd
iómhg u f.dia Tyqf.a ysi w;ska w,a,d Tijk ,o úg oS ÿgqfõ lÿ`: msrS
we;s Tyqf.a oEihs'˜
fujeks WmdLHdk jd¾;d $ri l:duh jd¾;d Ânecdotal records& o o;a;

f,i Ndú; l< yels h'
;s,lr;ak (2015) —.eñ osúh yd uelS hk .eñ jyr˜ hk lD;sfha 67 jk
msgqfõ fujeks ri l;duh jd¾;djla we;=<;a lr we;'
—biafldaf, fl<jrl msysá uvqj lsrsuvqj úh' <uhska iòyd osjd wdydrh
tys ms<sfh, úh' i;shlg fooskla n;a" b;srs osk lsrs ,nd oSu isÿúh' lsrs
îu iòyd f.orska f.k wd fmd,al=regq bj;ajk mrsos iQrd ilia l<
fmd,algqjla yeu <uhl= w; u úh'
13
th l=vd fmd,a lgqjla fkdj ye,s.yl f.ählska ,nd .;a ye,s
fmd,algqjls' tys lsrs jeä m%udKhla w,a,k ksid orefjda tjekakla
f.k wdy' n;afok oskg n; iu. mrsmamq" m,d ue,a,qula yd yd,aueiaika
úh' fuksidu mdi,g tk <uhska m%udKh jeä úh' bf.kqug flfia
fj;;a lEug <uhs meñKshy' fuksidu mdi,a meñKSu o ÈhqKq úh'˜
osidkdhl ^2016& rpkd l< —yrj;a wOHdmkhg u.˜ lD;sfha 62 msgqfõ o

fujeks wdldr jd¾;djla oelafõ'
—óg mkia jirlg fmr ;snQ —fkdoshqKq wOHdmk l%uh˜ ;=< oskm;d u
j;= jev" tkï lDIsl¾u lghq;= - isiqka úiska l< hq;= úh' i;shlg jrla
w;ajev fh§ ;sìKs' fï lghq;= werUqfKa f;jk mka;sfha isg h'
mdGYd,d mÍlaIljrhd jd¾Isl mÍlaIKhg tk Èk mdif,a úfYaI
ieris,a, f,i Èia jQfha isiq orejka mdif,a § u lrk ,o mka;s ì;a;sj,
t,a,kq ,enQ fmd,algq ye`È" jÜá fmÜá" brgq bo,a" fldyq,Kq" uqä" fldyq
lU" mdmsis" bÈfld< b,m;a" bÈfld< f;dmams" yeÈ w,a¨" f,akaiq" fldÜg
ljr wd§ foa h˜'
.Ks;h úIhhg wod< j ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKh;a ,shQ l=udßydñ ^2015& o

fujeks ri l:duh isoaêhla jd¾;d lr we;'
2015'07'27 Èk iydh b.ekaùu ioyd mdi,g .sfhñ' by; isiqka yh

fokdf.ka fofofkla tu mdif,a orejka h' mdi,a f.aÜgqfjka we;=M
jk úg u m%;sld¾h jevigykg iyNd.s jk YsIHdjka fofofkla fmrg
meñK fufia mejiqy'
—àp¾ tod ÈkQIghs bIdrghs àp¾ ÿkak ,shqï thd, u. § u
levqjd' wms bkak ;ek u lsfhõjd' bIdrd wevqjd' wevqfõ wehs lsh, wms
weyqjyu zug àp¾ .ek ÿl ys;=kd' wïu;a u;la jqKd"Z lsõjd' B<.
ojfi bo, .Kka yokafka ke;sj bkafka keye lsh, fokaku lsjqjd'
r;a;rka mq;d lsh, ug ljqre;a lsh, kE lsh, bIdrd lsjqj'˜
f,d.a igyka
f,d.a igyka ksÍlaIKh u.ska o ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ls%hdoduh iòyd
wjYH o;a; ,nd .; yelsh' ta iòyd f,d.a igyka b;d mÍlaIdfjka wOHhkh
lsÍu wjYH fõ' mdi,aj, iqúfYaI jYfhka isÿjk isoaê ish,a, u mdfya wka;¾.;
jk f,aLkh f,d.a igyka fmd;hs'
14
mdi,a kshduk uKav,hg wh;a fcaHIaG .=rejreka ;sfofkl= úiska" <uhska
362la bf.kqu ,nk m%d:ñl mdi,l" 5 jk fYa%Ksfha isiqka úis kj fokdg wod<
mka;sNdr .=rejrsh úiska" mdvula W.ekaùu wëlaIKh l< wjia:djla .ek"
úÿy,am;sjrhl=" f,d.a fmdf;a my; f,i igyka ;nd ;snqKs'
—wo osk y;rjk ld,Éfþofha oS mfya mka;sfha bx.S%is mdvu wëlaIKh

msKsi kshduk uKav,fha Okfiak uhd;a" l=udrs ñh;a" uu;a iyNd.s
jQfhuq' mka;sfha <uqka y;a fokdu mdi,a meñK isá w;r" iqcSjd
fufkúh bx.S%is .S;hla .dhkh ms<snoj lrk ,o mdvu úkdä 40la
wëlaIKh lf<uq' b.ekaùï lghq;= fydoska isÿjQj;a miqmi u fma<sfha
jdä ù isá Yd,s; ùrisrs YsIHhd lsisúgl;a icSù j mdvug iïnkaO jQ
nj;a fkdfmfkk ksid miqj Tyqj mqoa.,slj leojd Tyqqf.a wod< úIh
oekqu ms<snoj úuiSñ' tfy;a Tyqf.a bx.%Sis úIh oekqu w;sYhska u ÿ¾j,
ksid fï ms<snoj idlÉPd lsrSug fyg osk ujg fyda mshdg mdi,g
meñfKk f,i okajd heùñ' wod< idlÉPdjg iyNd.s jk f,i bx.%Sis
Wm.=re iqcSjd fufkúhg o oekaùñ'˜
wNHka;r kshduk ld¾hh isÿl< lKavdhu" ksis f,i 5 jk fYa%Ksfha

bx.s%is mdvu kshdukh l< nj" úÿy,am;s f,d.a fmdf;a ,shd we;' wl=re neß <uhd
.ek o igyka lr we;' m¾fhaIlhdg wod< YsIHhd ms<sno f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï §
o;a;hla f,i fï f,d.a igyk Wmqgd .; yels h'
Èkfmd;
wjia:djla fyda isoaêhla ^Wod ( mka;s ldurhl mdvula& ms<snò lreKq iDcq j
jd¾;d lsÍug muKla Èkfmd;a iSud úh hq;= ke;' wjia:djg fyda isoaêhg iïnkaO
ùfï § fyda iyNd.s ùfï § we;s jk ye.Sï o Èkfmdf;a jd¾;d lr .; hq;= h'
· wjia:dj fyda issoaêh ms<sno flá úia;rhla lrkak'
· ixjdo" Ndú; jk jpk ta whqßka u jd¾;d lr .kak'
· hï hï foaj,g" isoaêj,g" t<fUk ;;a;ajj,g m%;spdr ±laùfï §
u;= jk ye.Sï" wdl,am" fm,öï" wjfndaOh o igyka lrkak'
wjia:dj fyda isoaêh kej; m%;sks¾udKh lsÍug by; iòyka ish¨ foa
m%fhdackj;a jkq we;'
m¾fhaIK Èkfmd;" b;du;a jeo.;a o;a; /ia lsÍfï m¾fhaIK l%uhls'
th .=Kd;aul m¾fhaIK úIhfhys b;d jeo.;a ;ekla Wiq,hs' ;j o m¾fhaIKj,
kshef<k .=rejreka iq,N j Ndú; lrk o;a; /ia lrk WmlrKhls' o;a; /ia
lsÍfï l%uhla yd o;a; úYaf,aIKh lrk l%uhla fuka u uq`M m¾fhaIK ls%hdj,sfha
15
§ u .=rejrhd iu. tlg isák i.hl= f,i o Èkfmd; ie,lsh yels h'
m¾fhaIK iòyd Èkfmd;aa m%fhdackj;a jkafka flfia o@ hkq i,ld n,uq'
my; iòyka wx. ,laIK ksid Èkfmd;a úfYaIfhka m%fhdackj;a fõ'
01' Èk fmd;la yd ld,h ;sfí kï" th mqoa.,sl j Ndú; lsÍug myiq u o;a; /ia
lsÍfï l%uhls' fjk;a flkl= fuu ls%hdj,shg iïnkaO ùu wjYH fkd fõ'
02' wfkla o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%uj,ska ,efnk o;a; o fuys we;=<;a l< yels h'
Wod( ksÍlaIKh lr ,efnk o;a;" iïuqL idlÉcdj,ska ,efnk o;a;
03' m¾fhaIKhg Ndckh l< hq;= jvd;a ixfõ§ .eg¨ wOHhkh lsÍug b;d u
iqÿiq l%uhls'
04' .=rejrekaf.a m¾fhaIK yelshd" Èkfmd;a ;nd .ekSfuka ÈhqKq jk w;r"
Tjqkg ;u b.ekaùfï ld¾hh foi kej; wdmiq ne,Sug th Woõjls'
m¾fhaIK Èkfmd;a ,sùu ioyd Wmfoia my; ±lafõ ^ú;dkm;srK" 1996&'

² Èkfmd;la ,sùu fm!oa.,sl ld¾hhla neúka th werö ál ld,hlg miq
,shkakdg wdfõKsl ffY,shla ixj¾Okh fõ'
² fidhd n,kq ,nk m¾fhaIK .eg¨jg .e<fmk mßÈ Èkfmd; ksrka;r j
úêu;a ms<sfj<lg mj;ajd .; hq;= h' Wod( w¨;a b.ekaùï l%uhla
ls%hd;aul lrk m¾fhaIKhl § iEu mdvula wjidkfha § u Èkfmd; ,súh
hq;= h'
² Èkfmd; ,sùu ioyd úfYaI ld,hla" ffoksl ld, igyfkka fjka lrk
wjia:d o we;' fï ld,hg wu;r j wod< wjia:d Wod jQ úg" woyia ys;g wd
úg o Èkfmd;a ,súh yels h'
² Èkfmd;a ,sùug yqre fkd jQ whg fï mqreoao we;s lr .ekSfï § ndOd we;s úh
yels h' mqoa.,sl j ix;Dma;shla we;s jk ld¾hhla f,i fuh lsÍu mqreÿ ùu
ioyd ÿIalr fyda wmyiq wjêhla" Èkfmd;a ;nkakdg .; lsÍug isÿjkq
we;' fuhg fhdok ld,h yd Y%uh m%fhdackj;a ±hs is;k úg tys w;=re M,
.ek;a is;sh hq;= h' Wod( Èkfmd; ,shk úg flkl=f.a ,sùfï yelshdj yd
fõ.h jeä fõ'
² Èkfmdf;ys we;s fm!oa.,sl;ajh fya;=fjka úrdu ,l=Kq" jHdlrK fyda
tjeks iúia;rd;aul lreKq ms<sno j t;rï ie,ls,a,la uq,a wjêfha §
fkd±lajQjdg lula ke;' ksoyia j woyia .,d taug ndOd jk lsis lreKlg
wjOdkh fhduq fkd l< hq;= h'
² Èkfmd;a f,i idudkHfhka Ndú; jkafka jeä .Klulska hq;= igyka
fmd;a h' iuyreka ;ks fld<j, ,shk w;r miqj tajd úúO ud;Dld hgf;a
l%udkql+, j ,sms f.dkqj, oud ms<sfh, lrkq ,efí'
16
² Èkfmdf;ys iEu msgqjl u m<,a odrhla fyda odr folla fome;af;a b;sß jk
fia ,súh hq;= h' fufia b;sß lsÍfuka" miq wjia:djl §" ,shQ igykaj,
fjkila lsÍug" wu;r hula tl;= lsÍug" uq,dY% igyka lsÍug fyda igyka
úYaf,aIKfha § lreKq ,sùug" tu fldgi Ndú; lsÍfï jdish ie,fia'
² iEu igykl u Èkh" fõ,dj" iyNd.s jQ mqoa.,hka" mßir idOl yd fjk;a
jeo.;a fõ hehs is;k úia;r we;=<;a l< yels h'
² úYaf,aIKh lsÍug myiq jk fia fÊo jYfhka ,shd wkqud;Dld háka bß
weÈh yels h'
² úia;r igyka ,shk w;r;=r" l%ufhka f.dv kef.k mgqkla ms<sfh,
lsÍfuka" Èk fmdf;ys f;dr;=re fiùu jvd;a myiqfjka l< yels h'
úuiqï m; ^Checklist )
fuu.ska wfmalaId lrkqfha" mÍlaId lsÍug wfmalaIs; lreKq ,ehsia;=jla
ilid f.k" tajd olakg ,efí oehs ksrSlaIKh lr o;a; /ia lsÍuhs' WodyrKhla
f,i" .=re WmfoaYljrhl= .=rejreka úiska b;sydih úIhh b.ekaùfï § Ndú;
lrk l%u .ek ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla lrkafka kï my; úuiqïm; Ndú; fldg
m<uq j o;a; /ia lr" .eg¨j y`ÿkd .ekSug o ta wkqj WÑ; ueÈy;a ùu ;SrKh
lsÍug o yels h'
fhdod .;a b.ekaùï l%uh we;$ke;
iyfhda.s bf.kqu
E5 l%uh
jHdmD;s l%uh
u. fmkajk ,o wkdjrK l%uh

foaYk l%uh
lKavdhï l%uh
m%udKk mßudKh -Rating Scale

Sagor (2011) my; f,i m%udKk mßudKhla ish —The action research
guidebook lD;sfha olajd we;'
17
wju uQ,sl ixj¾Okd;a b,lal <.d M,odhs by<
ul lr .;a
Low Basic Meeting Productive High
Developing
Expectations
isiqyQ wka isiqyq mjrk isiqyq" mjrk isiqyq ish¨ u ld,Éfþoh uq`:
whg ,o we;eï jev ,o jev mejreï ksu mqrd jefvys ld,Éfþoh
ndOd lsÍu ksu l<y' fndfyduhla l<y' ksr; fjñka mqrd
fyda Tjqkaf.a ld,Éfcofha ksu l<y ' ld,Éfþoh mqrd ish¨ mejreï ls%hdldrlïj,
wOHhk jeäfõ,djla ld,Éfcofha jefvys ksr; ksu l< ksr; jQ w;r"
lghq;=j,g M,odhs f,i jeä fõ,djla jqy' w;r" b,lalh Wmßu
ueÈy;a jev l<y' M,odhS f,i o miq lr W;aidyfhka
ùfuka je< lS jev l<y' .shy' ls%hd l<y'
isáhy'
1 2 3 4 5 6
mka;sfha <uhskaf.a úkh l<ukdlrKh .ek mÍlaId lrk .=rejrhl=g"

mka;sfha tla tla <uhdf.a mj;sk úkh uÜgï yÿkd .ekSug my; i|yka
wdldrfha m%udKk mßudKhla o Ndú; l< yels h'
b;d ÿ¾j,hs ÿ¾j,hs uOHia:hs fydohs b;d fydohs

<uhskaf.a kï 1 2 3 4 5
iïuqL idlÉPd
iïuqL idlÉcd wdldr follg meje;aúh yels h' l,ska iQodkï fkd ù
t<efUk fudfyd;g wkqj isÿ lrk wúêu;a iïuqL idlÉcd iy l,ska iQ±kï ù
fIähq,hlg wkqj isÿ lrk úêu;a iïuqL idlÉcd tu wdldr fol fõ'
wúêu;a iïuqL idlÉPd

y`ÿkd .;a .eg¨jla .ek mQ¾j wdlD;shlska f;dr j idlÉPd lr woyia
,nd .ekSug wúêu;a iïuqL idlÉcdj,ska yels h' WodyrKhla f,i ;s,lr;ak
^2015& iajlSh m¾fhaIK jd¾;dfõ" úÿy,am;sjrhd YsIHdjlf.a Ndrlrejl= iu.
iïuqL idlÉPdfõ fhfoñka f;dr;=re ,nd .kakd wdldrh" my; f,i olajd we;'
18
wdÉÑ ( wfma <uhd mdi,a hkak leu;s keye'
úÿy,am;s ( ta wehs@
wdÉÑ ( fl,a, yrsu uqrKavqhs' wïu;a kE ;d;a;d;a kE lshk fohla
wyka keye'
úoqy,am;s ( <uhg ovqjï lrkj o@
wdÉÑ ( Tõ i¾ û|la ksy`v j isà' wk;=re j ;rfyka l;d lrhs'&
wdÉÑ ( ´lS uf. yeá okakj' ´ls j ux yu .ykj fmd,a,la
lefvk lx ´lsg ux .eyeõfj' mr ne,a,S ux ´lsg
nqre,la fokafka kE'
wúêu;a iïuqL idlÉPd ÿrl:kfhka o l< yels h' l=udr ^2014& bÈrsm;a
lr we;s igykla fï ioyd i,ld n,uq'
—weh wdKuvqj k.rfha fydag,hl wdydr msiSu msKsi Èkm;d

msg;a j hk nj;a Èklg remsh,a 500 uqo,la Wmhd mjqf,a ish¨ fokd
iòyd wdydr yd wfkl=;a wjYH;d msßuik nj;a wi,ajeishkaf.ka ±k
.kakg ,enqKs' uu wehg ÿrl:kfhka weu;Sñ'
uu ( fyf,da''' fï wñ;a mq;df.a wïud o @
uj ( Tõ ''' lõo fï l;d lrkafka@
uu ( uu wreK''' wñ;af.a biafldaf,a i¾ flfkla l;d
lrkafka'
uj ( wfka wehs i¾ mq;dg lrorhlaj;a o@
uu ( keye''' lrorhla fjkakj;a orejd udi .dklska
biafldaf,a .sys,a,d keyefka' wïud okafka keoao orejd
biafldaf, hkafka keye lsh,@
uj ( wfka i¾" mq;df.a ;d;a;d jev lrkafka fld<U'
udfilg ierhla ;uhs f.or weú;a hkafka'
uu ( wehs b;ska fï orejdj biafldaf,a tjkafka ke;af;a@ fyg
weú;a l;d lrkak'˜
úêu;a iïuqL idlÉPd

úêu;a iïuqL idlÉPdfõ § wik m%Yak l,ska ie,iqï lr ,shd .kq ,efí'
iïuqL idlÉPd fIähq,hla ta iòyd ilia lr .; yels h' iïuqL idlÉPdj
mj;ajkqfha tfia ilia lr .;a m%Yakdj,sfha m%Yak mokï lr f.k h'
19
m%Yakdj,s
mQ¾jfhka ie,iqï lr .;a m%Yak ,sÅ; j ,nd § tajdg m%;spdr ,nd .ekSuhs'
9 jk fY%aKsfha wl=re yelshdj fkdue;s isiqjl= iïnkaO j flfrk ls%hduQ,sl
m¾fhaIK ls%hdoduhla ms<sno j 1 jk rEmfha lreKq olajd idlÉcd lf<uq' tu
YsIHhd ms<snò f;dr;=re /ialsÍfï §" mdif,a wNHka;r kshduk uKav,fha
idudcslhkaf.a ls%hdldrs;ajh ms<sno j úuiSug m%Yakdj,shla Ndú; l< yels h'
wNHka;r kshduk uKav,h ksrkaa;rfhka mka;sldur wëlaIKfha fhosh hq;=
neúka" Tjqka mka;s ldurfha mdvï b.ekaùu kshdukfha § wod< ksmqK;d fkdue;s
YsIHhd ms<snò j ksÍlaIK ,nd .;af;a o@ hkakg wod< o;a; m%Yakdj,sfhkaa ,nd .;
yels h'
wdl,am mßudK
f;dard .;a iqúfYaIs lreKla .ek mj;sk wdl,amfha ÈYdj iy .eUqr fidhd
.ekSug wdl,am mßudK Ndú; lrkq ,efí' wdl,am mrsudK úúO rgdj,ska ielish
yels h'
Wod( 1 - mo Ndú;fhka mßudKh ieliSu
o eä j tl. tl. uOHia:hs tl. fjñ ±ä j tl.
fkdfjñ fkdfjñ fjñ
Wkkaÿfjka
.Ks; l¾uj,
fhfoa
<uhdf.a lS%vd
reÑl;ajh
wfmaCIs;
uÜgñka ;sfí
<uhdf.a úIh
iu.dñ
lghq;=j,g
odhl;ajh
m%udKj;a h
Wod( 2 - Wla; mßudKh jpkj,ska f;dr j my; ioyka f,i o ±laúh yels h'
<uhdf.a
.Ks; ms%h;dj -2 -1 0 +1 +2
<uhdf.a
lS%vd -2 -1 0 +1 +2
yelshdj
<uhdf.a
úIh
iu.dñ -2 -1 0 +1 +2
lghq;=j,g
odhl;ajh
20
Wod( 3 - mo iy wxl iys; j mßudKh Ndú;h
<uhdf.a .Ks; ms%h;dj b;d wvqhs 1 2 3 4 5 b;d fydòhs

<uhdf.a lS%vd yelshdj b;d wvqhs 1 2 3 4 5 b;d fydòhs
<uhdf.a úIh iu.dñ b;d wvqhs 1 2 3 4 5 b;d fydòhs
lghq;=j,g odhl;ajh
úfõpkd;aul isoaê iïuqL idlÉPd (Critical incident interview)

iudc l%shdj,g iïnkaO j" úfÉpkhg n÷ka jk isoaê jQfha kï" tu
isoaêhg iDcq j yd jl% j iïnkaO mqoa.,hska iu. iïuqL idlÉcdfjka" wod< isoaê
.eUqßka f;areï .ekSug W;aidy lsÍuhs'
Wod(- · w'fmd'i' îd'fm'& úNd.fhka mdi,l <uhska ish¨ fokd u wiu;a jQy'
· mdi,a .=rejrfhla ;udf.a áhqIka mx;shg meñfKkakehs <uhskag
mejiS h'
· mdi,l ksjfia § <uhdg ,nd fok f.or jev m%udKh ksu lsrSug
YsIHhdg ld,h m%udKj;a fkdùu'
iudcñ;sl mÍlaIK ^Sociogram)

iudc ls%hdjg iïnkaO úúO mqoa.,hka" tlsfkldg leue;a; olajk
wdldrh iy tlsfkldg wleue;s wdldrh ksrEmKh lsÍug iudcñ;sl mÍlaIK
Ndú; l< yels h' B't,a' fudrsika fmkajd fok wkaoug mka;sldur wka;¾
iïnkaO;d yÿkd .ekSfï § fuka u lKavdhï ls%hdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍfï §
iudcñ;sl mÍlaIKh .=rejrhdg b;d jeo.;a fõ' 5 jk rEmh wkqj A iy E <uhska
fofokdg <uhska ;sfokl= ne.ska leu;s h' D <uhdg fofokl= leu;s h' C <uhdg
y;r fokl= leu;s h' B <uhdg tl <uhl= leu;s w;r F <uhdg lsisÿ <uhl=
leu;s ke;'
F E
C
D
4 jk rEmh' mka;sldurfha iudc iïnkaO;d rgd

21
m%lafIaams l%u Ys,amh - Projeccive technique
m%;spdr olajk whf.a m%;spdr wkqj Tjqka i;= fm,Uùï" Wkkaÿ" wfmalaId
jl% j yÿkd .ekSu" m%lafIamS l%u Ys,amhg wh;a fõ' fï l%uh Ndú; l< hq;= jkafka
m%;spdr olajk wh iïuqL idlÉcdj,ska iDcq j iy .eUqßka ms<s;=re ,nd fkd fok
wjia:dj, § h' WodyrKhla f,i zTn mka;sfha <uhskag ie,lSfï § iEu <ufhlau
iudkhehs i,ld lghq;= lrkafka o@Z jeks wdldrfha m%Yakhlg iDcq wjxl ms<s;=re
fkd ,efí' ta ksid my; wdldrhg m%Yak ;eksh yels h'
—Tfí mka;sfha bf.kqug olaI <uhska fuka u wolaI <uhska isáskafka o@˜
{dkj;S ^2015" 83 jk msgqj& m%lafIamS l%u Ys,amh wkqj .=re is;=ú,s yÿkd
.ekSfï ,d myiq jk úia;rhla my; f,i fhdod f.k we;'
ud¾;= udifha uq,a Nd.fha § m%;sM, ksl=;a lrk ,§' wm mdif,a m%;sM,
ys;+ ;rï u krl ke;' tfy;a fydòuhs lshd iEySulg m;aùug;a fkd
yels h'
—wfma l=âfvd ál fydog mdia fj,do@˜
tla .=re uy;añhla ld¾hd,hg meñKsfha tfia wiñks'
—tfyu lshkak tmd Nød uevï" ta <uhs jerÈ lrkak we;s' ta
orejkag wmydi lrkak wmg whs;shla kE '˜ ljo;a iqNjd§j ys;k
wurfldaka uy;añh lSjd h'
—wfka ´f.d,af,da ;uhs ´l=kaj lrg .kafka' fï ojia áfla
álla iekis,af,a ysáhd' wdhsu;a hqoaOh mgka .kshs'˜ weh hkakg
yereKd h'
kdNs.; lKavdhï iïuqL idlÉcd - Focus group interview

.eg¨jlg iïnkaO jk úúO md¾Yj ksfhdackh lrk oy fokl=f.aa muK
lKAvdhula" tl ;eklg /ia lr újD; j iïuqL idlÉPd lr o;a; ,nd .ekSuhs'
;ks j idlÉPd lrk úg woyia ,eîu iSñ; jqj;a fuys § lKavdhfï iudcslhka
tlsfkld woyia ,nd fooa§ ;ukag;a woyia lSug we;ehs wka whg u;la fõ'
wfíisxy ^2015& ish w;aoelSï my; f,i úia;r lr we;'
—;r.h - iuia; ,xld mdie,a ix.S; ;r.h" wdfoaYl NdKav

Ndú;fhka iuQy jdokh" uu whÿïm;la ,Sfjñ' orejkag fï ;r.fha
jákdlu mjid ms<sfj<" yelshdj" yslaóu" wOHdmkh iy ch.%yKh
.ek lshd ÿksñ' uu orejkaf.ka wjika tla m%Yakhla weiqfjñ' ñka
u;a;g Tn mdif,a isákafka fldfydu o@
22
lu,a - — fydòg bkakjd' yeu od u biafldaf,a tkjd'˜
iuka - —uukx fviaj,g ;Ügq lrkakE'˜
mjka - —fmdä u,a,s,d wykjd whshd —ix.Sf; o˜ lrkafka
lsh,d˜
kqjka - —fydog bf.k .kakjd' yeuodu biafldaf,a tkjd'˜
lms, - —wms lÜáh fi!kao¾h iñ;sfha wo isxÿjl=;a lshkjd'˜
uu - —mqreÿ fj,d o@˜
orefjd - —Tõ˜
^n,kak orejkaf.a ixúOdk Yla;sh&
lu,a - —uu wlalf.ka wl=re;a bf.k .kakjd' fudl o"
bf.kSu;a ´kE ix.S; bf.k .kakjd kï lsh,d kekaod
lSjd' ug àp,d fydòhs lsh,d T¨j w; .Ejd' ta yskao uu
YsIH kdhlfhla fjkjd'˜
—fydo mq;d, uu yefudaf.u <`.g .syska T¿j w;
.Efjñ'˜
f,aLk iy fjk;a o;a; uQ,dY%

YsIH f,aLk - Student work
YsIHhka mka;sfha
bf.kqfï § ,shk oE h'
wNHdi fmd;aj, igyka o
YsIH f,aLk h' tfia u
<uhskag o Èk fmd;a fyda
m%;HfõlaIK i`.rd
kv;a;= lr .; yels h'
tajd o YsIH f,aLk h'
;=kAjk fYa%Ksfha YsIHhl=
úiska ,shk ,o f,aLkhla
5 jk rEmfha oela f õ
^.=rejrhd ,shk f,aLk o
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha §
f,aLk o;a; fia ie,lsh
yels h&'
5 jk rEmh' 3 jk fY%aKsfha <uhl=f.a rpkdjla
^wka;¾cd,fhka Wmqgd .kakd ,§&'
23
PdhdrEm" ùäfhda iy Yío mg - Photographs, video and audio
cdhdrEm f.k fyda y`v má.; lrf.k fyda rEm ùäfhda lr f.k fyda o;a;
/ia l< yels h' fufia o;a; /ia lsÍfï § ta iòyd iïnkaO jk YsIHhka" .=rejreka
jeks whf.ka wjir .; hq;= h'
fN!;sl fydavqjd $i,l=Kq - Physical traces

mka;s ldurhl YsIHhkaf.a úkh .ek ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla lrkafka
hhs is;uq' jevuq`:jlg iyNd.s jk .=rejrekaf.a úkh yÿkd .ekSu ioyd o
m¾fhaIKhla l< yels h' fï m¾fhaIK fofla §" tu lKavdhï fol mka;shl fyda
jevuq`:jla wjidkfha msg jk úg" mka;sh fyda Yd,dj ;sfnk ms<sfj< iajNdjh
fyda wms<sfj< iajNdjh ms<snò o;a; /ia lr" úkh .ek ;SrKhla .; yels h'
ldgqka -Cartoon
mdi,aj, úúO ;ekaj, l=regq .Efï ,laIK olakg ,efí' fï l=regq .Efï
iy l=regq .E lreKqj,ska tu mdif,a iudc miqìu ±k .; yels h' iuyr úg
<uhska ldgqka f,i o fhdackd yd woyia m< lrkq we;' tajd o o;a; /ia lsÍfï
uQ,dY%h f,i fhdod .; yels h'
áhqIka wOHdmkh yd úNd. flakaøSh wOHdmk l%ufõoh ms<snò ldgqka
Ys,amSka úiska wÈk ,o ldgqka Ñ;% folla 6 yd 7 rEmj, oelafõ' fuu ldgqka Ñ;% úúO
whqßka w¾:l:kh lrñka" úYd, lafIa;% Tiafia .eUqßka woyia ±laúh yels h'
6 jk rEmh' áhqIka wOHdmkh ms<sno j Ñ;%Ys,ams úfÊfidau úiska

1996'08'13 Èk Èjhsk mqj;am;g w`Èk ,o ldgqka Ñ;%hla
24
7 jk rEmh' úNd. flaka§%h wOHdmkh ms<sno j
wka;¾cd,fha m< ù ;snQ ldgqka Ñ;%hla
u;l igyka (Memoir)

u;l igyk hkq mqoa.,hl=f.a ;u cSú;h ms<sn| úia;rhls' Memoir hk
mofhys 'u;lh' ^Memory) fyda 'w;S;h u;lhg kxjk' ^Reminiscence) hk w¾:
we;' tla w;lska u;l igyka hkq iajhx prs;dmodkhl (Autobiography)
wkqm%j¾.hls' tfy;a foflys fjkila we;' iajhx prs;dmodkhl §" Wmf;a isg
j¾;udkh olajd iajlSh prs; l;dj" ld,dkql%ufhka fm< .iajkq ,efí' th
iuia; úia;rhls' tfy;a u;l igykla hkq cSú;fha tla ld,hlg wod< jQ fyda
Ôú;fha tla isoaêhlg wod< jQ úia;rhls' tu.ska cSú;fha tla ld,hla fyda Ôú;fha
tla isoaêhla .ek iajhx mrSlaIdjla ^Self examination) o m%;HfõlaIKhla
^Reection) o iajhx úYaf,aIKhla (Self analysis) o flfrhs' fidkd,s ±rKssh.,"
Y%S ,xldfõ § ;ud iy ;u mjqf,a idudðlhka ,o Üiqkdñ w;aoelSï mokï lr f.k
,shQ "r<" ^Wave) keue;s lD;sh ^mßj¾;kh: f.daúkakf.a" 2014& u;l igyka
i|yd fyd| WodyrKhls' lD;sfha my; i|yka fþo fol lshùfuka u;l igykl
wldrh Tng wjfndaO jkq we;'
2004 foieïn¾ 26" hd,
uq,§ uu ta .ek lsis;a fkdis;=fjñ' id.rh fjkodg jvd wfma

fydag,hg ióm ù ;snqKd fuks¦ tmuKls' fjr< tlajku uqyqog m;s;
jQ je,af,a .eÜg olajd u iqÿ fmKleá iys; r<la keÕ=fKah' je,af,a ta
È.g ljodj;a c,h olakg fkdùh' ug ta nj lSfõ wfma ñ;=ßh
´¾,eka;d h' wm msg;ajkakg iQodkï oehs wikakg weh u|fj,djlg
fmr wfma fodrg ;Ügq l<dh' wm isáfha msg;a fjkak Tkak fukak
25
lshdh' iaàõ j;=r u, hg úh hq;=h' ke;skï" jeisls<sh ;=< hula
lshjñka isákjd úh hq;=h' wfma orejka fofokd Tjqkaf.a k;a;,a ;E.s
.ek fkdf;afrk l;dnyl fhfoñka wd,skaofhah ^1 jk msgqj&'
yÈisfha ug oeä iS;,la oefkhs' ud Tjqka fjkqfjka k;r
fkdjqKq wdldrh yeuúgu isyshg kef.a' wm ta rf<ka wE;g hk úg" uu
wfma ujqmshkaf.a fydag,a ldurfha fodr wi< fkdkej;=fKñ'
fkdkj;skakg uu ;SrKh lf<ñ' ta ;;amrhlskq;a ksfïIhls' wm
ÿjhñka isákafka fld;ekskao" fldydgoehs uu fkdo;af;ñ' tfy;a uu
ta ;SrKh .;sñ'
ud uf.a uj wjikajrg ÿgqfõ r< tkakg fmr od rd;s%fhah' ?
lEfuka miqj fydag, fgrifha§ uu wehg iqn rd;s%hla me;=fjñ' jeä
fõ,d fkd/÷fKñ' orefjda úvdm;aj isá;s' ud Tjqka kskaog heúh hq;=h'
ud lSfõ iqn rd;s%hlaæ lshd muKs' miqod Wfoa úla uf.a mshdf.ka
b,a,df.k ;snqKq nhsfkdlHq,r hq.< wdmiq b,a,d.kakg Tyq wfma
fodrg ;Ügq l< úg uu uf.a mshd ÿgqfjñ' Tyq wdmiq .uk i|yd we÷ï
levqï wiqrñka isáfhah' uu hka;ñka oEia yer ne¨fjñ' wehs Tn fï
;rï —b<õ˜ ms<sfj,g jev lrkafka@ uu is;=fjñ ^155 - 156 jk msgq&'
fï ioyd ;j;a iïNdjH WodyrKhla jkqfha wEkam%Ekala fo jk f,dal

hqoaO iufha ,shQ Èkfmd; h' tys hqoaO iufha wEkaf.a w;a±lSï úia;rd;aul j ,shd
we;' Bg wu;r j hqoaOhg fmr mdif,a § ,o w;a±lSï o úia;r lr we;' wEka ,shQ
igyka wkqj o meyeÈ,s jkafka" u;l igyka hkq" Èkm;d u fm!oa.,sl ye.Sï yd
ixfõoS;d iu. ,shefjk Èk fmd;la fyda fm!oa.,sl f,aLkhla njhs' Bg
fm!oa.,sl j we;sjk ixfõ§ ye.Sï o we;=<;a l< yels h'
wEka m%Ekala ,shQ Èkfmdf;yss mßj¾;kfhka Wmqgd .;a fldgia lsysmhla
my; ±lafõ ^jekaofndakd" 2016&'
''' wfma uq`: mka;shu fjõ, fjõ, bkafk' fya;=j" ljqreka B<`.
mka;shg hdúo" ljqreka B<Õ mka;shg fkdhdúo" lsh,d ;SrKh
flfrk" <`.§ mj;ajkak hk .=re /iaùu' mka;sfhka Nd.hlau TÜgq
w,a,kj wfma miafia bkak msßñ <uhska fokak CN kqhs cela fldia¾gqhs
ksjdvq ojiaj, b;=re lrmq i,a,s Tlafldu TÜgqjg ;sh,' ta fudav jefâ
.ek GZ ghs ughs yskd' Wfoa bò,d ? jk ;=re —Thd mdia fjhs˜ —kE''
kE''˜— Tõ Thd mdia fjhs˜ —kE'' ux mdia fjkafka kE''˜ ux flaka;sfhka
nksk tajhskaj;a G f.a ne.Em;a ne¨ïj,skaj;a taf.d,a,kaj ksYaYío
26
lrkak nE' mka;sfhka y;frka tlla ú;ru mdia lrkafka ke;sj ;shd
.kak ´kE' ta jqK;a .=rejre ñysmsg bkak úYajdi ;shkak neß
wkdjelsldrfhda' iuyrúg fï ief¾j;a ta f.d,a,kaf.a wkd.; ±lSï
yßhhs lsh, ug ysf;kjd'
udhs uf.a hd`:jka .ekhs ug t;rï nhla kE' ug úiajdi ke;s
tlu úIhh .Ks;h ;uhs' fudkjd jqK;a wmg l< yels tlu foa n,d
bkak tl ú;rhs' t;lka ys;a ÿ¾j, lr .kak tmd lsh,d wms tl
tlaflkdg ks;r lshkjd'
ux wfma mx;shg W.kajk Tlafldu àp¾,d tlal fydòhs' .Ekq
fokakhs msßñ y;a fokhs' Tlafldu ta f.d,a, ku fofkla bkakjd'
wmg .Ks;h W.kajk yerñáldr jhia.; lsSisx ux yq`.dla l;d lrk
yskaod ud tlal ld,hla ;siafiu ;ryhs' lSm ierhlau wjjdo lr,d bjr
fj,d ug wu;r f.or jev mejrejd' peg¾ fndlaia lshk ud;Dldj
hgf;a rpkdjla ,shkak lsh,d' —jdpd, fmÜáh˜ ta .ek fudkjd
,shkako@ ud ta .ek miafia jo fjkakï lsh,d ux ys;d .;a;d' uu
ud;Dldj uf.a igyka fmdf;a ,l=Kq lr,d" tal uf.a nE.a tfla od,d
ioao ke;sj bkak W;aidy flrejd'
tod yji uf.a b;=re f.or jev bjr lrdhska miafia rpkh .ek
igyk uf.a weye .egqKd' *jqkagka mEfka ;=v úsl úl bkak .ukau tal
.ek ux is;kakg mgka .;a;d' ´kE flfkl=g jpk w;r úYd, mr;r
;sh,d je,ajgdrï ,sh yels jqKdg ryi jqfKa l;d lrk tfla wjYHlu
Tmamq flfrk" ms<s.; yels ;¾l bÈßm;a lrk tl' ux ys; ys;d bka±oa§
ug woyila my< jqKd' lSisx ug Ndr § ;snqK msgq ;=k lsh,d uu i;=gg
m;ajqKd' l;d lsÍu .Ekqkaf.a .;shla lsh,d uu ;¾l l<d ^22 jk msgqj&
isl=rdod hqfoõ ,hsishï tfla§ úNd. m%;sM, m%isoaO flrej' uf.a

jd¾;dj tÉpr krlg ;snqfK kE' ug tl D tll=hs ùc .Ks;hg C
tll=hs" ;j;a B foll=hs' B fol wereKu wks;ajg B+ ,eì,d ;snqK'
uf.a wïu, ;d;a;, yß i;=gqhs' fYa%Ks .; lsÍï j,§ wfkla fouõmshka
jf.a fkdfjhs" jd¾;d fydò jqK;a krla jqK;a ta f.d,a, ljodj;a
lk.dgq fjkafk kE' ux Wjukdjg jvd wlSlre fkdù i;=áka" fydò
ikSfmka bkakl,a ta f.d,af,d iEySulg m;a fjkj' fï lreKq ;=k
fydòkï wks;a Tlafldu bfíu yßhkj we;s''' ^29 jk msgqj&
27
biafldf, hk .Ekq <uhl=g tl ojilg lrkak ;shk foaj,a
WodyrKhla úÈhg udj wr.kak' uu fk,aikaf.a wka;su igk .ek
fldgila ´,kao NdIdfjka bx.s%is NdIdjg mßj¾;kh flrej' B<`.g
uyd mSg¾" 12 jk pd¾,aia" n,iïmkak T.iagia iagekaiaf,daia
f,is k a i a l s " ufima m d" f*dka f.da ¾ ia " n% e ka v ka n ¾.a " ngys r
fmdufkaßhdj" kef.kysr fmdufkaßhdj" fvkaud¾lh meg¨Kq W;=re
È. hqoaOh ^1700-21& .ek ;j álla ;shkj' Bg miafia ux n%iS,fha f.dv
neiai' tys § nyshd ÿïfld, .ekhs" ireidr fldams j.dj .ekhs" ßfhdao
cefkhs f rda j , bka k ,la i myf,djla mos x Ñ ldrfhd .ekhs "
m¾kEïnqflda .ekhs" idfjda mdf,da .ekhs" t;kska ú;rla kj;skafk
ke;=j" weufidaka .`. .ekhs lshjkj' B<.g kSf.%da cd;slhka .ekhs"
iqÿ ñksiaiq .ekhs" ishhg 50lg jeä ,shkak lshjkak okak whf.a
wkqmd;h .ekhs" uef,aßhd WK .ekhs lshjkj' ál fõ,djla b;=re
fj,d ;shk yskao uu fm<m;a igykq;a tfyka fufyka lshjkj' fcdaka
o ´,aäf.a bò, ú,shï ÿúia" m<fjka w¾kiaÜ leisó¾" m<fjks fykaß
leisó¾" mqxÑ ud.%sÜ *%ekaisiald ^Wm; 1943 TÜgdjd ys§& olajd''' ^319 jk
msgqj&
wEka" ,shQ igyka wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka" u;l igyka hkq" Èkm;d u
fm!oa.,sl ye.Sï yd ixfõoS;d iu. ,shk Èk fmd;ls' fm!oa.,sl f,aLkhls' fï
wkqj Bg fm!oa.,sl j we;s jk ixfõ§ ye.Sï o we;=<;a l< yels h'
u;l igykaj," wm óg fmr idlÉPd l<" f,d.a igykaaj,g jvd úia;r
wvx.= h' f,d.a igykaj, (Log notes) ,shkqfha isoaê muKs' isoaêj,g iïnkaO
yeÕSï" wdl,am fyda m%;HfõlaIK ,shkq fkd ,efí'
Wod( 2017'01'13 wo mdif,a .=rejreka 10la mQ¾j ksjdvq f.k mdi,g meñK
ke; ^úÿy,am;s ;enQ f,d.a igykls&'
z§¾> i;s wka;hla ksid" ksjdvq Èk w;rg jefgk fï Èkfha .=rejrekaf.a
fkdmeñKSu idOdrKh' .=rejrekag;a úfõlhla ´kfkaZ jeks yeÕSï f,da.a
igykaj, ,shkafka ke;'
28
m%;HfõlaIK i.rdj Reective Journal
fuu o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%ufha § w;a±lsï ms<sno iajlSh ixfõokd ,shk w;r
u m%;HfõlaIK o we;=<;a l< hq;=h' t;=<ska m¾fhaIlhdg myiqfjka .eg¨jla
yÿkd .; yels h¦ .eg¨j .ek úúO me;sj,ska lreKq fidhd n,d úiÿï o yÿkd .;
yels h' my; i|yka fldgi wOHhkh lrkak'
^bx.S%is úIfhys m%;sM, fnfyúka my< jeà ;sìKs' fuu mka;sj, bx.s%is
Wiq¿ úiq¿
orejkaf.a
b.ekaùfï ld¾hfha fh§ issá b;du;a ,dnd, .=re uy;añh ks;r ks;r fuu
isoaê
orejkaf.a Wiq¨ úiq¨j,g ,la jQjdh' fcHIaG .=rejreka mjd fï mka;sj,

b.ekaùug wÈ uÈ lroa§ weh È.ska È.gu tu lror úòord .ksñka ish
ld¾hh fkdlvjd lrf.k .shd h' wehf.a iji mx;sj,g /`§ isá msßi
meñKSu
wvqùu
b;du;a wvqúh' msßñ <uqka mx;s ld,ÉfÊoj,§ mjd bj;aj hdu ms<snoj
lsysm jrla u ug o ueÈy;aùug isÿúh'&
weh b;d fjfyi uykais ù fuu orejkag bx.s%is b.ekaùug W;aidy .;a nj
miqld,Sk m%;HfõCIKh
fkdryils' tfy;a orejka yß yeá bf.k f.k ke;s nj úNd.
lreKq fidhd
m%;sM,j,ska meyeoss,s fõ' orejkaf.a Wkkaÿj fkdue;sj bx.S%is jeks úfoaY
ne,Su
NdIdjla bf.k .; fkdyels nj wms w;aoelSfuka oksuq' tl w;lska fï
orejka fï ;rugj;a bx.s%is úIh iu;aùu ms<snòj i;=gq úh yels h' l,dm
wOHdmk ld¾hd,fhka meñKs ks,OdÍyq fï ms<snò j ;Èka fodaIdfrdamKh
l<y' ta mqxÑ .=re;=ñh fofkf;a l`ÿ`: mqrjdf.k ÿlska isák wdldrh uu
ÿgqfjñ'
—.=re;=ó kï f.dvla uykais jqKd' ;ukaf.a úIh yßhdldrj
iuld,Sk m%;HfõCIKh
W.kajkak' <uhskaf.a Wkkaÿj uÈjqk tl ;uhs m%;sM,j,g
n,mEfõ'˜ ud lshoa§ ud foi o wj{dfjka neÆ l,dm wOHlaI;=ñh"
isoaê
—me,a /lalg" .sks ;emamg jevla kEfka wiajekak fydo ke;akï˜

hkqfjka m%ldY l<dh' ta;a wOHdmkfha ksuejqï uek n,k tlu
ñkqï oKav úNd. m%;sM, muKla o@ fï orejkaf.a ys;=jlaldr .;s
md,kh lr.; fkdyelsj weh wirK jQ wjia:d .ek uu fyd`Èka
oksñ' weh W.;a úúO jQ l%uYs,am w;ayod n,ñka fuu orejkag
wkd.; ls%hdj i|yd m%;HFõCIKh
W.kajkakg ±rE W;aidyh w.h l< hq;=h' ^tfy;a fï ,enqjdjQ

wmlS¾;sh ksidu ;j ;j;a Èßf.k bx.s%is úIh idOk uÜgu by<
kexùu ioyd úúO jevigyka ixúOdkh lsÍug bx.s%is .=reNj;=ka
úi÷u
Èßu;a lf<ñ' ìò jeàu ;=< ,enQ lgql w;a±lSï ;=<ska ,o mkakrh
Tjqkag fmrg hdug Yla;shla jkq we;' WoEik bx.S%is l:k mqyqKq
jevigykla ie,iqï lr ls%hd;aul lsÍug .=re Nj;=ka tlÕ ùu
;=<ska orejkaf.a bx.S%is Ndú; yelshdj ÈhqKqjkq we; ^{dkj;S" 2015"
84 jk msgqj&'
29
úchfldaka ^2012& c¾k,hl ,shQ igyka mokï lrf.k"
m%;HfõlaIKfhka .=rejrhl= ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ls%hdoduhg fhduq lrjd .;a
wdldrh my; f,i olajd we;'
—'''wä 100x20 f.dvke.s,af,ys kjh yd oyh mka;s yhla jQ w;r tu

mka;s tlsfklska fjkalr ;snqfka ke;' tla mka;shl .=rejrhl=
fkdue;s jqjfyd;a wfkla mka;s myg u ndOd jk whqßka tu mka;sfha
<uqka l<yldÍ f,i yeiqreky' ud —10 ta˜ mka;shg b.ekaùug .sh
fndfyda wjia:dj, § fomi mka;s fol ;=kl u .=rejreka fkdùh' ug
b.ekaùug isÿ jQfha ±ä f>daIdj ueo h' mka;sfha isiqka bÈßmsgg ù" ueyqï
l%uhla yÿkajd foñka frÈ lene,a,l th uid fmkajQj;a msgq mi u isá
isiqkag th fmkqfka o hkak fyda ud lshq foa weiqfka o hkak iel
iys;h'''˜
È.ska È.g u isÿjQ fuu isoaê oduh ms<snoj weh iu. meje;ajQ §¾>
idlÉcd jgj,ska miqj wehf.a u uqúka —mka;sfha <uqka ñÿf,a .ila
hgg f.k f.dia rjqulg isgqjd iEu <ufhla <.g u hñka ueyqu iEu
<uhl=g u fmkajñka" meyeÈ,s lrñka" b.ekajqjfyd;a iuyr úg
wfmalaIs; ksmqK;d olajd <uqkag <.d lrùu myiq jkq we;s˜ hkak
msgúh' ta wkqj miqod mgka u weh wod< fjkialï lrñka bf.kqï-
b.ekaùï ld¾hhfha id¾:l;ajh ,`.d lr .ekSfï m%h;akh werUqjd h
^úchfldaka" 2012" 90"91 jk msgq&'

ikaOdr úYaf,aIKh (Content analysis)
wm uq,ska iòyka l< 1 jk rEmfha WodyrKhg wkqj 9 jk fY%aKsfha YsIHhd
úoHd úIhhg o ÿ¾j, nj is;d ta .eg¨j .ek kej; i,luq' —9 jk fY%aKshg wod<
úoHd úIhud,dj wkqj" i;H jYfhkau YsIHhd isáh hq;= fyda oek isáh hq;= lreKq
fudkjd o˜ hkak i,ld ne,Su wjYH jQfha" mka;sfha isák tl <uhl= tlS úIh
lreKq idOkh lr fkd.ekSu ksid h' tu ksid tu <uhd W.; hq;= lreKq fudkjd
oehs hkq ms<snò lreKq fidhd ne,Sug ikaOdr úYaf,aIK l%u Ys,amh Ndú; l< yels
h' tys § úIh ks¾foaYh" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh yd fm<fmd; wkqj <uhd W.;
hq;= lreKq fudkjd ±hs ixl,am is;shula fia fm< .eiaúh yels h' WodyrKhla
wkqj zoaú;Sl fldaIZ mdvug wod< j" 9 jk fY%AKsfha § isiqkag yuqjk iqúfYaIs jQ
jpk ,ehsia;=j ljr mka;sj, § uq,ska u wOHhkh lsÍu wrUd we;a±hs fidhd n,uq'
30
9 jk fY%aKsfha úoHdj fm< fmd; - 59 jk msgqfõ iòyka —oaú;Sl fldaI˜
úIh fldgi my; mßÈ h'
oaú;Sl fldaI
m%d:ñl fldaI tajdfha wvx.= ridhksl øjH wjika jQ miqj ls%hd úrys;
fõ' fuhg fjkia ,laIK iys; ridhksl fldaI j¾.hla we;' tu
fldaIj,ska úoHq;h ,nd .ekSug fmr msg;ska úoHq;h ,nd oSfuka tajd
kej; wdfrdamKh l< hq;= h' bka miq thska úoHq;h ,nd .; yels h'
;jÿrg;a úoHq;h ,nd .; fkdyels ;;a;ajhg m;a jQ úg kej;;a
úoHq;h msg;ska ,nd oSfuka fldaIh kej; wdfrdamKh l< yelsh'
fujeks fldaI oaú;Sl fldaI kï fõ' úoHq;h .nvd lrk neúka tajd
ixpdhl fldaI fyj;a welshqïf,agr Âccumilator) f,i o y`ÿkajkq
,efí'
fï fldgi Wf.kSfï § YsIHhd bf.k .; hq;= mo m<uq j y`ÿkd .ekSu

wjYH fõ' fuf,i mo y`ÿkd .ekSu o ikaOdr úYaf,aIKfha tla mshjrls'
mo ,ehsia;=j
oaú;Sl fldaI m%d:ñl fldaI
ridhk øjH ridhksl fldaI
úoHq;h wdfrdamKh
ixpdhl fldaI welshñf,agr Âccumilator)
fuu mo fuhg fmr mka;sj, § bf.k f.k we;s wjia:d my; ioyka mßÈ
fidhd .; yels h' fuh o ikaOdr úYaf,aIKfha ;j;a mshjrls'
moh moh uq,ska u yuq jQ mka;sh yd mdvu

oaú;Sl fldaI -6 fY%aKsfha úoHdj úIhfha ^8& mdvfï oS bf.k f.k we;'
m%d:ñl fldaI -6 fYa%Ksfha § ^8&mdvfï § bf.k f.k we;'
ridhksl o%jH -7 fY%aKsfha úoHd úIhfha ^4& mdvfï oS bf.k f.k we;'
ridhksl fldaI -6 fYa%Ksfha úoHd úIhfha ^8& mdvfï oS bf.k f.k we;'
úoHq;h -4 fYa%Ksfha mrsir úIhfha ^2& mdvfï oS bf.k f.k we;'
wdfrdamK -6 fY%aKsfha úoHd úIhfha ^8& mdvfï oS bf.k f.k we;'
ixpdhl fldaI -6 fY%aKsfha úoHd úIhfha ^8& mdvfï oS bf.k f.k we;'
welshqñf,agr -6 fYa%Ksfha úoHd úIhfha ^8& mdvfï oS bf.k f.k we;'
lreKq fidhd ne,sfï wjika m%;sM,h

wm fuf;la ioyka l<" u;= jQ .eg¨ .ek lreKq fidhd ne,Sfï úúO
31
l%uj,ska" Tn tlsfkld uqyqK fok .eg¨j jvd fydÈka wjfndaO lr .ekSug iqÿiq
u o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%u Ndú; lsÍug ;SrKh .; hq;af;a m¾fhaIlhd u h' fyj;a
jD;a;slhd u h' fï ls%hdodufha m%;sM, my; idlÉPd fõ'
.eg¨fjka wkq.eg¨ y÷kd f.k úi÷ug fhduq ùu

1 jk rEmfha iy Bg wod< j wm fmr § idlÉcd l< lreKq kej;;a u;la
lrkafka kï tys § úh hq;af;a ;ud uqyqK mE .eg¨j ms<snò .eUqßka lreKq fidhd
n,d .eg¨jg iïnkaO wkq.eg¨ o ksYaph lr .eksu h' Bg wu;r j lreKq fidhd
ne,Sfï m%;sM,hla f,i úiÈh hq;= iqúfYaIs .eg¨j fyda wkq.eg¨j o ;SrKh lr
.; yels h'
.=re WmfoaYljrhl=g 1 jk remfha we;s iudc l%shdj,g iïnkaO iudc
l%shdj,ska my; ioyka iudc l%shdj .ek iqúfYaIs j l%shduq,sl m¾fhaIKhla lsßug
is;=fka (Concern) hehs wkqudk lruq'
—9 jk fY%aKshg meñfKk f;la <uhdg b.ekajQ .=rejrekaf.a j.ùu˜
fï wkq.eg¨j wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka m¾fhaIKh lrkqfha .eg¨jg uqyqK
ÿka <uhd .ek fkd j <uhdf.aa .eg¨jg mdol jQ .=re j.ùu ms<snò j njhs' fufia
iDcq j yÿkd .;a .eg¨jlska ;j;j;a .eg¨ u;= lr .ekSu iy tu u;= lr .;a
.eg¨jlg úiÿï §u l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha úfYaI ,laIKhls'
ir, f,i lsj fyd;a ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK hkq .eg¨ úi£u ^Problem solving)
fkdfõ' ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj, § .eg¨" my; f,i biau;= lr bÈßm;a l<
hq;= h ^Problem posing)'
o .eg¨ jHdê ^Pathology) f,i is;d" ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK fkd werfò'
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK werUqu i|yd my; i|yka lreKq fidaÈis lsÍug
fm,Uqula ;sìh hq;= h'
§ f,dalh fjkia lsÍu
§ th jeäÈhqKq lsÍu
§ tys m%;sM,hla f,i f,dalh wjfndaO lr .ekSu
§ l< fjkfia m%;sM, f,i th jeäÈhqKq lrkafka flfia o
hkq .ek bf.k .ekSu (Kemmis and Mctaggard, 1988)
—9 jk fYa%Kshg meñfKk f;la <uhdg b.ekajQ .=rejrekaf.a j.ùu˜

ms<sno m¾fhaIKh .ek kej;;a wmf.a wjOdkhg .ksuq' fï wkq.eg¨j .ek o;a;
/ia l< yels l%u .ek o wms ie,ls,a, fhduq lruq' tfia o;a; /ia l< hq;= jkafka
l=uk wkqm%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,nd .ekSug o@ hkak .ek o fidhd n,uq'
32
1 jk l%uh( <uhdg b.ekajQ .=rejreka ljqreka o@ hkak fidhd ne,Su' <uhdg
b.ekajQ .=rejrekaf.a f;dr;=re fiùu' Tjqka l=uk ld,j, l=uk
úIh b.ekajQfha o hkq .ek lreKq fiùu iòyd mdif,a we;s f,aLk
úYAf,aIKh l< yels h'
2 jk l%uh( W.ekajQ .=rejrekaa Ndú; l< rgd flnÿ o@ Ndú; l< b.ekaùfï
rgd y`ÿkd .ekSu iòyd .=re WmfoaYljrhl= iu." tu .=rejreka
iu. fyda bf.k .;a <uhska iu`. wúêu;a iïuqL idlÉPdj,
fhÈh yels h'
3 jk l%uh ( wod< ksmqK;d ,nd fkd § YsIHhl= by< mka;sj,g heùug wod<
m%;sm;a;sh yd kS;sh y`ÿkd .ekSug" Bg wod< pl%f,aL úYaf,aIKh
lsÍfï ikaOdr úYaf,aIK l%u Ndú; l< yels h'
4 jk l%uh( l,dm wOHdmk ks,OdÍkaf.a woyia úuiSu'
9 jk fYa%Ksfha YsIHhkaf.a wl=re fkdyelshdjg wod< j iudc ls%hd
úuiSug l,dm ld¾hd, ks,OdÍ md¾Yjfhka o lreKq úuiSug
mq`:jk' l,dm ld¾hd,fha ks,OdÍkag fuu .eg¨j ms<sno f;dr;=re
fkd,enqKs o@ tfia ,enqKs kï .;a mshjr fudkjd o@ jYfhka
iïuqL idlÉcd m%Yak weish yels h' fï iòyd m%Yakdj,shla ilia
lr l,dm ld¾hd, ks,OdÍka fj; heùfuka ms<s;=re ,sÅ; j ,nd
.; yels h'
5 jk l%uh( m¾fhaIKh lrk ;ud ms<sno j lreKq fidhd ne,Su' tkï .=re
WmfoaYl f,i ;udf.a N+ñldj fï iïnkaOfhka úêu;a j
ls%hd;aul jQfõ oehs úuiSu'
fuf;la wm idlÉPd l< .eg¨jg iïnkaO úúO ;,j, wh isák nj oeka

meyeÈ,s h'
· YsIHhkag b.ekajQ .=rejreka
· wëlaIKh l< .=re WmfoaYljreka
· úÿy,am;s
· kshduk uKav, idudcslhka
· l,dm ld¾hd, ks,OdÍka
fï ´kEu whl=g ;udf.a jD;a;shg wod< z.=re j.ùuZ ms<snò j ls%hduQ,sl
m¾fhaIKhg iïnkaO úh yels h' ta wkqj m¾fhaIKh lrk ;ud .eg¨jg iïnkaO
jk wdldrh .ek lreKq fidhd ne,Su o w;HjYH fõ' fuh ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha
b;d jeo.;a wx.hla fõ¡ ta ioyd my; ioyka f;aud mokï lr .; yels h'
· ;udg fuu .eg¨j ms<snò j we;s kS;suh ne§u' fuys § rcfha fiajlhl=
f,i ;ud i;= j.lSï yd hq;=lï .ek lreKq fidhd ne,sh yels h'
33
· fm!oa.,sl j ;udf.a wdl,am" yeisÍï rgd" iudc Wkak;sh ms<sno lreKq
fidhd ne,sh yels h' .eg¨ mss<sno mqoa.,sl oDIaáh fy<s jk wjia:d ms<snò j
o ie,ls,su;a ù ta ms<sno fidhd ne,Su wjYH fõ' —wïud rg ksid <uhdg
bf.k .kak neye˜ hk m%ldYh <uhdf.a idOkh wvq ùug fya;=j f,i
iuyr .=rejrekaa fok ms<s;=rhs' fufia .eg¨jg fya;=j ndysr mjq,a mßirh
f,i olsk .=rejrhd ;u N+ñldj <uhdf.a .eg¨j úi`§ug ks¾udKd;aul j
fhdod .kafka ±hs hkak .ek ;udf.a md¾Yjfhka o lreKq fidhd ne,sh hq;=
h' ;ud lrk m%ldYfha j,x.=;dj ;jÿrg;a fidhd ne,Su w;HjYH fõ' ta
ioyd wjYH kï Yÿw; úYaf,aIKhla o l< yels h'
Yÿw; úYaf,aIKh (SWOT Analysis)

.eg¨jla úioSug ;ud i;= Yla;Ska fudkjd o@ hkq yÿkd .ekSug Yÿw;
úYaf,aIKh o Ndú; l< yels h¡ .eg¨jla úi§fï § ta ioyd Yÿw; úYaf,aIKhla
lsÍfuka jvd;a ksjerÈ j úiÿï ud¾. ms<sno j wkqudk f.dv k.d .; yels h' fuys
§ wod< ;;a;ajhg t<öu ioyd mj;sk Yla;Ska (Strengths) fudkjd o@ mj;sk
ÿ¾j,;d (Weaknesses) ljf¾ o@ .eg¨j úi`Èug Wmldr lr .; yels wjia:d
(Opportunities) iy mj;sk ;¾ck (Threats) fudkjd o@ hk lreKq fidhd ne,sh
yels h' z/lshdjla i|yd uj úfoaY.;ùu fya;=fjka bf.kqug ndOd we;s fõZ hk
.eg¨jg wod< j Yÿw; úYaf,aIKhla lruq'
Yla;Ska (S) - uj úfoaY /lshdjl ksid wd¾Ól jYfhka Yla;su;a nj
ÿ¾j,;d (W) - uõ fifkyi fkd,eîu mdi,a hk jhfia YsIHhl=g úYd,
wjdishls' YsIH bf.kqug wjjdo §ug fkdyels ùu o
ÿ¾j,;djls'
wjia:d (O) - uj msgrg .sfha ÿmam;alu ksid jqj;a YsIHhdg bf.k f.k"
uj .sh /lshdjg jvd by< /lshdjlg úfoaYhlg hdug"
bf.kSu Woõ lr .; yels nj .=rejrhdg meyeÈ,s lr Èh
yels h'
;¾ck (T) - YsIHhdf.a fkdu. hdïj, § thska Tyq j uqojd .ekSug
ujf.a /ljrKh fkd ,efí'
idys;H úu¾Ykh
m¾fhaIKhl idys;H úu¾Ykh hkq m¾fhaIlhd uqyqK md we;s .eg¨jg
iïnkaO j fjk;a m¾fhaIlhka m¾fhaIK lr y`ÿkajd § we;s kj ±kqu wOHhkh
lr" tu ±kqu" uf.a .eg¨j úi§ug m%fhdackhg .; yels ±hs ;SrKh lsÍu h' tfy;a
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha § iajlSh jD;a;Sh ls%hdj bgq lrk w;r;=r u;=jk laIKsl
34
.eg¨j,g úiÿï §fï § jD;a;slhl= jYfhka ;ud fuf;la W.;a kHdhd;aul
lreKq wkqj úiÿï ls%hdud¾. ms<snò j ;SrK .; yels h' fuys § ;udg u;= jQ
.eg¨j ms<snò j óg fmr bf.k .;a fyda m¾fhaIKj,ska bf.k f.k we;s lreKq
m%;HfõlaIKh lrñka ;ukaf.a .eg¨j úi`§ug tajd bjy,a jkafka o hkak ms<snò
j idlÉcd l< yels h' Bg wu;r j .eg¨jg uqyqK mE jD;a;slhdg wjldY we;s mßÈ
mqia;ld, mßyrKfhka fyda wka;¾cd, mßyrKfhka ;udf.a .eg¨j,g wod< j
foaYSh yd úfoaYSh m¾fhaIKj,ska ,nd § we;s úi`ÿï .ek wOHhkh lr tajd uf.a
.eg¨j úi`§ug fld;rï odhl jkafka±hs m%;HfõlaIKh lrñka" ;udf.a .eg¨j
úi`§ug wjYH ie,iqï ilia lsÍug tajd Ndú; l< yels h' WodyrKhla jYfhka
bfkdald ^2015" 137 jk msgqj& fufia iòyka lr we;'
ienúka u bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha § jeo.;a u idOlh jkafka

YsIHhd h' iu jhfia fyda tl u fY%aKsfha isák <uhska w;r we;s neÆ
ne,aug fkdfmfkk widudkH;d" widudkH jQ p¾hd ,CIK yd .;s
,CIK we;' Èkql o tfiau h' ta wkqj .=rejrhdg ufkdaúoHd;aul
uQ,O¾u yd kHdhka Ndú; lrñka orejdf.a fm!reIh ms<sn| Ñ;a;fõ.
yd l=i,;d ms<sn|j iuyr iïnkaO;d rgd ms<sn| j jegySula ,nd .;
yels h'
ud o ta wkqj hñka Èkqlf.a Ndrlre iuÕ lSmúgla u ÿrl;k
ixjdofha fhÿfKa orejd ms<sn| ;jÿrg;a lreKq fy<s lr .ekSu i|yd
hs' m%:u ixjdofha § uïud jk Ndrlre ish¨ jerÈ mdi,g" .=rejrekag
iy fuu isiqjd u; megjQ w;r ;uka iy ;ukaf.a ifydaoßh jQ Èkqlf.a
uj b;d lemùfuka orejdf.a wjYH;d bgqlrk nj mejiqjd h' kuq;a
fujeks ld¾ñl iudchl miq mi foudmshka ÿqn¢kafka ish¨ fN!;sl
iem iïm;aj,ska orejd fmdaIKh lsÍug h' Èkqlf.a uõmsfhda o tfia
hehs ud yg yeÕ=fKa Tjqka úfoaY.; j oekg jir wglg wdikak jqj;a
orejka oeln,d .ekSug meñK we;af;a fo;=ka jrla muKla ksid h'
wjidkfha mSvd ú¢kqfha orefjda nj Èkqlf.a pß;fhka úoHdudk fõ'
Èkqlf.a yeisÍï yd ls%hdl,dmh .eUqßka wOHhkh lsÍfï § úúO
wl%u;d olakg ,enqKs' lafõ ^Quay - 1979& úiska p¾hd wl%u;d fldgia
04lg ^yeisÍï wl%u;d - ldxYd wl%u;d - wmßK; nj - iudc
wdl%uKldÍ nj& fnod olajd we;s nj w;=fldard, ^2009& fufia olajhs'
fuys§ lafõ ^1979& úiska yeisÍï wl%u;d ks¾jpkh lr we;af;a
fujeks <uhs úkdYldÍ" wlSlre" iyfhda.h fkdfok úlaIsma; j
lghq;= lrk" lvdlmam,aldÍ iy uqrKavq njhs' fujeks orejkag
jeäysáhka muKla fkd j iu jhislhska o wleue;s nj;a úia;r lr
35
we;' ta wkqj ud úiska .=rejreka iuÕ l< iïuqL idlÉPdfjka o" mka;s
ldurfha orejka iuÕ l< iudcñ;sl mÍCIKfhka o Èkql ;=< yeisÍï
wl%u;d ,CIK we;s nj wkdjrKh lr .kakd ,§' ta wkqj by; ishü
o;a; úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï § fuu orejd yeisÍfï wl%u;d we;s orefjl=
nj;a" fuu wl%u;d ksid mka;s ldurfha ish¨ YsIHhka mSvd ú¢k neúka
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaiKhla uÕska uu fuu orejdf.a p¾hduh fjkila
we;s lsÍug ueÈy;a ùug wfmaCId lrñ'
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha úfYaI ,laIKhla jkqfha jD;a;slhl= fiajh lrk

iqúfYaIs ia:dkhl u;= jk iqúfYaIs .eg¨j,g úi`ÿï ,nd §u h' tfyhska fndfyda
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK .eg¨j,g" iqúfYaIs úi`ÿï" idys;Hfhka fidhd .ekSu ÿIalr
jkq we;' tu ksid m%;HfõlaIK mdol j ;udf.a w;a±lSï fyda ±kqu mokï lr
f.k úi`ÿï y`ÿkd .ekSu" m%dfhda.sl ;,fha olakg ,efnk ,laIKhls' tu ksid
idys;Hfhka f;dr;=re .ekSfï wjYH;djla iuyr úg u;= fkd fõ'
fï wdldrfhka .eg¨jla fyda wkq.eg¨jla .ek lreKq fijQ miq tu
.eg¨j$wkq.eg¨j úi`§u ioyd ie,eiaula ilia l< hq;= h hk woyi
jHjydßlhl=g we;s fõ¡ fuh ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhl f;jk mshjrhs'
.eg,qj úi£u iòyd jQ ie,eiau ieliSu

.eg¨j ms<sno j lreKq fidhd ne,Sfuka miq" .eg¨fõ úiosh hq;= úúO me;s
y`ÿkd .kakg wjldYh ,efí' thska úi£ug ie,iqï ilia l< hq;af;a l=uk .eg¨
lafIa;%hg fyda wkq.eg¨j,g o hkq .ek m¾fhaIl ;¾ldkql+, j ;SrKh l< hq;=
h'
· <uhdg iïnkaO <uhdf.a iyc ksmqK;dj ms<sno .eg¨j .ek mka;sNdr
.=rejrhdg ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla l< yels h'
Wod(-<uhdf.a wvq ksmqK;d mokï lr f.k" ta <uhdg WÑ; f,i .=rejrhd
jk uf.a b.ekaùfï ffY,sh fjkia lr .; hq;af;a flfia o@
· <uhdg fmr b.ekajQ .=rejrekaf.a fkdie,ls,a,$ j.lSï rys; nj ms<sno
.eg¨j .ek l,dm ld¾hd, ks,OdÍkag ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK l< yels h'
Wod(- l,dm ld¾hd, ks,OdÍka f,i wfma mdi,a kshdukh iúu;a lr"
.=rejreka n,jka; l< hq;af;a flfia o@
· .=rejreka Ndú; l< b.ekaùï l%uj, ÿ¾j,;d .ek .=re WmfoaYlg
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla l< yels h'
Wod(- .=re WmfoaYl f,i ud ms<snò j .=rejreka i;= iDK wdl,am wju lr
.ekSug uf.a N+ñldj fjkia lr .; yelafla flfia o@
36
· .=re WmfoaYljrekaf.a kshduk ÿ¾j,;d .ek .=re WmfoaYljrekag u
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla l< yels h'
Wod(- .=re WmfoaYl f,i ud .=re mdvï ksÍlaIKh lr jvd fydo .=rejreka
ìys lsÍug ks¾udKd;aul j Wmfoia Èh hq;af;a flfia o@
· mka;sfha <uhska ixLHdj jeäùu ms<sno .eg¨j ksid .=rejreka w;ßka
<uhska u. yeßu .ek" tu .=rejrekag u ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla l< yels
h'
Wod(- tla tla <uhdg wjOdkh ,nd §ug yels jk f,i" ud mka;sh
lKavdhï lrkafka flfia o@
fï wdldrfhka .eg¨fõ úúO me;s mj;sk ksid ta iEu tlla u úioSug

wjldYh jD;a;slhl=g fkd ,efí' t ksid ;ud u ueosy;a ù úioSu iòyd .eg¨fõ
tl me;a;la muKla f;dard .; yels h' WodyrK jYfhka wl=re ,sùu" lshùu
W.; hq;af;a m<uq jk fY%aKsfha § jqj;a 10 jk fY%aKshg meñK ;sìh §;a wl=re
yelshdj fkd,enqKq isiqjl=g ta yelshdj ,nd oSu ioyd ud l=ula l< hq;= o@ hk
.eg¨j .=rejrhdg o u;= fõ' ta wkqj o .eg¨fõ úúO iqúfYaIs me;slv yÿkd
.kakg ,efí' thska me;slv ;=kla fufia h¡
² fï ioyd wjYH mdvï ie,iqï lr .ekSug wjYH yelshdj ug ;sfí o@
² tu mdvï ieliSfï yelshdj ;snqk o tajd ls%hd;aul lsÍug ld,fõ,dj
fidhd .kafka flfia o@
² ÿ¾j, <uhd" úfYaI wOHhk wjYH;d iys; orejl= kï tu <uhskag wod<
ixl,am ud W.; hq;af;a flfia o@
fï lreKq ;=kska ie,iqula ilia lsÍu ioyd —wjYH mdvï ie,iqï lr
.ekSug wjYH yelshdj ug ;sfí o@˜ hk .eg¨j f;dard .ksuq' ta wkqj wkq.eg¨j
jkqfha"
—10 jk fYa%Ksfha wl=re neß isiqjdg b.ekaùug wjYH mdvï ie,iqï lr
.ekSfï yelshdj ug ;sfí o@˜ hkakhs¡ fuu .eg¨j úi§u ioyd lrk
m¾fhaIKfha § f.dv k.d .; yels wruqKq my; ioyka mßÈ úh yels h'
01' j¾;udkfha ud ilia lrk mdvï ie,eiafuys uQ,sl ,laIK yÿkd .ekSu'
02' mdvï ie,iqu <uhskaf.a úúO;ajhg WÑ; mßÈ ie,iqï ù we;s±hs
úYaf,aIKh lsÍu'
03' iqúfYaIs <uhl=g ueÈy;a ùug .=rejrhl= f,i wjYH ld,h fidhd
.kafka flfia ±hs úu¾Ykh lsÍu'
04' wfkl=;a <uhska 39 fokdg W.kajk w;r iqúfYaIs <uhdg ld,h .;
lrkakg yels f,i mdvï ie,iqï lrkafka flfia ±hs ie,iqï lsÍu'
fuu wruqKq mÍlaId lsÍfï § meyeÈ,s jkafka .eg¨jg uqyqK mdk
37
.=rejrhdf.a oDIaáfhka wruqKq msysgqjd f.k we;s nj h' fï wruqKq wkqj meyeÈ,s
jkaafka .=rejrhd fyj;a m¾fhaIKh lrk m¾fhaIl ixj¾Okh ùu uQ,sl lr f.k
m¾fhaIK wruqKq ,sheù we;s nj h'
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK" wfkla mqoa.,hka .ek lrk m¾fhaIKhla fkd

fõ' iqúfYaIs lKavdhula iajlSh u jQ ld¾h .ek iy ;uka lrk ld¾h
jeäÈhqKq lsÍug flfrk m¾fhaIK h' fuys § wfkla wh iu. o wfkla
wh i|yd o jev lsÍfï wruqK fõ'
m% u dKd;a u l m¾fha I Kj, § flfrk mßÈ" mq o a . ,hka
m¾fhaIKhg Ndckh jkakka f,i i,lkq fkd ,efí' ck;dj
iajdêk nj;a ;u b;sydih;a wkd.;hla yev.iajd .ekSug Yla;sh
we;a;ka f,i;a i,lkq ,efí' ck;djg" iajlSh ±kqñka" m¾fhaIl iuÕ
tlg jev lsÍug bv fokq ,efí' ck;dj fjkfia iy jeäÈhqKqfjys
tacka;hka f,i lghq;= lsÍug Wkkaÿ lrkq ,efí'
(Kemmis & Mctaggard, 1988)
wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu iòyd jk ueÈy;aùfï ie,eiau yÿkd .ekSu ioyd ,shQ
wruqKq y;ßka m<uq wruqK .ek kej; i,ld n,uq'
01' j¾;udkfhys ud ilia lrk mdvï ie,eiafuys uQ,sl ,laIK y`ÿkd .ekSu'
fï wruqK bgq lr .ekSu iòyd miq.sh udifha uf.a mdvï ie,iqïj,

wka;¾.;h ú.%y lsÍug uu ;SrKh lf<ñ' ta wkqj ud ielish hq;= ie,eiafï
mshjr fufia úh yels h'
1' uf.a mdvï ie,iqï tl;= lr .ekSu'
11' mdvï ie,iqïj, ,laIK úYaaf,aIKh lsÍu'
111' tla tla mdvï ie,iqu lshjñka ;ks ;ks YsIHhdg wjOdrKh ù we;s ia:dk fõ
kï tajd iqúfYaIs j ,l=Kq lr .ekSu'
iv. ;ks ;ks <uhdg § we;s wjOdrKh m%udKj;a ±hs we.hSu'
v¡ ;ks ;ks <uhdg § we;s wjOdrKh jeä lsÍug .; yels mshjr yÿkd .ekSu'
oeka wms m<uq jk wruqK bgq lr .ekSug wjYH hhs y÷kd .;a ie,iqï
mshjr my wkqj m¾fhaIKfha § bÈßhg hkafka flfia oehs fidhd n,uq'
i' ie,eiafï m<uq mshjrg wod< jk mßÈ tl;= l< mdvï ie,iqïj,ska 9 jk
fY%aKsfha isiqkag moH rpkd ks¾udKh lsÍu yqrelrùu Wfoid l< mdvug wod<
j ,shQ mdvï ie,iqu my; mßÈ ù hehs is;uq'
38
mdvï ie,iqu
01' úIhh - isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh

02' fY%aKsh - 09 jk fY%aKsh
03' ksmqK;dj - w;a±lSï mdol lr .ksñka ks¾udKlrKfha fhfohs'
04' ksmqK;d ugÜu - moH rpkd ks¾udKh lrhs'
05' bf.kqï m,
· lúh hkak w¾: olajhs'
· lúfha m%fNao kï lrhs'
· moH ks¾udKH ioyd fhdod .kakd ldjH Wml%u tlska tl meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
· lú w,xlrKh iòyd ldjH Wml%u jeo.;a jk nj ms<sf.k woyia
olajhs'
· moHhl rih rod mj;skafka w¾: rih yd Yío rih u; nj ms<sf.k
woyia m%ldY lrhs'
· ni rij;a f,i yiqrejñka moH ks¾udKh lrhs'
· ;d,h ms<sno ie,ls,su;a fjñka moH .dhkd lrhs'
· moH ks¾udK mqjrejla ilia lrhs'
06' mdvu - wms lú f.d;uq' ri mo je,a fk<d,d
07' ld,h - ñks;a;= 40
08' b.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõo
² m%o¾Ykh ² idlÉPd l%uh ² lKavdhï
² ksrSlaIKh ² .fõIKh ² wkdjrKh
09' bf.kqï b.ekaùï iïm;a
fm< fmd;
.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
m%fõYùfus lú
/ojqï je,
lú ioyka ldâm;a
.fõYK Wmfoia m;%
· ld¾hh m;s%ld
· yel=`:ïm;
· lú ks¾udK .%ka:h
· lú ks¾udK mqjrej
39
mdvu ixj¾Okh ^mdvug m%fõY ùu&
ud úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o lúhla isiqka iu`. .dhkd lsÍu' tu lúfhys
iqúfYaIs ,laIK ms<sno idlÉPd lrñka mdvug m%fõY ùu'
² irKhs f;rejka irKhs ms<s.ï ieu wdorfhka
fojkqj b,a,ñ wjir weoqre ;=uks f.!rjfhka
² oekqu ìola mjikafkñ ud okakd fï Ys,afmka
fk;a úoyd ijka fhdud weiqfjd;a th Tng ;ud
isiqka iù."
² wo osk w¨;a mdi,lg ud tkafka
.=re isiq ieufokd i;=áka ms<s.kafka
kjfha mka;shg m<uq j f.dvjkafka
uõni mdvulghs oeka ierfikafka
mshjr 1
· lúh hkak w¾: olajñka lúfha m%fNao meye±s,s lsÍu'
· lú ks¾udKh lsÍfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= ldjH Wml%u meyeÈ,s lsÍu'
· isiqka lKavdhï lr .fõIKh lr iQodkï lrùu'
mshjr 11
· .fõIK Wmfoia m;% fnod §u
· ld¾h m;s%ld yd wjYH .=Kd;aul fhojqï ,nd §u
· isiqka .fõIKfhys fhdojd lKavdhï w;rg hñka kshñ; fõ,djg
wjika lsÍug wjYH u. fmkaùu ,nd §u'
mshjr 111
12' we.hSu yd m%;sfmdaIKh

my; iòyka jdÑl m%Yak u.ska isiqka we.hSug ,lalr ÿn,;d iys; isiqka iòyd
m%;sfmdaIKh ,nd §u'
01' lúfha m%fNao kï lrkak
02 ldjH Wml%u 02la kï lrkak'
03' my; iòyka lúfhys ldjH Wml%u 02la y`ÿkdf.k m%ldY lrkak'
fouõmsh fifkye ;S
jÈkqj md mshqï fm ;S
tl=ure keó . ;S
Tjqka lÿ,ska msg f;ó ;S ^ñks;a;= 05&
^mdvï ie,iqu - fÊ'tï' khkd uOqldks" y,d$ms,lgquq,a, l'ú'&
40
ii' ie,eiafï ii jk mshjr jk mdvï ie,iqfï ,laIK úYaf,aIKfha § y`ÿkd
.; yels jQfha ñks;a;= 40l §" isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh úIhh hgf;a" 9 jk
fYa%Ksfha isiqka úiska wdjrKh lr .; hq;= úIh lreKq wdjrKh jk mßÈ"
—moH rpkd ks¾udKh lsÍu˜ mdvug wod< j ie,iqu ,shd we;s nj h'
m%cdkk" wdfõoksl" ufkdapd,l hk lafIa;% ;=kg wod< j kshñ; ld,fha
§ YsIHhd <`.d lrúh yels ksmqK;d uÜgï ie,iqfï olajd we;' úfYaIfhka u
.=re;=ñh úiska u f.dv k.k ,o moH mka;shlska u mdvug msúiSu" isiqka ;=< moH
rpkd flfrys jeä keUqre;djla we;s ùug fnfyúka u n,mE yels h'
tla tla lafIa;% flfrys fjk fjk u wjOdkh fhduq lrùug;a" tu ish¨
isiqkag mdvu uekúka wjfndaO ùug;a yels jk mßÈ b.ekaùï l%ufõo 06la fhdod
.ekSug o ie,iqï lr we;' tfuka u bf.kqï b.ekaùï iïm;a oyhlg wdikak
m%udKhla o fhdod .ekSug ie,iqï lr we;' tajd o mdvï ie,iqfï hym;a ,laIK
h'
ie,eiafï iii jk mshjr .ek ó<.g wjOdkh fhduq lruq'
iii. mdvu ixj¾Okh lsÍfï mshjr ii ksÍlaIKfha § ±lsh yels iqúfYaI
,laIKh jkqfha iEu YsIH lKavdhula u flfrys fjk fjk u wjOdkh
fhduq lsÍug fmkajd we;s Wkkaÿjhs' lKavdhï ls%hdldrlïj, § fuka u
th wjidkfha § bÈßm;a lsÍï wjia:dfõ o fuf,i .=re wjOdkh iEu
YsIHhka flfrys u fhdojd we;'
ie,eiafï iii jk mshjrg wkqj" mdvï ie,eiau lshjd ;ks ;ks YsIHhd
wjOdrKh jk mßÈ b.ekaùu wjOdrKh ú we;a±hs úYAf,aIKh l< hq;= h' fufia
úYaf,aIKfha § meyeÈ,s jkafka tjeks tla YsIHhl= uq,a lr f.k ke; fyd;a tla
tla YsIHhdf.a wjYH;d uq,a lr f.k mdvï ie,iqu ,sheú ke;s njhs' zikaOdr
úYAf,AIKZ l%u Ys,amh wkqj mdvfï wka;¾.;h úYaf,aIKh l< úg fï
wkdjrKh u;= úh' fï wkqj iv jk mshjr jQ ;ks ;ks <uhdg È we;s wjOdrKh
m%udKj;a ±hs we.hsu lsisfia;a m%udKj;a fkdjk nj o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' fï
wkqj v jk mshjr jk ;ks ;ks <uhdg § we;s wjOdrKh jeä lsßug .; yels
mshjr .ek" mdvï igyk kej;;a lshjñka ta ms<sno j m%;HfõlaIKh lrñka
lreKq fidhd ne,sh hq;= h'
fï iïnkaO j ,shk ,o m%;HfõlaIK igyk my; ±lafõ'
—iEu YsIHhl= ioyd u w;a±lSï ,nd §u;a" moH ks¾udKlrKh iòyd

iyNd.s lrjd .ekSu;a wruqKq lr lKavdhï ls%hdldrlï ie,iqï
lf<ñ' wdrïNfha § Woafhda.fhka hq;=j isiqka moH ks¾udKlrKfha
fhÿk;a úkdä 10la muK .; jq miq wod< ld¾hfha ieneúka u ksr; ù
41
isáfha iEu lKavdhul u isiqka fo;=ka fokd ne.sks' wod< ld¾hfha
ksr; ùu reÑ fkdl< isiqka fjk;a ld¾hhka iòyd is; fhduq l< nj
fmksKs' tla tla YsIHhdf.a .eg¨ o iqúfYaIs jq neúka ish¨ fokdg u tl
jr Wmfoia §u o l< fkdyels úh' lKavdhï jev fkd § ;ks ;ks isiqka
jYfhka ls%hdldrlïj, fhojQfha kï jvd;a id¾:l ùug bv ;snQ nj
ye.sKs' túg iEu YsIHhl= u ;u ;udg yels muKska fyda moH
ks¾udKlrKfha fhfokq we;'˜
rpkd ,sùug ÿ¾j, isiqkag" rpkd ,sùfï yqrej ,nd §u iòyd flfrk
;j;a ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhl § .=rejrhl= úiska ilik ,o" ie,iqul úfYaI;ajh
jkqfha ie,iqfï mshjr ls%hd;aul lrk Èk o ta mshjr i|yd wjYH iïm;a o
we;=<;a lr ;sîuhs ^2 jk j.=j&' fufia ;udg myiq f,i ie,eiafï wdlD;sh o
fjkia lr .; yelsh'
2 jk j.=j' ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ie,eiaulg WodyrKhla
ld¾hh Èkh wjYH iïm;a

ud W.kajk mka;sfha rpkd ,sùug fyd| rpkdjl ,CIK
ÿ¾j, isiqka ;sfofkl= isxy, rpkd fudkjdoehs isxy, NdIdj
,sùu flfrys fhduq lrùu wfm%a,a 27 ms<sn| fmd;a lshjñka
i|yd uf.a wruqK ilia lr .ekSu' lreKq yeoEÍug wjYH
mqia;ld, fmd;a
miq.sh jif¾ jdr úNd. iy mdi,a wfm%a,a jdr úNd. iy mdi,a

mdol we.hSï i|yd ,enqK rpkd 28 - 29 mdol we.hSï ,l=Kq
,sùfï m%Yak i|yd Tjqka ,enQ fmd;a
,l=Kq uÜgï mÍCId lr ne,Su'
miq.sh jif¾ isxy, NdId .=rejrhd uehs 3 idlÉPd jk lreKq

iuÕ tu isiqka ;sfokdf.a ld¾h má.; lr .ekSfï
idOkh ms<sn| idlÉPd fldg hka;%h iy ta i|yd negß
f;dr;=re úuiSu'
mka;sfha ish¨ fokdg u wksjd¾h uehs 4" 5 rpkd fmd;a

rpkd ud;Dldjla ,nd § th miq Èk
,shdf.k taug mejÍu'
b,lal isiqka ;sfokdf.a rpkd
,sùfï m%h;akj, we;s tla úfYaIs; uehs 5
,CIKhla fyda jpkhla flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lrñka Tjqka w.h
lsÍu yd ffO¾hu;a lsÍu'
Tjqka wLKav j rpkd ,sùfï wNHdi
lsÍu i|yd fhduq lsÍu'
42
<ud m;a;rj, m< jQ l=vd rpkd uehs 6 -
<ud mqj;am;a
tl;= lr fmd;a msxpla iE§u' wf.daia;= 2
mqia;ld,fhka rpkd fmd;a fidhd

f.k i;shlg rpkd ;=k ne.ska
lshùug Wmfoia § lshjQfha kï
mqia;ld, .=re uy;añhf.ka
iy;sl lrjd .ekSu'
wLKav j iEu i;shl u ,nd fok
ud;Dldj,ska leu;s ud;Dld hgf;a
rpkd ,sùu yd ls%hdldrlïj, fh§u'
Tjqka ,shQ rpkd mka;s ì;a;s cQks 12 isg ì;a;s mqj;am;
mqj;am;aj, m%o¾Ykh lsÍu' wf.da' 2
mka;sfha wfkla isiqkaf.a rpkd

tl;= lr .=rejrhdg Ndr §u hk wf.daia;="
kdhl;aj j.lSu mejÍu hk iema;eïn¾
we.hSï l%uh wkq.ukh lsÍu'
uq,ska ,shk ,o rpkd iy oeka ,shk ,l=Kq jd¾;d fmd;a
rpkd ixikaokh lrñka
Tjqkaf.a m%.;sh úuid ne,Su
fuf;la idlÉcd l< lreKq wkqj meyeÈ,s jkqfha ie,iqu ielisu hk

mshjf¾ È ie,iqu ls%hd;aul lsßug wod< woyia o ckkh jk nj h'
ñ<`.g" ilia lr .;a ie,iqu ls%hd;aul lrk yd ie,iqu ls%hd;aul lrk
whqre wNsuka;%Kh lrk wdldrh o ta wkqj ie,iqula id¾:l j ls%hd;aul l< yels
ù ±hs hkak .ek we.hsula lrk wdldrh o .ek lreKq y÷kd .ksuq'
ie,iqu yd tys mshjr ls%hd;aul lsÍu iy wNsuka;%Kh

ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha 4 jk mshjr jk zie,iqu ls%hd;aul lsÍu iy
wNsuka;%KhZ hkq yÿkd .ekSu iòyd wm óg fmr ioyka l< my; ioyka wruqK
iy wkqwruqKq .ek kej; wjOdkh fhduq lruq'
wruqKq 1( j¾;udkfha ud ilia lrk mdvï ie,eiafuys uQ,sl ,laIK y`ÿkd .ekSu
i. uf.a mdvï ie,iqï tl;= lr .ekSu
udifha ie,iqïj,ska Èk 2l ie,iqï fkd,shd ;sîu ksid fï mshjf¾ §
iïmQ¾K lr .; yels jQfha uq¿ mdvï 20ka 18la muKs'
43
fuys § mdvï ie,iqï ,súug wod< m%;HfõlaIKhla
ud w;ska fufia ,shúKs'
cQks udihg kshñ; mdvï ie,iqï 20ka 16 yd 17 jk mdvï ie,iqï
,sùug fkd yels úh' ud b;d ;oska u wikSm ùu Bg fya;= úh' wikSm
jQfha i;s wka;fha jqj;a B <. iòqod mdi,a f.dia b.ekaùug wod< mdvï
ie,iqï ud w; fkd ù h' ta ksid u ú' 40 ld,ÉfÊo folla wid¾:l f,i
f.ù .sh nj uf.a woyihs'
fuys § .=rejrhdg" .=rejrhd is;k wdldrhg" iajlSh m¾fhaIK jd¾;dj

my; f,i ,súh yels h' tfia ,sùfï § ie,eiafï m<uq mshjf¾ § jQ w;miqj fyj;a
mdvï igyka folla ke;s ùu ioyd .;a úl,am ls%hdud¾.h .ek o lreKq olajd
;sfí' fuh ie,iqu ls%hd;aul lsÍfï §" u;=jk wjYH;d wkqj ie,iqu ixfYdaOkh
lsÍuls'
—ud m¾fhaIKfha m<uq ueÈy;a ùfï mshjr ls%hd;aul lsÍfï § u;= jQ

.eg¨jla jQfha udihg kshñ; uq`: mdvï 20ka ojia 2l mdvï ie,iqï
fkd,shd ;sîuhs¡˜ ta ksid ie,iqfï m<uq mshjr uola fjkia lrñka
mdvï igyka fkd,shjqKq ojia foflys È ud b.ekajQ wdldrh isyshg
k.d f.k" <uhska flfrys fmdÿfõ o ta ta <uhdg iqúfYaI j o uf.a
wjOdkh fhduq jQ wdldrh .ek o;a; /ia lsÍug ;SrKh lf<ñ'˜
fï wdldrhg wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug ilia l< ie,iqfï tla tla mshjr
ls%hd;aul lsÍfï § ,nk w;a±lSï iy ta w;a±lSï .ek m%;HfõlaIK o úia;rd;aul
j ,súh hq;= h' ta ta mshjr ls%hd;aul lsÍfï § id¾:l jk ;eka o wid¾:l jk ;eka
o iqúfYaIs j iòyka l< hq;= h' tlS id¾:l wid¾:l ia:dk .ek kej; kej;;a
lreKq fidhd n,ñka" m%;HfõlaIKh lrñka" iïmQ¾K ie,eiau ixfYdaOkh lr
.ekSu wjYH kï ta iòyd;a fhduq úh hq;= h' tjeks wjia:djl § ,shk ,o
m%;HfõlaIK c¾k,a igykla fufia fõ'
mka;sfha isiqka 35$40la u mdvug meñK isáhy' mdvu wdrïNfha §

úkdä 15la hk f;la isiqka Woafhda.su;a j Bg iyNd.s jQj;a meh 1$4 lska
miq isiqkaf.a Woafhda.h ySk jQ nj olakg ,enqKs' .Ks; .eg¨ iys;
fldgila idlÉPd lsrSu weröu o Bg fya;= jQjd hehs lsj yels h' isiqka
w;rska 24 fokl= .eg,q úioSu iòyd Woafhda.su;a jQj;a b;srs isiqka ta
ms<sno j oeä W;aidyhl ksr; jQ njla ksÍlaIKh l< fkdyels úh'
44
by; m%;HfõlaIK igyfka mrsos fkdmeñKs isiqka 5 fokd ioyd w;yereKq
úIh fldgi Tjqka fj; ,nd oSug wod< ie,iqula kej; iEosh hq;= h' tfuka u wvq
wjOdkhla fhduq l< nj oelajqk isiqka 16 fokd iïnkaO j o hï m%;sldr
jevigykla ls%hd;aul l< hq;= h'
.eg¨j úiÿKq whqre ms<sno we.hSu

fï ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha wjidk mshjrhs'
we.hSfï mshjf¾ § úfYaIfhka wfmalaId lrkqfha .eg¨jg iïnkaO iudc
ls%hdjg iïnkaO jQ whf.a jQ fjki meyeÈ,s lsßuhs' fuys §" m<uq j m¾fhaIKh
lrk jD;a;slhd f,i m¾fhaIKfhka ;u N+ñldfõ we;s jQ fjki meyeÈ,s l< hq;=
h' WodyrKhla jYfhka —fuf;la mdvï ie,iqï ,sùfï oS mka;sfha úúO YsIH
lKavdhïj,g iqúfYaIs j b.ekaúh hq;= wdldrh .ek lreKq ioyka lsrSfï mqreoao
fkd;snQ ud" oeka mdvï ie,iqï lrkqfha YsIH úúO;ajh o ie,ls,a,g .ksñks'˜
f,i ,sùfï § jkqfha m¾fhaIlhd jk ;ud ;=< jQ fjki .ek lreKq lSuls'
fojkqj iudc ls%hdjg iïnkaO fiajd odhlhka jk YsIHhkaf.a jQ
ixj¾Okh fydaa fjki ú.%y úh hq;= h' 2015 ;sfk; m¾fhaIK i.rdfõ 13 msgqfõ
m< ù we;s m¾fhaIK jd¾;dfõ" tjeks ixj¾Okh jQ wjia:djla ms<sno j f;dr;=re
±lafõ'
—mq,auka jreK˜ kñka úoHd,fha idys;H W;aijh mj;ajk osk Wod úh'
tkï 2015'10'02 jk Èkhs' fuys oS Bg iu.dó —mq,auka jreK˜ idys;H
i.rdj t<s oelaù h' tu i.rdjg ud f;dard .;a orejka oi fokdf.a
ks¾udK 10la we;=<;a lsÍug yels úh' tu ks¾udK ishhg ishhla u
id¾:l fkdjqk o moH ks¾udKh iòyd ksrka;rfhka Tjqka fm,öu o
úYd, i;=gls' Tjqka iEÿ lú ;d,hlg .dhkd l< yels ùu yels iEu
wjia:djl u ldfjHdaml%u lsysmhla fyda wkq.ukh lsÍug W;aidy ±Íu
wdÈfhka w.h l< yels moH mka;s ìys ùu uf.a jEhfï;a Tjqkaf.a
W;aidyfha;a m%;sM,hls' tu i`.rdj tÈk meñKs wdrdê; wuq;a;kaf.a o
mdif,a úÿy,am;s;=ud we;=¿ .=re Nj;=kaf.a o m%Yxidjg yd we.hSug ,la
úh' bka jvd;a we.hSug ,la jQfha o uf.a m¾fhaIKh iòyd f;dard .;a
10 jk fY%aKsfha isiqjl=f.a moH ks¾udKhls ^yq¿.,a," 2015&'
f;jkqj wOHdmk moaO;shg ,nd fok mKsúvh iòyka úh hq;= h' by; §
ioyka l< ;sfk; 2015 m¾fhaIK jd¾;d fmdf;a orejkaf.a lú mo ,sùfï yelshdj
j¾Okh lsÍug wod< j lrk ,o ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKh wjidkfha my; fhdackd
bÈßm;a lr we;' fuh moaaO;sfha fjki iòyd jk woyia iuQyhls'
45
uf.a fhdackd
01' orejkaf.a is;a ;=< —fkdyelshdj˜ ms<sno we;s wdl,amh .=rejrhd
uq,a jqj fyd;a iïmQ¾Kfhka u bj;a l< yels h' ta iòyd .e<fmk
f,i .=rejreka lghq;= l< hq;= h'
02' iqÿiq wjia:dfõ § u bf.kqï wjia:d ioyd udOH tallh Ndú;h"
m%o¾Ykd;aul øjH fhdod .ksñka b.ekaùu wd§ isiqkaf.a is;a weo
.kakd ú;% bf.kqï Wml%u Ndú;fhka orejka ;=< úYd, udkisl
mßj¾;khla isÿ l< yels h' tfyhska WÑ; mßÈ wod< ia:dk yd
oDIHdOdrl Ndú;h .=rejrhdf.a j.lSuls'
03 orejka lemS fmkSug yd w.h lsÍug ±ä leue;a;la olajk neúka
ksrka;rfhka u i`.rd t<s ±laùu" ks¾udK mqjre ls%hd;aul lsÍu
wd§ l%ufõo u.ska Tjqkaf.a olaI;d m%o¾Ykhg bv i,id Èh yels h'
tfuka u jdÑl w.h lssÍu mjd m%udKj;a h'
04 —fï lúfha f.dvd;a ixlS¾K woyilaj;a" ixlS¾K jpkj;a kE'
idudkHfhka isÿjk fohla mo 4 .e<fmkak lúhla úÈhg yo,hs
;sfhkafk˜'
—yßu ,iaik lúhla wmss T;afldau tl;= fj,d ta lúh ;d,hlg
lshuq'˜
—Thd,d yefudagu ,iaikg mo 4 lú yokak mq`:jka˜
—±ka Thd,g ;kshu fï jf.a mka;s yokak mq`:jka fjhs' Thd,d
;kshu lú yo, ug f.ke;a fokak' fydòg yok lú Tlafldau
biafldaf,a ks¾udK mqjrejghs fï wjqreoafoa t<s olajk idys;H
i.rdjghs odkj˜ wd§ jYfhka ud Ndú; l< wdldrfha l=vd
fm,Uùïj,ska mjd orejkag fndfyda ch.%yK w;am;alr Èh yels h'
iEu .=rejrfhla u orejkaf.a ks¾udKlrKh Tma kexùu iòyd fujeks
fm,Uùï l< hq;= h ^yq¿.,a," 2015&'
Wla; fhdackdj,ska meyeÈ,s jkafka" wOHdmk moaO;sh ixj¾Okfha wxYhla

jifhka" wOHdmk lafIa;%fha .=rejrekaf.a ixj¾Okh iòyd jk fhdackd o
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfhka bÈßm;a j we;s njhs'
fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jkqfha" ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhl m%;sM, we.hSfï §" ke;

fyd;a ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla fl;rï id¾:l oehs we.hSfï §" ;=ka wdldrhlska
lreKq úuish hq;= njhs'
46
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha mshjr 5 ms<sn| iudf,dapkh
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha mshjr .ek idlÉcd lsÍfï § w,aà%p¾" fmdIa iy
fidfula ^1993& bÈßm;a l< my; ioyka woyi o wjOdrKh lsÍu jeo.;a jkafka
tu.ska ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ls%hdj,shl uQ,sldx. o uQ,sldx. /l f.k f.dv k.d
.; yels úúO;ajh o uekúka wjOdrKh jk ksid h' tfia u ls%hduQ,sl
m¾fhaIKhla we.hSu hkq uÜgï ;=kl we.hSula nj fuys § o wjOdrKh ùu
jeo.;a lreKls'
—iEu ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla u tys mßudKh l=ula jqj;a Bg u

wdfõKsl pß; ,laIKj,ska hqla; h' tfyhska úia;r úNd. iys; jQ o
mshjfrka mshjr lreKq ioyka jQ o wdlD;shla iemhSug wms ue,s fjuq'
úúO;ajfhka hq;= ud¾. Tiafia m¾fhaIK lrf.k hEu tu.ska iSud úh
yels ksid h' flfia kuq;a ´kE u ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ls%hdj,shlg
fmdÿ" m<,a wÈhr lSmhla fõ˜ Âlrichter, Posch, & Somekh, 1993)
werUqï ia:dkh fidhd .ekSu ^.eg¨j yÿkd .ekSu fyda u;= lr .ekSu&
ikaksfõYh (Situation) meyeos,s lr .ekSu ^lreKq fidhd ne,Su&
ls%hd Wmdhud¾. ixj¾Okh lsÍu îe,eiau ieliSu&
ls%hd Wmdh ud¾. jHjydrfha fhoùu îe,eiau ls%hd;aul lsÍu&
.=re ±kqu ixj¾Okh ^we.hSu&
m%;sM,
iajhx jHjydrh jeä j¾Okh
fiajdodhl jHjydrh jeä j¾Okh
moaO;sfha jeä j¾Okh
uelaksfma" f,dauka iy jhsÜfyâ ^2003& mjid we;s mßÈ ls%hduq,sl m¾fhaIK

lrkqfha m¾fhaIlhl= úiska ;u jD;a;sh jHdjydrhg wod< j u;= jk .eg¨ ms<snò
j h' fuys È .eg¨ ms<snò m%;HfõlaIKfhka fyj;a is;=ú,af,a fhfoñka
m¾fhaIKfha iEu mshjrla u miq lsßu wjYH fõ' wm fï lD;sfha È idlÉcd l<
ls%hduq,sl m¾fhaIK ls%hdj,sfha mshjr idrdxY jYfhka my; olajuq'
47
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha pls%h mshjr A circle of steps in action research
ls%hduq,sl m¾fhaIK mshjr m%Yak$cSj úoHd;aul .eg¨
^jD;a;Sh ls%hd fláfhka&
01' .eg¨j ks¾jpkh YsIHhka tlsfkld .egqug fhduq ùu iy tla YsIHhl= ta

lsÍu ioyd úfYaIfhka fhduq ùu .ek m%;HfõCIKh lrkak'
th iqis,a keue;s <uhdg iïnkaO m%Yakhla muKla o@ tu

02' woyi fyda .eg¨j
<uhd yeÿk jevqk wdldrhg tu .eg¨j fld;rï
úNd. fldg ta .ek
iïnkaO o@ th mdif,a .eg¨jla o@ .=re fm!reIh .ek
o;a; /ialsÍu
.eg¨jla o@ <uhdf.a .eg¨jla o@ fujeks wNsfhda.d;aul
p¾hd ms<snò j fm< fmdf;a iòyka lreKq lshjkak' óg
iudk wjia:dj, § fjk;a jD;a;sh i.hka ls%hd l< whqre
.ek lreKq fidhd n,kak' iïuqL idlÉPdfjka lreKq
.kak' m%;HfõCIKh lrkak'
wNsfhda.d;aul p¾hdj hkafkka Tn woyia lrkafka
03' ls%hdud¾. ie,iqï
l=ula±hs ks¾jpkh lrkak' tjeks p¾hd we;s jQ wjia:d iy
lsÍu
isoaê .ek Èkfmd;l jd¾;d ;nd .kak' wNsfhda. fyda p¾hd
we;s jQfha ljod o@ l=uk miqìula hgf;a o@ hkak .ek
fidhkak' YsIHhka iu. ^wNsfhda.d;aul p¾hd iys; yd
rys;& ino;d ixj¾Okh lr .ekSug WÑ; ie,eiaula
ilia lrkak' tjeks p¾hd we;s jQ úg .; hq;= ls%hdud¾.
,ehsia;= .; lrkak' tajdfha wod<lu .ek is;kak'
03 jk mshjf¾ § ie,iqï l< mshjr ls%hd;aul lrkak'

04' ls%hd ud¾. .ekSu
ls%hd;aul lrk w;r;=r m%;HfõlaIKh lrñka ie,iqfï
m%;sM, w.hkak'
Èk fmd; iy ;nd .;a jd¾;d mÍlaId lrkak' .;a ls%hd

04' m%;sM, .ek
ud¾.j, m%;sM, .ek i,ld n,kak' id¾:l jQfha l=ula o@
m%;HfõlaIKh
wid¾:l jQfha l=ula o@ iu jD;a;slhska iu. idlÉPd
lrkak' wk;=re j B <. ls%hdud¾.hg t<fUkak'
fï mshjr y;r Tiafia wm fuf;la idlÉPd l< lreKq fufkys lrkak' wk;=re
j my; iòyka jk ud¾;d kï .=re;=ñhf.a ls%hduq,sl m¾fhaIK j¾;dfõ" fï mshjr wvx.=
jk wdldrh ms<snò j úYaf,aIKh lrkak' tu.ska ls%hduq,sl m¾fhaIK jd¾;djl mshjr o
iqúfYaIs j y`ÿkd .eksug W;aidy lrkak'
48
mka;sfha fmda<su
;u mejreï ,l=Kq lrjd .ekSug fyda tajd iïmQ¾K lsÍug uf.a
iydh ,nd .ekSug uf.a fïih wi, /oS isák orejkaf.a os.= fmda<su
.ek uu ks;r is;=fjñ' ud th ;=kajk jif¾ isák uf.a orejka iu`.
idlÉPd l< w;r" tys fmda<sfï /£ isàfuka jeä ld,hla wmf;a hk nj
Tjqyq ms<s.;ay' oaú;aj wdldr kshdukhla lsÍug wms ;SrKh lf<uq' ta
wkqj ;ks j jev lrk ld,Éfþoj, §" tla orefjla iEu ñks;a;= 4lg
jrla u ud wi, /oS isák orejka ms<sno jd¾;djla ieliS h ^fï iòyd
wms egg timer Ndú; lf<uq'& fojkqj tu orejka ud wi,g meñKsfha
lskï wjYH;djla ioyd o hkak iïnkaOfhka uu jd¾;djla ieliSñ'
iEu oskl u WoEik uf.a m<uq ksfõokh jkqfha fmrÈk ud wi< /oS
isás orejkaf.a fmda<sfï osf.a idudkHh m%ldY lsÍuhs'
m<uq i;sh wjidkfha mka;sfha isá orejka 30 w;=ßka 8 fokl=
wka orejkag jvd jeä ld,hla fmda<sfï .; l< nj meyeos,s úh'
iajdëk j wOHhk lghq;= lsÍu iy wjYH wOHhk l=i,;d ;ud úiska u
j¾Okh lr .ekSfï jeo.;alu ms<sno uu fuu orejkag meyeos,s lr
ÿksñs' ;j o orejkaf.a mejreï ndr §fï l%ufha fjkila o isÿ lf<ñ
ûf.a fïih u; fmd;a f.dv .eiSu fjkqjg tajd nyd,Su iòyd mka;sh
fl<jfr —jh¾ nÿkaZz folla ms<sfh, lf<ñ'&
fojk i;sh wjidk jk úg iudkHfhka orejka 06
fokl=f.ka hq;= jQ fmda<su orejka fofokl= olajd wvq úh' ta wkqj fuu
wOHhkh id¾:l nj ye`.S .sh w;r kej; fmda<su osla jqj fyd;a
kshdukh kej; lsrSug wms tl`. jQfKuq' fmda<sfï /oS isá orejkag ud
ÿka Wmfoia fyda ;nk ,o —jh¾ nÿka ˜ fuu fjkig mdol jQfha hhs uu
fkdis;ñ' ta ioyd n,mEfõ fmda<sfï os. wvq lr .ekSug orejka ;=<
we;s jQ Wkkaÿjhs' flfia fyda ug wjYH jQ wruqK lrd hdug
m¾fhaIKh fyj;a w;ayod ne,Su bjy,a jQ w;r fï ioyd orejka úiska
l< —ueosy;aùu˜ ms<sno Tjqyq o fnfyúka i;=gg m;ajQy' - ud¾;d -
uQ,dY%h( (Martha (1983)York street school: Action research report 23. 12
February 1983)
49
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKh jd¾;d lsÍu
´kEu m¾fhaIKhla ,sÅ; j fyda jdÑl j jd¾;d fkd l< fyd;a
m¾fhaIKhla ù fkdue;s nj woyia fõ ^No report, No research). fï woyi wkqj
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla l< úg o th m%p,s; lsÍug m¾fhaIlhka lghq;= l< hq;=
h' ,sÅ; j m%p,s; lsÍug m¾fhaIK jd¾;djla ,súh yels h' fmd;la uqøKh l< yels
h' .=rejreka lKavdhula fia tl;= j m¾fhaIK tl;=jla m< l< yels h' m¾fhaIK
iïuka;%Kj,g m¾fhaIK m;s%ld bÈßm;a l< yels h' iïuka;%Kj,g m¾fhaIK
m;s%ld bÈßm;a lrk úg ta ms<sn| j jdÑl j o lreKq bÈßm;a l< yels h' Bg wu;r
j mdif,a § .=re fo.=re /iaùïj, § .=re idlÉPdj, § o Tfí m¾fhaIKfha
wkdjrK jdÑl j bÈßm;a l< yels h'
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla wm lrkqfha wmf.a jHjydrh jvd fyd`Èka isÿ lr
.ekSug wjYH wkd.; ls%hdud¾. yÿkd .ekSug iy tajd ls%hd;aul lsÍug ksid
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj, wkdjrK uq,ska u m%fhdackhg .; hq;af;a m¾fhaIKh l<
ud úiska u h' tfy;a ud m¾fhaIKfhka ,nk ,o ±kqu" ud iu`. fiajh lrk
wfkl=;a iu jD;a;slhkag o ug jvd by< ;,hl fjfik wOHdmk{hskag o ±kqï
§u w;HjYH fõ'
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK jd¾;dfõ úfYaI ,laIKhla úh hq;af;a tu.ska Tfí
jD;a;Sh l:dka;rh jdia;úl j ,shd ±laùu h' tu ,shd ±laùfï § ls%hduQ,sl
m¾fhaIKfha uQ,sldx. jk .eg¨j" lreKq fidhd ne,Su" .eg¨j úi§fï ie,iqu"
ie,iqu ls%hd;aul l< whqre iy we.hSu ^.eg¨j úi÷Kq whqre& wksjd¾hfhka u
wvx.= úh hq;= h' Bg wu;r j" ta iEu mshjrl § u" m%;HfõlaIKh ñY% úh hq;= h'
fï uQ,sldx. we;=<;a fldg" ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK l:dkaor f.dvk.k whqre" úúO"
ks¾udKd;aul iajrEm .; yels h' tfy;a ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhg wdOqkslhkag
myiqjla jk f,i" ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK jd¾;djlg msúfik ksYaÑ; wdlD;shla
,nd Èh yels h' tu wdlD;shg my; ioyka wkqud;Dld we;=<;a l< yels h'
1' .eg¨j ms<snò yeÈkaùula iy tu .eg¨j m¾fhaIKd;aul j wOHhkh l<
hq;= ;rï wNsfhda.d;aul .eg¨jla ùug fya;=
2' .eg¨j u;= jQ ikao¾Nh iy tu ikao¾Nhg m¾fhaIlhdf.a we;s iïnkaOh¦
.eg¨j úi§fuka ug" ud ls%hd lrk ikao¾Nhg iy uf.a fiajd odhlhkg
jk fiajh'
3' m¾fhaIKh lrk l%ufõoh fyj;a y`ÿkd .;a iqúfYaI wkq.eg¨ yd tu
.eg¨j,g úiÿï §ug ilia l< ie,iqu iy tu ie,iqu ls%hd;aul lsÍfï
ms<sfj< ms<sno ú.%yhla
4' ie,iqu ls%hd;aul lsÍfï § id¾:l yd wid¾:l jQ ia:dk ms<sno ú.%yhla yd
wid¾:l jk mshjrj,g fh¥ m%;sl¾u ms<sno úia;rhla'
50
5' m¾fhaIKfhka ug;a uf.a fiajd odhlhka jk YsIHhkag;a ud isák
jD;a;Sh lafIa;%hg;a fmdÿfõ wOHdmk moaO;shg;a jqKq fiajh'
Wla; f;aud wkqj m¾fhaIK jd¾;dj ,sùfï § ta ta fldgi wkqms<sfj<g

ioyka l< hq;= hehs kS;shla fkdue;' jD;a;slhdf.a l;dkaorh bÈßm;a lsÍu
wruqK jk ksid" leu;s mshjrlska wdrïN lr m¾fhaIK jd¾;dj ,súh yels h'
tfy;a m¾fhaIK jd¾;dj lshjkakdg" m¾fhaIKfhka fokakg hk mKsúvh"
wLKav j .,d hk mßos" ,súfï ffY,sh ilia lr .; hq;= h'
m¾fhaIK jd¾;dj ,súh hq;af;a W;a;u mqreI wdLHdk ffY,sfhks' Bg
fya;=j" ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKh lrkqfha ud iïnkaO jk jD;a;sh N+ñldj ms<snò j
jk ksid" th uu lrk m¾fhaIKhla f,i ,súh hq;= ksid h'
tfy;a m%udKd;aul m¾fhaIK m%fõYhg wh;a ióCIK fyda iïmÍCIK
m¾fhaIK lsÍfï § W;a;u mqreI wdLHdkfhka m¾fhaIK jd¾;d ,súh fkd yels h'
ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK jd¾;dj wdlD;s .; lsÍug WÑ; kS;s Tng u ilia lr
.; yels h' tkï" wl=f¾ m%udKh" h;=re ,shkh lrk úg fma<s iy fþo w;r
mr;rh" msgqfõ È. m<, hk lreKq mjd Tng wjYH mßÈ ;SrKh l< yels h' tfy;a
Tn lsishï wdh;khlg Tfí m¾fhaIK m< lsÍu i|yd bÈßm;a lrkafka kï" tu
wdh;kh bÈßm;a lrk ks¾Kdhl wkq.ukh lr Tfí m¾fhaIK jd¾;dfõ
wdlD;sh fyj;a msgq ieleiau (Layout) ielish hq;= h' WodyrKhla jYfhka jhU
m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ;sfk; iÕrdjg Tn ,smshla bÈßm;a lrkafka
kï" fomd¾;fïka;=j bÈßm;a lrk iSud wkqj jd¾;dj $ m¾fhaIK ,smsh ielish
hq;= h' ì%;dkHfha Educational Action Research iÕrdjg ,smshla bÈßm;a lrkafka
kï" tlS iÕrdfõ ks¾Kdhl wkqj Tfí ,smsh ,súh hq;= fõ'
Tfí jD;a;Sh wkkH;dj iys; ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ,smshla - jd¾;djla m<
lsÍug wjYH ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK moku ms<sn| ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg" fuf;la
bÈßm;a l< woyia bjy,a jQfha hehs is;uq'
51
wdfY%ah .%ka:
wkq,dj;S" fla'fÊ'fla' ^1991& wka;¾ls%hdlrKh iy mdi,' Ydia;%m;s ^wOHdmk&
Wmdê ksnkaOh' fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h'
wfíisxy" tia'tï'whs'tia' ^2015& whym;a p¾hd fya;=fjka bÉPd Nx.;ajhg m;aj
fldkaù isá orejka ;siafokl= tu ;;ajfhka uqojd .ekSu' ;sfk;" f;jk
l,dmh" 239-245 jk msgq' l=reKE.,: jhU m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
w,ia" fÊ' iy fiiq wh ^1967& ld¾h m;s%ld: iólaIKfha yd we.hSfï
ud¾.fhka mdGYd,Sh wOHdmk jHjydr ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd ieliqkq
m%drïNl m¾fhaIKd;aul jevms<sfj,' oaú;shsl wOHdmk wxYh"
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" ,xldj'
bfkdald" mS'ta' ^2015& 6 jk fY%aKsfha wdl%uKYS,s .;smej;=ï we;s isiqjl=f.a p¾hd
rgdj hym;a ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu' ;sfk;" f;jk l,dmh" 134-140 jk msgq'
l=reKE.,: jhU m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
Wfoaks" fla'ta'tia' ^2015& mqrjeis wOHdmkh yd m%cd md,kh hk úIfhys isiq idOk
uÜgu m%udKd;aulj fiau .=Kd;aul j by< kexùu' ;sfk;" f;jk
l,dmh' 175-179 jk msgq' l=reKE.,: jhU m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
l=udrsydñ" wd¾'tï'mS'tï' ^2015& 11 jk fYa%Ksfhys isiqka yh fokl=f.a wNHdi
lsÍug we;s wlue;a; ÿre lr Tjqka b;d leue;af;ka wNHdi lsÍug
fm<Uùu' ;sfk;" f;jk l,dmh" 1-7 jk msgq' l=reKE.,: jhU m<d;a
wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
fldä;=jlal=" Ô' ^1996& ld¾huQ,sl m¾fhaIK m%fõYh' wOHdmk lafIa;%fha
jD;a;slhka i|yd bÕs iuQyhls' kqf.af.dv: iqfkr m%ldYlfhda'
fldä;=jlal=" Ô' iy mdf.dvwdrÉÑ" ta' ^2014& m%;HfõlaIKh iy m%;HfõlaIK
iÕrdj' úoHq;a m%o¾Ykh'
fldä;=jlal=" Ô'" ueÈjl" whs'" l¨wdrÉÑ" fla'ta'ã'" .=reisxy" Ô'whs'" Èidkdhl"
fla'tÉ'tï'" chudkak" iS'fla' iy ,,s;d moañKs" ví' tÉ' tï' ^2001&
w;a±lSïj,ska bf.k .ksuq' ta ;=<ska wms u ilia fjuq' ld¾hnoaO fiajdia:
.=re wOHdmk m%fõYhla jk m%;HfõlaIK bf.kqu Y%S ,dxlsl mdi,l Ndú;
jk wdldrh ms<sn| wOHhkhls' cd;sl .=re wOHdmk wêldßh" wOHdmk
wud;HdxYh'
{dkj;S" î' iS' ^2015& iò isisf,a fld| msmqKd' y,aT`:j: l¾;D m%ldYk'
;s,lr;ak" tka' ^2015& .eñÈúh yd uelS hk .eñjyr' ;s;a;je,a,( l¾;D m%ldYk'
52
;s,lr;ak" fla'tï' ^2015& m%d:ñl mka;sj, bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha §
.=rejrhd isiqkaj ÿfõ" mqf;a hkqfjka weu;Sfuka YsIH idOkh by< kexùu
^2015& ;sfk;" f;jk l,dmh" 218-223 jk msgq' l=reKE.,: jhU m<d;a
wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j l=reKE.,'
osidkdhl" mS' ^2016& yrj;a wOHdmkhg u.' fld<T 10 f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'
oerKsh.," tia' ^2014& r<: iqkdñfhka miq Ôú;h .ek u;l igykla' mßj¾;kh:
ud,sks f.daúkakf.a' kqf.af.dv: iriú fmd;ay,'
Oïñl rejka l=udr" ta'ta' ^2014& my< idOk uÜgula iys; 10 jk fY%aKsfha
isiqfjl=f.a È.= ld,Sk mdi,a fkdmeñKSug fya;= y`ÿkdf.k ta iòyd úiÿï
,nd § Tyq kej; mdi, fj; f.kajd .ekSu' ;sfk;" fojk l,dmh" 151-158
jk msgq' l=reKE.,( jhU m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
rUqlaje,a," t,a'fla' iy .=K;s,l" ta'tï'ã'ví' ^2011& ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK kHdh
iy jHjydr' uykqjr: l¾;D m%ldYk'
jekaofndakd" à'ta' ^2016& wEka m%Ekala ±ßhlf.a Èkfmd;' kqf.af.dv( iriú
m%ldYlfhda'
úchfldaka ví'tï'iS' ^2012& isks÷ myiska rYañ úysok jkakshg mEhQ weÿre i|' YS%
,xld wOHdmk m¾fhaIK jdr i.rdj" 13 jk fjMu" 80-100 jk msgq' uyr.u:
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
úfÊfldaka" ví'tka'fla' ^2015& wg fY%aKsfha ±ßhlf.a wlSlre yeisÍï rgdj fjkia
lsÍu' ;sfk;" f;jk l,dmh" 42-47 jk msgq' l=reKE.,: jhU m<d;a
wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
ú;dkm;srk" tï'ù' ^1996& cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ z.=rejrhd m¾fhaIl jYfhkaZ jHdmD;shg wod<
jevuq`Mjl § bÈßm;a l< w;am;s%ldj' i|yka jQfha fldä;=jlal=" Ô'
ueÈjl" whs'" l¨wdrÉÑ" fla'ta' ã'" .=reisxy" Ô' whs'" Èidkdhl"
fla'tÉ'tï'" chudkak" iS'fla' iy ,,s;d moañKs" ví'tÉ'tï' ^2001&'
Alles, B.J.P., de Silva, A., Fernando, W.D., Sirisena, U.D.I., &Warnasuriya, W.M.A. (1967)
Working paper: action research pilot project for improvement of school practice
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to theory and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Inc.
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Bolton, G. (2014) Reective practice: writing and professional development.4th ed.
London: Sage.
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yellow brick road. 2 ed. New Jersey: Pearson Merril Prentice Hall.
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University.
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st
Schon, D. A. (1983) The reective practitioner: how professionals think in action. 1 ed.
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54
mo ud,dj
Anecdotal record - WmdLHdkuh jd¾;dj
Area of concern - ie,ls,a, fhduq jk lafIa;%h
Attitude scale - wdl,am mrsudK
Autobiography - iajhx prs;dmodkh
Blog - íf,d.a
Cartoon - ldgqkh
Checklist - úuiqï m;
Collaborative - iyfhda.s
Collaborative action research - ixl¾;Dl fyj;a iyfhda.S ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK
Collaborative reection - il¾;Dl fyj;a iyfhda.S m%;HfõCIKh
Content analysis - ikaOdr úYAf,aIKh
Context - ikao¾Nh
Critical incident interview - úfõpkd;aul isoaê iïuqL idlÉcd
Dissemination - m%p,s; lsÍu
District-wide action research - Èia;s%lalh mokï lr .;a ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK
E mail - B fï,a ,smshla
Face book - uqyqKqfmd;
Fact nding - lreKq fidhd ne,Su
Field text and Field note - lafIa;% fm< yd lafIa;% igyk
Focus group interview - kdNs.; lKavdhï iïuqL idlÉcdj
Formal interview - úêu;a iïuqL idlÉcdj
Individual teacher research - tla .=rejrhl= lrk .=re ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK
Informal interview - wúêu;a iïuqL idlÉcdj
Intimate journal - l=`:m. i.rdj
Issue - újdodmkak m%Yakh
Layout - msßie,eiau
Log, Diary, Vedio, Journal - f,d.a" Èkfmd;" ùäfhda i.rd
Memoir - u;l igyka
Memory - u;lh
Monitoring - wNsuka;%Kh
Narrative Style - wdLHdk ffY,sh
Note taking - igyka ;nd .ekSu
Objective - jdia;úl
Opportunities - wjia:d
55
Pathology - jHdê
Photograph - cdhdrEmh
Physical trace - fN!;sl fydavqjdj$i,l=K
Plan of action with steps - mshjr iys; ie,eiau
Planning - ie,eiau
Problem - .eg¨j
Problem posing - .eg¨ biau;= lr bÈßm;a lsrSu
Problem solving - .eg¨ úi£u
Professional - jD;a;slhd
Professional story - jD;a;Sh l;dka;rh
Projective technique - m%lafIamK l%u Ys,amh
Questionnaire - m%Yakdj,sh
Rating scale - m%udKk mrsudkh
Reection - m%;HfõlaIKh
Reection for action - ls%hdj ioyd m%;HfõlaIKh
Reection in Action - iuld,Sk m%;HfõlaIKh
Reection on action - mYapdoa m%;HfõlaIKh
Reective journal - m%;HfõlaIK i`.rdj
Reminiscence - w;S;h u;lhg kxjk
Research literature - m¾fhaIK idys;Hh
School-wide action research - mdi, u mokï lr .;a ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK
Self analysis - iajhx úYaf,aIKhla
Self examination - iajhx mÍlaIdjla
Shadow study - fijKe,s wOHhkh
Sms - ÿrl;k flá mKsjqvhla
Social action - iudc ls%hdj
Sociogram - iudcñ;sl l%ufõoh
Story - l;dka;rh
Strengths - Yla;Ska
Student work - YsIH f,aLkh
SWOTanalysis - Yÿw; úYaf,aIKh
Threats - ;¾ck
Twitter - Üúg¾
Video and audio - ùäfhda iy Yío mgh
Wave - r<
Weaknesses - ÿ¾j,;d
56
1 jk Wm.%ka:h
m%;HfõlaIKh
m%;HfõlaIKh hkq l=ula o?
iajlSh jD;a;Sh jHjydrh jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSug" M,odhs .=rejreka úêu;a j iïnkaO jk"
iajhx mÍlaIdjla iy iajhx we.hSula iys; ls%hdj,shls' fcdaka vqú ^1933& bÈßm;a l<
ks¾jpk wkqj fuh —fm!oa.,sl ixj¾Okh i|yd úkhla iys; j is;du;d Ñka;kfha
kshe<Sula˜f,i y÷kd .; yels h' fvdk,aâ iafldka ^1983&mjikafka —jD;a;slhka
.eg¨jla ms<sn| j lghq;= lrk úg ta ms<sn| ;u w¾:ksrEmK iy úiÞqï mÍlaId lrñka tu
.eg¨j ksrka;rfhka rduq.;-m%;srduq.; lrk njhs
iEu mqoa.,fhl=g u fm!oa.,sl cSú;h id¾:l lr.ekSu i|yd fuka u iEu
jD;a;slhl=g u ish jD;a;sh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd m%;HfõCIKh w;HjYH l%shdj,shls'
úfYaIfhka u rgl wkd.;h ilialsrSfuys ,d úYd, j.lSula mejfrkakd jQ .=rejreka
m%;HfõCIKfhys fhfoñka ish bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh bIaG lsrSu u.ska osfkka osk
WfoHda.su;a j yd iqNjdoS j ;u .=re N+ñldj bgq l< yels h' .=rejrekag ish bf.kqï-
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha .eg¨ úi|d .ekSu i|yd w;sYhska Wmldrs jkakd jQ l%shduQ,sl
m¾fhaIK i|yd o m%;HfõCIKh moku fjhs'
m%;HfõlaIKfha oS my; i|yka ls%hd isÿ fõ'
· lssishï wjia:djl isÿ jk ± .ek mßiaiñka is;Su
· mj;sk úl,am y÷kd .ekSu
· jD;a;slhka f,i ;u w.hhka ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Su
· tu w.hhka ms<sn| j lghq;= lsÍfï § mj;sk myiq;d uÜgu ms<sn| j o is;Su
· fjkila lsÍu i|yd ls%hd l< hq;af;a flfia o hkak .ek is;du;d f;dard .ekSu
m%;HfõCIK igyka ;eîu

m%;HfõCIKh ish Ñka;kh fufyhùu iïnJO ls%hdj,shla jqj o fuys oS jvd jeo.;a
jkafka ;u is;g kef.k tu is;=ú,s igyka lsrSuhs' fuh yqfola hïlsis isÿùula ms<sn|
ixCIsma; igykla fyda jd¾;djla fkd ù" tu isÿùug iïnJO ish¨ lreKq iy tajd ms<sn|
;u ixcdkkh"úksYaph" thg fya;= jQ lreKq hk ish,a, igyka lsrSuls' idudkH oskfmd;a
,sùfuka fuh neyer jkafka o fï iúia;rd;aul nj ksid h' fuu igyka ;uka úiska ;u
fm!oa.,sl w;aoelSï flaJø fldg .ksñka ,shkakla neúka iajlSh wdfõKsl ffY,shlska
igyka l< yels h'
m%;HfõCIK osk igyka ,sùu i|yd idudkHfhka Ndú; jkafka myiqfjka f.k
hd yels igyka fmd;la jqj;a j¾;udk mrs.Kl ;dlaIKh;a iu. fuys Ndú;h o
kùlrKh ù we;' ta wkqj mrs.Kl f,aLkhla f,i" B fï,a ,smshla Êmail)" uqyqKqfmd;
^Face book), Üúg¾ ^Twitter) fyda ÿrl;k flá mKsjqvhla (sms) fyda íf,d.a ^blog) f,i
o m%;HfõCIK igyka mj;ajd .; yels h' jvd jeo.;a jkafka fuu igyka ;ukag
myiqfjka kej; mrsyrKh lsrSug we;s yelshdjhs'
57
m%;HfõlaIK ,sùug" ksoyia rpkd ffY,sh fuka u wdlD;s o Ndú; l< yels h'
WodyrKhla my; ±lafõ'
isÿ jQ foa .ek ud

ud lf<a ieneúka isÿjQfha isÿ jQ fohska
l=ula o@ l=ula o@ is;kafka l=ula o@ ud W.;af;a
^kHdhd;aul j $ l=ula o@
l%u úoHd;aul j&
uu mka;sh yh tl lKavdhul ls%hdldrlug uu is;kqfha fï l%shdldrlu .fõIK l%shdldrlï

fokdf.a iïnkaO jQfha YsIHhka YsIHhkag wNsfhda.d;aul fkd jk ixúOdk lrk
lKavdhïj,g fofofkla muKs' ;sfofkla njhs' TjQyq th ñks;a;= lsysmhlska úg ish¨ idudðlhkag iudk
fnod iEu Tfya n,d isáhy' ls%hdldrlu ksu l<y' j Bg
lKavdhulg u .ek Tjqkg Wkkaÿjla fkdù h' fndfyda <uhska l%shdldrlug iyNd.s úh yels mßÈ ie,iqï
jev m;s%ldjla iy ;j;a <ufhla wNHdi fmd;la iïnkaO fkd jQfha lKavdhïj, lsÍu
Wmfoia ms;%ldjla fmr<d f.k igykla ;j;a bv uÈ jQ ksid h' ug;a yefÕkqfha b;d jeo.;a h' YsIH
fnod ÿksñ' uu fmd;lska fldms lr ,shkakg l%shdldrlu l%shd;aul lsÍug iq ÿiq Wkkaÿjg
Tjqkag Wla; mgka .;af;a h' wfkla hdka;%Khla uúiska ie,iqï fkd wjOdkh fhduq lr
wdLdh; iïnkaOh lKavdhïj, o fndfyda l< nj h' lKavdhï
.ek .fõiKhla <uhska l;d lrñka ;ukaf.a ug Tjqkaf.a Wkkaÿj iy wjYH;d jev ie,iqï l< hq;= h' wod<
lsÍug Wmfoia ÿksñ' jev lrñka isáhy' .ek jeä wjOdkhla mdvu ie,iqï ud;Dldjg
lsÍug fmr oelaúh hq;= j ;snqKs' YsIH lKavdhï wka;¾ l%shd
lrk
wdldrh o ie,ls,a,g .;
hq;= h'
uQ,dY%h( fldä;=jlal= iy mdf.dvwdrÉÑ ^2014&
m%;HfõCIK igyka u.ska .eg¨j y÷kd .ekSu yd m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sh lrd

fhduqùu
Tn ,shQ m%;HfõCIK igyka u.ska .eg¨j y÷kd .ksñka m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sh lrd
fhduqùu i|yd ;ks j fyda Tnf.a jD;a;Sh i.hl= iu. isÿl< yels b;d ir,
l%shdldrlula my; oelafõ'
- Tn ,shd we;s lreKq wkqj Tng wjYH mj;sk ;;a;ajfhys hïlsis ixj¾Okhla
we;s lsrSu o@ tys .=Kd;aul nj jeä lsrSu o@ ke;s kï thg iïnJO lsisjl=g
iydh ùu o@ hkq ;SrKh lrkak'
- tu —;;a;ajh $ ldrKh˜ ms<sno lgq igykla we| tu lreKg wod< j Tnf.a
N+ñldj o tys w|skak ^lgq igykla iEfya&
- tu.ska m¾fhaIlhd jk ug .eg¨j fj; m%fõY úh yels úúO wdldr y÷kd
.ksñka m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sh lrd fhduq úh yels h'
- fuh m¾fhaIlhdf.a is;=ú,s l%shdoduh myiq lr.ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< yels
tla Wml%uhls'
58
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- I am an action researcher (Sinhala Medium

Book · February 2018

Godwin Kodituwakku Wmc Wijayakoon and Yvonne Samarawickrama

Understanding Sri Lankan Child View project

Good practices View project

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wOHdmk m¾fhaIK tallh

mß.Kl lghq;= iydh

mdif,a bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdoduh" idïm%odhsl m%fõYj,ska fjkia úh

.=rejreka o we;=<;a .=re N+ñldjg iïnkaO wOHdmk jD;a;slhkag"

tka'tÉ' fm%audj;S premanawarathne@yahoo.com

ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj,g iudc ls%hd iy

wo <uhsj wU .y hgg f.ksyska mdvu lrkakhs ie,iqï lf<a' ta;a oeka

· mdvu W.kajd wjika lsÍfuka miq lrkq ,nk m%;HfõlaIKh( fuh

wo fï tallfha bjr lrkak ;snqK wka;su fldgi ksid mdvu lrkak

m%;HfõlaIK igyka ,sùfï § wm w;ska wCIr úkHdY fodaI" mo fn§fï fodaI"

ls%hduq,sl m¾fhaIKfha m<uq mshjr iudc ls%hdjlg iïnkaO

iudc ls%hdjla yd tu iudc ls%hdjg iïnkaO .eg¨jla yÿkd f.k tu

wl=re fkdyels Wla; .eg,qj yd Bg iïnkaO

1 jk rEmh' .eg¨jg iïnkaO iudc ls%hd

wl=re fkd yels <uhd ksji

fhduq úh hq;= h'

WodyrKhla jYfhka ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhl fldgila lshjd n,uq'

—fuu iqúfYaIs .;s,laIK we;s ùug hï fya;=jla we;a±hs fidhd

Wla; fldgiska meyeÈ,s jkqfha 8 jk fY%aKsfha ±ßhlf.a wlSlre yeisÍï

3 jk rEmh' ie,ls,a, fhduq jk l=vd iy m<,a lafIa;%

1 jk j.=j' lreKq fidhd ne,Sfï WmlrK$ l%u

ksÍlaIKh iïuqL idlÉPd f,aLk iy fjk;a o;a; uq,dY%

(Field text, Note taking and (Informal interviews) (Student work )

(Sociogram) - iudcñ;sl l%ufõo (Content analysis)

WmdLHdk jd¾;d $ril:duh jd¾;d (Anecdotal records)

—.eUqre jpk .=rejrhd meyeÈ,s lrf.k hk úg <uhd tlajr u fmd;

fujeks WmdLHdk jd¾;d $ri l:duh jd¾;d ^Anecdotal records& o o;a;

osidkdhl ^2016& rpkd l< —yrj;a wOHdmkhg u.˜ lD;sfha 62 msgqfõ o

.Ks;h úIhhg wod< j ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKh;a ,shQ l=udßydñ ^2015& o

2015'07'27 Èk iydh b.ekaùu ioyd mdi,g .sfhñ' by; isiqka yh

—wo osk y;rjk ld,Éfþofha oS mfya mka;sfha bx.S%is mdvu wëlaIKh

wNHka;r kshduk ld¾hh isÿl< lKavdhu" ksis f,i 5 jk fYa%Ksfha

m¾fhaIK Èkfmd;a ,sùu ioyd Wmfoia my; ±lafõ ^ú;dkm;srK" 1996&'

fhdod .;a b.ekaùï l%uh we;$ke;

u. fmkajk ,o wkdjrK l%uh

m%udKk mßudKh -Rating Scale

mka;sfha <uhskaf.a úkh l<ukdlrKh .ek mÍlaId lrk .=rejrhl=g"

b;d ÿ¾j,hs ÿ¾j,hs uOHia:hs fydohs b;d fydohs

wúêu;a iïuqL idlÉPd

—weh wdKuvqj k.rfha fydag,hl wdydr msiSu msKsi Èkm;d

úêu;a iïuqL idlÉPd

<uhdf.a .Ks; ms%h;dj b;d wvqhs 1 2 3 4 5 b;d fyd`ohs

úfõpkd;aul isoaê iïuqL idlÉPd (Critical incident interview)

iudcñ;sl mÍlaIK ^Sociogram)

4 jk rEmh' mka;sldurfha iudc iïnkaO;d rgd

kdNs.; lKavdhï iïuqL idlÉcd - Focus group interview

—;r.h - iuia; ,xld mdie,a ix.S; ;r.h" wdfoaYl NdKav

f,aLk iy fjk;a o;a; uQ,dY%

fN!;sl fydavqjd $i,l=Kq - Physical traces

6 jk rEmh' áhqIka wOHdmkh ms<sno j Ñ;%Ys,ams úfÊfidau úiska

u;l igyka (Memoir)

2004 foieïn¾ 26" hd,

uq,§ uu ta .ek lsis;a fkdis;=fjñ' id.rh fjkodg jvd wfma

fï ioyd ;j;a iïNdjH WodyrKhla jkqfha wEkam%Ekala fo jk f,dal

isl=rdod hqfoõ ,hsishï tfla§ úNd. m%;sM, m%isoaO flrej' uf.a

orejkaf.a Wiq¨ úiq¨j,g ,la jQjdh' fcHIaG .=rejreka mjd fï mka;sj,

fkdryils' tfy;a orejka yß yeá bf.k f.k ke;s nj úNd.

—me,a /lalg" .sks ;emamg jevla kEfka wiajekak fydo ke;akï˜

W.kajkakg ±rE W;aidyh w.h l< hq;=h' ^tfy;a fï ,enqjdjQ

—'''wä 100x20 f.dvke.s,af,ys kjh yd oyh mka;s yhla jQ w;r tu

fï fldgi Wf.kSfï § YsIHhd bf.k .; hq;= mo m<uq j y`ÿkd .ekSu

moh moh uq,ska u yuq jQ mka;sh yd mdvu

lreKq fidhd ne,sfï wjika m%;sM,h

.eg¨fjka wkq.eg¨ y÷kd f.k úi÷ug fhduq ùu

—9 jk fYa%Kshg meñfKk f;la <uhdg b.ekajQ .=rejrekaf.a j.ùu˜

fuf;la wm idlÉPd l< .eg¨jg iïnkaO úúO ;,j, wh isák nj oeka

Yÿw; úYaf,aIKh (SWOT Analysis)

ienúka u bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha § jeo.;a u idOlh jkafka

ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha úfYaI ,laIKhla jkqfha jD;a;slhl= fiajh lrk