ERG-100

June 2010

Twin City Fan

Abbreviations, Fan Terminology and Definitions
ARR. Arrangement of fan.
BHP Brake horsepower, the fan’s power consumption.
CCW Counterclockwise. Used to describe the rotation of an impeller. Rotation is determined by viewing the impeller
from the drive side on centrifugal fans. Determining the rotation is not a factor on axial and inline centrifugal
fans.
CFM Cubic feet per minute, the volume of air moved per minute.
CL Class of fan. The class identifies the limit of the fan’s performance range.
CW Clockwise. Used to describe the rotation of an impeller. Rotation is determined by viewing the impeller from
the drive side on centrifugal fans.
dBA Estimated sound pressure level in the space using “A” weighting.
DWDI Double width double inlet.
EFFICIENCY A Ratio of the useful energy (work) provided by a system to the energy supplied to it. Used to provide a rela-
tive performance comparison of fans.
FPM Feet per minute, the velocity of the airstream.
HP Horsepower, the fan’s motor size.
I.D. Inside diameter of fan, duct or transition.
Lp Sound Pressure Level. Describes the loudness level of the sound, like the brightness level of a light bulb. This
value varies with the distance from the sound source and the environment surrounding the sound source. Sound
pressure is usually expressed in decibels with a reference level to 0.0002 microbars.
Lw Sound Power Level. Describes the total amount of acoustical energy the fan emits, like the watt rating of a light
bulb describes the total amount of energy the light emits. This value is independent of location, distance, and
environment. Sound power is usually expressed in decibels with a reference level to 10–12 watts.
LwA Sound Power Level ‘A’ weighted. This is a single value representing the fan’s overall sound power level. ‘A’ weight-
ing adjusts the sound power level for the response of the human ear. This value is often used in the calculation
of sound pressure levels.
ME Mechanical efficiency (or Total efficiency). Mechanical efficiency is a ratio of the total fan power output to the
power supplied to the fan. Mechanical efficiency uses total pressure, which includes the kinetic energy, to calcu-
late the efficiency.
O.D. Outside diameter of fan, duct or transition.
OV Outlet velocity, the average air velocity at the outlet of the fan. Outlet velocity is calculated by dividing the CFM
by outlet area.
RPM Revolutions per minute, the number of rotations the fan shaft makes per minute.
SE Static efficiency. Static efficiency is a ratio of the fan power output to the power supplied to the fan. Static effi-
ciency uses static pressure, which does not include the kinetic energy, to calculate the efficiency. It can be found
by multiplying the Mechanical efficiency by the ratio of the fan static pressure to the fan total pressure.
SP Static pressure is the measure of the potential energy of the airstream. SP acts equally in all directions. It is this
pressure in the duct that tends to burst or collapse the duct.
SWSI Single width single inlet.
TP Total pressure, the measure of the energy content of the airstream. It is the sum of static pressure (SP) and
velocity pressure (VP).
TS Tip speed, the speed of the fan blade tip.
VP Velocity pressure, the measure of the energy content of the airstream. Velocity pressure acts in the direction of
the airflow. It is the pressure necessary to accelerate the air.

2 Twin City Engineering Resource Guide

Formulas For Fan Applications
Mechanical

CFM x TP x Kp
Efficiency, ME = 6343.3 x BHP x 100 Kp
= (
ln (1 + x)
x
x
z
) (
ln (1+z) )
CFM x SP x Kp
Static
Efficiency, SE = 6343.3 x BHP x 100 x = Pe1 + 13.595 x Pb

( (6343.3CFMx BHP )
)
(where SP is in inches H2O)

Total Pressure, TP = SP + VP z = ( y+1

y ) x
Pt1 + 13.595 x Pb
CFM
Velocity, V = Area in Sq. Ft.
Pt1 = Total Pressure @ fan's inlet in in-wg

(1097.8) pounds
2
Velocity Pressure, VP = V x density in Pb = Barometric Pressure in in-Hgz
per
cubic foot
I
f the density is 0.075 lbs/ft3,
the equation for VP reduces to
= (V/4008.6)2
SYSTEM CURVE EQUATION
The following formula is used to find other points on the system line when SP1 and CFM1 are known. Most, but not all, systems
follow this relationship.
CFM2
( )
2
SP2 = SP1
CFM1

How to Use the Fan Laws for Performance Changes

There are two reasons why a fan’s performance may need to 3. After installing the fan, the Plant Manager wants to increase
be changed: the airflow into the plant to 41,500 CFM. The fan laws are
• The system or area requires additional airflow (CFM).

used to determine how this fan will be affected by the new
system requirements.
• The
actual system static pressure (SP) is different from the
design value. 4. The known values are
CFM1 = 33,120 CFM SP1 = 2.5" SP
When these situations occur, it is important to understand
CFM2 = 41,500 CFM RPM 1 = 620 RPM
how they can affect the fan’s performance.
BHP1 = 20.01 BHP
The effect on the fan’s performance can be shown by using
5. The unknown values are RPM2 = ??
the Fan Laws, shown below.
SP2 = ??
BHP2 = ??
FAN LAW EQUATIONS 6. Using the fan law equations, the unknown values are calcu-
lated as follows
RPM2 x CFM1
CFM 2 = 41,500
RPM1 RPM2 = 33,120 x 620 = 777 RPM2

2

( ) x 2.5" = 3.93" SP
2
RPM2
(
SP2 = RPM1 x SP1
) 777
SP2 = 620
2

BHP = ( 620) x 20.01 = 39.39 BHP

3
3 777
RPM2
BHP2 = RPM1
( ) x BHP1 2 2

7. What does this information tell us?

Subscript 1 = existing conditions In order to use the same fan for an airflow of 41,500 CFM,
Subscript 2 = new conditions the RPM needs to be increased to 777 RPM.
The new performance increases the fan’s horsepower
EXAMPLE requirement from 25 HP to 50 HP. If the fan is sped up to
1. Assume a customer requires a fan to operate at 33,120 777 RPM the motor must be resized.
CFM at 2.5" SP, at standard air density. Per the specifica- IMPORTANT NOTE: The new RPM should be checked to
tions, a BC backward inclined fan is required. make sure it does not exceed the maximum allowable RPM
2. Based on the above information, from Twin City Fan & for the fan that is installed. If this information is not provided
Blower’s Bulletin 300, a 490 BC SWSI, CL II fan is selected. in the catalog or you would like Twin City Fan & Blower to
This fan will operate at 620 RPM and 20.01 BHP to meet review the application, please contact your local representa-
the required performance. tive, the factory or the Twin City Fan Selector® program.

Twin City Engineering Resource Guide 3

Performance Correction for Temperature & Altitude
In each fan catalog the performance tables are based on stan- When the fan performance is not at standard conditions, the
dard air density, which is defined as dry air at 70°F at sea level performance must be converted to standard conditions before
(29.92 Hg barometric pressure). This is equal to 0.075 lb./ft3 entering the fan performance tables. The fan performance is
density. The fan performance tables provide the fan RPM and converted to standard conditions by using the correction fac-
brake horsepower requirements for the given CFM and static tor in the Temperature and Altitude Correction Chart shown
pressure, at standard air density. below.
The following are examples explaining how to convert the
fan’s performance to standard conditions.

Temperature and Altitude Correction Factors

ALTITUDE IN FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL
AIR
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 15000
TEMP
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE IN INCHES OF MERCURY
°F
29.92 28.86 27.82 26.82 25.84 24.90 23.98 23.09 22.22 21.39 20.58 16.89
 –50 1.293 1.247 1.201 1.159 1.116 1.076 1.036 .997 .960 .924 .889 .729
  0 1.152 1.111 1.071 1.032  .995  .959  .923 .889 .856 .824 .792 .650
 50 1.039 1.003  .967  .932  .897  .864  .833 .801 .772 .743 .715 .586
 70 1.000  .964  .930  .896  .864  .832  .801 .772 .743 .714 .688 .564
100  .946  .912  .880  .848  .818  .787  .758 .730 .703 .676 .651 .534
150  .869  .838  .808  .770  .751  .723  .696 .671 .646 .620 .598 .490
200  .803  .774  .747  .720 .694  .668  .643 .620 .596 .573 .552 .453
250  .747  .720  .694  .669  .645  .622  .598 .576 .555 .533 .514 .421
300  .697  .672  .648  .624  .604  .580  .558 .538 .518 .498 .480 .393
350  .654  .631  .608  .586  .565  .544  .524 .505 .486 .467 .450 .369
400  .616  .594  .573  .552  .532  .513  .493 .476 .458 .440 .424 .347
450  .582  .561  .542  .522  .503  .484  .466 .449 .433 .416 .401 .328
500  .552  .532  .513  .495  .477  .459  .442 .426 .410 .394 .380 .311
550  .525  .506  .488  .470  .454  .437  .421 .405 .390 .375 .361 .296
600  .500  .482  .465  .448  .432  .416  .400 .386 .372 .352 .344 .282
650  .477  .460  .444  .427  .412  .397  .382 .368 .354 .341 .328 .269
700  .457  .441  .425  .410  .395  .380  .366 .353 .340 .326 .315 .258
750  .439  .423  .407  .393  .379  .365  .351 .338 .326 .313 .303 .248
800  .420  .404  .389  .375  .362  .350  .336 .323 .311 .300 .290 .237
850  .404  .391  .376  .363  .349  .336  .324 .312 .300 .289 .279 .228
900  .389  .376  .363  .349 .336  .324  .312 .300 .289 .279 .268 .220
950  .376  .363  .350  .337  .325  .313  .301 .290 .279 .269 .259 .212
1000  .363  .350  .338  .325  .314  .302  .291 .280 .270 .259 .250 .205

How To Convert the Fan’s Performance to Standard Conditions

When Operating Conditions Are Known:
Assume a 365 BC, SWSI fan is to handle 17,000 CFM, 2.5"   5. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the equa-
SP, at 300°F and 3000 ft. altitude. This fan is not operating tion to
at standard conditions; therefore, the performance needs to 150 RPM – 915
be converted to standard conditions to find the fan’s speed 770 = 14
and brake horsepower. The fan’s performance is converted to   6. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying each
standard conditions as follows: side by 14 reduces the equation to
  1. From the table above, the correction factor for 300°F and 0.19 x 14 = RPM – 915
3000 ft. altitude is 0.624.
  7. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding 915 to
  2. The static pressure, at standard air density, is calculated each side reduces the equation to
by dividing the operating SP by the correction factor; i.e.,
2.5" ÷ .624 = 4" SP. The static pressure is 4" at standard 2.66 + 915 = RPM
air density.   8. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan RPM
  3. Knowing the CFM and the static pressure, at standard air equal to
density, the fan RPM and BHP can be found. Enter the RPM = 918 RPM
365 BC, SWSI fan performance table (Bulletin 300) with   9. Next, the BHP is determined by the following equation
17,000 CFM and 4" SP. 17,000 – 16,850 BHP – 14.20
17,620 – 16,850 = 15.03 – 14.20
  4. In this example, the RPM and BHP are between the val-
ues listed in the performance table; therefore, the RPM 10. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the equa-
and BHP are determined by interpolation. The RPM is tion to
determined by the following equation 150 BHP – 14.20
770 = 0.83
17,000 – 16,850 RPM – 915
= 929 – 915
17,620 – 16,850 11. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying each
side by 0.83 reduces the equation to
0.19 x 0.83 = BHP – 14.20

4 Twin City Engineering Resource Guide

12. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding 14.20 to or this example, the cold or starting brake horsepower at
F
each side reduces the equation to 3000 ft. altitude and 70°F is
0.16 + 14.20 = BHP 14.36 x 0.896 = 12.87 BHP,
13. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan BHP cold BHP @ 3000 ft. altitude
equal to To determine the BHP at operating conditions, 300°F and
3000 ft. altitude, multiply the BHP at standard conditions by
BHP = 14.36 BHP the factor for these conditions:
14.36 x 0.624 = 8.96 BHP
Conclusions — For this example, the required fan RPM at operating conditions,
is 918 RPM and the brake horsepower at standard conditions 300°F and 3000 ft. altitude
is 14.36 BHP. The brake horsepower, 14.36 BHP at standard The fan performance information for 17000 CFM, 2.5" SP, at
conditions (70°F at sea level), is also referred to as the cold or 300°F and 3000 ft. altitude is
starting brake horsepower.
If the fan is installed at a higher altitude than sea level, • 918 RPM

such as described in this example, the cold or starting brake

horsepower at that altitude is determined by the following
• 8.96 BHP at operating conditions (300°F and 3000 ft. alti-
tude)
equation:
• 12.87 BHP (cold BHP, 70°F and 3000 ft. altitude)
Cold BHP at altitude =
BHPstd x Correction Factor • 14.36 BHP at standard conditions or cold BHP at 70°F and
sea level
at Required Elevation and 70°F
• 4" SP at standard conditions

When Operating Density Is Known:

Assume a 365 BC, SWSI fan is to handle 23,500 CFM, 3.0"   9. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan RPM
SP, at 0.06364 lb./ft3. This fan is not operating at standard equal to
conditions; therefore, the performance needs to be converted RPM = 1028 RPM
to standard conditions to find the fan’s speed and brake 10. Next, the BHP is determined by the following equation
horsepower. The fan’s performance is converted to standard
23,500 – 22,980 BHP – 20.15
conditions as follows: 24,510 – 22,980 = 22.48 – 20.15
  1. Using the operating density of 0.06364 lb./ft3, the correc- 11. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the equa-
tion factor is determined by dividing the operating density tion to
by the standard density, 0.075 lb./ft3.
520 BHP – 20.15
Operating Density 1530 = 2.33
Correction Factor = Standard Density = .848

12. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying each
  2. The static pressure at standard air density is calculated by side by 2.33 reduces the equation to
dividing the operating SP by the conversion factor, i.e.,
3.0" ÷ .848 = 3.5" SP. The static pressure is 3.5" at stan- 0.34 x 2.33 = BHP – 20.15
dard air density. 13. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding 20.15 to
  3. Knowing the CFM and the static pressure at standard air each side reduces the equation to
density, the fan RPM and BHP can be found. Enter the 0.79 + 20.15 = BHP
365 BC, SWSI fan performance table (Bulletin 300) with 14. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan BHP
23,500 CFM and 3.5" SP. equal to
  4. This example also finds the RPM and BHP between the BHP = 20.94 BHP
values listed in the performance table; therefore, the RPM
and BHP are determined by interpolation.
Conclusions — For this example, the required fan RPM is
5. The RPM is determined by the following equation 1028 RPM and the brake horsepower is 20.94 BHP at standard
23,500 – 22,980 RPM – 1015 conditions. The brake horsepower, 20.94 BHP at standard
24,510 – 22,980 = 1054 – 1015 conditions (70°F at sea level), is also referred to as the cold or
6. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the equa- starting brake horsepower.
tion to To determine the BHP at operating conditions, multiply the
520 RPM – 1015 BHP at standard conditions by the conversion factor for these
1530 = 39 conditions:
  7. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying each 20.94 x 0.848 = 17.76 BHP
side by 39 reduces the equation to at operating conditions
0.3 x 39 = RPM – 1015 The fan performance information for 23,500 CFM, 3.0" SP,
at 0.06364 lb./ft3 is
  8. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding 1015 to
each side reduces the equation to • 1028 RPM

13 + 1015 = RPM • 17.76 BHP at operating conditions of 0.06364 lb./ft3

• 20.94 BHP at standard conditions (70°F at sea level)

• 3.5" SP at standard conditions.

Twin City Engineering Resource Guide 5

Capture Velocities (or Airflow) For Exhaust Hoods
Exhaust hoods are critical devices used AIRFLOW OR
PROCESS TYPE OF HOOD
to protect workers from pro-cess fumes CAPTURE VELOCITY
or dust. Exhaust hoods induce airflow Abrasive Blasting Downdraft Hood  60-100 CFM/ft2 of Floor
Crossdraft Hood 100 CFM/ft2 of Wall
from the work station to the hood to
Auto Parking Garage 2 Level 500 CFM/Parking Space
remove contaminants or particles from Bag Loading for Grain Canopy Hood 100 CFM/ft2 Open Face Area
the work area. The “capture velocity” Elevators, Feed Mills, 500 FPM Maximum
is the air velocity required to move the Flour Mills
contaminants from the work station to Ceramic: Enclosure Hood 200 FPM Thru All Openings
        Dry Pan Local at Die 500 CFM
the hood. Capture velocities and hood         Dry Press Local at Die 500 CFM
designs depend on the type of fume or At Supply Bin 500 CFM
dust being removed. Hood designs in-         Spraying (Lead Glaze) Booth Hood 400 FPM (Face)
Cooling Tunnels (Foundry) Enclosure Hood 75-100 CFM Per Running
clude canopy hoods, downdraft hoods, Foot of Enclosure
booth-type hoods, slot hoods, etc. The Core Sanding (on Lathe) Downdraft Hood 100 FPM at Source
chart at right shows the capture velocity Under Work
and hood design for a given process. Crushers & Grinders Enclosure Hood 200 FPM Thru Openings
Degreasing; Evaporation From Tanks Canopy Hood  50-100 FPM
Forge (Hand) Booth Hood 200 FPM at Face
Furniture Stripping Tank Slot Hood  45 CFM/ft2 of Tank Area
Metal Cutting Bandsaw Booth Hood 225 CFM/ft2 of Open Area
Metal Spraying Booth Hood a) 150 CFM/ft2 of Face Area,
Non-toxic
b) 200 CFM/ft2 of Face Area,
Toxic
Outboard Motor Test Tank Side Draft Hood 200 CFM/ft2 of tank openings
Packaging Machines Booth Hood  50-100 FPM at Face
Downdraft Hood  95-150 FPM Down
Complete Enclosure 100-400 FPM Opening
Paper Machine Canopy Hood 200-300 FPM at Face
Note: The flow rates and velocities Pickling Metals Canopy Hood 200-250 FPM
shown in the charts on this page are Plating Metals Canopy Hood 225-250 FPM
based on standard air density. For con- Restaurant Range Hood Against Wall  80 CFM/ft2 of Hood Area
ditions not at standard density such as Island Type Hood 125 CFM/ft2 of Hood Area
high temperature, moisture or elevation, Spray Booth Booth Hood a) 200 CFM/ft2 for Face Area
Up To 4 ft2
convert the operating conditions to stan- b) 150 CFM/ft2 for Face Area
dard air conditions using the correction Over 4 ft2
factors found in the Temperature and Steam Kettles Canopy Hood 150 FPM at Face
Altitude Correction Chart on page 4. Varnish Kettles Canopy Hood 200-250 FPM at Face
Wire Impregnating Covered Tanks 200 CFM/ft2 of Opening

From American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Industrial Ventilation (ACGIH®): A

Manual of Recommended Practice, 22nd Ed. Copyright 1995, Cincinnati, OH. Reprinted with permission.

Minimum Duct Velocities For Conveying Materials

After the exhaust hood removes the AVG. VELOCITY
fumes or dust from the work station, the MATERIAL TO CONVEY
MATERIAL (FPM)
velocity downstream of the hood must
VERY FINE LIGHT DUST:
be high enough to prevent the material Cotton Lint, Wood Flour, Litho Powder
2500–3000
from clogging the ductwork. The veloc- DRY DUSTS & POWDERS:
3000–4000
ity downstream of the hood is defined Fine Rubber Dust, Jute Lint, Cotton Dust, Light Shavings, Soap Dust
as the minimum duct velocity and is AVERAGE INDUSTRIAL DUST:
Grinding Dust, Buffing Lint-Dry, Wool Jute Dust-Shaker Waste, Shoe
determined by the type of material being Dust, Granite Dust, Silica Flour, General Material Handling, Brick 3500­–4000
conveyed through the duct. The table Cutting, Clay Dust, Foundry-General, Limestone Dust, Packaging &
at right shows typical duct velocities for Weighing Asbestos Dust in Textile Industries
HEAVY DUSTS
various materials. Sawdust-Heavy & Wet, Metal Turnings, Foundry Tumbling Barrels &
4000–4500
Shake-Out, Sandblast Dust, Wood Blocks, Brass Turnings, Cast Iron
Boring Dust, Lead Dust
HEAVY OR MOIST:
Lead Dusts with Small Chips, Moist Cement Dust, Asbestos Chunks
4500 & Up
From Transite Pipe Cutting Machines, Buffing Lint-Sticky, Quick-Lime
Dust

From American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Industrial Ventilation (ACGIH®): A

Manual of Recommended Practice, 22nd Ed. Copyright 1995, Cincinnati, OH. Reprinted with permission.

6 Twin City Engineering Resource Guide

Air Change Rates for Ventilation
The volume of fresh air (CFM) required to a given area can AREA TYPE MINUTES PER CHANGE
be easily estimated by the “air change method.” This method ASSEMBLY HALL 3-10
is recommended for standard commercial type applications BAKERY 1- 3
where environmental control of hazards, heat and/or odors BAR 2- 4
is not necessary. BOWLING ALLEY 3- 7
BOILER ROOM 1- 3
Other items to consider when determining the number of air CAFETERIA 3- 5
changes required are:
•
CHURCH 4-10
Local code requirements on air changes. CLASSROOM 4- 6
• How the space is used. ENGINE ROOM 1- 3
• The type of climate in the area, e.g., hot, moderate or
cold.


FACTORY
FORGE SHOP
2- 7
1- 2
The air volume (CFM) can be estimated by using the following FOUNDRY 1- 5
equation and the chart at right that defines the number of air GENERATOR ROOM 2- 5
HOSPITAL 4- 6
changes for given area.
KITCHEN 2- 3

Volume of Air = Room Volume (ft3) LABORATORY 2- 5

No. of Air Changes (min./change) LAUNDRY 2- 4
LOCKER ROOM 4-15
MACHINE SHOP 3- 6
MILL 3- 8
OFFICE 2- 8
RESTAURANT 5-10
RETAIL STORE 5-10
RESTROOM/TOILET 2- 5
TRANSFORMER ROOM 1- 5
WAREHOUSE 4-10

Velocity-to-Velocity Pressure Conversion Chart

Values based at Standard Density,
V-VELOCITY
VP-VELOCITY VP-VELOCITY
V -VELOCITY
VP-VELOCITY
V-VELOCITY
0.075lbs/ft3.
FPM
PRESSURE
FPM
PRESSURE
FPM
PRESSURE
IN. WATER IN. WATER IN. WATER
Calculated by the formula:   100 0.0006 2500 0.389 4900 1.49

( )
2    200 0.0025 5000 1.56
V 2600 0.421
VP
= 4008.6  300 0.0056 2700 0.454 5100 1.62
 400 0.010 2800 0.488 5200 1.68
 500 0.016 2900 0.523 5300 1.75
 600 0.022 3000 0.560 5400 1.81
For other densities use the formula:  700 0.030 3100 0.598 5500 1.88

( ) x Density
2
V  800 0.040 3200 0.637 5600 1.95
VP = 1097.8
 900 0.050 3300 0.678 5700 2.02
1000 0.062 3400 0.719 5800 2.09
1100 0.075 3500 0.762 5900 2.17
Where: 1200 0.090 6000 2.24
3600 0.807
V is velocity in ft./min. 1300 0.105 3700 0.852 6100 2.32
Density is in lb/ft3. 1400 0.122 3800 0.899 6200 2.39
1500 0.140 3900 0.947 6300 2.47
1600 0.159 4000 1.00 6400 2.55
1700 0.180 4100 1.05 6500 2.63
1800 0.202 4200 1.10 6600 2.71
1900 0.225 4300 1.15 6700 2.79
2000 0.249 4400 1.20 6800 2.88
2100 0.274 4500 1.26 6900 2.96
2200 0.301 4600 1.32 7000 3.05
2300 0.329 4700 1.37 7100 3.14
2400 0.358 4800 1.43 7200 3.23

Twin City Engineering Resource Guide 7

Definitions of English & Metric Units
°C = degrees Celsius in. = inch N = Newton
cfm = cubic feet per minute kg = kilogram Nm = Newton-meter
cm = centimeter km = kilometer oz. = ounce
°F = degrees Fahrenheit kPa = kilopascal psi = pounds per square inch
ft = foot l = liter rpm = revolutions per minute
fpm = feet per minute lb. = pound rps = revolutions per second
g = gram lbf = pound force sec. = second
Hg = mercury lbm = pound mass W = Watts
hp = horsepower m = meter wg = water gauge
hpm = metric horsepower min. = minute
hr. = hour mm = millimeter

Pressure Equivalent Chart

This chart shows pressure values in inches water gauge and the equivalent pressure in other commonly used unit.
INCHES INCHES OUNCES POUNDS MILLIMETERS
PASCALS KILOPASCALS
WATER MERCURY PER SQ. IN. PER SQ. IN. WATER
(Pa) (kPa)
(IN. WG) (IN. Hg) (oz./in)2 (lb./in)2 (mm WG)
1 0.0736 0.577 0.0361 249 0.25 25.4
2 0.1471 1.154 0.0721 498 0.50 50.8
3 0.2207 1.731 0.1082 747 0.75 76.2
4 0.2942 2.308 0.1443 996 1.00 101.6
5 0.3678 2.886 0.1804 1245 1.25 127.0
6 0.4414 3.463 0.2164 1495 1.49 152.4
7 0.5149 4.040 0.2525 1744 1.74 177.8
8 0.5885 4.617 0.2886 1993 1.99 203.2
9 0.6620 5.194 0.3246 2242 2.24 228.6
10 0.7356 5.771 0.3607 2491 2.49 254.0
11 0.8092 6.348 0.3968 2740 2.74 279.4
12 0.8827 6.925 0.4328 2989 2.99 304.8
13 0.9563 7.503 0.4689 3238 3.24 330.2
14 1.0298 8.080 0.5050 3487 3.49 355.6
15 1.1034 8.657 0.5411 3736 3.74 381.0
16 1.1770 9.234 0.5771 3985 3.99 406.4
17 1.2505 9.811 0.6132 4235 4.23 431.8
18 1.3241 10.388 0.6493 4484 4.48 457.2
19 1.3976 10.965 0.6853 4733 4.73 482.6
20 1.4712 11.542 0.7214 4982 4.98 508.0
21 1.5448 12.120 0.7575 5231 5.23 533.4
22 1.6183 12.697 0.7935 5480 5.48 558.8
23 1.6919 13.274 0.8296 5729 5.73 584.2
24 1.7654 13.851 0.8657 5978 5.98 609.6
25 1.8390 14.428 0.9018 6227 6.23 635.0
26 1.9126 15.005 0.9378 6476 6.48 660.4
27 1.9861 15.582 0.9739 6725 6.73 685.8
28 2.0597 16.159 1.0100 6974 6.97 711.2
29 2.1332 16.736 1.0460 7224 7.22 736.6
30 2.2068 17.314 1.0821 7473 7.47 762.0
31 2.2804 17.891 1.1182 7722 7.72 787.4
32 2.3539 18.468 1.1542 7971 7.97 812.8
33 2.4275 19.045 1.1903 8220 8.22 838.2
34 2.5010 19.622 1.2264 8469 8.47 863.6
35 2.5746 20.199 1.2625 8718 8.72 889.0
36 2.6482 20.776 1.2985 8967 8.97 914.4
37 2.7217 21.353 1.3346 9216 9.22 939.8
38 2.7953 21.931 1.3707 9465 9.47 965.2
39 2.8688 22.508 1.4067 9714 9.71 990.6
40 2.9424 23.085 1.4428 9964 9.96 1016.0
41 3.0160 23.662 1.4789 10213 10.21 1041.4
42 3.0895 24.239 1.5149 10462 10.46 1066.8
43 3.1631 24.816 1.5510 10711 10.71 1092.2
44 3.2366 25.393 1.5871 10960 10.96 1117.6
45 3.3102 25.970 1.6232 11209 11.21 1143.0

8 Twin City Engineering Resource Guide

English & Metric Conversions See page 12 for
Conversion table.
expanded Temperature

AREA POWER TORQUE

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.006944 ft2 0.01 hp 0.083 lb-ft
in
2
0.0006452 m2 434.78 ft-lb/min lb-in
0.11298 N-m
645.16 mm2 kg-m/sec 7.20 ft-lb/s 12 lb-in
144 in2 9.81 W

lb-ft 1.3558 N-m
ft2 0.09290 m2

92903 mm2 PRESSURE N- m 0.73756 lb-ft
10.76 ft2 MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN 8.8507 lb-in
m2 1550 in2 27.68 in-wg VELOCITY
106 mm2 2.036 in-Hg MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
DENSITY psi
6894.8 Pa 0.0167 fps
703.07 mm-wg .2 in/sec
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
51.715 mm-Hg
fpm 0.005080 m/s

lb/ft3 16.02 kg/m3 0.06805 atm 0.30480 m/min
68.948 mbar 60 fpm
kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 0.03613 psi 12 in/sec
0.07356 in-Hg
fps 0.30480 m/s
LENGTH in-wg
249.089 Pa 18.288 m/min
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
25.4 mm-wg 5 fpm
12 in
1.8683 mm-Hg 0.0833 fps
ft 0.3048 m
0.002458 atm
in/sec 0.02540 m/s
304.80 mm
2.49089 mbar 1.524 m/min
0.0833 ft
0.49115 psi 196.85 fpm
in 0.02540 m
13.595 in-wg 3.2808 fps
25.4 mm
in-Hg
3386.4 pa
m/s 39.37 in/sec
3.2808 ft
345.31 mm-wg 60 m/min
m 39.37 in
25.4 mm-Hg 3.2808 fpm
1000 mm
0.03342 atm 0.05468 fps
0.003281 ft
33.864 mbar
m/min 0.65617 in/sec
mm 0.03937 in
0.000145 psi 0.0167 m/s
0.001 m
0.004015 in-wg VOLUME
MASS Pa
0.0002953 in-Hg MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN 0.10197 mm-wg 1728 in3
16 oz 0.007501 mm-Hg
lbm 453.59 grams
ft3 28.317 l
0.0000098692 atm 0.02832 m3
0.45359 kg 0.01 mbar 0.000579 ft3
0.0625 lbm 0.001422 psi
oz 28.35 grams
in3 0.01639 l
0.03937 in-wg 0.0000164 m3
0.0283 kg mm-wg
0.002896 in-Hg 0.03531 ft3
0.002205 lbm
grams 0.03527 oz
9.8067 Pa l 61.024 in3
0.07356 mm-Hg 0.001 m3
0.001 kg 0.000096784 atm 35.315 ft3
2.2046 lbm 0.098067 mbar
kg 35.274 oz
m3 61024 in3
0.01934 psi
1000 grams 1000 l
0.53524 in-wg
MOMENT OF INERTIA 0.002896 in-Hg VOLUME FLOW
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN mm-Hg 133.32 Pa MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.0004719 m3/sec
- 2 0.0069 lb-ft2 13.595 mm-wg
lb in 0.0002926 kg-m2 0.001316 atm 0.02832 m3/min
2 144 lb-in2 1.3332 mbar CFM 1.6990 m3/hr

lb-ft 0.04214 kg-m2 14.696 psi 0.47195 l/s
2 23.73 lb-ft2 406.78 in-wg 28.317 l/min

kg-m 3417.2 lb-in2 29.921 in-Hg 2118.9 CFM
POWER atm 101325 Pa 60 m3/min
10332 mm-wg m3/sec 3600 m3/hr
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
760 mm-Hg 1000 l/s
33000 ft-lb/min
1013.25 mbar 60000 l/min
550 ft-lb/s
35.315 CFM
HP
745.7 W 0.0145 psi
0.0167 m3/sec
0.7457 kW 0.40146 in-wg
0.02953 in-Hg m /min
3 60 m3/hr
76.04 kg-m/sec
mbar 16.667 l/s
0.0000303 HP 100 Pa
1000 l/min
0.0167 ft-lb/s 10.1972 mm-wg
ft-lb/min 0.0226 W 0.75006 mm-Hg 0.58858 CFM
0.0167 m3/min
0.0023 kg-m/sec 0.000987 atm
m3/hr 0.0003 m3/sec
0.0018 HP ROTATING SPEED 0.2778 l/s
60 ft-lb/min MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

ft-lb/s 1.3558 W 0.0167 rps
16.667 l/min
RPM 2.1189 CFM
0.1388 kg-m/sec 0.0167 Hertz
0.001 m3/sec
0.00134 HP 60 rpm
RPS l/s 0.06 m3/min

W 44.254 ft-lb/min 1 Hertz
3.6 m3/hr
0.73756 ft-lb/s 60 rpm
0.1019 kg-m/sec
Hertz 1 rps
60 l/min
0.03531 CFM
1.34 HP TEMPERATURE 0.000016 m3/sec

KW 44,254 ft-lb/min
°F = 9/5 C + 32 l/min 0.001 m3/min
737.56 ft-lb/s
0.06 m3/hr
101.90 kg-m/sec °C = 5/9 (F – 32) 0.0167 l/s
Twin City Engineering Resource Guide 9
Friction Loss Per 100 Feet of Round Duct
Data is for duct roughness of 0.0005 feet. If a special duct material is being used, please contact the duct material
manufacturer for the friction losses. Friction loss in inches H2O.
DUCT DIAMETER
VEL. 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 10" 12"
CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL
2000 175 1.85 273 1.39 393 1.11 535 0.92 698 0.77 1091 0.59 1571 0.47
2200 192 2.21 300 1.67 432 1.33 588 1.10 768 0.93 1200 0.71 1728 0.56
2400 209 2.59 327 1.97 471 1.57 642 1.30 838 1.10 1309 0.83 1885 0.67
2600 227 3.04 355 2.30 511 1.83 695 1.51 908 1.28 1418 0.97 2042 0.78
2800 244 3.49 382 2.65 550 2.11 748 1.74 977 1.47 1527 1.12 2199 0.90
3000 262 4.00 409 3.02 589 2.41 802 1.99 1047 1.68 1636 1.28 2356 1.02
3200 279 4.52 437 3.43 628 2.72 855 2.25 1117 1.91 1745 1.45 2513 1.16
3400 297 5.10 464 3.85 668 3.07 909 2.53 1187 2.15 1854 1.63 2670 1.30
3600 314 5.68 491 4.30 707 3.43 962 2.83 1257 2.40 1963 1.82 2827 1.45
3800 332 6.33 518 4.77 746 3.80 1016 3.14 1327 2.66 2073 2.02 2985 1.62
4000 349 6.97 546 5.28 786 4.21 1069 3.47 1396 2.94 2182 2.23 3142 1.79
4200 367 7.69 573 5.80 825 4.62 1123 3.82 1466 3.23 2291 2.46 3299 1.96
4400 384 8.39 600 6.35 864 5.05 1176 4.17 1536 3.54 2400 2.69 3456 2.15
4600 402 9.18 627 6.91 903 5.51 1230 4.56 1606 3.86 2509 2.93 3613 2.34
4800 419 9.95 655 7.53 943 5.99 1283 4.95 1676 4.19 2618 3.18 3770 2.54
5000 437 10.80 682 8.14 982 6.49 1337 5.36 1746 4.54 2727 3.45 3927 2.76
5200 454 11.63 709 8.78 1021 7.00 1390 5.78 1815 4.90 2836 3.72 4084 2.97
5400 471 12.50 737 9.47 1061 7.54 1443 6.22 1885 5.27 2945 4.00 4241 3.20
5600 489 13.45 764 10.16 1100 8.10 1497 6.68 1955 5.66 3054 4.30 4398 3.44
5800 506 14.37 791 10.88 1139 8.67 1550 7.15 2025 6.07 3163 4.61 4555 3.68
6000 524 15.39 818 11.62 1178 9.26 1604 7.65 2095 6.48 3272 4.92 4712 3.93
6200 541 16.38 846 12.41 1218 9.88 1657 8.15 2164 6.91 3381 5.25 4869 4.20
6400 559 17.47 873 13.19 1257 10.51 1711 8.68 2234 7.35 3491 5.59 5027 4.47
6600 576 18.52 900 14.00 1296 11.16 1764 9.22 2304 7.81 3600 5.93 5184 4.74
6800 594 19.68 928 14.87 1336 11.84 1818 9.78 2374 8.28 3709 6.29 5341 5.03
7000 611 20.80 955 15.73 1375 12.53 1871 10.34 2444 8.77 3818 6.66 5498 5.32

DUCT DIAMETER
VEL. 14" 16" 18" 20" 22" 24" 30"
CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL
2000 2138 0.39 2793 0.33 3534 0.29 4363 0.25 5280 0.22 6283 0.20 9817 0.15
2200 2352 0.47 3072 0.40 3888 0.34 4800 0.30 5808 0.27 6912 0.24 10799 0.19
2400 2566 0.55 3351 0.47 4241 0.41 5236 0.36 6336 0.32 7540 0.29 11781 0.22
2600 2779 0.64 3630 0.55 4595 0.47 5672 0.42 6863 0.37 8168 0.33 12763 0.26
2800 2993 0.74 3910 0.63 4948 0.55 6109 0.48 7391 0.43 8796 0.39 13744 0.29
3000 3207 0.85 4189 0.72 5302 0.62 6545 0.55 7919 0.49 9425 0.44 14726 0.34
3200 3421 0.96 4468 0.82 5655 0.71 6981 0.62 8447 0.55 10053 0.50 15708 0.38
3400 3635 1.08 4747 0.92 6008 0.79 7418 0.70 8975 0.62 10681 0.56 16690 0.43
3600 3848 1.20 5027 1.02 6362 0.89 7854 0.78 9503 0.70 11310 0.63 17671 0.48
3800 4062 1.34 5306 1.14 6715 0.99 8290 0.87 10031 0.77 11938 0.70 18653 0.53
4000 4276 1.48 5585 1.26 7069 1.09 8727 0.96 10559 0.85 12566 0.77 19635 0.59
4200 4490 1.63 5864 1.38 7422 1.20 9163 1.05 11087 0.94 13195 0.84 20617 0.65
4400 4704 1.78 6144 1.51 7776 1.31 9599 1.15 11615 1.03 13823 0.92 21598 0.71
4600 4917 1.94 6423 1.65 8129 1.43 10036 1.26 12143 1.12 14451 1.01 22580 0.77
4800 5131 2.11 6702 1.79 8483 1.55 10472 1.37 12671 1.22 15080 1.10 23562 0.84
5000 5345 2.28 6982 1.94 8836 1.68 10909 1.48 13199 1.32 15708 1.19 24544 0.91
5200 5559 2.46 7261 2.09 9189 1.81 11345 1.60 13727 1.42 16336 1.28 25525 0.98
5400 5773 2.65 7540 2.25 9543 1.95 11781 1.72 14255 1.53 16965 1.38 26507 1.05
5600 5986 2.85 7819 2.42 9896 2.10 12218 1.85 14783 1.64 17593 1.48 27489 1.13
5800 6200 3.05 8099 2.59 10250 2.25 12654 1.98 15311 1.76 18221 1.58 28470 1.21
6000 6414 3.26 8378 2.77 10603 2.40 13090 2.11 15839 1.88 18850 1.69 29452 1.29
6200 6628 3.48 8657 2.95 10957 2.56 13527 2.25 16367 2.01 19478 1.81 30434 1.38
6400 6842 3.70 8936 3.14 11310 2.72 13963 2.40 16895 2.14 20106 1.92 31416 1.47
6600 7055 3.93 9216 3.34 11664 2.89 14399 2.55 17423 2.27 20735 2.04 32397 1.56
6800 7269 4.16 9495 3.54 12017 3.07 14836 2.70 17951 2.40 21363 2.16 33379 1.65
7000 7483 4.41 9774 3.75 12370 3.25 15272 2.86 18479 2.55 21991 2.29 34361 1.75

10 Twin City Engineering Resource Guide

Area and Circumference of Circles
CIRCUM- CIRCUM- CIRCUM-
DIA. AREA DIA. AREA DIA. AREA
FERENCE FERENCE FERENCE
(IN.) (IN.) (IN.)
IN2 FT2 IN FT IN2 FT2 IN FT IN2 FT2 IN FT
 1   0.785 0.005 3.14 0.262 35  962  6.68 109.96  9.16  69 3739 25.95 216.77 18.06
 2   3.14 0.022 6.28 0.523 36 1018   7.06 113.10  9.42 70 3848 26.70 219.91 18.32
   3   7.07 0.049 9.42 0.785  37 1075  7.46 116.24  9.68 71 3959 27.47 223.05 18.58
 4  12.57 0.087 12.57 1.054 38 1134  7.87 119.38  9.94 72 4072 28.25 226.19 18.84
 5  19.63 0.136 15.71 1.31 39 1195  8.29 122.52 10.21 73 4185 29.04 229.34 19.10
 6  28.27 0.196 18.85 1.57 40 1257  8.72 125.66 10.47 74 4301 29.84 232.48 19.37
 7  38.48 0.267 21.99 1.83 41 1320  9.16 128.81 10.73 75 4418 30.66 235.62 19.63
 8  50.27 0.349 25.13 2.09 42 1385  9.61 131.95 10.99 76 4536 31.48 238.76 19.89
 9  63.62 0.441 28.27 2.36 43 1452 10.08 135.09 11.25 77 4657 32.31 241.90 20.15
10  78.54 0.545 31.42 2.62 44 1521 10.55 138.23 11.51 78 4778 33.16 245.04 20.41
11  95.03 0.659 34.56 2.88 45 1590 11.04 141.37 11.78 79 4902 34.01 248.19 20.67
12 113.00 0.785 37.70 3.14 46 1662 11.53 144.51 12.04 80 5027 34.88 251.33 20.94
13 133.00 0.921 40.84 3.40 47 1735 12.04 147.65 12.30 81 5153 35.76 254.47 21.20
14 154.00 1.07 43.98 3.66 48 1810 12.56 150.80 12.56 82 5281 36.64 257.61 21.46
15 177.00 1.23 47.12 3.93 49 1886 13.08 153.94 12.82 83 5411 37.54 260.75 21.72
16 201.00 1.40 50.27 4.19 50 1963 13.62 157.08 13.08 84 5542 38.45 263.89 21.98
17 227.00 1.57 53.41 4.45 51 2043 14.17 160.22 13.35 85 5675 39.37 267.04 22.24
18 254.00 1.77 56.55 4.71 52 2124 14.74 163.36 13.61 86 5809 40.31 270.18 22.51
19 284.00 1.97 59.69 4.97 53 2206 15.31 166.50 13.87 87 5945 41.25 273.32 22.77
20 314.00 2.18 62.83 5.23 54 2290 15.89 169.65 14.13 88 6082 42.20 276.46 23.03
21 346.00 2.40 65.97 5.50 55 2376 16.49 172.79 14.39 89 6221 43.17 279.60 23.29
22 380.00 2.64 69.12 5.76 56 2463 17.09 175.93 14.65 90 6362 44.14 282.74 23.55
23 415.00 2.88 72.26 6.02 57 2552 17.71 179.07 14.92 91 6504 45.13 285.88 23.81
24 452.00 3.14 75.40 6.28 58 2642 18.33 182.21 15.18 92 6648 46.13 289.03 24.08
25 491.00 3.41 78.54 6.54 59 2734 18.97 185.35 15.44 93 6793 47.14 292.17 24.34
26 531.00 3.68 81.68 6.80 60 2827 19.62 188.50 15.70 94 6940 48.15 295.31 24.60
27 573.00 3.97 84.82 7.07 61 2922 20.28 191.64 15.96 95 7088 49.18 298.45 24.86
28 616.00 4.27 87.96 7.33 62 3019 20.95 194.78 16.23 96 7238 50.23 301.59 25.12
29 661.00 4.58 91.11 7.59 63 3117 21.63 197.92 16.49 97 7390 51.28 304.73 25.38
30 707.00 4.90 94.25 7.85 64 3217 22.32 201.06 16.75 98 7543 52.34 307.88 25.65
31 755.00 5.24 97.39 8.11 65 3318 23.03 204.20 17.01 99 7698 53.41 311.02 25.91
32 804.00 5.58 100.53 8.37 66 3421 23.74 207.35 17.27 100 7854 54.50 314.16 26.17
33 855.00 5.93 103.67 8.64 67 3526 24.46 210.49 17.53
34 908.00 6.30 106.81 8.90 68 3632 25.20 213.63 17.80

Equations: Area = πr2 (r = radius of circle)

Circumference = 2πr or πd (r = radius of circle; d = diameter of circle)

Gauges & Equivalent Metal Thickness

Steel Sheet Gauges & Weights
THICKNESS WEIGHT
GAUGE
IN. MM LB/FT2 KG/M2
1" 1 25.4000 41.829 204.379
3/4" 3/4 19.0500 31.372 153.280
5/8" 5/8 15.8750 26.143 127.73
1/2" 1/2 12.7000 20.915 102.187
3/8" 3/8 9.5250 15.686 76.640
5/16" 5/16 7.9375 13.072 63.867
1/4" 1/4 6.3500 10.457 51.093
3/16" 3/16 4.7625 7.843 38.320
7 .1793 4.5542 7.500 36.644
8 .1644 4.1758 6.875 33.591
9 .1495 3.7973 6.250 30.537
10 .1345 3.4163 5.625 27.483
11 .1196 3.0378 5.000 24.429
12 .1046 2.6568 4.375 21.376
13 .0897 2.2784 3.750 18.322
14 .0747 1.8974 3.125 15.268
15 .0673 1.7094 2.813 13.744
16 .0598 1.5189 2.500 12.215
17 .0538 1.3665 2.250 10.993
18 .0478 1.2141 2.000 9.772
19 .0418 1.0617 1.750 8.550
20 .0359 0.9119 1.500 7.329
21 .0329 0.8357 1.375 6.718
22 .0299 0.7595 1.250 6.107
23 .0269 0.6833 1.125 5.497
24 .0239 0.6071 1.000 4.886
25 .0209 0.5309 0.875 4.275
26 .0179 0.4547 0.750 3.664
27 .0164 0.4166 0.688 3.361

Twin City Engineering Resource Guide 11

 Fractions to Equivalent Decimal Values
FRACTION DECIMAL FRACTION DECIMAL FRACTION DECIMAL
⁄64
1 .016
⁄64
23 .359
⁄64
45 .703
1⁄32 .031 3
⁄8 .375 23⁄32 .719
3⁄64 .047 25⁄64 .391 47⁄64 .734
1⁄16 .063
⁄32
13 .406 ⁄4
3 .750
5⁄64 .078 27⁄64 .422 49⁄64 .766

⁄32
3 .094 7⁄16 .438 25⁄32 .781
7⁄64 .109 29⁄64 .453 51⁄64 .797
1
⁄8 .125
⁄32
15 .469 13⁄16 .813
⁄64
9 .141 31⁄64 .484 53⁄64 .828

⁄32
5 .156
⁄2
1 .500 27⁄32 .844
11
⁄64 .172 33
⁄64 .516 55⁄64 .859
3⁄16 .188
⁄32
17 .531 ⁄8
7 .875
13⁄64 .203 35⁄64 .547 57⁄64 .861

⁄32
7 .219 9⁄16 .563 29⁄32 .906
15
⁄64 .234 37⁄64 .578 59⁄64 .922

⁄4
1 .250
⁄32
19 .594 15⁄16 .938
17⁄64 .266 39⁄64 .609 61⁄64 .953

⁄32
9 .281
⁄8
5 .625 31⁄32 .969
19
⁄64 .397 41
⁄64 .641 63⁄64 .984
5⁄16 .313
⁄32
21 .656 1 1.00
21⁄64 .328 43⁄64 .672
11
⁄32 .344 11⁄16 .688

Temperature Conversions
°C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F
–40 –40.0 –2 28.4 36 96.8 74 165.2 160 320 350 662
–39 –38.2 –1 30.2 37 98.6 75 167.0 165 329 355 671
–38 –36.4 0 32.0 38 100.4 76 168.8 170 338 360 680
–37 –34.6 1 33.8 39 102.2 77 170.6 175 347 365 689
–36 –32.8 2 35.6 40 104.0 78 172.4 180 356 370 698
–35 –31.0 3 37.4 41 105.8 79 174.2 185 365 375 707
–34 –29.2 4 39.2 42 107.6 80 176.0 190 374 380 716
–33 –27.4 5 41.0 43 109.4 81 177.8 195 383 385 725
–32 –25.6 6 42.8 44 111.2 82 179.6 200 392 390 734
–31 –23.8 7 44.6 45 113.0 83 181.4 205 401 395 743
–30 –22.0 8 46.4 46 114.8 84 183.2 210 410 400 752
–29 –20.2 9 48.2 47 116.6 85 185.0 215 419 410 770
–28 –18.4 10 50.0 48 118.4 86 186.8 220 428 420 788
–27 –16.6 11 51.8 49 120.2 87 188.6 225 437 430 806
–26 –14.8 12 53.6 50 122.0 88 190.4 230 446 440 824
–25 –13.0 13 55.4 51 123.8 89 192.2 235 455 450 842
–24 –11.2 14 57.2 52 125.6 90 194.0 240 464 460 860
–23 –9.4 15 59.0 53 127.4 91 195.8 245 473 470 878
–22 –7.6 16 60.8 54 129.2 92 197.6 250 482 480 896
–21 –5.8 17 62.6 55 131.0 93 199.4 255 491 490 914
–20 –4.0 18 64.4 56 132.8 94 201.2 260 500 500 932
–19 –72.2 19 66.2 57 134.6 95 203.0 265 509 510 950
–18 –0.4 20 68.0 58 136.4 96 204.8 270 518 520 968
–17 1.4 21 69.8 59 138.2 97 206.6 275 527 530 986
–16 3.2 22 71.6 60 140.0 98 208.4 280 536 540 1004
–15 5.0 23 73.4 61 141.8 99 210.2 285 545 550 1022
–14 6.8 24 75.2 62 143.6 100 212.0 290 554 560 1040
–13 8.6 25 77.0 63 145.4 105 221.0 295 563 570 1058
–12 10.4 26 78.8 64 147.2 110 230.0 300 572 580 1076
–11 12.2 27 80.6 65 149.0 115 239.0 305 581 590 1094
–10 14.4 28 82.4 66 150.8 120 248.0 310 590 600 1112
–9 15.8 29 84.2 67 152.6 125 257.0 315 599 650 1202
–8 17.6 30 86.0 68 154.4 130 266.0 320 608 700 1292
–7 19.4 31 87.8 69 156.2 135 275.0 325 617 750 1382
–6 21.2 32 89.6 70 158.0 140 284.0 330 626 800 1472
–5 23.0 33 91.4 71 159.8 145 293.0 335 635
–4 24.8 34 93.2 72 161.6 150 302.0 340 644
–3 26.6 35 95.0 73 163.4 155 311.0 345 653

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