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Last Minute Revision Notes for C++ Exam

1. FLOWCHART

For flowchart, just remember these symbols and go through the examples which demonstrate how to
use these symbols in a program. Don’t mug up the flowcharts given here as example. Just
remember the symbols. Like (if statement, while loop etc execute on basis of a decision (true/false), so
we use diamond symbol)

A simple Example:
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Another Example (if statement)

Another Example (While Loop)

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2. ALGORITHM: To write an algorithm, you just have to write the steps given
in flowchart numberwise.
1) START
2) Declare Variables fterm, sterm, temp
3) Initialize the variables: fterm=0, sterm=1
4) Is sterm<1000? If yes, then execute steps 5-9, If no, GOTO step 9
5) Display sterm
6) Temp<-sterm
7) Sterm<-sterm+fterm
8) Fterm<-temp
9) STOP

3. Using IF statement
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4. USING IF-ELSE

5. SWITCH CASE

Switch Case example ahead

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6. FOR LOOP
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For loop example

7. WHILE LOOP

Example of while loop

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8. Operators:
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Relational Operators:
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LOGICAL OPERATORS
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Variable declared outside of main() is accessible to all functions (so called global variable)

BITWISE NOT (See ppt shared on moodle)

Declaring Strings
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9. CLASSES AND OBJECTS

Simple example (how to create a class and use it from main function)

ANOTHER EXAMPLE: CREATE A CLASS TO FIND GCD OF TWO NUMBERS

CREATING A MEMBER FUNCTION IN CLASS

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CONSTRUCTOR
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EXAMPLE:
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10.INHERITANCE
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11.POINTERS
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POINTERS TO POINTERS
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CREATING POINTERS IN INHERITANCE

12.VIRTUAL FUNCTION
• A virtual function is a member function which is declared within base class and is re-defined
(Overridden) by derived class.

EXAMPLE:

// CPP program to illustrate

// concept of Virtual Functions
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class base
{
public:
virtual void print ()
{ cout<< "print base class" <<endl; }
void show ()
{ cout<< "show base class" <<endl; }
};
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class derived: public base

{
public:
void print ()
{ cout<< "print derived class" <<endl; }

void show ()
{ cout<< "show derived class" <<endl; }
};

int main()
{
base *bptr;
derived d;
bptr = &d;

//virtual function, binded at runtime

bptr->print();

// Non-virtual function, binded at compile time

bptr->show();
}

PURE VIRTUAL FUNCTION

• A pure virtual function is implemented by classes which are derived from an Abstract class.
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13.EXCEPTION HANDLING
• An exception is a problem that arises during the execution of a program.

• C++ Exception handling is built upon three keywords: try, catch, and throw.

• throw − A program throws an exception when a problem shows up. This is done using a throw
keyword.

• catch − A program catches an exception with an exception handler at the place in a program
where you want to handle the problem. The catch keyword indicates the catching of an
exception.

• try − A try block identifies a block of code for which particular exceptions will be activated. It's
followed by one or more catch blocks.
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14.FILE HANDLING
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EXAMPLE:

Note: When you open a file for writing, then ofstream is used and when
you open a file for reading then ifstream is used.
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STUDY ABOVE PROGRAM PROPERLY TO CLEAR THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF

USING FILE HANDLING
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eof: END OF FILE

FOR ARRAYS: REVISE THE PPT SHARED ON MOODLE PROPERLY (On Matrix
Operations)