Grid Connected Inverter Reference Design: Design Guide: TIDM-HV-1PH-DCAC

Design Guide: TIDM-HV-1PH-DCAC
Grid Connected Inverter Reference Design
Description Features
This reference design implements single-phase • 380-DC VIN, 110 VRMS, 60 Hz, 400-VA Max Output,
inverter (DC/AC) control using a C2000™ 20-kHz Switching
microcontroller (MCU). The design supports two • Approximately 97% Efficiency
modes of operation for the inverter: a voltage source • <2% Total Harmonic Distortion at >50% Rated
mode using an output LC filter, and a grid connected Power
mode with an output LCL filter. High-efficiency, low
THD, and intuitive software make this design attractive • powerSUITE™ Support for Easy Adaptation of the
for engineers working on an inverter design for UPS Design for User Requirement
and alternative energy applications such as PV • SFRA and Compensation Designer for Ease of
inverters, grid storage, and micro grids. The hardware Tuning of Control Loops
and software available with this reference design • Supports TMS320F28377D and TMS320F280049C
accelerate time to market.
Applications
Resources
• Photovoltaic Inverters
TIDM-HV-1PH-DCAC Design Folder • Micro Grids
TIEVM-HV-1PH-DCAC Orderable EVM Tool • Grid Storage
TMS320F28377D Product Folder
• Active Rectifier
TMS320F280049C Product Folder
AMC1304 Product Folder
OPA4350 Product Folder
UC3845 Product Folder
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An IMPORTANT NOTICE at the end of this TI reference design addresses authorized use, intellectual property matters and other
important disclaimers and information.
TIDUB21D – November 2015 – Revised March 2020 Grid Connected Inverter Reference Design 1
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Copyright © 2015–2020, Texas Instruments Incorporated
System Description www.ti.com
1 System Description
WARNING
TI intends this design to be operated in a lab
environment only and does not consider it to be a
finished product for general consumer use. The
design is intended to be run at ambient room
temperature and is not tested for operation under
other ambient temperatures. TI intends this design to
be used only by qualified engineers and technicians
familiar with risks associated with handling high-
voltage electrical and mechanical components,
systems, and subsystems. There area accessible high
voltages present on the board. The board operates at
voltages and currents that may cause shock, fire, or
injury if not properly handled or applied. Use the
equipment with necessary caution and appropriate
safeguards to avoid injuring yourself or damaging
property.
WARNING
High voltage! There are accessible high voltages
present on the board. Electric shock is possible. The
board operates at voltages and currents that may
cause shock, fire, or injury if not properly
handled..Use the equipment with necessary caution
and appropriate safeguards to avoid injuring yourself
or damaging property. For safety, use of isolated test
equipment with over-voltage and over-current
protection is highly recommended. TI considers it the
user's responsibility to confirm that the voltages and
isolation requirements are identified and understood
before energizing the board or simulation. When
energized, do not touch the design or components
connected to the design.
2 Grid Connected Inverter Reference Design TIDUB21D – November 2015 – Revised March 2020
www.ti.com System Description
WARNING
Hot surface! Contact may cause burns. Do not touch!
Some components may reach high temperatures
>55°C when the board is powered on. The user must
not touch the board at any point during operation or
immediately after operating, as high temperatures may
be present.
WARNING
Do not leave the design powered when unattended.
Grid connected inverters (GCI) are commonly used in applications such as photovoltaic inverters to
generate a regulated AC current to feed into the grid. The control design of this type of inverter may be
challenging as several algorithms are required to run the inverter. This reference design uses the C2000
microcontroller (MCU) family of devices to implement control of a grid connected inverter with output
current control. A typical inverter comprises of a full bridge that is constructed with four switches that are
modulated using pulse width modulation (PWM) and an output filter for the high-frequency switching of the
bridge, as shown in Figure 1. An inductor capacitor (LCL) output filter is used on this reference design.
The design firmware is supported in the powerSUITE framework, which enables easy adaptation of the
software and control design. All key algorithms such as phase locked loop (PLL) for grid synchronization
and proportional resonant (PR) controllers provide good gain at selected frequencies. The adaptive notch
filter actively dampens the resonance of the LCL filter that is implemented.
The high efficiency, low THD, and intuitive software of this reference design make it fast and easy to get
started with the grid connected inverter design.
To regulate the output current, for example, the current feeds into the grid; voltages and currents must be
sensed from the inverter. Sigma delta-based sensing provides easy isolation and superior sensing of
these signals. Many C2000 MCUs have sigma-delta modulators to sense these parameters from the
power stage. Sigma-delta modulators provide easy isolation and high quality reading of the physical
variables, thus improving the overall quality of the control. Built-in sigma-delta demodulators on C2000
MCUs make using sigma delta-based sensing straight forward and easy to use.
Once the current and voltage parameters are sensed, the C2000 MCU runs the control algorithm to
compute the modulation required for regulated operation. Compensation designer implements the model
of the power stage, which makes the design of digital control loop simple. The software frequency
response analyzer (SFRA) enables measurement of the frequency response in-circuit to verify the
accuracy of the model and ensure accuracy of control.
1.1 Key System Specifications

Table 1 lists the key specifications of this reference design.
Table 1. Key System Specifications

PARAMETER DESCRIPTION
Input voltage (VIN) Typical 380-V DC, absolute max 400-V DC
Input current (IIN) 1.7 A max
Output voltage (VOUT) Typical 110 VRMS
System Description www.ti.com
Table 1. Key System Specifications (continued)

PARAMETER DESCRIPTION
Output current (IOUT) Absolute RMS max 4.5 A, pulse max 10 A
VA rating Absolute max 500 VA
THDi <2% for greater than 50% rated load
Efficiency At 110 VRMS average is approximately 96%
Output inductor, Li 3 mH
Output capacitor, Cf 1 µF
Output grid side inductance, Lg 0.94 mH
Switching frequency 20 kHz
www.ti.com System Overview
2 System Overview
2.1 Block Diagram
Figure 1. Typical Single Phase Inverter
2.2 System Design Theory
2.2.1 Modulation Scheme

Popular modulation schemes for the PWM generation include bipolar modulation and unipolar modulation.
This reference design uses a modified unipolar modulation in which switches Q1 and Q2 are switched at a
high frequency and switches Q3 and Q4 are switched at a low frequency (frequency of the grid).
Table 2 lists the switching states of the inverter. The flexible PWM peripheral of the C2000 MCU enables
generation of these signals easily. Figure 2 shows how the PWM peripheral is configured in this reference
design. Ensure that the PWM waveform is symmetric around the zero crossing of the AC wave.
Table 2. Switching States Used in TIDM-HV-1PH-DCAC

VOLTAGE AT BRIDGE
CYCLE Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 STATE
OUTPUT
ON OFF OFF ON VDC 1
Positive half cycle
OFF ON OFF ON 0 2
OFF ON ON OFF –VDC 3
Negative half cycle
ON OFF ON OFF 0 4
System Overview www.ti.com
Figure 2. PWM Waveform Generation Using PWM Peripheral on C2000 MCU
2.2.2 Voltage and Current Sensing

To control the inverter stage for desired operation, voltage and current values are required to be sensed
for processing by the digital controller. The design implements a sensing scheme based on ADCs and
SDFMs. An Excel® sheet is also provided in the install package. In addition, this adapted solution's
powerSUITE page can change the parameters of the sensing circuit. Observe how they effect the max
sensed values.
For the grid connected mode, only the SDFM-based sensing is used in the software provided with the
design.
2.2.2.1 ADC-Based Sensing

In this reference design, the following signals are sensed using the on-chip ADC resource. The values
shown here can also be entered through the powerSUITE configuration (CFG) page when ADC-based
sensing is selected for the inverter.
2.2.2.1.1 DC Bus Sensing

The high-voltage DC bus is scaled down using a resistor divider. This resistor divider output can be
directly fed into the ADC; however, this reference design uses an op amp stage to buffer this value as
shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. DC Bus Sensing Using Resistor Divider and Op Amp
2.2.2.1.2 AC Output Voltage Sensing

The AC output voltage is sensed differentially using resistor dividers and op amps, as shown in Figure 4.
An offset voltage is added to the signal to enable measurement using the ADC, which can only convert
positive voltages.
Figure 4. AC Output Voltage Differential Sensing Using Resistor Divider and Op Amp
V+ Ví
Rc Rc
Rd
Rc
V out _ fdbk V V 1.65
í Rd
+
Rd
1.65 V
2.2.2.1.3 Inductor Current Sensing

A Hall effect sensor is used to sense the current through the inductor. The Hall effect sensor has a built-in
offset, and the range is different than what ADC can measure. As a result, the voltage is scaled to match
the ADC range using the circuit shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Current Sense Using Hall Effect Sensor

Rf
Iinv
Re
í Rf § V nominal ·
Current Re I inv _ fdbk ¨ I inv u V offset ¸
Hall effect + R e ¨© I nominal _ max ¸
¹
sensor
Rf
2.2.2.1.4 Sense Filter

An RC filter is used to filter the signals before being connected to the inverter. A common RC filter is used
for all the sensing signals in this reference design, as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. RC Filter
2.2.2.1.5 Protection (Windowed Comparators)

Most power electronics converters need protection from an overcurrent event. To protect from this event,
multiple comparators are required, and references for the current and voltage trip must be generated, as
shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Trip Generation for PWM Using Comparators and Reference Generators
All of this circuitry is avoided when using C2000 MCUs such as the TMS320F28377D, which has an on-
chip windowed comparator internally connected to the PWM module that can enable fast tripping of the
PWM. This connection saves board space, and cost in the end application as extra components can be
avoid using on-chip resources. Figure 8 shows the comparator subsystem used for overcurrent protection.
Figure 8. Comparator Subsystem Used for Overcurrent Protection
ADC
ADC pin on C2000 MCU
Comparator subsystem
COMPL
DACLVAL
+
To PWM trip
+ DACHVAL
COMPH
2.2.2.2 SDFM-Based Sensing

In this reference design, the following signals are sensed using the SDFM demodulator. The AMC1304
modulator generates the sigma-delta stream. The clock for the modulator is generated from the ECAP
peripheral on the C2000 MCU. The AMC1304 modulator senses the signal in an isolated fashion and is
very useful when designing inverters in which the controller needs to be on the isolated and cold side. The
values shown here can also be entered through the powerSUITE page when SDFM-based sensing is
selected for the inverter.
2.2.2.2.1 Isolated Output Current and Capacitor Current Sensing

A shunt resistor is used to sense the capacitor current and the output current on this reference design.
The voltage across the shunt resistor is fed into the AMC1304 sigma-delta modulator, which generates the
sigma-delta stream that is decoded by the SDFM demodulator present on the C2000 MCU, as shown in
Figure 9. The inductor current is deuced from the capacitor and the output current readings.
Figure 9. SDFM-Based Isolated Current Sensing Using a Shunt Resistor
2.2.2.2.2 Isolated Output Voltage and DC Bus Sensing

A resistor divide network senses the DC bus and output voltage using the SDFM. Account for the
differential input resistance of the SDFM when interpreting the demodulated signals, as shown in
Figure 10.
Figure 10. SDFM-Based Isolated Voltage Sensing for DC Bus and Output Voltage
2.2.2.2.3 Protection
In addition to the data filter, which can demodulate the SDFM stream generated by the modulator with
specified oversampling rate (OSR) and filter order (SINC1, SINC2, SINC3), the SDFM has additional
comparator filters that can be programmed with a much lower OSR and filter order to enable fast trip of
the PWM.
2.2.2.2.4 SDFM Clock Generation

ECAP module generates the clock for the AMC1304 modulator. This clock is routed outside from the
ECAP module using the OutputXbar and then routed back in to the SDFM CLK pins on the device. For
details on using SDFM and CLK pins in this reference design, see Table 2.
2.2.2.2.5 SDFM Filter Reset Generation and Syncing to Inverter PWM

SDFM provides a continuous stream of data. This data is then demodulated by the C2000 SDFM
peripheral. Most control applications require the sampling of the data to be centered deterministically
around the switching waveform (that is, the controlling PWM). The C2000 MCU provides a mechanism to
generate this sync signal to the SDFM demodulator. The exact mechanism of the sync can be different on
different devices. The following sections discuss the sync mechanism in several C2000 devices.
2.2.2.2.6 F2837x and F2807x

On these devices, the PWM11 is tied to the SDFM reset generation, hence the sync generation involves
propagation of the sync from the inverter PWM to the PWM11 module. As the SDFM data is only valid 3
OSR time periods after the sync is provided, determine the time at which SDFM data must be read.
Figure 11 shows the SDFM filter reset being generated from the PWM module and the ISR trigger to read
the SDF registers.
Figure 11. SDFM Filter Reset Being Generated From the PWM Module and ISR Trigger to Read SDF
Registers
2.2.3 Control Scheme

The current control scheme is used for the grid inverter, as shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12. Control Scheme Used for Grid Connected Inverter Control
First, the grid voltage, VO, is sensed in the variable invVoInst. A software PLL algorithm is then run to
compute the angle and phase of the grid, invSine. This invSine value is then multiplied with the reference
current command invIoRef, which generates the instantaneous current command reference invIoRefInst.
This reference is then compared with the sensed output current, invIoInst, and the error fed into the
current compensator, Gi, as shown in Equation 1. The goal of the current compensator is to zero the error
between the reference and the measured value. A typical proportional integral (PI) controller can zero the
error for the DC value; however, for a sinusoidal reference, the controller cannot reduce the error to zero.
Thus, proportional resonant (PR) controllers are used as part of the current compensator Gi to zero the
error at the AC frequency.
Additional resonant controllers are added to the current compensator to zero the error at harmonic
frequency of the fundamental frequencies that are generated. A lead lag compensator is added to the
current compensator to improve the phase margin in the design, and a PI controller is added to reduce
startup current. Equation 1 shows the current compensator Gi.
æ (s + z0) N K iI _ nH 2 wrcI _ nH s ö
G i = ç Kp
ç
+ K pI _1H + å 2 2
÷ G Lead _ Lag
÷
n =1 s + 2 wrcI _ nH s + w o _ nH ø
s
è (1)
Figure 13 shows that the grid voltage acts as a disturbance in the system, which can be modeled as an
impedance with regards to the current reference. The harmonic PR controllers help by increasing the
impedance at harmonic frequencies, thus reducing distortion in the grid feed current where N is the total
number of harmonic compensators added in the control loop. This reference design uses a total of five
resonant compensators that compensate the first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninth harmonic. The
compensation designer models the current loop plant and enables tuning of the compensator coefficients
through the powerSUITE page.
Figure 13. Control Diagram of Grid Connected Inverter
2.2.4 Inductor Design

The primary role of the inductor (Li) in the output filter is to filter out the switching frequency harmonics.
Amongst other factors, the design of the inductor design depends calculating the current ripple and
choosing a material for the core that can tolerate the calculated current ripple. Figure 14 shows one
switching cycle waveform of the inverter output voltage Vi with regards to inductor current.
Figure 14. Current Ripple Calculation
Voltage at
the input of
the filter
' imax
' i pp
'imax
D * Ts
Ts
The voltage across the inductor is given by:
di
V = Li ´
dt (2)
For the full bridge inverter with an AC output, write the equation as:
Dipp
=> (VBus - VO ) = Li ´
D ´ Ts (3)
1
Ts =
Where Fsw is the switching period. Now, rearrange the current ripple at any instant in the AC
waveform, given as:
D ´ Ts ´ (VBus - VO )
=> Dipp =
Li (4)
Assuming the modulation index to be ma, the duty cycle is given as:
D(wt) = ma ´ sin(wt) (5)
The output of the inverter must match the AC voltage as it is safe to assume:
VO = VDC ´ D (6)
Therefore,
VBus ´ Ts ´ ma ´ sin(wt) ´ (1 - ma sin(wt))
Dipp =
Li (7)
As seen in Equation 7, the peak ripple is a factor of where the inverter is in the sinusoidal waveform (for
example, the modulation index). To find the modulation index where the maximum ripple is present,
differentiate Equation 7 with regards to time to get Equation 8, and equate to zero.
d( Dipp )
= K{cos(wt)(1 - ma sin(wt)) - ma sin(wt) * cos(wt)} = 0
dt (8)
1
=> sin(wt) =
2 ma (9)
Equation 9 then gives the modulation index for which the ripple is maximum, substituting back in
Equation 7. The inductance value required to tolerate the ripple is shown in Equation 10 and Equation 11:
V ´ Ts
Dipp = Bus
max 4 ´ Li (10)
VBus
Li =
4 ´ Fsw ´ Dipp
max (11)
For this reference design, the rating is 600 VA, the switching frequency is 20 kHz, and the bus voltage is
380 V. Assume that the ripple is 20% and is tolerable by the inductor core, and the minimum inductance
required is calculated as:
380
L= = 3.08 mH
4 ´ 20000 ´ 5.45 ´ 1.414 ´ 0.20 (12)
These calculations are also provided inside an Excel sheet form for convenience located at:
C:\ti\c2000\C2000Ware_DigitalPower_SDK_<version>\solutions\tidm_hv_1ph_dcac\hardware\baseboard\c
alculation.xlsx sheet → UPS Li & Cf Sel.
Select an appropriate core with these values in mind, and the inductor is designed to meet the inductance
value.
VDC
Li =
4 ´ Fsw ´ Dipp
max (13)
380
L= = 3.08 mH
4 ´ 20000 ´ 5.45 ´ 1.414 ´ 0.20 (14)
For this reference design, the rating is 600 VA, the switching frequency is 20 kHz, and the bus voltage is
380 V. Assuming a 20% ripple is tolerable by the inductor core, the minimum inductance needed is
calculated as:
<sdk_install_path>\solutions\tidm_hv_1ph_dcac\hardware\baseboard\calculation.xlsx sheet
sheet→Grid Conn. Li, cf, Lg Sel
sheet→LI Design
Select an appropriate core with these values in mind, and the inductor is designed to meet this inductance
value.
2.2.5 Capacitance and Grid Side Inductance Selection

The output inductor and capacitor form a low-pass filter that filters out the switching frequency. As the
inverter is connected to the grid, the capacitance determines the VAR power exchange when the inverter
is not operating and is kept small, typically < 5% rated power. In addition, choose the grid side inductance
such that the LCL resonance is greater than FSW/6. See the following Excel sheet for a detailed
calculation. The total switching attenuation is another aspect that determines the selection of the
components.
<sdk_install_path>\solutions\tidm_hv_1ph_dcac\hardware\baseboard\calculation.xlsx sheet
sheet→Grid Conn. Li, Cf, Lg, Sel
Hardware, Firmware, Testing Requirements, and Test Results www.ti.com
3 Hardware, Firmware, Testing Requirements, and Test Results
3.1 Required Hardware and Firmware
3.1.1 Hardware
This section details the hardware and explains the different sections on the board. If using just the
firmware of the design through powerSUITE, this section may not be valid.
NOTE: This reference design is also available for order as TIEVM-HV-1PH-DCAC. Note the 15-V
DC, 15-W power supply is not shipped with the design and must be arranged for by the user.
A two-pronged power supply is recommended so it is truly floating and isolated. Cables,
loads, oscilloscopes, and current probes must be arranged for by the user and connected to
this EVM according to the user guide instructions and observing local compliance and
standards for wiring. Only use isolated power supplies.
Also, the shipped EVM is configured in voltage source mode and the user will need to
depopulate the C1 20-µF capacitor and populate it with a C1 1-µF capacitor, which is
provided in the EVM box. In addition to this, the L2 and L2N, which are jumper wired on the
voltage source inverter, are populated in this reference design. L2 and L2N are also provided
in the EVM box but need to be soldered on by the user.
3.1.1.1 Base Board Settings

The design follows a HSEC control card concept and any device for which HSEC control card is available
from the C2000 MCU product family can be used on the design. Table 3 lists the key resources used for
controlling the power stage on the MCU. Figure 15 shows the key power stage and connectors on the
reference design, and Table 4 lists the key connectors and their functions. To get started:
1. Make sure no power source is connected to the reference design.
2. Ensure that the output filter is correct for the mode that is desired to run the design. For example, for
the grid connected mode, an LCL filter is used. L2 and L2N must be populated with the 470-mH
inductor; this inductor is provided in the EVM box, and the part number can also be identified from the
BOM. The BOM is for voltage source inverter; the L2 and L2N are listed as DNP, but the part number
is provided. The capacitor C1 must be populated with the 1-µF film capacitor (250-V AC, 630-V DC,
Polypropylene (PP), Metallized Radial 1.240" L × 0.532" W), which is also provided in the EVM box.
Figure 15 shows the board picture when configured in grid connected mode.
3. Insert the control card in the J15-J16 slot.
4. Connect a 15-V DC, 1-A power supply at J2.
5. Insert a jumper at J4 if not already populated. The LED lights on the base board and control card will
light up, indicating that the device is powered up.
6. Connect a USB cable from the control card to a host computer to connect JTAG.
7. Optional: Connect an isolated high-voltage DC source to the J17, but do not apply power at this point.
8. Connect a resistive load of approximately 100 Ω to the output from J1.
www.ti.com Hardware, Firmware, Testing Requirements, and Test Results
Figure 15. Board Overview

L1 Output LCL
Full Bridge
C1 Filter
L2N
J17
DC Input
(380 V)
L2
J10 Relay
15-V DC Input (J2) EMI Filter

and Output Fuse
J4
J1- AC Output
J15-J16
Connector
Control Card
Connector
Table 3. Key Controller Peripherals Used to Control Bridge on Board

SIGNAL NAME HSEC PIN NUMBER FUNCTION
PWM–1A 49 PWM: Inverter drive
PWM–1B 51 PWM: Inverter drive
PWM–2A 53 PWM: Inverter drive
PWM–2B 55 PWM: Inverter drive
I.inv 15 ADC: Inductor current measurement
1.65 V 17 ADC: Reference voltage generated on the board
Bus.V 21 ADC: DC bus sensed on the board
Line.V 25 ADC: AC voltage sensing
PLC_RX 27, 12 ADC: PLC ADC pin
SDFM: Data from the SDFM modulator for the capacitor
SD_Data_Capl 99
current feedback
SD_Data_Gridl 103 SDFM: Data from the SDFM modulator for output current
SDFM: Clock from the SDFM Modulator (common clock is
SD_CLK_GridV,
used for grid voltage, current and capacitor current SDFM) .
SD_CLK_GridI, 50, 101, 105, 109
This clock is generated from ECAP1 module which is brought
SD_CLK_Capl
out using the Output XBar
SDFM: Clock from the SDFM modulator used for Vbus
SD_CLK_Vbus 102, 54 measurement. This clock is generated from ECAP1 module
which is brought out using the Output XBar
OPRLY 52 GPIO: Relay GPIO output
SW–ON 56 GPIO: Switch GPIO input
Table 4. Key Connectors and Their Function

CONNECTOR NAME FUNCTION
J17 Used to connect the high-voltage DC bus at the input
Supplies the bias power supply for the control card and the circuitry for sensing on the
J2
base board
J4 Switch to connect disconnect the DC bias of the board
J1 AC connector to connect the output to load
J15-J16 HSEC control card slot
J10 Supplies the DC bias power supply to the isolated gate drivers; must be populated
Figure 16 shows the hardware setup to run software for Build Level 1.
Figure 16. Hardware Setup to Run Software for BUILD Level 1

Current Probe
i inv
Fully Isolated
DC Power Differential Load
J17 HV-1PH-DCAC J1 (100-Ÿ 3RZHU
Supply Voltage Probe
(380 V, 2 A) Resistors)
J2 Power meter can be connected in between

J1 and the load to measure THD and Power
Fully Isolated
15-V DC, 1 A Power Supply
3.1.1.2 Control Card Settings

Certain settings on the device control card are needed to communicate over JTAG, use the isolated UART
port, and provide a correct ADC reference voltage. Follow these steps on revision 1.1 of the
TMS320F28377D control card. Refer to the info sheet located inside C2000Ware at
<sdk_install_path>\c2000ware\boards\controlcards\TMDSCNCD28377D .
1. Set both ends of A:SW1 on the control card to the ON (up) position to enable the JTAG connection to
the device and the UART connection for the SFRA GUI. If this switch is OFF (down), the user cannot
use the isolated JTAG built in on the control card, nor can the SFRA GUI communicate with the
device.
2. Connect the USB cable to A:J1 to communicate with the device from a host PC on which Code
Composer Studio™ (CCS) runs.
3. For the control loop, set the appropriate jumpers to provide a 3.3-V reference externally to the on-chip
ADC.
Certain settings on the device control card are required to communicate over JTAG and use the isolated
UART port. The user must also provide a correct ADC reference voltage. The following settings are
required for revision A of the TMS320F280049C control card. Refer to the info sheet located at
<sdk_install_path>\c2000ware\boards\controlcards\TMDSCNCD280049C.
1. Set both ends of S1:A on the control card to the ON (up) position to enable JTAG connection to the
device and UART connection for SFRA GUI. If this switch is OFF (down), the user cannot use the
isolated JTAG built in on the control card, nor can the SFRA GUI communicate with the device.
2. Connect the USB cable to J1:A to communicate with the device from a host PC on which CCS runs.
3. A 3.3-V reference is desired for the control loop tuning on this design. Internal reference of the
TMS320F28004x is used and for this S8 switch must be moved to the left (that is, pointing to VREFHI).
4. For the best performance of this reference design, remove the capacitor connected between the
isolated grounds on the control card, C26:A.
5. GPIO24 through GPIO27 are muxed on the TMS320F280049C control card. To route them to the
correct control card pins for the SDFM, flip all the switches on SW5 to OFF (down) and all the switches
on SW6 to ON (up).
3.1.1.3 Tips to Connect JTAG USB Cable

High-voltage boards can generate high EMI due to switching action. Even though the JTAG is isolated,
some coupling can still occur due to radiated EMI. This coupling can result in a loss of JTAG frequently.
Follow these suggestions to avoid this from happening:
1. Wind the USB cable around a ferrite bead as shown in Figure 17.
Figure 17. USB Cable Around Ferrite Bead
2. Do not cross the USB cable directly over the high-voltage section by the following connection of the
USB cable.
Figure 18. USB Connection on Board
3.1.2 Firmware: powerSUITE and Incremental Build Software
NOTE: The firmware for this reference design is supported on both the TMS320F283779D and
TMS320F280049C devices.
3.1.2.1 Opening the Project Inside Code Composer Studio™

To start:
1. Install CCS (version 9.!~3!~2.0 or above).
2. Install C2000Ware DigitalPower SDK.
NOTE: powerSUITE is installed with DigitalPower SDK in the default install.
3. Open CCS and create a new workspace.

4. Go to View → Resource Explorer.
5. Under the TI Resource Explorer, go to Software → C2000Ware DigitalPower SDK - <version>.
The software of this design can be opened in two modes.
3.1.2.1.1 Open TI Design Software for Adaptation

The software opens the firmware as it was run on this design and hardware. The user can modify
power stage parameters used to create the model of the power stage in the compensation designer.
The user can also modify scaling values for voltages and currents.
1. Under C2000Ware DigitalPower SDK, select Solution Adapter Tool → Single Phase Inverter: Grid
Connected Inverter.
2. The development kit and designs page appears. This page to browse all of the information on the
design, including this design guide, test reports, hardware design files, and more.
3. Click Import <devicename> Project.
4. The project is imported into the workspace environment. A CFG page with a GUI similar to Figure 19
appears.
5. If necessary, use the GUI to change the parameters for an adapted solution, such as power rating,
inductance, capacitance, sensing circuit parameters, and more.
Figure 19 shows the powerSUITE page for the grid connected inverter solution.
Figure 19. powerSUITE Page for the Grid Connected Inverter Solution
3.1.2.2 Project Structure

Once the project is imported, the project explorer appears inside CCS, as shown in Figure 20.
NOTE: Figure 20 shows the project for F28377D; however, if a different device is chosen from the
powerSUITE page, the structure will be similar.
Solution specific and device independent files are gridconnectedinvlclfltr.c/h. This file consists of the
main.c file of the project and is responsible for the control structure of the solution.
Board specific and device specific files are hv1phdcac_board.c/h. This file consists of device specific
drivers to run the single-phase inverter.
The powerSUITE page can be opened by clicking on the main.syscfg file, listed under the project explorer.
The powerSUITE page generates the gridconnectedinvlclfltr_settings.h file. This file is the only file used in
the compile of the project that is generated by the powerSUITE page. Pin mapping and other user defined
settings are located in gridconnectedinvlclfltr_user_settings.h.
The Kit.json and solution.js files are used internally by the powerSUITE and must also not be modified by
the user. Any changes to these files will result in the project not functioning properly.
Figure 20. Project Explorer View of Solution Project
The project consists of an interrupt service routine which is called every PWM cycle called inverterISR()
where the control algorithm is executed. In addition, there are background tasks A0–A4, B0–B4, and
C0–C4 which are called in a polling fashion, and may be used to run slow tasks for which absolute timing
accuracy is not required.
3.1.2.3 Running the Project

The software of this reference design is organized in two incremental builds and a few options to test the
control loop design. The incremental build process simplifies the system bring-up and design. This
process is outlined in Section 3.1.2.3.1. If using the hardware of this reference design, make sure the
hardware setup is completed as outlined in Section 3.1.1.
3.1.2.3.1 Build Level 1—Open Loop

In this build, the inverter is excited in open loop fashion with a fixed modulation index, as shown in
Figure 21. First, a ramp generator generates the theta angle, which is then used to compute the sine
value. This sine value is multiplied with the invModIndex variable, which gives the duty cycle invDutyPU
with which the inverter full bridge is modulated. Check the modulation scheme and feedback values from
the power stage in this build to ensure they are correct and there are no hardware issues.
Figure 21. Build Level 1 Control Diagram: Open Loop Project

RAMPGEN
AC_FREQ .out invSine = sin (rgen1.Out)
freq
stepAngleMax invModIndex invDutyPU
+ - invModIndex
DLOG_4CH
input_ptr1 output_ptr1 DBUFF1

input_ptr3 size output_ptr3 DBUFF3
input_ptr4 trig_value output_ptr4 DBUFF4
pre_scalar
PWM
PWM
Vbus
POWER_MEAS_SINE 1A 2A
Io
_ANALYZER invVbusInst
T=1/f Read VAC
.V Read
ADC
invIiInst ADC
.l and +
and
scale to
sampleFreq Load
invVoInst scale
PU
threshold .acFreq
1B 2B
3.1.2.3.1.1 Setting Software Options for Build 1

1. Make sure the hardware is setup as shown in Figure 16. Do not supply any high-voltage power to the
board yet.
2. On the powerSUITE page, select under the project options section:
• Select Open Loop for the build level.
• Select AC for the Output.
• In this mode, SDFM is the only sensing method supported.
• Enter the output frequency as 60 Hz.
• Update the ADC Sensing Parameters and/or SDFM Sensing Parameters with the sensing resistors
used in each case if they differ from the ones provided.
• Specify the switching frequency.
• Specify the dead band and the power rating.
• Save the page.
3.1.2.3.1.2 Building and Loading the Project

1. Right-click on the project name.
2. Click Rebuild Project.
3. In the Project Explorer, set the correct target configuration file as Active, as shown in Figure 20.
4. Make sure the board has bias power; for example, the 15-V supply is connected and the switch S1 is
ON. This power is confirmed by the LEDs lighting up on the base board and on the control card.
5. Connect a USB cable from the control card to the host machine on which CCS is running.
6. Click Run → Debug. A debugging session launches, and a window can appear to select the CPU on
which the debug must be performed.
7. In this case, select CPU1.
8. The project loads on the device and the CCS debug view becomes active.
9. The code halts at the start of the main routine.
3.1.2.3.1.3 Setup Debug Environment Windows

1. To add variables in the watch and expressions widow, click View → Scripting Console to open the
scripting console dialog box.
2. Click Open on the upper right corner of the console to browse to the setupdebugenv_build1.js script
file located inside the project folder.
3. The watch window populates with the appropriate variables required to debug the system, as shown in
Figure 22.
4. Click on the Continuous Refresh Button on the watch window to enable the continuous update of
values from the controller.
5. Figure 22 shows how the watch window appears.
Figure 22. Build Level 1 Expressions View
6. Verify the inverter current and voltage measurements by viewing the data in the graph window. These
values are logged in the inverterISR() routine.
7. Go to Tools → Graph → DualTime.
8. Click on Import.
9. Point to the graph1.GraphProp file inside the project folder, and the graph properties window
populates.
10. Alternatively, the user may enter the values as shown in Figure 23.
11. When the entries are verified, click OK.
12. Two graphs appear in CCS.
13. Click Continuous refresh on these graphs.
14. If desired, add a second set of graphs by importing the graph2.GraphProp file.
Figure 23. Graph Settings
3.1.2.3.1.4 Using Real-Time Emulation

Real-time emulation is a special emulation feature that allows windows within CCS to update while the
MCU is running. This feature allows graphs and watch views to update, but also allows the user to change
values in watch or memory windows and see the effect of these changes in the system without halting the
processor.
1. Enable real-time mode by hovering the cursor on the buttons on the horizontal toolbar and clicking the
button.
2. If a message box appears, select YES to enable debug events.
3. Set bit 1 (DGBM bit) to 0, and the memory and register values can be passed to the host processor for
updating the debugger windows.
3.1.2.3.1.5 Running the Code
1. Run the project by clicking .

2. In the watch view, check if the guiVbus, guili, and guiVo variables are updating periodically.
3. These variables are close to zero because no high voltage has been applied to the power input yet.
4. Set the value of rylConnect to 1, which connects the relay and a clicking sound is audible.
5. Set the clearInvTrip variable to 1.
6. Set EPwm1Regs.TZFLG.all to zero.
7. The boardStatus updates to boardStatus_NoFault.
8. Set the invModIndex variable to 0.5.
9. With a resistance of 100 Ω connected at the output, raise the input DC bus slowly up to 50 V.
10. Observe the AC waveform on the oscilloscope for the voltage and current to see a clean AC
waveform (expect owing to the low-frequency switching a sharp pulse around the zero crossing).
11. Now raise the DC bus voltage slowly up to 380 V.
12. Verify that the variable guiFreqAvg closely matches the value set on the powerSUITE page (that is, 60
Hz for the default code).
13. Confirm that the AC measurement is correct by viewing the gui_Vrms and gui_Irms values.
14. For the 380-V DC bus and 100-Ω output with a 0.5-inverter modulation index, the output voltage is
close to 126 VRMS and the current is 1.26 IRMS.
15. If there are inconsistencies in the measured valued and actual values, confirm the hardware and enter
the correct values on the powerSUITE page for the scaling and voltage currents.
16. Figure 24 shows the watch expressions window under these conditions.
Figure 24. Build Level 1 Expressions View With Power Measurement
17. Use the graph to view the AC waveforms, as shown in Figure 25.
Figure 25. Build Level 1 Graph1.GraphProp File Showing Measured Per-Unit Voltage and Current Values
The following variables are plotted in Build 1:

• dVal1 = spll1.sin; → dBuff1
• dVal2 = invIoInst; → dBuff2
• dVal3 = invVoInst; → dBuff3
• dVal4 = invDuty; → dBuff4
Use these graphs to verify if the sensing on the board for voltages and currents is accurate. If nothing
is observed in the graph , put dlog1.status in the Expression window in CCS and if it is 0 set it to 1.
Also if multiple AC cycles need to be observed, enter dlog1.prescalar to be greater than 1; for
example, it can be set to 5.
18. The AC voltage may be further modulated by changing the modulation index through the watch
window.
19. Ensure that the VA rating of the inverter is never exceeded while changing this modulation.
20. The check for this build is completed, the following items are verified upon successful completion of
this build:
• Inverter modulation scheme and generation of correct AC waveform.
• Sensing of voltages, currents, and scaling are correct.
• Interrupt generation and execution of the Build 1 code in the inverter ISR.
21. To power down, set the invModIndex to zero.
22. Set rlyConnect to zero
23. Slowly decrease the DC bus voltage to 0 V.
24. Fully halting the MCU when in real-time mode is a two-step process:
a. First, halt the processor by clicking the halt button on the toolbar, , or by using Target → Halt.
b. Click to take the MCU out of real-time mode.
25. Click to reset the MCU.
26. Click the Terminate Debug Session button, to close the CCS debug session, or go to Target →
Terminate all.
3.1.2.3.2 Build Level 2—Close Current Loop: DC Check

In Build 1, the open loop operation of the inverter is verified. In Build 2, the current loop is closed; for
example, the output current is controlled using a current compensator Gi. The Gi is comprised of multiple
resonant controllers to provide gain at the fundamental AC frequency and harmonics, a notch filter to
damp the LCL filter resonance, and a lead lag compensator to improve the phase margin. DC bus voltage
feedforward is applied to the output of this current compensator to generate the duty cycle of the inverter,
as shown in Equation 15. This equation makes the plant for the current compensator independent of the
DC bus voltage. Figure 26 shows the control diagram of the closed current loop of Build Level 2.
invDuty PU = (invIoRefInst – invIoInst) × Gi/invVbusInst (15)
Figure 26. Build Level 2 Control Diagram: Closed Current Loop

Fundamental RP controller
DCL_DF22
Gi_pr1
3rd Harmonic controller

Current controller
DCL_DF22
Gi
Gi_r3
SPLL_1PH_SOGI
Leag lag 4th order
5th Harmonic controller compensator notch filter
.out
ac_value .cosine invSine DCL_DF22 DCL_DF22 DCL_DF22
.theta + - invVoRefInst
Gi_r5 Gi_lead_
Notch
wn invVoRef invVoRefInst lag
7th Harmonic controller 0

DCL_DF22
Gi_r7
9th Harmonic controller

DCL_DF22
Gi_r9
PI controller
DCL_PI
pi
DC bus
voltage
PWM invDutyPU feedforward
PWM
Vbus
POWER_MEAS_SINE
_ANALYZER 1A 2A
Io
invVbusInst
T=1/f
.V Read VAC
Read
ADC
.l invIiInst ADC
and +
sampleFreq and
scale to Load
threshold .acFreq invVoInst scale
PU
1B 2B
DLOG_4CH

input_ptr3 size output_ptr3 DBUFF3
input_ptr4 trig_value output_ptr4 DBUFF4
pre_scalar
The design of the compensator is checked by operating the inverter in DC.
3.1.2.3.2.1 Setting Software Options for Build 2: DC Check

1. De-energize all sources.
2. Make sure the hardware is setup as shown in Figure 27.
Figure 27. Hardware Setup to Run Software for Build Level 2: DC Check
Current Probe
iinv
Fully
Isolated Fully Isolated DC
Differential
DC Power J17 HV-1PH-DCAC J1 Voltage Probe Power Supply
Supply (150 V, 4 A)
(380 V, 2 A)
J2 Power Meter can be

Load connected in between J1
Fully Isolated, and the load to measure
(100- Power THD and Power
15-V DC, 1-A
Power Supply Resistors)
3. Do not supply any high-voltage power to the board yet.

4. Supply an isolated 15 V through J2.
5. On the powerSUITE page, select under the Project Options section:
• Closed Current Loop and Gris Sync for the build level.
• DC for the Output.
• Enter the output frequency as 60 Hz as this is a DC build it will not matter.
6. If this is an adapted solution, edit the setting accordingly by specifying the switching frequency, the
dead band, and the power rating.
7. Save page.
3.1.2.3.2.2 Designing the Current Loop Compensator

1. Click the compensation designer icon from the powerSUITE page to launch the compensation
designer.
2. The plant model for the inverter for the output current loop is created using the parameters specified on
the powerSUITE page.
3. The compensation designer GUI enables editing the lead lag compensator, which is also a part of Gi
4. If a change is required to resonant and PI controller, close the compensation designer and edit the
values on the powerSUITE page.
5. Save the page.
6. Relaunch the GUI.
7. Verify the stability of the system by observing the gain and phase margins on the open loop transfer
function plot in the compensation designer, as shown in Figure 28.
Figure 28. Current Loop Design Using Compensation Designer
8. Once satisfied with the compensation design, click Save COMP.

9. Save the compensator values into the project (for example, when the project is recompiled, it will use
the new coefficients for the compensator).
NOTE: If the project is not selected from the solution adapter, the compensator cannot be changed.
For a unique design, select the solution through the solution adapter.
10. Close the compensation designer and return to the powerSUITE page.
3.1.2.3.2.3 Building and Loading the Project and Setting up Debug

3. The project builds successfully.
4. Click Run → Debug, a debugging session launches.
5. Select the CPU in the window that appears to perform the debug in case of dual PC devices.
6. In this case, select CPU1.
7. The project loads on the device, and the CCS debug view is active.
9. Click View → Scripting Console to add variables in the watch and expressions window to open the
scripting console dialog box.
10. Click Open to browse to the setupdebugenv_build2.js script file located inside the project folder.
Figure 29.
12. Click on the Continuous Refresh button, , on the watch window to enable the continuous update of

Figure 29. Build Level 2—DC Check Expressions Window
14. Do not use the graph window as this is a DC check.

15. Enable real-time mode by hovering the cursor on the buttons on the horizontal toolbar and clicking the
button.
1. Click to run the project.

2. Set the clearInvTrip variable to 1 to clear the inverter trip.
3. Set the rylconnect variable to 1 to connect the relay.
4. Slowly raise the input DC bus to approximately 50 V.
5. Observe that the expressions window shows the correct value for guiVbus.
6. Slowly increase the voltage of the DC source connected at the output of the inverter to 20 V.
7. A resistive load is connected in parallel so a small current is drawn from the DC source.
8. Watch for any inadvertent events, such as the DC bus of the inverter input rising or a very high current
draw.
9. These events may point to a problem in the setup of the inverter.
10. Revisit Build Level 1, and verify that everything is correct before you proceed.
11. Observe that at this stage, the resistive load is supplied with power from the DC source connected at
the output.
12. The output voltage is 20 V, and for a resistive load, the current with a 100-Ω load is approximately
0.2 A.
NOTE: Verify the sign of the output voltage guiVo is also correct (that is, 20 V). If not, reduce the DC
source connected to the output from 20 V to 0 V, reduce the input DC source voltage to 0,
and swap the connection terminals of the output terminal. A re-load of the code may be
necessary. Resume the debug and verify that now the guiVo is read as 20 V.
13. Increase invloRef to 0.01 to check the output current control of the inverter. This PU reference for this
design corresponds to approximately 0.17 A. Additionally, the variable invIoInst is monitored in the
watch window and can be used to check closed loop operation. This variable is the actual output
current measured and will follow the reference current set in invIoRef.
14. Observe that the current supplied by the DC source at the output decreases, and the inverter supplies
the rest of the DC current.
NOTE: As this is DC operation, the inverter operates in buck mode.
15. Increase the DC bus to 380 V. Maintain the closed loop operation as the user raises the DC bus. The
feedforward term of the DC bus ensure that the closed loop performance remains the same.
16. Increase the DC voltage of the power supply connected at the output to approximately 120 V.
17. Increase the invloRef further to 0.07 in steps of 0.01.
18. Observe that with each increment, more current is sourced from the inverter and less current is
supplied by the DC source connected at the output.
19. Make sure that the DC current from the supply connected at the output is never zero. This verifies that
the output current control is working to verify robustness.
20. SFRA is integrated in the software of this build which may be used to verify the designed
compensators, and check if enough gain and phase margin are present.
21. Keep the project running to run the SFRA from the cfg page.
22. Click on the SFRA icon.
23. The SFRA GUI appears.
24. Select the options for the device on the GUI. For example, select floating point for F28377D.
25. Click setup connection.
26. Select an appropriate COM port.
27. Click OK.
28. Return to the SFRA GUI.
29. Click Connect.
30. The SFRA GUI connects to the device.
31. Click Start Sweep to begin an SFRA sweep.
32. The complete SFRA sweep takes around 5 minutes to finish.
33. Monitor activity by watching the progress bar on the SFRA GUI and by checking the flashing of the
blue LED light on the back of the control card that indicates UART activity. Alternatively, the user can
enter "SFRA1". The FreqIndex variable in the watch window tells where the SFRA is in the frequency
sweep. The sweep is of 100 points in this software and will complete when this variable reached a
value of 100.
34. Once complete, a graph with the open loop plot appears, as shown in Figure 30.
35. The plot verifies that the designed compensator is stable.
Figure 30. SFRA Run on Closed Current Loop
NOTE: The SFRA GUI is designed for log step frequency points hence in case of this project where
this is not valid the SFRA GUI can crash and not display the complete waveform. Under
such a situation, the following workaround is recommended:
1. Close the SFRA GUI, go to <sdk_install_path>/libraries/sfra/GUI and launch the
SFRA.exe file from here.
2. Connect the SFRA GUI and make sure "Save SFRA Data as CSV" is not checked. This
forces the SFRA data to be saved into an Excel sheet. Even when the SFRA GUI
reports an error after the retrieval of the data, select continue and the Excel sheet will be
populated with all the frequency data. This data can then be used in MATLAB or saved
as a .CSV file and used in compensation designer.
3. If the SFRA GUI errors out, skip the following steps from 36 to 45.
36. The frequency response data is also saved in the project folder, under an SFRA Data Folder, and is
stamped with the time of the SFRA run.
37. Go back to the powerSUITE page.
38. Open Compensation Designer once the sweep is complete.
39. Click on Compensation Designer.
40. Choose SFRA Data for the plant option on the GUI.
41. The SFRA Data uses the measured plant information to designer the compensator. This option may
be used to fine-tune the compensation.
42. By default, the compensation designer points out the latest SFRA run.
43. If a previous SFRA run plant information is required to be used, select the SFRAData.csv file and click
Browse SFRA DATA.
44. Close the compensation designer to return to the configuration page. Figure 31 shows the
compensation designer with measured plant frequency response data.
Figure 31. Compensation Designer With Measured Plant Frequency Response Data
45. This verifies the current compensation design, both modeled and measured to match closely. The
compensator may further be adjusted to achieve the best performance from the system.
46. Set the invIoRef to zero.
47. Set rlyConnect to zero to disconnect the relay.

48. Reduce the DC bus of the supply connect at the input to zero.
49. Reduce the output voltage of the supply connected at the output of the inverter to zero.
50. Fully halting the MCU in real-time mode is a two-step process.
51. Halt the processor by using the Halt button on the toolbar, , or by using Target → Halt.
52. Click on to take the MCU out of real-time mode.
54. Click on the Terminate Debug Session button, , or go to Target → Terminate All to close the CCS
debug session.
3.1.2.3.3 Build Level 2—Close Current Loop: AC Check

In Section 3.1.2.3.2, the output current closed loop operation of the inverter is verified. In this build, the
current loop is closed with AC output voltage.
3.1.2.3.3.1 Setting Software Options for Build 2: AC Check

Set up the hardware as shown in Figure 32. Do not supply any high-voltage power to the board yet. TI
recommends to use a controlled source at the output, such as an AC power supply to verify grid
connected operation. Once the operation is verified, check the functioning of the inverter with direct grid
connection. Bias supply to the board is provided by an isolated 15-V supply connected to J2 and S1 in the
ON position.
Figure 32. Setup to Run Software for Build Level 2: AC Check

Current Probe
iinv igrid
Fully Isolated
DC Power Differential
Fully Isolated AC
J17 HV-1PH-DCAC J1 Voltage Probe Power Supply
Supply
(380 V, 2 A) (110 Vrms, 4 A)
J2
Power Meter can be connected
in between J1 and the load to
15-V DC, 1-A Load measure THD and Power
Power Supply
(100- Power
Resistors)
On the powerSUITE page, select under the Project Options section:

• Closed Current Loop and Grid Sync for the build level.
• AC for the Output.
• Enter 60 Hz for the output frequency.
If this is an adapted solution, edit the setting accordingly and specify the switching frequency, the dead
band, and the power rating.
• Save the page.
3.1.2.3.3.2 Building and Loading the Project and Setting Up Debug

1. Right-click on the project.
4. Click Run → Debug, and a debugging sessions launches.
5. Select the CPU when the window appears to perform the debug in case of dual PC devices.
6. Select CPU1 in this case.
7. The project loads the device and the CCS debug view is active.
9. Click View → Scripting Console to open the scripting console dialog box, and to add the variables in
the watch and expressions window.
10. Click on Open to browse on the upper right corner of the console to browse to the
setupdebugenv_build2.js script file, located inside the project folder.
11. The watch window populates with the appropriate variables required to debug the system.
12. Click on the Continuous Refresh button, , on the watch window to enable a continuous update of
Figure 33. Build Level 2: AC Check Expressions Window
14. Use the graph window to observe the variables as this is a check.
15. Enable real-time mode by hovering the cursor on the buttons on the horizontal toolbar and clicking

2. Raise the input DC bus to 50 V.
3. Set the AC voltage of the supply connected to the output of the inverter to 20 VRMS and 60 Hz. This
supply provided the current to the resistive load connected at the output of the inverter.
4. Set rlyConnect to 1 to connect the relay.
5. Set invIoRef to 0.01.
6. Set clearInvTrip to 1. The inverter provides some current to the resistive load, and the current from the
AC power supply drops slightly.
7. Raise the DC bus to 380 V.
NOTE: As the inverter is operating at very low power, observe any spikes around the zero crossing.
Ignore these spikes for now as they reduce once operating at rated current and voltage. An
audible buzz may also be heard.
8. Increase the output AC voltage to 110 VRMS.

9. Increase the current command so that more current is provided by the inverter. Increase the step size
by 0.01 until approximately 0.07 per unit scaling.
10. Make sure that the current for the AC source never goes to zero, as many AC sources do not accept
four quadrant operation.
11. Watch for any inadvertent events, such as the DC bus of the inverter input rising, or very high current
draw. These events may point to a problem in the setup of the inverter.
12. Revisit Section 3.1.2.3.1 and Section 3.1.2.3.2 to verify that everything is correct before proceeding.
13. Observe the current that is shared on the load by the inverter, and the AC source. Spiking around the
zero crossing can occur. These spikes may be mitigated by the user by selecting a different inverter
configuration, or using a different modulation scheme.
14. The verification of the grid connected mode of operation is complete.
15. Disengage the relay setting by setting rlyconnect to zero to stop the inverter.
16. Reduce the DC bus and the AC source to zero to completely de-energize the hardware setup.
a. Click the Halt Button on the toolbar, , or use Target → Halt to stop the processor.
19. Click the Terminate Debug Session button, , or go to Target → Terminate All to close the CCS
debug session.
3.1.2.3.4 Build Level 2—Close Current Loop: Demo

If the same hardware as this reference design is available, then run a demo mode as outlined in this
section. In this build, a state machine is invoked to take care of the following checks:
• Check if the grid voltage and frequency is within a universal grid value rang. If these are exceeded, trip
the inverter.
• Check if the DC bus is greater than the grid voltage max to ensure that power may be fed from the
inverter to the grid.
• Tune the PR controller according to the measured frequency of the grid on the controller.
• Safely start and stop the inverter by zeroing the controller history and setting the current command
appropriately.
3.1.2.3.4.1 Setting Software Options for BUILD 2: AC Check

Make sure the hardware is set up as shown in Figure 32. Do not supply any high-voltage power to the
board yet. TI recommends to use a controlled source at the output, such as an AC power supply to verify
grid connected operation. Once the operation is verified, check the functioning of the inverter with direct
grid connection.
On the powerSUITE page, select under the Project Options section:
• Closed Current Loop and Grid Sync for the build level.
• AC for the Output.
• Enter 60 Hz for the output frequency.
3.1.2.3.4.2 Building and Loading the Project and Setting Up Debug

4. Click Run → Debug and a debugging sessions launches.
5. Select the CPU when the window appears to perform the debug in the case of dual CPU devices.
6. Select CPU1 in this case.
7. The project loads on the device, and the CCS debug view becomes active.
9. Click View → Scripting Console to add the variables in the watch and expressions window and to open
the scripting console dialog box.
10. Click Open to browse on the upper right corner of the console to browse to the
setupdebugenv_demo.js script file located inside the project folder.
Figure 34.
12. Click on the Continuous Refresh button, , on the watch window to enable a continuous update of
Figure 34. Build Level 2: Demo Mode Expressions View
14. Hover the cursor on the buttons on the horizontal toolbar to enable real-time mode.
15. Click the button.

2. Set guiInvStart to 1 to begin the demo code.
3. As no grid voltage (that is, voltage from the AC source connected to the output of the inverter) is
present, the inverter will be in a checkGrid state.
4. Slowly raise the AC voltage to 110 VRMS at 60 Hz.
5. The inverter state machine then sequences to checking for DC voltage.
6. To feed current into the grid the DC voltage (which in case of PV inverters is provided from the panel
or panel plus some conditioning circuit), it must be greater than the peak of the AC voltage connected
at the output of the inverter.
7. In this case, the output voltage of 110 VRMS is connected, raise the DC bus to greater than 200 V to let
the inverter start and feed power into the grid.
8. As soon as the input DC voltage is raised above 200 V, for this setup, hear the relay click when the
inverter starts. Increase the DC bus up to the rated voltage of 380 V.
9. Now increase the current reference to modulate the power that is fed from the inverter by changing
invIoRef. For the setup described in this design guide, change this from 0.01 to 0.07 gradually in steps
of 0.01.
10. Observe the current that is shared on the load by the inverter, and the AC source. Spiking around the
zero crossing can occur. These spikes can be mitigated by the user by selecting a different inverter
configuration, or using a different modulation scheme.
11. The verification of the grid connected mode of operation is complete.
12. The inverter can be stopped by writing 1 to guiInvStop, which disengages the relay.
13. Reduce the DC bus to zero and reduce the AC voltage connected at the inverter output to zero.
a. Click the Halt Button on the toolbar, , or use Target → Halt to stop the processor.
16. Click the Terminate Debug Session button, , or go to Target → Terminate All to close the CCS
debug session.
3.2 Testing and Results
3.2.1 Test Results With Grid Connection at 120 VRMS and 60-Hz Loads
3.2.1.1 Power Stage Efficiency

Figure 35 shows the power stage efficiency of the reference design when operating at 120 VRMS of output.
Figure 35. Efficiency of the Design When Operating at 120 VRMS of Output
97.2%
96.9%
96.6%
96.3%
96%
Efficiency
95.7%
95.4%
95.1%
94.8%
94.5%
94.2%
93.9%
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
POUT (W) D001
3.2.1.2 Steady State Waveform

Figure 36 and Figure 37 show the steady-state current and voltage at 500 W of output power with two
different zoom levels.
Figure 36. Steady-State Output Voltage and Current at 120 VRMS, POUT of 500 W, Zoomed In
Figure 37. Steady-State Output Voltage and Current Waveform at 120 VRMS, POUT of 500 W, Multiple Cycles
Figure 38 shows the steady state voltage and current operating at 160 W with 120 VRMS of output voltage.
Figure 38. Steady-State Output Voltage and Current at 120 VRMS, POUT of 160 W, Zoomed In
3.2.1.3 Transient Waveform With Step Change in Load

Figure 39 shows the transient output current as the current command is changed.
Figure 39. Transient Current Reference Change at 120 VRMS
3.2.1.4 Total Harmonic Distortion Using SDFM

Figure 40 shows the output current total harmonic distortion across the power level while operating at 120
VRMS, compared with the voltage distortion of the grid present at test time.
NOTE: The THD of the current is lower than the THD of the voltage at power level greater than 30%
rated load.
Figure 40. THD of Output Current

0.14
THD I
THD V
0.12
0.1
0.08
THD
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
PIN (W) D002
The harmonic controllers are added one by one in the current compensator and the THD of the current
plotted in Figure 41 for each combination. Table 5 lists the complete test data. Observe that the first, third,
fifth, and seventh harmonic controllers affect the THD significantly; however, with the addition of the ninth
harmonic controller the THD improves marginally.
Figure 41. THD at 120 VRMS With Different Resonant Controller Combination
45%
1H
1H + 3H
40% 1H + 3H + 5H
1H + 3H + 5H + 7H
35% 1H + 3H + 5H + 7H + 9H
30%
25%
THD I
20%
15%
10%
5%
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
POUT (W) D003
Table 5. THD With Different Resonant Controller Combinations

THDi WITH THDi WITH 1H, 3H THDi WITH 1H, 3H, 5H, THDi WITH 1H, 3H,
POUT THDi WITH 1H
1H AND 3H AND 5H AND 7H 5H, 7H, AND 9H
25.524 45 43 22 13.4 13.4
52.48 22 21.2 10.8 6.5 6.5
106.54 12.3 11.2 5.6 3.4 3.3
160.9 8.7 7.5 3.8 2.45 2.38
215.18 6.5 5.45 2.9 1.85 1.78
269.44 5.4 4.37 2.3 1.56 1.46
310.07 4.5 3.64 2.01 1.33 1.32
406.59 3.6 2.82 1.78 1.17 1.15
462.12 3.2 2.5 1.5 1.05 1.02
500.03 3 2.2 1.34 0.99 0.98
3.2.1.5 Test Data Table With SDFM-Based Sensing

Table 6 lists the complete test data of the design when operating with 110 VRMS of output.
Table 6. Test Data Table for SDFM-Based Sensing and Output Current Control at 110 VRMS
VIN lIN VOUT IOUT PIN POUT THDi EFFICIENCY PF THDv
382.8 0.071 122.27 0.2162 27.1788 25.524 14 0.93911431 0.96 2.01
382.8 0.142 122.41 0.4325 54.3576 52.48 6.5 0.965458372 0.9917 2.01
382.8 0.287 122.53 0.8714 109.8636 106.54 3.4 0.969747942 0.9977 2.01
382.6 0.433 122.72 1.3118 165.6658 160.9 2.3 0.971232445 0.9987 2.01
382.8 0.581 122.93 1.7522 222.4068 215.18 1.78 0.967506389 0.9989 2.01
382.6 0.729 122.99 2.1929 278.9154 269.44 1.46 0.966027692 0.999 2.01
382.8 0.841 122.98 2.5229 321.9348 310.07 1.3 0.963145333 0.999 2.01
382.8 0.919 123.36 2.7427 351.7932 338.15 1.2 0.961218125 0.999 2.01
382.8 1.111 123.55 3.2926 425.2908 406.59 1.18 0.956028205 0.999 2.01
382.8 1.265 123.86 3.7325 484.242 462.12 1.08 0.95431623 0.999 2.01
382.8 1.377 123.55 4.0561 527.1156 500.03 0.99 0.948615446 0.999 2.01
www.ti.com Design Files
4 Design Files
For schematics, bill of materials (BOM), the altium project, and Gerber files, see
http://www.ti.com/tool/TIDM-HV-1PH-DCAC or to the DigitalPower SDK package at:
<sdk_install_path>/solutions/tidm_hv_1ph_dcac
5 Software Files
To download the software files for this reference design, see the link at
http://www.ti.com/tool/C2000WARE-DIGITALPOWER-SDK. This reference design can also be found at:
<sdk_install_path>/solutions/tidm_hv_1ph_dcac
\docs → Documentation
\hardware → PCB Altium Project, Gerbers, BOM, sense_calculation.xlsx
\<device> <control_mode> → CCS Project
6 Related Documentation
• Department of Energy Technology, Design and Control of an Inverter for Photovoltaic Applications,
PHD Theses, Aalborg University, 2009
• IEEE, Filter Design for grid connected PV inverters in ICSET, 2008.
• IET Power Electronics, Frequency Tracking of Digital Resonant Filters for Control of Power Converter
Connected to Public Distribution Systems, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 454-462, Apr 2011.
• IEEE, A New Single Phase PLL Structure Based on Second Order Generalized Integrator, 37th IEEE
PESC, 2006.
• Texas Instruments, C2000™ Software Frequency Response Analyzer (SFRA) Library and
Compensation Designer User’s Guide
• Texas Instruments, TMS320F2837xD Dual-Core Delfino™ Microcontrollers Technical Reference
Manual
• Texas Instruments, TMS320F2837xD Dual-Core Delfino™ Microcontrollers Data Sheet
• Texas Instruments, TMS320F28004x Piccolo™ Microcontrollers Technical Reference Manual
• Texas Instruments, TMS320F28004x Piccolo™ Microcontrollers Data Sheet
6.1 Trademarks
C2000, E2E, powerSUITE, Code Composer Studio, Delfino, Piccolo are trademarks of Texas Instruments.
Excel is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
7 About the Author

MANISH BHARDWAJ is a systems application engineer with the C2000 Microcontrollers System
Solutions Group at Texas Instruments, where he is responsible for developing reference design solutions
for digital power, motor control and solar power applications. Before joining TI in 2009, Manish received
his masters of science in electrical and computer engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta and bachelor of engineering from Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology, University of Delhi, India.
Revision History www.ti.com
Revision History
NOTE: Page numbers for previous revisions may differ from page numbers in the current version.
Changes from C Revision (May 2019) to D Revision ...................................................................................................... Page
• Changed powerSUITE Page for the Grid Connected Inverter Solution image .................................................. 22
• Changed Project Explorer View of Solution Project image ......................................................................... 23
• Changed Current Loop Design Using Compensation Designer image ........................................................... 32
• Changed Compensation Designer With Measured Plant Frequency Response Data image ................................. 36
• Changed SPRUHZ5 to SPRUIK4 link ................................................................................................. 47
Changes from B Revision (November 2017) to C Revision ........................................................................................... Page
• Changed TMS310F280049M to TMS310F280049C ................................................................................. 1

• Added and TMS320F280049C .......................................................................................................... 1
• Changed TMS310F280049M from block diagram to TMS320F280049C ......................................................... 1
• Deleted TMS310F280049M from block diagram ...................................................................................... 5
• Changed TMS320F280049M to TMS320F280049C ................................................................................ 19
• Changed <sdk_install_path>\c2000ware\boards\controlcards\TMDSCNCD280049M to
<sdk_install_path>\c2000ware\boards\controlcards\TMDSCNCD280049C ..................................................... 19
Changes from A Revision (October 2016) to B Revision ............................................................................................... Page
• Updated formatting to fit current design guide template ............................................................................. 1

• Added TMS320F280049M to Resources .............................................................................................. 1
• Added "Supports TMS320F28377D and TMS320F280049M" to Features ........................................................ 1
• Added TMS320F280049M to the block diagram ...................................................................................... 1
• Changed location of Excel sheet of calculations .................................................................................... 14
• Changed location of info sheet in Section 3.1.1.2: Control Card Settings ....................................................... 19
• Added required settings for revision A of the TMS320F280049M control card in Section 3.1.1.2: Control Card Settings 19
• Added note in Section 3.1.2: Firmware: powerSUITE and Incremental Build Software ........................................ 21
• Changed Step 5 in Section 3.1.2.1: Opening the Project Inside Code Composer Studio™ ................................... 21
• Updated Figure 21: Build Level 1 Control Diagram: Open Loop Project ......................................................... 24
• Changed 1.26 VRMS to 1.26 IRMS in Step 13 in Section 3.1.2.3.1.5: Running the Code.......................................... 28
• Updated Figure 26: Build Level 2 Control Diagram: Closed Current Loop ....................................................... 30
• Changed location of the SFRA.exe file from controlSUITE/libs/app_libs/SFRA/<version>/GUI to
<sdk_install_path>/libraries/sfra/GUI .................................................................................................. 35
• Changed invloRefInst to invIoRef in Step 46 in Section 3.1.2.3.2.4: Running the Code ....................................... 36
• Deleted the step "Set the clearInvTrip variable to 1 to clear the inverter trip" in Section 3.1.2.3.3.2: Running the Code . 39
• Added the TMS320F28004x Piccolo™ Microcontrollers Technical Reference Manual to Section 6: Related
Documentation ........................................................................................................................... 47
• Added the TMS320F28004x Piccolo™ Microcontrollers Data Sheet to Section 6: Related Documentation ................ 47
Changes from Original (November 2015) to A Revision ................................................................................................ Page
• Added TIEVM-HV-1PH-DCAC product page link in Design Resources ........................................................... 1

• Added configuration (CFG) .............................................................................................................. 7
• Added Figure 12: Control Scheme Used for Grid Connected Inverter Control .................................................. 12
• Added note in Section 3: Getting Started With Hardware .......................................................................... 16
• Deleted "Keep in mind that the output capacitor is large (for example, 20 uF)." from Step 2 in Section 3.1: Base Board
48 Revision History TIDUB21D – November 2015 – Revised March 2020
www.ti.com Revision History
Settings.................................................................................................................................... 16
• Changed the control card slot from H5 to J15-J16 .................................................................................. 16
• Changed isolated HV DC source connection from CON1 to J17 ................................................................. 16
• Changed Figure 16: Hardware Setup to Run Software for BUILD Level 1 ...................................................... 18
• Added Section 3.3: Tips to Connect JTAG USB Cable ............................................................................. 20
• Added Section 4.1.2: Open TI Design Software for Adaptation ................................................................... 21
• Added "up to 50 V" to Step 9 under Running the Code ............................................................................ 28
• Added "Now raise the DC Bus voltage slowly up to 380 V" to Step 10 under Running the Code ............................ 28
• Deleted "Check the frequency of the generated AC waveform." from Running the Code ..................................... 28
• Deleted "Confirm that the generated AC waveform matches the value entered on the powerSUITE page (for example, 60
Hz)." from Running the Code .......................................................................................................... 28
• Changed variable from sine_mains.SigFreq to guiFreqAvg........................................................................ 28
• Changed output voltage from 133 VRMS to 126 VRMS ................................................................................. 28
• Changed current from 1.35 VRMS to 1.26 VRMS ........................................................................................ 28
• Changed numeration after Figure 25: BUILD LEVEL 1 Graph1.GraphProp File Showing Measured Per-Unit Voltage and
Current Values ........................................................................................................................... 29
• Added Figure 27: Hardware Setup to Run Software for Build Level 2: DC Check.............................................. 31
• Deleted "Turn the S1 switch to the ON position." ................................................................................... 31
• Added note under Running the Code ................................................................................................. 34
• Changed title in Figure 32 from "Setup for DC Check of the Current Controller" to "Hardware Setup to Run Software for
BUILD Level 2: AC Check" ............................................................................................................. 37
• Added note after Step 8 in Running the Code ....................................................................................... 39
• Changed Steps 2 through 9 under Running the Code .............................................................................. 41
• Deleted Steps 10 through 13 under Running the Code ............................................................................ 41
• Changed Step 16 under Running the Code .......................................................................................... 41
TIDUB21D – November 2015 – Revised March 2020 Revision History 49

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Grid Connected Inverter Reference Design: Design Guide: TIDM-HV-1PH-DCAC

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1.1 Key System Specifications

Table 1. Key System Specifications

Table 1. Key System Specifications (continued)

2.1 Block Diagram

Figure 1. Typical Single Phase Inverter

2.2 System Design Theory

2.2.1 Modulation Scheme

Table 2. Switching States Used in TIDM-HV-1PH-DCAC

Figure 2. PWM Waveform Generation Using PWM Peripheral on C2000 MCU

2.2.2 Voltage and Current Sensing

2.2.2.1 ADC-Based Sensing

2.2.2.1.1 DC Bus Sensing

Figure 3. DC Bus Sensing Using Resistor Divider and Op Amp

2.2.2.1.2 AC Output Voltage Sensing

2.2.2.1.3 Inductor Current Sensing

Figure 5. Current Sense Using Hall Effect Sensor

2.2.2.1.4 Sense Filter

2.2.2.1.5 Protection (Windowed Comparators)

Figure 8. Comparator Subsystem Used for Overcurrent Protection

ADC pin on C2000 MCU

2.2.2.2 SDFM-Based Sensing

2.2.2.2.1 Isolated Output Current and Capacitor Current Sensing

Figure 9. SDFM-Based Isolated Current Sensing Using a Shunt Resistor

2.2.2.2.2 Isolated Output Voltage and DC Bus Sensing

2.2.2.2.4 SDFM Clock Generation

2.2.2.2.5 SDFM Filter Reset Generation and Syncing to Inverter PWM

2.2.2.2.6 F2837x and F2807x

2.2.3 Control Scheme

Figure 13. Control Diagram of Grid Connected Inverter

2.2.4 Inductor Design

Figure 14. Current Ripple Calculation

2.2.5 Capacitance and Grid Side Inductance Selection

3 Hardware, Firmware, Testing Requirements, and Test Results

3.1 Required Hardware and Firmware

3.1.1.1 Base Board Settings

Figure 15. Board Overview

15-V DC Input (J2) EMI Filter

Table 3. Key Controller Peripherals Used to Control Bridge on Board

Table 4. Key Connectors and Their Function

Figure 16. Hardware Setup to Run Software for BUILD Level 1

J2 Power meter can be connected in between

3.1.1.2 Control Card Settings

3.1.1.3 Tips to Connect JTAG USB Cable

Figure 17. USB Cable Around Ferrite Bead

Figure 18. USB Connection on Board

3.1.2 Firmware: powerSUITE and Incremental Build Software

3.1.2.1 Opening the Project Inside Code Composer Studio™

NOTE: powerSUITE is installed with DigitalPower SDK in the default install.

3. Open CCS and create a new workspace.

3.1.2.1.1 Open TI Design Software for Adaptation

3.1.2.2 Project Structure

Figure 20. Project Explorer View of Solution Project

3.1.2.3 Running the Project

3.1.2.3.1 Build Level 1—Open Loop

Figure 21. Build Level 1 Control Diagram: Open Loop Project

AC_FREQ .out invSine = sin (rgen1.Out)

input_ptr1 output_ptr1 DBUFF1

3.1.2.3.1.1 Setting Software Options for Build 1

3.1.2.3.1.2 Building and Loading the Project

3.1.2.3.1.3 Setup Debug Environment Windows

Figure 22. Build Level 1 Expressions View

Figure 23. Graph Settings

3.1.2.3.1.4 Using Real-Time Emulation

3.1.2.3.1.5 Running the Code

1. Run the project by clicking .

Figure 24. Build Level 1 Expressions View With Power Measurement

The following variables are plotted in Build 1:

b. Click to take the MCU out of real-time mode.

25. Click to reset the MCU.

3.1.2.3.2 Build Level 2—Close Current Loop: DC Check

invDuty PU = (invIoRefInst – invIoInst) × Gi/invVbusInst (15)

Figure 26. Build Level 2 Control Diagram: Closed Current Loop

3rd Harmonic controller