Learn Python 3 - Control Flow Reference Guide - Codecademy

10/03/2020 Learn Python 3: Control Flow Reference Guide | Codecademy
Learn Python 3
Control Flow
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elif Statement
The Python elif statement allows for continued checks to be performed after
an initial if statement. An elif statement differs from the else statement
because another expression is provided to be checked, just as with the initial
if statement.
If the expression is True , the indented code following the elif is executed. If
the expression evaluates to False , the code can continue to an optional else
statement. Multiple elif statements can be used following an initial if to
perform a series of checks. Once an elif expression evaluates to True , no
further elif statements are executed.
# elif Statement
pet_type = "fish"
if pet_type == "dog":
print("You have a dog.")
elif pet_type == "cat":
print("You have a cat.")
elif pet_type == "fish":
# this is performed
print("You have a fish")
else:
print("Not sure!")
Handling Exceptions in Python

A try and except block can be used to handle error in code block. Code
which may raise an error can be written in the try block. During execution, if
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that code block raises an error, the rest of the try block will cease executing
and the except code block will execute.
def check_leap_year(year):
is_leap_year = False
if year % 4 == 0:
is_leap_year = True
try:
check_leap_year(2018)
print(is_leap_year)
# The variable is_leap_year is declared inside the function
except:
print('Your code raised an error!')
or Operator
The Python or operator combines two Boolean expressions and evaluates to
True if at least one of the expressions returns True . Otherwise, if both
expressions are False , then the entire expression evaluates to False .
True or True # Evaluates to True

True or False # Evaluates to True
False or False # Evaluates to False
1 < 2 or 3 < 1 # Evaluates to True
3 < 1 or 1 > 6 # Evaluates to False
1 == 1 or 1 < 2 # Evaluates to True
Equal Operator ==
The equal operator, == , is used to compare two values, variables or

expressions to determine if they are the same.
If the values being compared are the same, the operator returns True ,
otherwise it returns False .
The operator takes the data type into account when making the comparison, so
a string value of "2" is not considered the same as a numeric value of 2 .
# Equal operator
if 'Yes' == 'Yes':
# evaluates to True
print('They are equal')
if (2 > 1) == (5 < 10):

# evaluates to True
print('Both expressions give the same result')
c = '2'
d = 2
if c == d:
print('They are equal')
else:
print('They are not equal')
Not Equals Operator !=
The Python not equals operator, != , is used to compare two values, variables
or expressions to determine if they are NOT the same. If they are NOT the
same, the operator returns True . If they are the same, then it returns False .
The operator takes the data type into account when making the comparison so
a value of 10 would NOT be equal to the string value "10" and the operator
would return True . If expressions are used, then they are evaluated to a value
of True or False before the comparison is made by the operator.
# Not Equals Operator
if "Yes" != "No":
# evaluates to True
print("They are NOT equal")
val1 = 10
val2 = 20
if val1 != val2:
if (10 > 1) != (10 > 1000):

# True != False
Comparison Operators
In Python, relational operators compare two values or expressions. The most
common ones are:
● < less than

● > greater than
● <= less than or equal to
● >= greater than or equal too
If the relation is sound, then the entire expression will evaluate to True . If not,
the expression evaluates to False .
a = 2
b = 3
a < b # evaluates to True
a > b # evaluates to False
a >= b # evaluates to False
a <= b # evaluates to True
a <= a # evaluates to True
if Statement
The Python if statement is used to determine the execution of code based on
the evaluation of a Boolean expression.
● If the if statement expression evaluates to True , then the indented code

following the statement is executed.
● If the expression evaluates to False then the indented code following the
if statement is skipped and the program executes the next line of code
which is indented at the same level as the if statement.
# if Statement
test_value = 100
if test_value > 1:
# Expression evaluates to True
print("This code is executed!")
if test_value > 1000:

# Expression evaluates to False
print("This code is NOT executed!")
print("Program continues at this point.")
else Statement
The Python else statement provides alternate code to execute if the
expression in an if statement evaluates to False .
The indented code for the if statement is executed if the expression evaluates
to True . The indented code immediately following the else is executed only if
the expression evaluates to False . To mark the end of the else block, the
code must be unindented to the same level as the starting if line.
# else Statement
test_value = 50
if test_value < 1:
print("Value is < 1")
else:
print("Value is >= 1")
test_string = "VALID"
if test_string == "NOT_VALID":
print("String equals NOT_VALID")
else:
print("String equals something else!")
and Operator
The Python and operator performs a Boolean comparison between two
Boolean values, variables, or expressions. If both sides of the operator evaluate
to True then the and operator returns True . If either side (or both sides)
evaluates to False , then the and operator returns False . A non-Boolean
value (or variable that stores a value) will always evaluate to True when used
with the and operator.
True and True # Evaluates to True

True and False # Evaluates to False
False and False # Evaluates to False
1 == 1 and 1 < 2 # Evaluates to True
1 < 2 and 3 < 1 # Evaluates to False
"Yes" and 100 # Evaluates to True
Boolean Values
Booleans are a data type in Python, much like integers, oats, and strings.
However, booleans only have two values:
● True
● False
Speci cally, these two values are of the bool type. Since booleans are a data
type, creating a variable that holds a boolean value is the same as with other
data types.
is_true = True
is_false = False
print(type(is_true))
# will output: <class 'bool'>
not Operator
The Python Boolean not operator is used in a Boolean expression in order to
evaluate the expression to its inverse value. If the original expression was
True , including the not operator would make the expression False , and vice
versa.
not True # Evaluates to False

not False # Evaluates to True
1 > 2 # Evaluates to False
not 1 > 2 # Evaluates to True
1 == 1 # Evaluates to True
not 1 == 1 # Evaluates to False

Learn Python 3 - Control Flow Reference Guide - Codecademy

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Learn Python 3 - Control Flow Reference Guide - Codecademy

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10/03/2020 Learn Python 3: Control Flow Reference Guide | Codecademy

Handling Exceptions in Python

True or True # Evaluates to True

The equal operator, == , is used to compare two values, variables or

if (2 > 1) == (5 < 10):

Not Equals Operator !=

# Not Equals Operator

if (10 > 1) != (10 > 1000):

● < less than

● If the if statement expression evaluates to True , then the indented code

if test_value > 1000:

print("Program continues at this point.")

True and True # Evaluates to True

not True # Evaluates to False

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