Helps us to be familiar with the problem situation, identify

Exploratory important variables, and use these variables to form hypotheses that
can be tested in subsequent research

Descriptive Research has the goal of

Descriptive describing something.

The objective is to determine whether

Causal one variable has an effect to another.

Attempts to forecast some situation or value that

Predictive will occur in the future.
2
Research Process
Deciding on the type of data
1 Define the problem 2 required

Determining through what means

3 the data will be obtained
4 Planning for the collection of data and if
necessary, selection of a sample

5 Collecting and analyzing the data 6 Drawing conclusions and

analyzing the data

7 Following through with decisions that

take the finding into consideration
3
 Primary data refer to those generated by a researcher for
the specific problem or decision at hand.
Example: Survey research, experimentation, and
observational research.

 Secondary data have been gathered by someone else for

some other purpose. Secondary data can be internal or
external depending on whether the data were generated
from within your firm or organization or by an outside
person or group

4
Secondary Data
￮ External secondary data
are existing data that have
￮ Internal secondary data have already been collected by
traditionally existed in the other organizations.
form of accounting or ￮ For example
financial information. ￮ Government Agencies
￮ For example ￮ Other published sources
￮ Profit and loss statements ￮ Commercial Suppliers
￮ Balance sheets ￮ Trade Associations
￮ Sales figures ￮ Data warehousing and Data
￮ Inventory records Mining
￮ Internet Data Sources
￮ Previous marketing research studies
￮ Corporate News and Annual Reports
Online
￮ Secondary Data Online 5
Types of Surveys
The Mail Survey The Personal Interview The Telephone
Interview
A mailed An interviewer
questionnaire is personally secures It is similar to the
typically the respondent’s personal
accompanied by cooperation and interview, but
a cover letter and carries out what uses the
postage paid could be described telephone instead
return envelope as a “purposeful of personal
for the conversation” in interaction.
respondent’s which the
convenience. respondents
replies to the
questions asked of
her.

6
Questionnaire
Design
￮ It is also referred to as the data collection instrument, the questionnaire is
either filled out personally by the respondent or administered and
completed by an interviewer. The questionnaire may contain any of three
types of questions:

￮ 1) Multiple choice
￮ 2) Dichotomous
￮ 3) Open-ended

7
Errors in Survey Research
￮ Sampling error
occurs because a sample has been taken instead of a complete
census of the population.

￮ Response error
Some respondents may “distort” the truth (to put it kindly) when
answering a question. They may exaggerate their income, understate their
age, or provide an answer that they think are “acceptable”.

￮ Nonresponse Error
Not everyone in the sample will cooperate in returning the
questionnaire or in answering an interviewer’s questions.

8
Experimentation and
Observational
Research
￮ EXPERIMENTATION ￮ OBSERVATION
￮ The purpose is to identify cause- ￮ It relies on watching or listening,
and-effect relationships between then counting or measuring.
variables.
￮ INTERNAL VALIDITY refers to whether
T really made the difference in the
measurements obtained.
￮ EXTERNAL VALIDITY asked whether
the results can be generalized to
other people or setting.

9
The Basics of Sampling
￮ Population – The set of all possible elements that could
theoretically be observed or measured; this is sometimes
referred as to universe.
￮ Sample – A selected portion from the elements within the
population, with these elements being actually measured or
observed.
￮ Census – The measurement or observation of all possible
elements from the population; this can be viewed as a
“sample” that includes the entire population.
￮ Parameter – A characteristic of a population, such as the
population mean, population variance and population
standard deviation.
￮ Statistic - A characteristic of a sample, such as the sample
mean, sample variance and sample standard deviation.
10
Reasons to sample

1. To contact the whole population would be time

consuming.
2. The cost of studying all the items in a population
may be prohibitive.
3. The physical impossibility of checking all the
items in the population
4. The destructive nature of some tests
5. The sample results are adequate.
11
Sampling Methods
￮ Sampling methods can be categorized
as probability o nonprobability. The
distinction is that with probability
sampling, each person or element in the
population is known (or calculable)
chance of being included in the sample.

12
Sampling Methods
￮ Nonprobability sampling is
primarily used in exploratory
research studies where there is
no intention of making statistical
inferences from the sample to
the population
13
Sampling Methods under
Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling – every person or element in the population has an
equal chance of being included in the sample.
For example:
A firm has 750 production employees and wishes to select a simple
random sample of 40 workers to participate in the quality-assurance training
program.

14
Sampling Methods
Probability Sampling

2. Systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling method in which

sample members from a larger population are selected according to a
random starting point but with a fixed, periodic interval.
For example
Given the name of 20 students below. How do we get a sample of 5
students to perform in talent day using the systematic sampling.

Abegail Erika Martin Benjie Bernie

Lolito Arwell Jovelyn Danica Ronald

Paul Mae Jewel Chona Geneva

Japhet Alfred Veejay Lalaine Julia

15
Sampling Methods
Probability Sampling
3. Stratified Sample – The population is divided into layers, or strata, then a
simple random sample of members from each stratum is selected.
For Example, we might study the advertising expenditures for the 352 largest
companies in the United States. Suppose the objective is to determine whether
firms with high returns on equity spent more of each sales dollars on
advertising with a low return or deficit.
Stratum Profitability Number of firms Relative Number
Frequency Sampled
1 30% and over 8 0.02 1
2 20% up to 30% 35 0.10 5
3 10% up to 20% 189 0.54 27
4 0 up to 10% 115 0.33 16
5 deficit 5 0.01 1
Total 352 1.00 50 16
Sampling Methods
Probability Sampling
4. Cluster sample – Involves dividing the population into groups (based
on geographic area), then randomly selecting some of the groups
and taking either a sample or a census.
For example, given a cluster A, B, C, D, and E of Pallet Town. Get a sample
of 20 students who will represent the Pallet Town.

A C E
B D F
17
Sampling Methods
Nonprobability Sampling

￮ Convenience Sample – Members such

samples are chosen primarily because they
are both readily available and willing to
participate.
￮ Quota Sample – This is similar to the stratified
probability sample described previously,
except that members of the various strata are
not chosen through the use of probability
sampling technique.
18
Sampling Methods

1. Simple Random Sample

2. Systematic Random Sample
3. Stratified Random Sample
4. Cluster Sample

19
#
GOOD
AFTERNOON
SlidesCarnival icons are editable shapes.

This means that you can:

● Resize them without losing
quality.
● Change line color, width and
style.

Isn’t that nice? :)

Examples:

21
Diagrams and infographics

22
😉
Now you can use any emoji as an icon!
And of course it resizes without losing quality and you can change the
color.

How? Follow Google instructions

https://twitter.com/googledocs/status/730087240156643328

✋👆👉👍👤👦👧👨👩👪💃🏃💑❤😂
😉😋😒😭👶😸🐟🍒🍔💣📌📖🔨🎃🎈
🎨🏈🏰🌏🔌🔑 and many more...
23
 Free templates for all your presentation needs

For PowerPoint and 100% free for personal Ready to use, Blow your audience
Google Slides or commercial use professional and away with attractive
customizable visuals

24