Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Cell Cycle & Cell Division
CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION
1|Page Dr.Sachin Kapur |8368459323

Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Growth and reproduction are characteristics of cells, indeed of all living organisms. All cells
reproduce by dividing into two, with each parental cell giving rise to two daughter cells
each time they divide. These newly formed daughter cells can themselves grow and divide,
giving rise to a new cell population that is formed by the growth and division of a single
parental cell and its progeny. In other words, such cycles of growth and division allow a
single cell to form a structure consisting of millions of cells.
The process of formation of daughter cells from the parent cell is known as cell division,
cell multiplication or cell reproduction. The cell reproduction is one of the fascinating
characteristics of living organisms. Boveri and Flemming (1879) studied the process of
formation of two identical cells from the pre existing cell. The daughter cells through half
the size of the parent cell have all the potentialities of the parent cell to survive, grow and
reproduce.
There are two types of cell division seen in eukaryotic organisms. They are mitosis and
meiosis. Mitosis is the process of producing two identical daughter cells by a parent cell,
each daughter cell has same amount of genetic material (same number of chromosomes)
as the parent cell. Hence mitosis is known as replicative division. Mitosis is usually seen
in the somatic cells of higher plants and animals, whereas in unicellular organisms it is a
means of asexual reproduction producing a large number of progeny.
Meiosis is the process of producing four daughter cells by a parent cell, where in each
daughter cell has half the amount of genetic material (half the number of chromosomes) as
the parent cell. It is also known as reductive division since it reduces the number of
chromosomes in the daughter cells to half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
The meiosis occurs in the gamete forming tissues or cells of the sexually reproducing
organisms.
CONCEPT OF CELL CYCLE
Cell Cycle
Cell division is a very important process in all living organisms. During the division of a cell,
DNA replication and cell growth also take place. All these processes, i.e., cell division,
DNA replication, and cell growth, hence, have to take place in a coordinated way to ensure
correct division and formation of progeny cells containing intact genomes. The sequence of
events by which a cell duplicates its genome, synthesises the other constituents of the cell
and eventually divides into two daughter cells is termed cell cycle. Although cell growth (in
terms of cytoplasmic increase) is a continuous process, DNA synthesis occurs only during
one specific stage in the cell cycle. The replicated chromosomes (DNA) are then
distributed to daughter nuclei by a complex series of events during cell division. These
events are themselves under genetic control.
The time period required to complete one cell cycle i.e. from the beginning of one cell
division to the beginning of next is called generation time. It varies from 30 minutes in
bacteria to 90 minutes, in yeast. Though the details of cell cycle vary from organism to
organism, certain events are universal.

Phases of Cell Cycle
A typical eukaryotic cell cycle is illustrated by human cells in

culture. These cells divide once in approximately every 24
hours. However, this duration of cell cycle can vary from
organism to organism and also from cell type to cell type.
Yeast for example, can progress through the cell cycle in only
about 90 minutes. The cell cycle is divided into two basic
phases: i.e., Interphase and M-phase
Interphase (L., inter = between; phases = stage)
This is the period between two successive mitotic divisions. It is a period of active
synthesis and intense growth. During this stage the genes are active and the cell
synthesizes most of its components to double its size. In a typical animal cell one cell cycle
may take 24 hours to complete. The mitosis usually takes 1 to 2 hours and the inter-phase
lasts for 22 to 23 hours, i.e., more than 95% of total cell-cycle.
The inter-phase can be divided into three phases. They are G 1 (gap 1) phase, S
(synthesis) phase and G1 (gap 2).
G1 phase (Gap I, First Growth phase post mitotic, pre-synthetic phase)
G1 phase occupies a major portion of cell cycle. In a typical animal cell it lasts for about 10
hours. It is a period of intensive synthesis of cellular components (except DNA). The cell
organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus are
produced. The synthesis of tRNA, rRNA, mRNA and ribosomes occurs. The metabolic rate
of the cell will be very high. The cell during the G 1 phase produces structural and functional
proteins. The cell may get prepared to get into S phase. During the G 1 phase depending
upon the conditions the substances are produced that may stimulate or inhibit the onset of
S phase.
To proceed or not to proceed to the next phase of cell cycle is controlled by regulatory
substances called protein kinases. These for their activity depend on proteins called
cyclins, hence are known as cyclin-dependent protein kinases (cdks). There are different
types of cyclins for the different stages of cell cycle. Each of them is synthesized at the
required stage and destroyed at the end of the specific stage. For initiating G1 phase G1
specific cyclins are synthesized and they activate cdks specific for G1 phase.
The G1 specific cyclins are destroyed at the end of G1 phase and S phase specific cyclin
are synthesized. This initiates S phase.
S phase (Synthetic phase).
During S phase DNA replication occurs. Proteins associated with the chromosomes,
namely histones are synthesized. The chromosomes are duplicated, to form two
longitudinal halves known as two chromatids attached to each other at a centromere to
form a dyad. The DNA content is doubled from 1c to 2c in a haploid cell and 2c to 4c in a
diploid cell (The quantity of DNA present in a haploid cell is 1c). Hence this phase is known
as Invisible M phase.
In animal cells, during the S phase, DNA replication begins in the nucleus, and the
centriole duplicates in the cytoplasm.
At the end of S phase S specific cyclins are destroyed. The S phase lasts for 8-9 hours.
During S and G2 phases the mitotic related cyclins are synthesized.They accumulate in the
cell and combine with specific cdks. These M (Mitosis) phase cdks are kept in an inactive
state till G2 phase is completed and the DNA has been completely duplicated and
undamaged.
G2 phase
The gap-2 phase is characterized by the second phase of intesnse cellular synthesis. The
multiplication of chloroplasts and mitochondria occurs. The centrioles divide, the proteins of
spindle fibres are synthesized and spindle begins to form. The protein of the spindle fibres
is called tubulin and it polymerises to form spindle fibres. There will be active metabolism
leading to the storage of energy for the operation of M phase. The G 2 phase usually lasts
for 5-6 hours.
G0 phase
It is a quiescent stage in which a cell does not divide further and escapes from cell cycle in
early G1 and differentiates to perform specific functions. E.g., nerve cell skeletal muscles
cell, matured WBCs, RBCs etc. Some cells on G0 are metabolically active and if stimulated
return to cell cycle through differentiation and complete divisions. E.g., fibroblasts to heal
wounds, parenchyma cells in plants to form secondary meristems.
M PHASE
This is the most dramatic period of the cell cycle, involving a major reorganisation of
virtually all components of the cell. Since the number of chromosomes in the parent and
progeny cells is the same, it is also called as equational division. Though for convenience
mitosis has been divided into four stages of nuclear division, it is very essential to
understand that cell division is a progressive process and very clear-cut lines cannot be
drawn between various stages. Mitosis is divided into the following four stages:
 Prophase  Metaphase  Anaphase  Telophase
Mitosis is the common type of cell division where the chromosomes duplicated during the
interphase are equally distributed to the daughter nuclei. Mitosis involves two processes
namely karyokinesis or nuclear division and cytokinesis or cytoplasmic division. The
karyokinesis through a continuous process, for the sake of convenience of understanding
is divided into four phases. The phases are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and
telophase.
Prophase
1. Prophase is the first phase of karyokinesis usually the longest phase of mitosis. It has
three sub stages, namely, early, middle and late prophase.

Early prophase: The chromatin fibres undergo condensation by coiling and dehydration
to form short and thick chromatids.
2. The chromatids (the duplicated chromosomes occurs in the form of a pair of chromatids
held together at the centromere) become short and thick thread like structures due to
condensation of DNA and protein and also due to coiling (spiralization).
3. The centrioles (in the animals cells) begin to move towards the opposite poles of the
cell. The centrioles develop short microtubules radiating from them and together from
asters. In plant cells centrioles and absent hence spindle is anastral.
4. The centrioles with spindle fibres constitute the mitotic spindle.
Mid prophase: The nuclear envelop becomes fragmented and at the end of prophase it
disappears.
5. The nucleoli gradually decrease in size and finally disappear. The mitotic spindle
becomes established.
The chromosomes undergo further condensation become shorter thicker and darkly
stained. The paired chromatids are attached to centromere
Late prophase or pro metaphase: Then nuclear envelope and nucleoli

disappear and chromosomes are released to the cytoplasm. The Golgi
apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum become inconspicuous. The
spindle apparatus is organized.
Metaphase
The complete disintegration of the nuclear envelope marks the start of the second phase of
mitosis, hence the chromosomes are spread through the cytoplasm of the cell.
It is a short phase and lasts 2-10 minutes. It is known as the stage of orientation.
1. The chromosomes in the form of paired chromatids become attached to the spindle by
certain spindle fibres. These spindle fibres are called chromosomal, kinetochore or
tactile fibres. The chromosomal fibres are connected to two C shaped or disc shaped
kinetochores covering the centromere of each chromosome.
The metaphase is characterised by all the chromosomes coming to lie at the equator
with one chromatid of each chromosome connected by its kinetochore to spindle fibres

from one pole and its sister chromatid connected by its kinetochore to spindle fibres
from the opposite pole. The plane of alignment of the chromosomes at metaphase is
referred to as the metaphase plate.
2. The chromosomes move towards the ‘equator’ of spindle in such a manner that their
centromeress are aligned along the equatorial plate which lies in the middle and at right
angles to the spindle.
3. The centromere of each chromosome is connected to both the asters or poles of the
spindle by these chromosomal fibres.
4. In the spindle there are three types of fibres. They are (a) continuous fibres or polar
fibres which extend from pole to pole of the spindle, (b) the chromosomal fibres which
are attached to the centromeres of the chromosomes and extend to one of the poles
and (c) discontinuous or inter polar fibres which extend from a pole to variable distance
but do not reach the opposite poles.
The chromosome arrange in the form of plate called
metaphase plate or equatorial plate. The process of bringing
the chromosomes to the equator is known as congression.
The metaphase chromosomes are maximally condensed,
short and thick. They are ideal to study the chromosome
number and morphology.
Anaphase
1. Anaphase is a rapid stage of migration of chromosomes and is the
shortest stage (2-3 minutes).
2. The centromere of each chromosome splits longitudinally into two
and the chromosomal fibres pull the daughter centromeres
towards the opposite poles. The separation of chromosomes
occurs due to dissolution of cohesin at centromere that holds
sister chromtids together.
3. The separated chromatids become daughter chromosomes known
as monad chromosomes.
4. The arms of the chromosomes follow the centromere and move
towards the poles. the metacentric, sub-metacentric, acrocentric
and telocentric chromosomes appeaer like V, L, j and I during
anaphase.
The anaphase movement of chromosomes is caused by shortening of chromosomal
fibres due to disassembly of its microtubular sub units at kinetochoral end. The
chromosomes during this process move pole ward due to sliding movement of
kinetochoral motor proteins dyneins which transport the chromosomes along the
shortening microtubules using ATPs.
Telophase
1. The telophase is of long duration.
2. The chromosomes reach the poles and undergo uncoiling becoming long and slender
thread like structures. They become indistinct and form the chromatin mass, and lose
their individuality.

3. Each mass of chromatin thread becomes a daughter nucleus.
4. The nuclear envelope slowly appears around the
mass of chromatin from pieces of old nuclear
membrane and ER and even the nucleoli
reappear from Sine acido thymonucleino (SAT)
chromosome of nucleolar organizer region
(NOR) region the fibrous lamina around
chromatin reappear.
5. In animal cells astral rays and spindle fibres and
in plant cells spindle fibres near the poles
disappear but they remain intact at equator to
form phragmoplast (Gr., phragmos = hedge or
enclosoure). The Golgi bodies and ER are
reformed. After telophase the cell enters into
cytokinesis.
Cytokinesis
During mitosis the organelles of the cell becomes distributed towards the two poles of the
cell (The ER and Golgi apparatus break up into small fragments and become distributed
towards the poles).
In animal cells cytokinesis occurs by the formation of cleavage furrow or invagination of
the cell membrane at the region previously occupied by the equator of the spindle. A dense
remnant of spindle material collects at the equator and is known as mid body as a bridge.
The furrow is formed by the a contractile band of microfilaments of actin and myosin
attached to the inner surface of plasma membrane of the furrow. The constriction deepens
and divides the cytoplasm into two. The mid body then disappears. The cleavage
cytokinesis is also observed in some protists and pollen forming meiocytes of
angiosperms. Actin filaments attached to the cell membrane contract and the furrow
deepens and its membranes meet in the centre of the cell and fuse forming two complete
daughter cells by centripetal cleavage.
In plant cells the spindle fibres present at the equator move outwards and increase in
number forming a barrel shaped structure called phragmoplast to trap Golgi vesicles to
form a cell plate. The rest of fibres of the spindle disintegrated. The vesicles from the Golgi
apparatus line up along the region right angles to spindle apparatus. These vesicles fuse to
form a cell plate. The cell plate extends towards the periphery along the equatorial line and
meets the parent plasma membrane and fuses with it. The contents of the vesicles form
the middle lamella. The membrane of the cell plate forms the new plasma membranes of
the opposing daughter cells at the region of their contact. Cellulose cell walls are laid down
on these new membranes. Thus two separate daughter cells are formed. In some areas
the vesicles of the cell plate do not fuse and maintain cytoplasmic contacts between
daughter cells. These contacts are known as plasmodesmata. On either side of middle
lamella the cytoplasm deposits a primary cell wall of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin
thus dividing the parent cell into two daughter cells. Thus in plant cells cytokinesis
progresses centrifugally.

Significance of Mitosis
1. Mitosis helps in the maintenance of genetic stability. The chromosomal number is

maintained constant among the daughter cells. The daughter cells are genetically
identical to their parent cells.
2. Mitosis is responsible for the growth and development of the multicellular organisms.
The increase in tissue mass occurs due to increase in the number of cells. This process
is called hyperplasia.
3. Mitosis helps in maintenance of the nuclear cytoplasmic ratio. An overgrown cell is

induced to divide.
4. Mitosis helps in replacing worm out cells and tissues. Injured and dead tissues are
replaced by the healthy cells of the specific tissue through mitosis.
5. Regeneration of damaged part of an organ occurs through mitosis.
6. Asexual reproduction in unicellular organism involves mitosis.
MEIOSIS
Meiosis is a type of cell division where the diploid number of chromosomes is reduced to
haploid number. This reduction division is responsible for the maintenance of constancy of
chromosome number in the sexually reproducing organisms. It is characterized by a single
duplication of chromosomes in the parent cell followed by two nuclear divisions
(karyokinesis) and two cell divisions (cytokinesis).
Meiosis was discovered by Edward Strasburger (1888) and the term meiosis was coined
by Farmer and Moore (1905). Meiosis consists of two divisions, namely, Meiosis Iand
Meiosis II. There is a single interphase before meiosis I.
Meiosis I is also known as reduction division or heterotypic division. During this division the
chromosome number is reduced to half. Prior to meiosis I there is interphase where the
duplicated chromosomes occur as chromatids. After interphase the chromosome number
is 2n in a diploid cell but chromatid number is double and DNA content is 4c. Each
chromosome exists as a pair of chromatids held together by the centromere.

Occurrence: Meiosis occurs in specific diploid cells at a particular time. They occur in
gonads of animals microspore and megaspore mother cells of plants. The cells undergoing
meiosis are called meiocytes e.g., spermatocytes forming sperms. Oocytes forming ova in
animals. In the sporangia of plants the meiocytes are microspore mother cells forming
microspores and megaspore mother cells forming megaspores.
Meiosis I
Meiosis I consists of karyokinesis and cytokinesis. The karyokinesis shows four phases.
They are: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I and telophase I.
Prophase I
This is the complex and longest phase. It is divided into five sub stages namely leptotene,
zygotene, pachytene, diplotene and diakinesis.l
i. Leptotene (Gr., leptos = thin; tainia = band; nema = thread)
1. The chromosomes undergo condensation, spiralization and become visible.
2. Even through the chromosomes have undergone duplication, the chromatids remain
invisible.
3. The centrioles develop asters begin to move apart towards the opposite poles.
4. Bead like structures may be seen all along the length of the chromosomes. These are
highly coiled regions of chromosomes.
5. In many animals calls the chromosomes are converged towards the centrosomal ends
to form a ‘bouquet’ stage. The ends of chromosomes are attached to nuclear
envelope by a structure called attachment plate.
ii. Zygotene (Gr., zygos = yoke, pair; tainia = band; nema = thread)
1. The homologus chromosomes undergo pairing. The process is called ‘synapsis’. There
are three types of synapsis – procentric starting from the centromere, proterminal
starting from the tips and random starting at many points.
2. The pairing occurs in a “zipper” like fashion. The pairing of homologous chromosomes
is due to the formation of ladder like protein complex called the synaptonemal complex.
This aligns the homologous chromosomes accurately placing the corresponding genetic
regions of chromosome pair opposite to each other like a scaffold.
3. The paired homologous chromosomes are called bivalents.
4. The chromatids of the chromosomes are still invisible.
iii. Pachytene (Gr., pachus = thick)

1. The first two stages of prophase I are relatively short-lived compared to the next stage
that is pachytene.

2. Pairing is completed.
3. The chromosomes becomes further thick and short.
4. The two chromatids of a chromosome are called sister chromatids or dyads and the
chromatids of the two members of the homologous chromosomes are called non-sister
chromatids tetrads.
5. Crossing over is also an enzyme-mediated process and the enzyme involved is called
recombinase.
6. The phenomenon of exchange of genetic material occurs between the non sister
chromatids of each homologous pair of chromosomes. This occurs by breakage called
nicking by endonuclease and reunion is called annealing is helped by ligase these
enzyme completes together known as recombination nodules. This is known as
crossing over and it results in the recombination of genes in the chromosomes.
7. The bivalents are composed of four chromatids, hence are called tetrads. The tetrad
nature is not yet visible.
iv. Diplotene (Gr., diplos = double)
1. The synaptonemal complex formed between the homologous chromosomes begin to

dissolve.
2. The homologous chromosomes repel each other and start separating this is known as
repulsion. The homologous chromosomes are attached at certain ‘X’ shaped region
called chiasmata. The diplotene stage may be prolonged and arrested for 8-10 years as
in human female from 5th month of foetal stage upto 12th year during the start of
ovulation. In the oocytes of vertebrates – fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds the
diplotene chromosomes form giant lampbrush chromosomes with lateral extended
loops helping in transcription of m-RNA, r-RNA to synthesize proteins of yolk.
3. The tetrad becomes visible.
4. The regions of crossing over where exchange of genetic material occurs between the
non-sister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes appear as ‘X’ like structures
called chiasmata.
(Chiasmata are cytological demonstration of the genetic phenomenon of crossing over).
v. Diakinesis (Gr., dia = across; kinesis = movement)

1. The chromosomes become very thick and short
2. The repelling of bivalents continues
3. The chiasmata slide towards the tips disappear one after another by moving towards
the tips of the chromatids. This process is called terminalization.
4. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear and release the tetrads freely in the
cytoplasm.
5. Spindle fibres begin to form.

10 | P a g e Dr.Sachin Kapur |8368459323
Metaphase I
1. The tetrads become attached to the spindle fibres through their kinetochrores
(Centromeres).
2. The kinetochrores of maternal and paternal chromosomes (the two members of each
homologous pair of chromosomes) face opposite spindle poles and get connected to
the facing pole through chromosomal fibres randomly.
3. The tetrads move to the equator of the spindle.
4. On either side of the equator of the spindle there is a haploid set of chromosomes
forming two metaphase plates of n’ set of chromosomes thus two parallel metaphase
plates are formed. Each set of chromosomes is connected to only one pole of the
spindle (Both the kinetochores of a homologous chromosome become connected to the
same pole).
Anaphase I
1. All the chiasmata disappear.
2. The homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite spindle poles.
The process is called disjunction.
3. The centromeres do not divide and the sister chromatids remain together. The
separated chromosomes are called univalents or dyads as each of them has two
chromatids attached to a single centromere. Thus anaphase chromosomes are double
stranded. The disjunction at anaphase I causes independent assortment of paternal
and maternal chromosomes. In Trilliuim anaphase I directly passes over to second
metaphase.
Telophase I
1. The chromosomes which have reached the poles of the spindle undergo uncoiling and
become elongated and remain straight but do not reach interphase stage.
2. The nuclear membrane is formed around the de-condensed chromosomes. The
nucleoli reappear; the spindle fibres and asters disappear.
3. Telophase I is followed by cytokinesis producing two daughter cells. Each daughter
cells has only one member of each of the homologous pairs of chromosomes. It has a
haploid set of chromosomes but double amount of DNA, 2c, due to two sister
chromatids.
Cytokinesis: In some cells it is omitted. In others, cytokinesis occurs by cell furrowing

followed by deposition of wall material inside the furrow in plant cells. An interphase is
absent, if present DNA duplication is absent.
Stages of Meiosis I
The stage between the two meiotic divisions is called interkinesis and is generally short
lived. Interkinesis is followed by prophase II, a much simpler prophase than prophase I.
Meiosis II
The meiosis II is also known as homotypic or equational division. The meiosis II is of

shorter duration and consists of the karyokinesis II and cytokinesis II. During the meiosis II
the sister chromatids get separated from each other forming daughter chromosomes. It
results in the formation of four haploid cells. The karyokinesis in meiosis II has following
steps.
Prophase II, Metaphase II, Analphase II and Telophase II.
Prophase II
1. Unlike prophase I, the prophase II is very brief.
2. The nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleolus disappears.
3. The chromatids undergo condensation. They become thick and short.
4. Centrioles begin to move towards opposite poles.
5. The spindle fibres develop.
Metaphase II
1. Centrioles establish the poles of the spindle.
2. The spindle will be at right angles to the plane of the spindle of metaphase I
3. The kinetochores of the sister chromatids get attached to the opposite poles of the
spindle through the chromosomal fibres and chromosomes are brought to the
equatorial plate by congression.
4. The chromosomes move and occupy the equator of th spindle. Unlike in metaphase I,
they form a single metaphase plate with centromeres on equator and arms facing the
poles.
Anaphase II
1. The centromere of each chromosome divides
2. The sister chromatids become daughter chromosomes
3. The chromosomal fibers shortern and carry the daughter chromosomes towards the
opposite poles. The arms of the chromosome follow the centromere.
Telophase II
1. The chromosomes undergo de-condensation. They become thin and long.
2. The chromosomes form a network of chromatin.
3. Spindle fibrese disappear.
4. Nuclear envelop is formed around the chromatin mass and nucleolus reappears.

Stages of Meiosis II
The telophase II is followed by cytokinesis. After karyokinesis two daughter cells undergo
simultaneous cytokinesis by cleavage. In plant cells wall material is deposited between
protoplast and a tetrad of haploid cells are formed. Thus, at the end of meiosis four haploid
daughter cells with genetic variations are produced.
Significance of Meiosis
1. Maintenance of constancy of chromosome number. Meiosis help in the maintenance of

a constant number of chromosomes specific to a species. It reduces the diploid number
of chromosomes in the gamete forming cell (germ cells) to haploid number in the
gametes. Thus, when the gametes of sexually reproducing organisms fuse a diploid
zygote is formed.
2. Meiosis introduces genetic variations. During meiosis crossing over occurs resulting in
new combination of genes among the daughter chromosomes. Even the paternal and
maternal chromosomes assort independently. This leads to different combination of
paternal and maternal chromosomes among the daughter cells. The genetic variations
help in the evolution of species.
3. Meiosis is essential for the formation of gametes in the sexually reproducing organisms.
4. Meiosis may introduce chromosomal mutations sometimes harmful.
Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

Charaters Mitosis Meiosis
I. GENERAL
1. Site of occurrence Somatic cells and during the Reproductive or Germ cells of
multiplicative phase of gonads.
gametogenesis in germ cells.
2. Period of occurrence Throughout life. During sexual reproduction
3. Nature of cells Haploid or diploid Always diploid.
4. Number of divisions Parental cell divides once. Parent cell divides twice.
5. Number of daughter Two Four
cells Genetically similar to parental Genetically different from parental
6. Nature of daughter cell. Amount of DNA and cell. Amount of DNA and
cells chromosome number is same as chromosome number is half to that
in parental cell of parent cell.
II. PROPHASE
7. Duration Shorter (of a fewhours) and Prophase-I is very long (may be in
simple. days or months or years) and
complex
8. Subphases Formed of 3 subphases: early- Prophase-I is formed of 5 sub-
prophase, mid-prophase and phases- Leptotene, Zygotene,
9. Bouquet stage late-prophase. Pachytene, Diplotene and
10. Synapsis Absent Diakinesis
Absent Present in Leptotene stage.
11. Chiasma formation and Pairing of homologous chromo-
crossing over Absent somes in Zygotene stage.
12. Disappearance of Occurs during Pachytene stage of
nucleolus and nuclear Comparatively in earlier part. Prophase-I
membrane Comparatively in later part of
13. Nature of coiling Plectonemic Prophase-I.
Paranemic.
III. METAPHASE
14. Metaphase plates Only one equatorial plate. Two plates in Metaphase-I but one
plate in Metaphase-II
15. Position of centromeres Lie at the equator. Arms are Lie equidistant from equator and
generally directed towards the towards poles in Metaphase-I while
poles. lie at the equator in Metaphase-II.
Single in Metaphase-I while two in
16. Number of Two Chromosomal fibres join Metaphase-II
chromosomal fibres at centromere.
IV. ANAPHASE
17. Nature of separating Daughter chromosomes Homologous chromosomes
chromosomes (Chromatids with independent separate in Anaphase-I while
centromeres) separate. chromatids separate in Anaphase-II
No splitting of centromeres. Inter-
18. Splitting of centromeres Occurs in Anaphase. zonal fibres are development in
and development of Metaphase
inter-zonal fibres
V. TELOPHASE
19. Occurrence Always occurs Telophase-I may be absent but
Telophase-II is always present.
VI. CYTOKINESIS
20. Occurrence Always occurs. Cytokinesis-I may be absent but
Cytokinesis-II is always present.
21. Nature of daughter 2N amount of DNA than 4N 1N amount of DNA than 4N amount
cells amount of DNA in parental cell. of DNA in parental cell.
Divide again after interphase. Do not divide and act as gametes.
22. Fate of daughter cells
VII. SIGNIFICANCE
23. Functions Helps in growth, healing, repair Produces gametes which help in
and multiplication of somatic sexual reproduction.
cells. Occurs in only sexually reproducing
Occurs in both asexually and organisms.
24. Variations sexually reproducing organisms. Produces variations due to
Variations are not produced as crossing-over and chance
it keeps quality and quantity of arrangement of bivalents at
25. In evolution genes same. Metaphase-I.
No role in evolution. It plays an important role in
speciation and evolution.
Formulae Chart
1. Number of mitotic divisions for the formation of n number of cells. n – 1
Example: For getting 100 cells 99 mitotic divisions are required.
2. Number of generations (n) of mitosis for producing ‘x’ cells. x = 2n
3. Number of meiosis for the formation of ‘n’ seeds/grains/fruits. n

n
4
EXERCISE#
LEVEL-I (CLASS WORK)
1. (A) Most dramatic period of cell cycle involving a major reorganization of virtually all
components of the cell
(B) It represents the phase when the actual cell division occurs
These statements (A & B) are concerned with
(a) S-phase (b) G1-phase
(c) M-phase (d) G2-phase
2. Select the correct statement

(a) Chromosoms decondense and lose their individuality during anaphase
(b) Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of chromosomes during early prophase
(c) Centriole begins to move towards opposite poles of the cell during metaphase
(d) DNA is replicated during S-phase of cell cycle
3. Interkinesis stage of cell cycle

(a) Is generally short lived (b) Shows DNA duplication
(c) Is generally long lived (d) Is followed by prophase-I
4. Select the incorrect statement

(a) Yeast can progress through the cell cycle in about 90 minutes
(b) DNA synthesis is a continuous process in cell cycle
(c) Duration of I-phase in the cell cycle is more than 95%
(d) Events of cell cycle are under genetic control
5. Cells that do not divide further exit G1 phase to enter an inactive stage called
(a) G2 phase (b) G0 stage
(c) S-phase (d) M-phase
6. Select the odd one out w.r.t. mitosis

(a) It helps the organisms in both sexual and asexual reproduction
(b) It is called equational division (c) It takes place only in diploid cells of plants
(d) It helps in cell repair
7. Select the mis-matched pair

(a) Leptotene – Compaction of chromosomes continued
(b) Zygotene – Appearance of recombination nodules
(c) Diplotene – beginning of dissolution of synaptonemal complex
(d) Diakinesis – Complete terminalisation of chiasmata
8. Microtubules from opposite poles of the spindle attach to the pairs of homologous
chromosomes during
(a) Pachytene (b) Metaphase – I
(c) Metaphase – II (d) Early prophase
9. Exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes occurs in

(a) Leptotene (b) Diakinesis
(c) Pachytene (d) Diplotene
10. How many meiotic divisions are required to produce 50 wheat grains?
(a) 100 (b) 200
(c) 25 (d) 63
11. A typical eukaryotic cell cycle is illustrated by human cells in culture. These cells divide once in
approximately every
(a) 24 hours (b) 90 minutes
(c) 20 minutes (d) 9 hours
12. Choose incorrect statement w.r.t. cell cycle

(a) Duration of cell cycle can vary from organism to organism
(b) Duration of cell cycle is uniform in different cell types of an organism
(c) Events of cell cycle are under genetic control
(d) It is divided into two basic phases
13. Choose the correct sequence w.r.t. different phases of cell cycle
(a) G1, S, G2, M (b) G1, G2, S, M
(c) M, G2, G1, S (d) S, M, G2, G1
14. Human nerve cells do not divide after birth and they remain throughout their life in which phase
of cell cycle?
(a) M-phase (b) G1 phase
(c) G0 phase (d) Invisible phase
15. Various phases of cell cycle are controlled by
(a) Cyclin proteins
(b) Cyclin dependent protein kinases
(c) Phosphorylation of cyclin dependent protein kinases
(d) More than one option is correct
16. Read the following four statements 1, 2, 3 & 4 and select the right option having both correct
statements.
1. First two stages of prophase I are relatively short lived compared to pachytene
2. Meiosis II is initiated immediately after karyokinesis of meiosis I
3. Meiosis increases the genetic variability in the population of organisms from one generation
to the next
4. In plants, miotic cell division is only seen in diploid cells
(a) 2 & 3 (b) 3 & 4
(c) 1 & 3 (d) 2 & 4
17. Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi complex disappear from a
dividing cell at the
(a) end of prophase (b) Start of anaphase
(c) end of telophase (d) Start of early prophase
18. Amount of DNA and Number of chromosomes in G2 phase of cell cycle would be
(a) Double and equal to that of in G1 phase respectively
(b) Half and equal to that of in G1 phase repsecitvely
(c) Equal and half to that of in G1 phase repsecitvely
(d) Double and double to that of in G1 phase respectively
19. Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes in

pachytene stage is facilitated by
(a) Dynein (b) Recombinase
(c) chiasmata (d) Calmodulin
20. How many meiotic divisions are required to form 16 grains of wheat?
(a) 4 (b) 20
(c) 15 (d) 32
21. Plant cells do not divided their cytoplasm by forming a furrow in cell membrane like animal cells
rather they divide by cell plate because
(a) Plant cell do not have centrioles
(b) Cell wall formation beings with formation of cell plate
(c) Cell plate represents middle lamella between the walls of two adjacent cells
(d) Plant cells are enclosed by a relatively inextensible wall
22. Final stage of meotic prophase I

(a) Is marked by terminalisation of chiasmata
(b) Represents chiasmata formation
(c) Can last for months or years in oocytes of some vertebratese
(d) Involves the development of synaptonemal complex
23. Chromatids separation, shape of chromosome and karyotype can be observed respectively in
(a) Anaphase I, Anaphase II and Metaphase
(b) Anaphase, Anaphase II and Metaphase
(c) Anaphase and Anaphase I
(d) metaphase and Anaphase
24. Select the correct statement

(a) Human cells divide once in approximately every 24 hours
(b) Centrioles duplicates in the cytoplasm during G2 – phase
(c) In the quiescent stage cells remain metabolically inactive
(d) During G1 – stage cell is metabolically active but does not grow
25. Chromosomes clusters at spindle poles and their identify is lost as discrete elements during
(a) Interphase (b) Prophase
(c) Anaphase (d) Telophase
26. Crossing over is an enzyme dependent process and the enzyme complex involved is called as
(a) Cyclin dependent kinase (b) Nitrogenase
(c) Recombinase (d) Adenylate kinase
27. If microspore of an angiospermic plant has 7 pg of DNA in its nucleus. How much DNA would
be microspore mother cell of this plant have in the diakinesis stage of meiosis?
(a) 14 pg (b) 28 pg
(c) 7 pg (d) 56 pg
28. Synaptonemal complex is

(a) Required for synapsis
(b) Formed zygotene
(c) Formed between sister chromatids
29. Match the following

Column I Column II
1. Spireme stage i) Telophase
2. Decondensation ii) Metaphase
3. Movement of chromatids iii) Prophase
4. Congression vi) Anaphase
(a) 1 – i, 2 – ii, 3 – iii, 4 – iv (b) 1 – i, 2 – iii, 3 – iv, 4 – ii
(c) 1 – iii, 2 – i, 3 – iv, 4 – ii (d) 1 – iii, 2 – ii, 3 – iv, 4 – i
30. In which of the following stage, cells remain metabolically active but no longer proliferate
unless called on to do so depending on the requirement of the organism?
(a) G1 (b) S
(c) G2 (d) G0
31. Double metaphasic plate in meiosis develops during

(a) Metaphase I (b) Metaphase II
(c) Anaphase I (d) Anaphase II
32. The attachment of spindle fibre to kinetochores of chromosomes is the key feature of
(a) Metaphase (b) Anaphase
(c) Early prophase (d) Telophase
33. During poleward movement of separated daughter chromosomes at anaphase

(a) Their ends are toward poles and centromere toward equator
(b) Their ends are toward equator and centromere toward pole
(c) Interzonal fibres contract and pull chromosomes
(d) Sister chromatids are pulled on same pole by kinetochore fibre
34. The stage in which cell is metabolically active but fails to divide is
(a) G1 – phase (b) G0-phase
(c) S-phase (d) M-phase
35. How many meiotic divisions are required to produce 100 seeds in typical dicot plant?
(a) 125 (b) 126
(c) 127 (d) 128
LEVEL-II (HOME WORK)
36. Longest phase of cell division is

(a) Prophase (b) Anaphase
(c) Metaphase (d) Telophase
37. Diplotene stage is initiated by

(a) Synaptonemal complex development
(b) Dissolution of synaptonemal complex
(c) Disappearance of nuclear membrane and nucleolus completely
(d) Startingof spindle formation
38. Cell division proper lasts for only about one hour out of the average duration of 24 hours of cell
cycle in humans, where
(a) The interphase lasts more than 95% of the duration
(b) The M-phase lasts more than 95% of the duration
(c) The interphase lasts less than 5% of th duration
(d) The G1 phase last about 95% of the duration
39. Find odd one w.r.t. meiotic cell cycle

(a) DNA replication occurs once only i.e., before Gap – 2
(b) Karyokinesis occurs twice
(c) Reduction of ploidy at metaphase – I
(d) Crossing over in tetrad stage
40. Which stage of cell division is preferred to study the shape of chromosomes?
(a) Metaphase (b) Anaphase
(c) Telophase (d) Prophase
41. Cells in ______ remain metabolically active but no longer proliferate unless called on to do so,
depending on the requirement of the organism
(a) G1 phase (b) G0 stage
(c) Quiescent stage (d) More than one option is correct
42. In complete cell cycle of a human cell, the time taken by mitotic phase is approximately
(a) 25% of total time (b) 50% of total time
(c) 95% of total time (d) 5% of the total time
43. How many meiosis are required to form 80 seeds in a dicotyledonous plant?
(a) 80 (b) 100
(c) 160 (d) 20
44. If the initial amount of DNA in G1 phase of a dividing cell is 2C then it becomes 4C in S phase of
cell cycle, which results in
(a) Increase in chromosome number by two times
(b) No change in chromosome number
(c) Decrease in chromosome number
(d) Increase in chromosome number by four times
45. The final stage of meiotic prophase I is marked by

(a) Terminalisation of chiasma
(b) Disappearance of nuclear envelope and nucleolus
(c) No synthesis of RNA
46. After S-phase of interphase

(a) Amount of both chromosomes and DNA get doubled
(b) Amount of chromosomes double but that of DNA remains same
(c) Amount of chromosomes remain same but that of DNA gets doubled
(d) Amount of both DNA and chromosomes reduce to half
47. Identity of chromosomes is lost as discrete element in

(a) Telophase (b) Anaphase
(c) metaphase (d) Prophase
48. (1) Cell plate represents middle lamella between the secondary walls of adjacent plant cells
(2) In some lower plants and some social insects haploid cells divide by mitosis
(3) Mitosis occurs in meristematic cells
(a) (1), (3) are incorrect (b) (2), (3) are correct
(c) All are incorrect (d) (1), (2) are correct
49. Select an incorrect match

(a) Leptotene – Chromatid appears (b) Zygotene – Synapsis occurs
(c) Pachytene – Tetrad appears (d) Diplotene – Chiasmata appears
50. The diad of cells is visible at

(a) Anaphase – I (b) Telophase – I
(c) Metaphase – I (d) Telophase – II
51. During meiotic division

(a) Two cycles of nuclear and cellular division occur
(b) Two turns of DNA replication occur
(c) Four diploid cells occur at the end of meiosis –II
(d) Separation of homologues occurs at anaphase – II
52. Find the number of chromosomes and content value respectively of DNA in a daughter of
meiosis – II, if the cell entering meiosis has 20 chromosomes and 20 picogram DNA
(a) 20, 10 (b) 10, 20
(c) 10, 5 (d) 10, 10
53. Meiosis differs from mitosis in

(a) Not having two cytokinesis
(b) Showing half the number of chromosomes at anaphase – I
(c) Showing no splitting of centromere
(d) No disappearance of nucleolus and NM
54. G0 or quiescent stage is concerned with which one of the features?

(a) Cells are proliferating at slow rate
(b) Appears after S-phase
(c) Low rate of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis
(d) Meristematically and metabolically inactive cells
55. During meiosis II

(a) Sister chromatids separates (b) Crossing over occurs
(c) Homologous chromosomes separate (d) DNA synthesis occurs
56. In plant cytokinesis, cell plate grows

(a) Centripetally (b) Centrifugally
(c) Terminally (d) At random
57. If the DNA content of a spore is 2 picogram, then the DNA content in its spore mother cell (2n)
at G2 phase will be
(a) 2 picogram (b) 1 picogram
(c) 4 picogram (d) 8 picogram
58. An event not associated with anaphase I of meiosis is

(a) Polar movement of bivalent chromosomes
(b) Division of centromere
(c) Chromosomal movement along tractile fibres
(d) Sister chromatids remain associated at their centromeres
59. Which phase is regarded as reverse of prophase?

(a) Telophase (b) Interphase
(c) Anaphase (d) metaphase
60. Most variable phase in length in cell cycle is

(a) G1 (b) S
(c) G2 (d) M
61. During which phase of meiosis recombination nodules are observed?

(a) Pachytene (b) Zygotene
(c) Diplotene (d) diakinesis
62. Position of future cell plate formation is determined by

(a) Non contractile hollow filaments of acidic proteins
(b) Intermediate filaments
(c) Microtubules
(d) Microfilaments
63. Identify A, B, C and D stages of mitosis in the figure given below

(a) A – Late orpphase; B – Early prophase; C – Transition to metaphase

(b) A – Early prophase; B – Late prophase; C – Metaphase
(c) A – Early prophase; B – Anaphase; C – Metaphase
(d) A – Interphase; B – Prophase; C – Metaphase
64. Examine the figure given below and select the part
correctly matched with its function
(a) Part (B) : G2 – synthesis of histone proteins
(b) Part (D) : G0 – cell differentiation
(c) Part (A) : G1 – replication of DNA
(d) Part (C) : cytokinesis – duplication of cell organelles
65. Identify the stage of cell division shown in given figure

(a) Early prophase
(b) Transition stage between G2 and early prophase
(c) Prophase – I
(d) Late prophase
ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS (CLASS WORK)
In the following questions a statement of assertion (1) is followed by a statement of reason (R).
(1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the
assertion, then mark (1)

(2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion, then mark (2)
(3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3)
(4) If both Assertion and Reason are false statements, then mark (4)
1. A: Nucleolus, Golgi complex and ER reform in anaphase
R: Anaphase is the longest phase of cell cycle
2. A: Meiosis increases the genetic variability in the population of organisms from one generation
to the next
R: Meiosis occurs in haploid as well as diploid cells
3. A: Interphase of mitosis is same as interkinesis

R: Duplication of DNA occurs in both of them
4. A: Crossing over is an enzyme mediated process

R: The involved enzyme complex is called recombinase
5. A: Karyokinesis occurs in M-phase

R: Cell division stops in M-phase
6. A: Interphase is resting stage.

R: The interphase cell is metabolically inactive.
7. A: DNA synthesis occurs in G1 and G2 periods of cell cycle.

R: During G1 and G2 phase the DNA contents become double.
8. A: Mitosis maintains the genetic similarity of somatic cells.

R: Chromosomes do not undergo crossing over.
9. A: Chiasmata is formed during diplotene.

R: Chiasmata are formed due to deposition of nucleoproteins.
10. A: During zygotene, chromosomes show bivalent stage.

R: Bivalent is half the number of chromosomes.
11. A: Meiosis takes place in pollen mother cells.

R: Each pollen mother cell produce 4 haploid pollen grains.
12 A: Meiotic division results in the production of haploid cells.

R: Synapsis occurs during zygotene of meiosis.
13. A: Synaptonemal complex develops between two synapsed homologous chromosomes

R: Mitosis cannot be completed without the synaptonemal complex.
14. A: During anaphase-II, chromatids of a chromosome separate.

R: Centromere of a mitotic chromosome divides during anaphase.
15. A: Each chromosome of bivalent attaches with two spindles in metaphase

R: In metaphase bivalents migrate towards metaphasic plate.
16. A: G2 – phase is pre-mitotic phase
R: Chromosomes undergo chondensation in this phase

17. A: Anaphase-I is actual phase of reduction in number of chromosomes.
R: Homologous chromosomes move to the opposite poles with both their chromatids.
18. A: Golgi bodies and ER disappear in early prophase.

R: Their reorganization stage is anaphase.
19. A: The complete disintegration of the nuclear envelope marks the start of metaphase.
R: Chromosomes are distinct with two chromatids at this stage.
20. A: Chiasmata counting stage is diplotene

R: Dissolution of the synaptonemal complex occurs except at the sites of cross overs.
22. A: Phase of cell division is also known as formative phase.

R: In formative phase, new cells are produced from pre-existing cells through meiosis division.

PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS (HOME WORK)

1. In 'S' phase of the cell cycle [AIPMT 2014]
(1) chromosome number is increased.
(2) amount of DNA is reduced to-half in each cell.
(3) amount of DNA doubles in each cell.
(4) amount of DNA remains same in each cell.
2. The enzyme recombinase is required at which state of meiosis [AIPMT 2014]

(1) Diplotene (2) Diakinesis (3) Pachytene (4) Zygotene
3. A stage in cell division is shown in the figure. Select the answer which gives correct
identification of the stage with its characteristics. [AIPMT 2013]
(1) Telophase Endoplasmic reticulum and nucleolus not reformed yet.

(2) Telophase Nuclear envelop reforms
(3) Late anaphase Chromosomes move away from equatorial plate, golgi complex not
present
(4) Cytokinesis Cell plate formed, mitochondria distributed between two daughter cells.
4. Meiosis takes place in : [AIPMT 2013]

(1) Megaspore (2) Meiocyte
(3) Conidia (4) Gemmule
5. The complex formed by a pair of synpased homologous chromosomes is called:
(1) Axoneme (2) Equatorial plate
(3) Kinetochore (4) Bivalent [AIPMT 2013]
6. Identify the meiotic stage in which the homologous chromosomes separate while the sister
chromatids remain associated at their centromeres. [AIPMT 2012]
(a) Metaphase I (b) Metaphase II
(c) Anaphase I (d) Anaphase II
7. Given below is the representation of a certain event at a particular stage of a type of cell
division. Which is this stage? [AIPMT 2012]
(a) Both prophase and metaphase of mitosis(b) Prophase I during meosis

(c) Prophase II during meiosis (d) Prophase of Mitosis
8. During gamete formation, the enzyme recombinase participates during: [AIPMT 2012]
(a) Prophase – II (b) Metaphse – I
(c) Anaphase – II (d) Prophase – I

9. How many chromosomes will the cell have at G1, after S and after M-phase espectively, if it has
14 chromosomes at interphase? [DUMET 2011]
(a) 14, 14, 7 (b) 14, 14, 14
(c) 7, 7, 7 (d) 7, 14,14.
10. The phragmoplast is organized at the [UP CPMT 2011]

(a) beginning of anaphase (b) end of anaphase
(c) beginning of telophase (d) end of telophase
11. Colchicine arrests spindle at [OJEE 2011]

(a) anaphase (b) prophase
(c) telophase (d) metaphase
12. Which of the protein is found in spindle fibre? [OJEE 2011]

(a) Tubulin (b) Albumin
(c) Mucin (d) Hemoglobin.
13. Chromatid formation takes place in [OJEE 2011]

(a) S-phase (b) metaphase
(c) G1 – phase (d) G2 – phase.
14. Spindle fibre is made up of [WB JEE 2011]

(a) humulin (b) intermediate filament
(c) flagellin (d) tubulin.
15. Select the correct option with respect to mitosis. [CBSE AIPMT 2011]
(a) Chromatids start moving towards opposite poles in telophase
(b) Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum are still visible at the end of prophase
(c) Chromosomes move to the spindle equator and get aligned along equatorial plate in
metaphase
(d) Chromatids separate but remains in the centre of the cell in anaphase
16. Mitotic stages are not observed in [KCET 2011]
(a) Cosmarium (b) E. coli
(c) Saccharomyces (d) Chlorella
17. Meiosis in a plant occurs when there is a change [UP CPMT 2011]
(a) from gametophyte to sporophyte (b) from sporophyte to gametophyte
(c) from gametophyte to gametophyte (d) from sporophyte to sporophyte
18. Synaptonemal complex is formed during [OJEE 2011]
(a) pachytene (b) zygotene
(c) leptotene (d) diplotene
19. 56 cells are produced in meiosis where first division is [OJEE 2011]
(a) equal (b) reduction
(c) mitosis (d) None of these
20. Longest phase of meiosis, is [WB JEE 2011]

(a) prophase-I (b) prophase-II
(c) anaphase-I (d) metaphase-II
21. In which stage of the first meiotic division, two sister chromatids are formed?
(a) Leptotene (b) Zygotene [WB JEE 2011]

22. Crossing over is the exchange of genetic meterial between [J&K CET 2011]
(a) non-sister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes
(b) sister chromatids of the homologous chromosome
(c) chromatids of non-homologous chromosomes
(d) the genes those are completely linked
23. Select the matched ones. [Kerala CEE 2011]

I. S-phase — DNA replication
II. Zygotene — Synapsis
III. Diplotene — Crossing over
IV. Meiosis — Both haploid and diploid cells
V. G2-phase — Quiescent stage
(a) I and II only (b) III and IV only
(c) III and V only (d) I, III and V only
24. The stage between two meiotic division is called [Kerala CEE 2011]
(a) interphase (b) cytokinesis
(c) interkinesis (d) karyokinesis
25. During meiosis, the alleles of the parental pair separate or segregated from each other. How
many allele(s) is/are then transmitted to a gamete? [Kerala CEE 2011]
(a) Four (b) Two
(c) Six (d) One
26. In which phase, DNA content will be doubled?

(a) Interphase (b) Anaphase [OJEE 2010]
(c) Prophase (d) Telophase
27. Which phase comes in between the G, and G2 phases of cell cycle? [WB JEE 2010]
(a) M-phase (b) G0-phase
(c) S-phase (d) Interphase
28. Cell division can not be stopped in which phase of the cell cycle? [WB JEE 2010]
(a) G1 -phase (b) G2-phase
(c) S-phase (d) Prophase
29. Given below is a schematic break-up of the phases/stages of cell cycle.
Which one of the following is the correct indication of the stage/phase in the cell cycle?
(a) B—Metaphase (b) C—Karyokinesis [CBSE AIPMT 2010]
(c) D—Synthetic phase (d) A—Cytokinesis
30. During cell cycle, RNA and non-histone proteins are synthesized in [UP CPMT 2010]
(a) S-phase (b) G0-phase
(c) G2 -phase (d) M-phase

31. Cell would normally proceed to mitosis without interruption [BHU 2010]
(a) once it had started the S-period (b) once it had entered the G2-phase
(c) at anytime during cell division (d) None of the above
32. In which phase, proteins for spindle fibre are synthesized? [AMU 2010]
(a) G1 -phase (b) G2 -phase
(c) S-phase (d) Anaphase
33. Which one of the following precedes re-formation of the nuclear envelope during M-phase of
the cell cycle? [JCECE 2010]
(a) Decondensation from chromosome and reassembly of the nuclear lamina
(b) Transcription from chromosomes and reassembly of the nuclear lamina
(c) Formation of the contractile ring and formation of the phragmoplast
(d) Formation of the contractile ring and transcription from chromosomes
34. Cells in G0-phase of cell cycle [WBJEE 2010]

(a) exit cell cycle (b) enter cell cycle
(c) suspend cell cycle (d) terminate cell cycle
35. During mitosis, ER and nucleolus begin to disappear at [CBSE AIPMT 2010]
(a) late prophase (b) early metaphase
(c) late metaphase (d) early prophase
36. Which stages of cell division do the following figures 'A' and 'B' represent respectively?
(a) Metaphase — Telophase [CBSE AIPMT 2010]

(B) Telophase — Metaphase
(C) Late Anaphase — Prophase
(D) Prophase — Anaphase
37. During meiosis-I, the bivalent chromosomes clearly appear as tetrads during
(a) diakinesis (b) diplotene [Kerala CEE 2010]
(c) leptotene (d) pachytene
38. Small disc-shaped structures at the surface of the centromeres that appear during metaphase
are
(a) kinetochores (b) metaphase plate [AFMC 2009]
(c) spindle fibres (d) chromatid
39. What is the correct sequence of the steps given here? Also work out the process depicted in
the steps?
I. Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of the cell; chromatids do not
separate.
II. Chromosomes gather together at the two poles of the cell and the nuclear membranes
reform.
III. Homologous chromosomes pair and exchanges segments.
IV. Homologous chromosomes align on a central plate. V. The haploid cells separate
completely. [AIIMS 2009]
(a) The correct sequence is III  IVIIIV and the process is meiosis-I
(b) The correct sequence is IIIVIVIII and the process is mitosis
(c) The correct sequence is IVIIII IIV and the process is meiosis-I

(d) The correct sequence is IIVVIII and the process is mitosis
40. Chromosomes are arranged along the equator during

(a) prophase (b) metaphase [BHU 2009]
(c) anaphase (d) telophase
41. Which of the following character is related with telophase? [BHU 2009]
(a) Formation of nuclear membrane (b) Formation of nucleolus
(c) Elongation of chromosome (d) Formation of two daughter nuclei
42. In which stage of cell division, chromosomes are most condensed? [WB JEE 2009]
(a) Prophase (b) Metaphase
43. Synapsis occurs between [CBSE AIPMT 2009]

(a) a male and a female gamete (b) mRNA and ribosomes
(c) spindle fibres and centromere (d) two homologous chromosomes
44. Crossing over occurs at [UP CPMT 2009]

(a) single strand stage (b) two strand stage
(c) four strand stage (d) eight strand stage
45. Crossing over occurs during [BHU 2009]

(a) leptotene (b) diplotene
(c) pachytene (d) zygotene
46. Recombination is involved in the process of [DUMET 2009]

(a) cytokinesis (b) spindle formation
(c) crossing over (d) chromosome duplication
47. Which of the following is unique to mitosis and not a part of meiosis? [DUMET 2009]
(a) Homologous chromosomes behave independently
(b) Chromatids are separated during anaphase
(c) Homologous chromosomes pair and form bivalents
(d) Homologous chromosomes crossover
48. The non-sister chromatids twist around and exchange segments with each other during
(a) diplotene (b) diakinesis [Kerala CEE 2009]
(c) leptotene (d) pachytene
49. When synapsis is complete all along the chromosome, the cell is said to have entered a stage
called [JCECE 2009]
(a) zygotene (b) pachytene
(c) diplotene (d) diakinesis
50. Pick out the correct statements. [Kerala CEE 2009]

I. Mitosis takes place in the somatic cells and meiosis takes place in the germ cells.
II. During mitosis, the DNA replicates once for one cell division and in meiosis the DNA
replicates twice for two cell divisions.
III. Mitosis and meiosis occur both in sexually and asexually reproducing organisms.
(a) I only (b) II only
(c) III only (d) I and II only
51. The proteins involved in the movement of chromosomes towards the poles during cell division
are [EAMCET 2009]
(a) actin (b) myosin
(c) tubulin (d) elastin
52. From the following, identify the two correct statements with reference to meiosis.
I. Bead-like structures are absent on chromosomes.
II. Displacement of chiasmata occurs in diakinesis.
III. Separation of two basic sets of chromosomes.
IV. No division of centromere. [EAMCET 2009]
(a) II, III (b) II, IV
(c) III, IV (d) I, III
53. During which stage of meiosis, do the sister chromatids begin to move towards the poles?
(a) Prophase-I (b) Telophase-I [Haryana PMT 2009]
(c) Anaphase-II (d) Anaphase-I
54. In cell cycle, during which phase chromosomes are arranged at equatorial plate?
(a) Metaphase (b) Anaphase [UP CPMT 2008]
(c) Telophase (d) Prophase
55. Replication of centriole occurs during [BHU 2008]

(a) interphase (b) prophase
(c) late prophase (d) late telophase
56. RNA and proteins are formed in [BHU 2008]

(a) G1 -phase (b) G2-phase
(c) S-phase (d) G0-phase
57. Chromosome number can be doubled by using which of the following?

(a) Indole acetic acid (b) GA [Punjab PMET 2008]
(c) Zeatin (d) Colchicine
58. Which of the following events occurs during G1 -phase? [Punjab PMET 2008]
(a) DNA replication (b) Growth and normal function of cell
(c) Mutation (d) Fertilization
59. Chromosomes are visible with chromatids at which phase of mitosis? [J&K CET 2008]
(a) Interphase (b) Prophase
(c) Metaphase (d) Anaphase
60. Differentiated cell remains at which stage? [DUMET 2007]

(a) G1 (b) G2
(c) G0 (d) M.
61. A cell plate is laid down during [UP CPMT 2007]

(a) cytokinesis (b) karyokinesis
(c) interphase (d) None of these
62. Congression is a phenomenon of [AMU 2007]

(a) movement of sister chromatids towards the poles
(b) pairing of homologous chromosomes
(c) separation of paired chromosomes
(d) bringing the chromosomes on equator of spindle apparatus
63. Phragmoplast is [Punjab PMET 2007]

(a) proplasted in cytoplasm of dividing cells
(b) cell plate formed by vesicles of ER and dictyosomes during cytokinesis
(c) cell plate formed by ER, dictyosomes, secretory vesicles and spindle fibre
(d) None of the above
64. Mitosis is a process by which eukaryotic cells [Punjab PMET 2007]

(a) grow (b) get specialized in structure
(c) multiply (d) expose the genes
65. The number of mitotic cell divisions required to produce 256 cells from single cell would be
(a) 10 (b) 12 [KCET 2007]
(c) 6 (d) 8
66. In meiosis, chromosome number becomes [UP CPMT 2007]

(a) half of its parent chromosome (b) same as that of parent chromosome
(c) one fourth of its parent chromosome (d) None of the above
67. In which of the following stages, the chromosome is single thin and like long thread?
(a) Leptotene (b) Zygotene [AMU 2007]
(c) Pachytene (d) Diakinesis
68. In meiosis-I, a bivalent is an association of [Kerala CEE 2007]

(a) four chromatids and four centromeres (b) two chromatids and two centromeres
(c) two chromatids and one centromere (d) four chromatids and two centromeres
69. What type of plant is formed when colchicine is used in the process of development of
Raphanobrassica? [EAMCET 2007]
(a) Triploid (b) Haploid
(c) Autotetraploid (d) Allotetraploid
70. Crossing over that results in genetic recombination in higher organisms occurs between
[Manipal 2007]
(a) sister chromatids of bivalent (b) non-sister chromatids of a bivalent
(c) two daughter nuclei (d) two different bivalents
71. Characteristic of meiosis is [Haryana PMT 2007]

(a) two nuclear and two chromosome divisions
(b) two nuclear and one chromosome division
(c) one nuclear and two chromosome divisions
(d) one nuclear and one chromosome division
72. A material, which arrests cell division, is obtained from

(a) Crocus (b) Colchicum [MHTCET 2006]
(c) Dalbergia (d) Chrysanthemum
73. Sequence of four phases of cell cycle is [MHT CET 2006]

G  S  G2  M
(a) 1
G  G2  S  M
(b) 1
(c)
S  G1  G2  M (d)
M  G1  G2  S
74. The number of DNA strands in chromosome at G2-stage is [J&K CET 2006]
(a) one (b) two
(c) four (d) eight
75. What is not seen during mitosis in somatic cells? [DUMET 2006]
(a) Spindle fibres (b) Chromosome movement
(c) Disappearance of nucleolus (d) Synapsis

76. The major event that occurs during the anaphase of mitosis, which brings about the equal
distribution of chromosomes is [KCET 2006]
(a) replication of the genetic material (b) splitting of the chromatids
(c) splitting of the centromeres (d) condensation of the chromatin
77. The anaphase promoting complex is activated by [EAMCET 2006]

(a) M cdk cyclin (b) G, cdk cyclin
(c) S cdk cyclin (d) transcription factor
78. An egg cell has 5 pico gram of DNA in its nucleus. How much amount of DNA will be, in this
animal, at the end of G 2-phase of mitosis? [Manipal 2006]
(a) 2.5 pico gram (b) 5 pico gram
(c) 5 g (d) 20 pico gram
79. Cleavage is a unique form of mitotic cell division in which [MHT CET 2006]
(a) there is no growth of cells
(b) the nucleus does not participate
(c) no spindle develops to guide the cells
(d) the plasma membranes of daughter cells do not separate
80. If we ignore the effect of crossing over, how many different haploid cells arise by meiosis in a
diploid cell having 2n = 12? [AFMC 2006]
(a) 8 (b) 16
(c) 32 (d) 64
81. Chiasmata are formed due to [Punjab PMET 2006]

(a) crossing over of same part between homologous chromosomes
(b) crossing over of same part between non-homologous chromosomes
(c) duplication of homologous and non-homologous chromosomes
(d) loss of some part of chromosomes
82. Which is correct for meiotic metaphase-I?

(a) Bivalents are arranged at equator [Punjab PMET 2006]
(b) Univalents are arranged at equator
(c) Non-homologous chromosomes forms pair
(d) Spindle fibres are attached at chromomere
83. Genetic recombination is due to [MHT CET 2006]

(a) fertilization and meiosis (b) mitosis and meiosis
(c) fertilization and mitosis (d) None of these
84. The number of chromosomes becomes half in [RPMT 2006]

(a) anaphase-! (b) anaphase-II
(c) telophase-I (d) telophase-II
85. Meiosis can be observed in [BCECE 2006]

(a) tapetal cells (b) megaspores
(c) micropores (d) spore mother cells
86. Significance of meiosis lies in [BCECE 2006]

(a) reduction of chromosome number to one half
(b) maintaining consistency of chromosome number during sexual reproduction
(c) production of genetic variability
(d) All of the above
87. The S-phase of ceil cycle is characterized by [UP CPMT 2005]
(a) duplication of chromosome (b) shortening of chromosome
(c) duplication of DNA (d) duplication of centriole
88. Most cytogenic activities occur during [UP CPMT 2005]

(a) interphase (b) telophase
(c) prophase (d) anaphase
89. During the G1 -phase of cell division [BHU 2005]

(a) RNA and proteins are synthesized (b) DNA and proteins are synthesized
(c) cell prepares for M-phase (d) cell undergoes duplication
90. A plant cell has 12 chromosomes at the end of mitosis. How many chromosomes would it have
in the G2-phase: of its next cell cycle? [Punjab PMET 2005]
(a) 6 (b) 8
(c) 12 (d) 24
91. In animal cells, cytokinesis involves [Punjab PMET 2005]

(a) the separation of sister chromatids
(b) the contraction of the contractile ring of micro filament
(c) depolymerization of kinetochore microtubules
(d) a protein kinase that phosphorylates other enzymes
92. Which of the following serves as mitotic spindle poison? [DUMET 2005]
(a) Ca2+ (b) Mg2+
(c) Tubulin (d) Colchincinity
93. During mitosis, number of chromosomes gets [DUMET 2005]

(a) change (b) no change
(c) may be change if cell is mature (d) may be change if cell is immature
94. A diploid living organism develops from zygote by which type of the following repeated cell
divisions ?
(a) Meiosis (b) Amitosis [J&K CET 2005]
(c) Mitosis (d) Segmentation
95. In meiosis, the daughter cells are not similar to that of parent because of [AFMC 2005]
(a) crossing over (b) synapsis
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
96. Among the following, which one is longest phase in prophase of meiosis? [AMU 2005]
(a) Leptotene (b) Zygotene
97. During meiotic division, the [BHU 2005]
(a) homologous chromosomes are separated
(b) the linkage is disturbed
(c) the homologous chromosomes do not segregate
98. Pick out the correct statements.

I. Synapsis of homologous chromosomes takes place during prophase-I of meiosis.
II. Division of centromeres takes place during anaphase-I of meiosis.
III. Spindle fibres disappear completely in telophase of mitosis.
IV. Nucleoli reappear at telophase I of meiosis. [Kerala CEE 2005]
(a) 1 only (b) III only
(c) I and II only (d) I, III and IV only
99. Arrange the following events of meiosis in the correct sequence.
1. Terminalization 2. Crossing over
3. Synapsis 4. Disjunction of genomes
The correct sequence is [EAMCET 2005]
(a) 4, 3, 2,1 (b) 3, 2, 1,4
(c) 2,1,4, 3 (d) 1,4, 3,2
100. During cell division, chromosome attaches with spindles [Manipal 2005]
(a) kinetochore (b) centrosome
(c) centriole (d) secondary constriction
101. In meiosis, division is [Haryana PMT 2005]

(a) I reductional and II equational (b) I equational and II reductional
(c) Both reductional (d) Both equational
102. Which type of chromosomes segregate when a cell undergoes meiosis? [JCECE 2005]
(a) Homologous chromosomes (b) Non-homologous chromosomes
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Centric and acentric chromosomes
103. In the somatic cell cycle [CBSE AIPMT 2004]

(a) in G1 -phase, DNA content is double the amount of DNA present in the original cell
(b) DNA replication takes place in S-phase
(c) a short interphase is followed by a long mitotic phase
(d) G2 -phase follows mitotic phase
104. Which is synthesized in G1 -phase? [UP CPMT 2004]

(a) DNA polymerase (b) Histones
(c) Nucleolar DNA (d) Tubulin protein
105. If you are provided with root-tips of onion in your class and are asked to count the
chromosomes, which of the following stages can you most conveniently look into?
(a) Metaphase (b) Telephase [CBSE AIPMT 2004]
(c) Anaphase (d) Prophase.
106. Chiasmata are most appropriately observed in meiosis during [UP CPMT 2004]
(a) diakinesis (b) diplotene
(c) metaphase-II (d) pachytene
107. During cell division, sometimes there will be failure of separation of sister chromatids. This
event is called [Kerala CEE 2004]
(a) interference (b) complementation
(c) non-disjunction (d) coincidence
108. The second meiotic division leads to [Haryana PMT 2004]

(a) separation of sex chromosomes (b) fresh DNA synthesis
(c) separation of chromatids and centromere
(d) separation of homologous chromosomes
109. Term 'meiosis' was proposed by [Haryana PMT 2004]

(a) Farmer and Moore (b) Flemming
(c) Strasburger (d) Darlington
110. Synapsis occurs in phase of meiosis. [BCECE 2004]

(a) zygotene (b) diplotene
(c) pachytene (d) leptotene

111. When number of chromosomes is already reduced to half in the first reductional division of
meiosis, what is the necessity of second meiotic division? [J&K CET 2004]
(a) The division is required for the formation of four gametes
(b) Division ensures equal distribution of haploid chromosomes
(c) Division ensures equal distribution of genes on chromosomes
(d) Division is required for segregation of replicated chromosomes
112. G0-phase is [AMU 2003]

(a) phase after G2-phase
(b) phase after M-phase, in which daughter cell enters new cell cycle
(c) arrest of cell cycle on the onset of differentiation
113. At which stage of mitosis, chromatids separated and passes to different poles?
(a) Prophase (b) Metaphase [DUMET 2003]
114. The two chromatids of a metaphase chromosome represent [KCET 2003]

(a) replicated chromosomes to be separated at anaphase
(b) homologous chromosomes of a diploid set
(c) non-homologous chromosomes joined at the centromere
(d) maternal and paternal chromosomes joined at the centromere
115. The process of cytokinesis refers to the division of [MHT CET 2003]
(a) nucleus (b) chromosomes
(c) cytoplasm (d) None of these
116. Alleles of different genes that are on the same chromosome may occasionally separated by a
phenomenon known as [AMU 2003]
(a) pleiotropy (b) epistasis
(c) continuous variation (d) crossing over
117. Chiasma shows the sites of [MHT CET 2003]

(a) spindle formation (b) synapsis
(c) crossing over (d) None of these
118. Meiosis in AaBb will produce gametes [Haryana PMT 2003]

(a) AB, aB, Ab, ab (b) AB, ab
(c) Aa, bb (d) Aa, Bb’
119. During which stage of meiosis, do tetrads line up at the equator? [Haryana PMT 2003]
(a) Prophase-I (b) Telophase-I
(c) Metaphase-I (d) Anaphase-I
120. Phenomenon of crossing over in diploid organisms is responsible for [J&K CET 2003]
(a) linkages between genes (b) recombination between genes
(c) segregation between genes (d) dominance of gene
121. Select the correct option: [AIPMT 2015]
I II
(a) Synapsis aligns homologous chromosomes (i) Anaphase-II
(b) Synthesis of RNA and protein (ii) Zygotene
(c) Action of enzyme recombinase (iii) G2-phase

(d) Centromeres do not separate but (iv) Anaphase-I
chromatids move towards opposite poles
(v) Pachytene
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (ii) (iii) (v) (iv)
(2) (i) (ii) (v) (iv)
(3) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
(4) (ii) (i) (ii) (iv)
122. A somatic cell that has just completed the S phase of its cell cycle, as compared to gamete of
the same species, has: [AIPMT 2015]
(1) same number of chromosomes but twice the amount of DNA
(2) twice the number of chromosomes and four times the amount of DNA
(3) four times the number of chromosomes and twice the amount of DNA
(4) twice the number of chromosomes and twice the amount of DNA
123. Arrange the following events of meiosis in correct sequence [RE AIPMT 2015]
(1) Crossing over (2) Synapsis
(3) Terminalisation of chiasmata (4) Disappearance of nucleolus
(1) (2), (3), (4), (1) (2) (2), (1), (4), (3) (3) (2), (1), (3), (4) (4) (1), (2), (3), (4)
124. In meiosis crossing over is initiated at: [NEET-I 2016]

(1) Diplotene (2) Pachytene (3) Leptotene (4) Zygotene



————

EXERCISE KEY
LEVEL-I
1. (c) 6. (c) 11. (a) 16. (c) 21. (d) 26. (c) 31. (a)
2. (d) 7. (b) 12. (b) 17. (d) 22. (a) 27. (b) 32. (b)
3. (a) 8. (b) 13. (a) 18. (a) 23. (b) 28. (d) 33. (b)
4. (b) 9. (c) 14. (a) 19. (b) 24. (a) 29. (c) 34. (b)
5. (b) 10. (d) 15. (d) 20. (b) 25. (d) 30. (d) 35. (a)
LEVEL-II
36. (a) 41. (d) 46. (c) 51. (a) 56. (b) 61. (a)
37. (b) 42. (d) 47. (a) 52. (d) 57. (d) 62. (c)
38. (a) 43. (b) 48. (b) 53. (b) 58. (b) 63. (b)
39. (c) 44. (b) 49. (a) 54. (c) 59. (a) 64. (d)
40. (a) 45. (d) 50. (b) 55. (a) 60. (a) 65. (d)
ASSERTION & REASON

1. (d) 4. (a) 7. (d) 10. (b) 13. (c) 16. (c) 19. (b)
2. (c) 5. (d) 8. (a) 11. (a) 14. (b) 17. (a) 20. (a)
3. (d) 6. (c) 9. (c) 12. (a) 15. (d) 18. (d) 22. (c)
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. (c) 19. (b) 37. (d) 55. (a) 73. (a) 91. (b) 109. (a)
2. (c) 20. (a) 38. (a) 56. (b) 74. (c) 92. (d) 110. (a)
3. (2) 21. (c) 39. (a) 57. (d) 75. (d) 93. (d) 111. (d)
4. (2) 22. (a) 40. (b) 58. (b) 76. (c) 94. (c) 112. (c)
5. (4) 23. (a) 41. (d) 59. (c) 77. (a) 95. (a) 113. (c)
6. (c) 24. (c) 42. (b) 60. (c) 78. (d) 96. (d) 114. (a)
7. (b) 25. (d) 43. (d) 61. (a) 79. (c) 97. (a) 115. (c)
8. (d) 26. (a) 44. (c) 62. (d) 80. (d) 98. (d) 116. (d)
9. (b) 27. (c) 45. (c) 63. (b) 81. (a) 99. (b) 117. (c)
10. (b) 28. (c) 46. (c) 64. (c) 82. (a) 100. (a) 118. (a)
11. (d) 29. (c) 47. (a) 65. (d) 83. (a) 101. (b) 119. (c)
12. (a) 30. (c) 48. (d) 66. (a) 84. (a) 102. (a) 120. (b)
13. (a) 31. (a) 49. (b) 67. (a) 85. (d) 103. (b) 121. (1)
14. (d) 32. (d) 50. (a) 68. (d) 86. (d) 104. (a) 122. (4)
15. (c) 33. (a) 51. (c) 69. (d) 87. (c) 105. (a) 123. (3)
16. (d) 34. (c) 52. (a) 70. (d) 88. (a) 106. (b) 124. (2)
17. (b) 35. (d) 53. (c) 71. (b) 89. (a) 107. (c)
18. (b) 36. (c) 54. (a) 72. (b) 90. (c) 108. (c)


Cell Cycle and Cell Division

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Cell Cycle and Cell Division

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Cell Cycle & Cell Division

CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

1|Page Dr.Sachin Kapur |8368459323

CONCEPT OF CELL CYCLE

2|Page Dr.Sachin Kapur |8368459323

A typical eukaryotic cell cycle is illustrated by human cells in

Interphase (L., inter = between; phases = stage)

G1 phase (Gap I, First Growth phase post mitotic, pre-synthetic phase)

S phase (Synthetic phase).

4|Page Dr.Sachin Kapur |8368459323

4. The centrioles with spindle fibres constitute the mitotic spindle.

Late prophase or pro metaphase: Then nuclear envelope and nucleoli

5|Page Dr.Sachin Kapur |8368459323

6|Page Dr.Sachin Kapur |8368459323

7|Page Dr.Sachin Kapur |8368459323

1. Mitosis helps in the maintenance of genetic stability. The chromosomal number is

3. Mitosis helps in maintenance of the nuclear cytoplasmic ratio. An overgrown cell is

5. Regeneration of damaged part of an organ occurs through mitosis.

6. Asexual reproduction in unicellular organism involves mitosis.

8|Page Dr.Sachin Kapur |8368459323

i. Leptotene (Gr., leptos = thin; tainia = band; nema = thread)

1. The chromosomes undergo condensation, spiralization and become visible.

3. The paired homologous chromosomes are called bivalents.

4. The chromatids of the chromosomes are still invisible.

iii. Pachytene (Gr., pachus = thick)

9|Page Dr.Sachin Kapur |8368459323

3. The chromosomes becomes further thick and short.

iv. Diplotene (Gr., diplos = double)

1. The synaptonemal complex formed between the homologous chromosomes begin to

3. The tetrad becomes visible.

(Chiasmata are cytological demonstration of the genetic phenomenon of crossing over).

v. Diakinesis (Gr., dia = across; kinesis = movement)

5. Spindle fibres begin to form.

Cytokinesis: In some cells it is omitted. In others, cytokinesis occurs by cell furrowing

The meiosis II is also known as homotypic or equational division. The meiosis II is of

Prophase II, Metaphase II, Analphase II and Telophase II.

1. Unlike prophase I, the prophase II is very brief.

2. The nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleolus disappears.

3. The chromatids undergo condensation. They become thick and short.

4. Centrioles begin to move towards opposite poles.

5. The spindle fibres develop.

1. Centrioles establish the poles of the spindle.

1. The centromere of each chromosome divides

2. The sister chromatids become daughter chromosomes

1. The chromosomes undergo de-condensation. They become thin and long.

2. The chromosomes form a network of chromatin.

3. Spindle fibrese disappear.

13 | P a g e Dr.Sachin Kapur |8368459323

1. Maintenance of constancy of chromosome number. Meiosis help in the maintenance of

4. Meiosis may introduce chromosomal mutations sometimes harmful.

Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

2. Number of generations (n) of mitosis for producing ‘x’ cells. x = 2n

3. Number of meiosis for the formation of ‘n’ seeds/grains/fruits. n

2. Select the correct statement

3. Interkinesis stage of cell cycle

4. Select the incorrect statement

6. Select the odd one out w.r.t. mitosis

7. Select the mis-matched pair

9. Exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes occurs in

12. Choose incorrect statement w.r.t. cell cycle

19. Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes in

22. Final stage of meotic prophase I

24. Select the correct statement

28. Synaptonemal complex is

29. Match the following

31. Double metaphasic plate in meiosis develops during

33. During poleward movement of separated daughter chromosomes at anaphase

LEVEL-II (HOME WORK)

36. Longest phase of cell division is

37. Diplotene stage is initiated by

39. Find odd one w.r.t. meiotic cell cycle

45. The final stage of meiotic prophase I is marked by

46. After S-phase of interphase

47. Identity of chromosomes is lost as discrete element in

49. Select an incorrect match

50. The diad of cells is visible at