Practical Research 2

Module 4: Designs a Research Used in

Daily Life

Content Standard/s:
• the range of research topics in the area of inquiry
• the value of research in the area of interest
• the specificity and feasibility of the problem posed
Performance Standard/s:
• formulate clearly the statement of research
problem
MELCs (Most Essential Learning Competencies):
Designs a research used in daily life

What you need to know?

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

• Designs a research useful in daily life

• Determines research can do to our life

• Identify research designs

(Take note: The following Content Standard/s, Performance Standard/s,
MELCs (Most Essential Learning Competencies, and What you need to
know? (Lesson Objectives) are not answerable. These are your guides in
studying the module.)

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Motivational Activity
Directions: Analyze the pair of pictures. Have you ever guess what idea/s that
the picture would like to express? Try to guess insights on a research topic that
may come up from pair of pictures below. Write your answers in 1 or 2
statements on the space provided

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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 Lesson
Designs a Research Used in daily life
4
Research leads to important discoveries which hopefully make life more
rewarding, less stressful, and less burdensome. Not all discoveries have been for the
benefit of most of mankind even to the point of being deadly. This tends to be the
downside of research. But, because we are only human, this will always be reflected in
our research both our flaws and all the things that are good about us.
Research is important in our daily life because it provides information that
allows us to make informed decisions. For example: People in a town are all getting
sick with the same illness as evidenced by the same symptoms. We need to find the
cause of the illness, how to treat it, and how to stop more people from getting sick.
We might guess what the cause is: it could be evil spirits are attacking the people who
are practicing black magic; or it could be a contamination of the water source; or it
could be a contagious disease that will run it's course--but how do we limit the
spread? Research can help narrow down the options, identify the treatment that has
been the most affective and rule out what it isn't. When medicines are made, they are
made through research--trial and error and testing. Research tells us what has
happened in the past, and helps us predict what might happen in the future.

The Role of Research

•It is a formal process of problem solving.

•It is a set of procedures and stages.
•It originates with a question or a problem.
•It is an iterative process.
Research provides solid foundation for the:
• Discovery and creation of knowledge, theory- building;
• Testing, confirmation, revision, and refutation of knowledge as theory;
• Advance a discipline or field;
• Advancements and improvements in various aspects of life;
• Promotion and tenure of individuals.
Significance of Research
1. To gather necessary information
2. To improve standard of living
3. To have a safer life
4. To know the truth
5. To explore our history buff
6. To understand arts

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

Research Designs refers to the total approach that you select
in order to incorporate the different components of the study in
a comprehensible and rational way, thereby ensuring you will
effectively address the research problem. Moreover, a research
design establishes the outline for the selection, measurement and
analysis of data. The research problem defines the research you
should.

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 Quantitative research designs are generally categorized into
experimental and non-experimental as the following on the organizer below.

Kinds of Quantitative research designs that a researcher may employ:

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN. It allows the researcher to control the

situation. In doing so, it allows the researcher to answer the question, “What causes
something to occur?” and also allows the researcher to identify cause and effect
relationships between variables and to distinguish placebo effects from treatment
effects.
A. Pre-Experimental design. A type of research apply to experimental design that with
least internal validity. One type of pre-experiment, the simple group, pre-test-post-test
design, measures the group two times, before and after the intervention. Instead of
comparing the pretest with the posttest within one group, the posttest of the treated groups
is compared with that of an untreated group. Measuring the effect as the difference between
groups marks this as between-subjects design.
B. Two classifications of experimental design that can provide better internal validity than pre-
experimental designs are: quasi-experimental and true experimental design (Dooly, 1999).
C. Quasi – Pre-Experimental design- in this design, the researcher can collect more data,
either by scheduling more observations or finding more existing measures. Quasi-
experimental design involves selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested, without any
random pre-selection processes.

Two types of Quasi-experimental design:

1. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

a) Non-Equivalent Control Group. It refers to the chance failure of random

assignment to equalize the conditions by converting a true experiment into this kind of
design, for purpose of analysis.
b) Interrupted Time Series Design. It employs multiple measures before and after the
experimental intervention. It differs from the single-group pre-experiment that has only
one pretest and one posttest. Users of this design assume that the time threats such as
history or maturation appear as regular changes in the measures prior to the
intervention.
c) True-Experimental design-it controls for both time-related and group-related
threats.
These features require that the researchers have control over the experimental treatment
and the power to place subjects in groups and employs both treated and control groups
to deal with time-related rival explanations.
2. NON-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN. In this design, the researcher observes the phenomena
as they occur naturally and no external variables are introduced. In this research design, the
variables are not deliberately manipulated nor is the setting controlled. Researchers collect
data without making changes or introducing treatments. It is also known as DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN because it is only one under non-experimental design.

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The types of Descriptive design are as follows:

A.Survey - It is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and studying
samples chosen from a population. This is useful when the objective of the study is to see
general picture of the population under investigation in terms of their social and economic
characteristics, opinions, and their knowledge about the behavior towards a certain
phenomenon.
B.Correlational. It is conducted by researchers whose aim would be to find out the direction,
association’s and/or relationship between different variables or groups of respondents under
study. Correlational Research has three types these are:
a.Bivariate Correlational Studies –It obtains score from two variables for each subject,
and then uses them to calculate a correlation coefficient. The term bivariate implies that the
two variables are correlated (variables are selected because they are believed to be
related).Example: Children of wealthier (variable one), better educated (variable 2) parents
earn higher salaries as adults.

b.Prediction Studies –It uses correlation coefficient to show how one variable (the
predictor variable) predicts another (the criterion variable).Example: Which senior high
school applicants should be admitted to college?

c.Multiple Regression Prediction Studies –All variables in the study can contribute to
the over-all prediction in an equation that adds together the predictive power of each
identified variable.
Example: Suppose the High School GPA is not the sole predictor of college GPA, what might
be other good predictors?
C.Ex-Post Facto or Causal-Comparative. This kind of research design derives conclusion
from observations and manifestations that already occurred in the past and now compared to
some dependent variables. It discusses why and how a phenomenon occurs.

Example: A researcher is interested in how weight influences anxiety-coping level of adults.

Here the subjects would be separated into different groups (underweight, normal,
overweight) and their stress-coping levels measured. This is an ex post facto design because a
pre-existing characteristic (weight) was used to form the groups.
D.Comparative It involves comparing and contrasting two or more samples of study subjects
on one or more variables, often at a single point of time. Specifically, this design is used to
compare two distinct groups on the basis of selected attributes such as knowledge level,
perceptions, and attitudes, physical or psychological symptoms.

Example: A Comparative Study on the Perception on COVID Problems among frontliners in

Pampanga.
D. Normative. It describes the norm level of characteristics for a given behavior. For example:
If you are conducting a research on the study habits of the high school students you are to
use the range of score to describe the level of their study habits. The same true is when you
would want to describe their academic performance.
F. Evaluative It is a process used to determine what has happened during a given activity or in
an institution. The purpose of evaluation is to see if a given program is working, an institution
is successful according to the goals set for it, or the original intent was successfully attained.

Example: A test of secondary learners in school is used to assess the effectiveness of teaching
or the organization of a curriculum.
G. Methodological. The research approach, implement a variety of methodologies forms a
critical part of achieving the goal of developing a scale-matched approach, where data from
different disciplines can be integrated.
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ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Identify what type of quantitative research design is being asked in each number.
Write your answer on the space provided.

1. It employs multiple measures before and after the experimental intervention.

2.In this type of research, the investigatory tries to probe the significance of relationship between
two or more factors or characteristics.
3. It is used to determine what has happened during a given activity or in an institution.
4. It involves comparing and contrasting two or more samples of study subjects on one or
more variables.
5. It discusses why and how a phenomenon occurs.
6.It is conducted by researchers whose aim would be to find out the direction, associations
and/or relationship between different variables.
7. Type of research design that applies to experimental design that offers the highest internal
validity.
8.Its main purpose is to observe, describe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally
occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting point for hypothesis generation or theory
development
9. It is. a type of descriptive design used to gather information from groups of people by selecting
and
studying samples chosen from a population.
10.It a scores from two variables for each subject, and then uses them to calculate a correlation
coefficient

ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Briefly explain in 200 words what is asked below.How important quantitative
research in our daily life? Cite at least five good effects that research brings to human life.

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 ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read each item carefully, choose the letter of the correct answer and write your answers
on your notebook.

1. Which of the following statement is CORRECT?

A. The role of research is a formal process of problem solving.
B. Research is not originated with a question or problem.
C. Research does not help in human life.
D. Research does not understand art.
2. This refers to the total approach that select in order to incorporate the different components
of the study
A. Arts
B. Bi-variates
C. Correlational
D. Research design
3. What are the two classifications of experimental design?
A. Active and Non Active
B. Correctional and Survey
C. Interactive and True experimental
D. Pre Experimental and Quasi Pre Experimental
4. This is design that involves a selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested without any
random pre selection process.
A. Correlational
B. Experimental
C. Quasi –experimental
D. Survey
5. Which of the following are the types of descriptive design?
A. Bivariate, Prediction and Multiple
B. Correlation, Quasi experimental
C. Multiple and Survey
D. Survey, Ex -Post Facto
6. This is a research approach, implement a variety of methodologies forms a critical part of
achieving the goal of developing a scale-matched approach, where data from different
disciplines can be integrated.
A. Comparative
B. Evaluative
C. Methodological
D. Normative
7. This design is used to compare two distinct groups on the basis of selected attributes such as
knowledge level, perceptions, and attitudes, physical or psychological symptoms.
A. Comparative
B. Evaluative
C. Methodological
D. Normative
8. It is a process used to determine what has happened during a given activity or in an institution.
A. Comparative
B. Evaluative
C. Methodological
D. Survey
9. It describes the norm level of characteristics for a given behavior.
A. Correlational
B. Evaluative
C. Methodological
D. Normative
10. Which statement is CORRECT about the significance of research?
A. Research knows the truth
B. Research did not involve arts
C. Research destroy the standard of living
D. Research has negative effects on the history of mankind.

References
Melegrito, Ma. Lourdes , Applied Research: An Introduction to Quantitative Research
Methods and report Writing, 2016.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FuVGo3AJhqA
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