CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY OPEN UNIVERSITY

Doctor of Philosophy in Development Education

ED 808 ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY (due date Oct 10, 3:00 PM)

RUBEN PANDI QUITOLBO Dr. IRENE G.

BUSTOS

PhD Student I.D. # 193992 CLSU Faculty

QUESTION 1

From all the learning’s that you have acquired from the subject, what are the
things which you consider to be very helpful in your profession. Cite concrete
examples. Consider the following: (60%)

ANSWER:

a. Methods in Educational Psychology

Education and Psychology complements one another as educators used

educational psychology as a groundwork (Nezhad & Vahedi, 2011). Due to the
current state of educational system and limitations of online set-up, educators are
obliged to adapt to the sudden change. The pedagogical application of varieties
of methods can furnish the goal of the educators to instill knowledge to the
learners amidst hindrances.

Introspection is a reflective method on the part of the learners. It

showcases the ability and knowledge of the learners to reflect between what they
know and what they do not know. Muhammad (2008) believes that this kind of
method is not applicable to children and learners with special needs, however
this take generalized the capabilities of learners and dictates what the learners
can only do and cannot do. Certainly, that reflective learning will be challenging
to these types of learners, however, it is not impossible for them to do so. For
instance, a learner diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorder – one of the
spectrums of autism, who have speech, motor, and social skill difficulties but still
excellent in academics. This type of learner tends to seek perfection in things
that they do.

To add, learning is not just an obligation of who instills the information but
also who receives the information. With this online set-up, wherein both parties
are challenged, learners’ role is essential in their own learning and for the
educators to assess them in terms of presence and absence of learning. For
instance, in regular class set-up (face to face or online), during board work
activities, educators give feedback right away. With this, educators can question
the finality of learners’ answers to the question for them have the chance to
discover their mistakes without pointing it out. Learners will be able to show their
mastery and understanding to the lesson.

To balance the abovementioned method, natural observation on

educators’ end is necessary. With this, educators shall monitor the learners’
behaviors, prior knowledge, and capabilities (Muhammad,2008). Through
observation, educators will be able to discover the strengths, and weaknesses of
the learners, as well as the rooms for improvement. This can also be a tool to
validate the previous method – on how learners reflect upon their learning
process.

To sum up, introspection and observational methods are helpful in

learning process of the learners as well as in pedagogical application. These
methods involved contribution from both learners and educators which is greatly
important in the field of education – mutual effort from both parties.

b. Theories in Educational Psychology

In each endeavor, theories play a huge role to put ideas into bigger scale.
In terms of learning process, numerous researchers attempt to find the best
methods, strategies, and techniques to reach the end objective of learning
process. However, change is constant and unpredictable. With the serious
condition faced by each one caused by an external factor, looking for the best
method, strategy and technique is one of the challenges that educators have
during this time.

In this internet era, it is not difficult for each one to gather information
when needed, most especially for the learners. In line with this, learners must
practice their ability to filter the information that will land in front of them. As per
Jia (2010), in Constructivism Theory learners are active in terms of learning by
which they will interpret the given information, analyze, and construct their own
interpretations. These interpretations will be based on different factors such as
prior knowledge, belief, social or environmental factors.

Through this, learners will not just accept all the information but rather,
they will be able to exercise critical thinking. Fact checking will be normalized
once all the learners will think objectively and critically. This will not just
contribute to the success of learning process but to the improvement of
communities where these learners are belong to.

To fortify learning, being engaged in actual process is vital for the

learners. Miettinen (2000) interpreted Dewey’s Experiential Learning Theory and
mentioned that experience can be able to change one’s perception to make a
“higher-older, purposeful action”. Educators must give the learners a privilege to
act, commit mistakes, identify their mistakes and to learn from it. For instance,
some English majors will not be able to grasp fully the idea of using the same
words but different purposes not until these learners dissect a text and label the
part of speech of each word. As for young learners, they will not be able to
absorb the concept of condensation not until these learners saw first handedly
how droplets of water appear on the lid of pot with boiling water.

c. Strategies and techniques

In educational sense, instilling knowledge is challenging due to diverse

learners. One strategy will not always fit for each learner. There will be factors to
consider in choosing teaching style or strategy such as gender preferences,
beliefs, culture, behavior, cognitive level, and a lot more factors that might hinder
or delay the learning.

Educators must possess the ability to transfer the knowledge deductively

and inductively. Deductive Learning Strategy provides concept prior to examples
(Correa, et.al., 2019). This is an ancient strategy in teaching. With the use of this,
learners will be able to grasp instantly the main idea before scrutinizing until the
smallest detail. It will be helpful in managing the time and to give more time on
doing the application. On the contrary, other learners might not understand the
concept right away, nevertheless, this strategy itself will aid the learners’
confusions. Through focusing on application, learners will be able to build
mastery of its practical use rather than the definition of the concept.

However, on a different target of learners, Inductive Learning Strategy can

also be beneficial. Herein, examples are being scrutinized to determine the
concept behind. A Singaporean curriculum which is widely used among private
schools in the Philippines used this kind of strategy. This private schools’ partner
in providing quality education provide learning and teaching tools. Embedded in
their teaching tools are experiential activities at the beginning of each lesson
proper to let their learners provide the concept. In teaching grammar, Correa, et.
Al. (2019) explained that with the use of inductive strategy, learners will be able
to determine the rules through analyzation of exemplars.
 Both strategies are beneficial for the educators in the sense of teaching.
Focusing on application and allowing the learners to provide the bigger idea of a
certain concept will hone their critical thinking skills. Through these processes,
learners will be an active participant in their own learning process.

d. Concepts about the Learning Process

In relation to abovementioned point, there are different components of

learning process to enable continues learning based on the article of The Center
of Development in Learning. One of which is attention. Educators must ensure
the engagement of learners. This is a basic yet challenging level in the learning
process. If learners are connected to the discussion, learners tend to open their
ears, involve themselves and participate in the lesson proper.

Language plays a huge role in the learning process as for being a medium
of learning, may it be through writing or speaking. Educators must develop skills
to instill knowledge in way that the learners will be able to understand. Listener-
centeredness aims to go after comprehension among learners rather than using
ambiguous or highfalutin words. As for the learners, language is a tool for them
to express their understanding and queries in relation to the subject matter. One
of the struggles of learners is the construction of thoughts and its delivery orally.
Although not all have gift in speaking, learners must practice their speaking skills
to actively contribute to their own earning process.

2. Why is there a need to consider the differences between young and adult
learners? What are the principles behind Pedagogy and Andragogy? Give
concrete examples to support your answer. (40%)

Considering the target learners is one of the essential factors of learning.

In this field, learning covered a wide range of audience which explicitly shows
that it is limitless. Pedagogy and Andragogy draw a line between learners to
cater desired outcome in the learning process. These two principles set as
steppingstones for educators to come up with plans fit to learners’ needs and
capabilities. Each principle is complex and multi-disciplinary with different
techniques and objectives.

Effectiveness of pedagogy is linked to objectives and morals of a certain

community. Since this principle involves young learners, James, M. & Pollard, A.
(2012) believed that scaffolding is essential to the learning process of children.
Tabula rasa is a widely known theory of John Locke which claims that individuals
are blank slate upon birth. This theory supported the claim and James and
Pollard. Due to zero knowledge and learning through surroundings, educators
are highly needed to support young learners all throughout the learning process.
This practice demands active participation of educators.

In pedagogical sense, since learners do not have enough knowledge or do

not have any idea at all with regard to a subject matter, educators must provide
tools for them to condition their minds and use explicit language for them to
grasp the core of a certain topic. For instance, for preschool and elementary
level, experiential method would surely fit. Young learners must be personally
involved for them to expand their knowledge storage. These learners have short
attention span as well. Interaction among learners and between educators and
learners, as well as movements would be great tools in this procedure.

As for the adult learners, due to social and environmental factors, these
learners can grasp the information faster and deeper than young ones. Loeng
(2018), states that the concept of andragogy is vague and by the origin of the
words, it has to do with the leading adults. Due to diverse learners, this concept
is indeed vague. Adults together with experiential, behavioral, psychological,
cultural, and a lot more differences, this type of learner is generally reflective.
They were able to independently interpret and provide output by themselves.

Andragogy’s teaching methodologies are way different from young

learners. Herein, educators do not need explicit support to provide learning. Adult
learners have longer attention span and do have prior knowledge to respond to
the needs of their learning process.

Considering the differences among learners is greatly essential. However,

basic strategies such as engagement of learners to the lesson will be a best tool
for them to learn regardless of which group learners belong to.
References:

Correa, C., et.al. (2019). A Comparison between Deductive and Inductive Approaches
for Teaching EFL Grammar to High School Students. International Journal Instruction,
12(1), 225-236. https://doi.org/10.29333).

James, M. & Pollard, A. (2012). Principles of Effective Pedagogy: International

Responses to Evidence from the UK Teaching & Learning Research Programme.
Routledge. http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415676625

Jia, Q. (2010). A Brief Study on the Implication of Constructivism Teaching Theory on

Classroom Teaching Reform in Basic Education. International Education Studies, 3(2).

Loeng S. (2018). Various ways of understanding the concept of andragogy. Cogent

Education, 5(1). https://doi.org./10.1080/

Muhammad, S. (2008). Education Psychology and Method of Educational Psychology.

Nezhad, A. & Vahedi, M. (2011). The role of educational psychology in teacher

education programs. Elsevier LTD, 30, 327-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/