CRIMINOLOGIST LICENSURE EXAMINATION

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
✓ Comparative Police System - It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It
covers the study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations.
- Process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in
order to discover insights in the field of international policing.
✓ International Criminal Justice - It involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal procedure, or justice
process. It attempts to build on the knowledge of criminal justice in one country by investigating and evaluating, in terms
of another country, culture, or institution.
✓ Comparative Criminal Justice - It is a subfield of the study of criminal justice that compares justice systems worldwide.
Such study can take a descriptive, historical, or political approach. It studies the difference and similarities in the
structure, goals, punishment and emphasis on rights as well as the history and political structure of different systems.
✓ Policing - Controlling, monitoring, tracking and altering, if required, public conduct.
✓ Models System - is used to describe the countries being used as topics of discussion. These countries are chosen not
because they are greater than others but because they are the focus of comparison being studied.
✓ Police - Police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law, and preventing,
detecting, and investigating criminal activities. These functions are known as policing. Police are often also entrusted
with various licensing and regulatory activities. The word comes via French word Policier, from Latin politia (civil
administration), from ancient Greek polis ("city").

TYPES OF POLICING
o Transnational Policing - pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national borders.
o International Policing - indicate those types of policing that are formally directed by institutions usually
responsible for international affairs.
o Global Policing - indicate those forms of policing that are fully global in scope.

✓ Globalization - A process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different
nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. The process has
effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human
physical well-being in societies around the world.

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT

1. The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved.
2. There is need for transnational policing. The cooperation among police organization in the world is vital.
3. Training instructions for incoming law enforcement officers must include advance computer to prepare them as
cyber cops so they can be better prepared to deal with cybercrime.
4. Development of new strategies to deal with international organized crimes is a must.
5. Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislations related to modernization theories of crime.

SEVEN (7) THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY

1. Alertness to Crime Theory- explains that people alertness to crime is heightened, so they report more crime to
the police and also demand the police become more effective in solving crime problems.
2. Economic or Migration Theory - crime is a result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban areas
such as ghettos and slums.
3. Opportunity Theory - along with higher standard of living, victims become more careless of their belongings and
opportunities for committing of crime multiply.
4. Demographic Theory - greater numbers of children are being born, because as these baby booms grow up,
delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.
5. Deprivation Theory - progress comes along with rising expectations, and people at the bottom develop unrealistic
expectations while people at the top do not see themselves rising fast enough.
6. Modernization Theory - sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
7. Anomie Theory - (The latter being a term referring to social cohesion on values), suggest that progressive lifestyles
and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held people together.

KINDS OF POLICE MODELS

1. Centralized System – a system where there is a one recognized police force which operates in the entire
country.
2. Decentralized/fragmented System – a system where police administration and operation are independent
from one state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government. The United States
represents one of the best illustrations of a decentralized police model, with over 17,000 state and local law
enforcement agencies.
3. Combined Police System – a system where national and local government cooperating and sharing in the
responsibility for establishing a police service.

TYPES OF SOCIETY
1. Folk-Communal Society
✓ has little codification of law, no specialization of police, and a system of punishment that just let things go
for a while without attention until things become too much and then harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted
too.
✓ Classic Examples include the early Roman gentiles, African and Middle Eastern tribes, and Puritan
Settlements in North America.
2. Urban-Commercial Society
✓ has civil law (standards and customs are written down), specialized police force (some for religious offices,
others for enforcing the King’s law) and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient.
✓ Most of the Continental Europe developed along this path.
3. Urban-Industrial Society
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 ✓ not only has codified laws (statutes that prohibited) but laws that prescribe good behavior, police become
specialized in how to handle property crimes, and the system of punishment is run on market principles of
creating insensitive and disincentives.
4. Bureaucratic Society
✓ has a system of laws, police who tend to keep busy handling political crimes and terrorism, and a system
of punishment characterized by overcriminalization and overcrowding.
✓ Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon that only occurs in bureaucratic society.

TYPES OF COURT SYSTEM

1. Adversarial System
✓ The accused is innocent until proven guilty.
✓ In the United States, the determination of factual guilt in the courtroom is much more in emphasis.
✓ Most trials are concerned with legal guilt where everyone knows the offender did it, and the purpose is to
get the offender to apologize, own up to their responsibility, argue for mercy, or suggest an appropriate
sentence for themselves.
2. Inquisitorial System
✓ The accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated.
✓ Lesser rights are granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and the subject to little
interpretation.

TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM

1. Common Law System
✓ Characterized by strong adversarial system where lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedent
(previously decided cases).
✓ Rely upon oral system of evidence in which the public trial is a main focal point.
✓ Also known as “Anglo-American Justice”.
2. Civil Law System
✓ Characterized by strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused and the written law
is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation.
✓ Most of the European Union as well as elsewhere, in places such as Sweden, Germany, France, and Japan.
✓ Also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice”.
3. Socialist System
✓ Known as Marxist-Leninist Justice which is practiced in Africa and Asia.
✓ It is characterized by procedures designed to rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling their responsibilities
to the state.
✓ It is also primarily characterized by administrative law, where non-legal officials make most of the decisions.
✓ For example, in a socialist state, neither judges nor lawyers are allowed to make law.
✓ Law is the same as policy, and believe the law is not be necessary.
4. Islamic System
✓ Derives all procedures and practices from the interpretation of the Koran with the exception however of
some various tribes.
✓ It is characterized by the absence of the positive law and are based more on the concept of natural justice
(crimes are considered acts of injustice that in conflict with traditions.)
✓ Most nations of this type are theocracies, where legal rule and religious rule are together.
✓ Also known as Muslim or Arabic Justice.

CLASSIFICATION OF POLICE OPERATIONAL STYLES

A. AS TO LAW ENFORCEMENT STYLES [JAMES Q. WILSON]

1. Legalistic
✓ emphasis is on violations of law and the use of threat or actual arrest to solve disputes in the community.
✓ exercises little discretion and enforces the law by writing tickets, making more arrests, and encouraging
victims to sign complaints.
2. Watchman
✓ emphasis is on informal means of resolving disputes and problems in a community.
✓ Keeping the peace is the paramount concern; arrest is used only as a last resort to resolve any kind
of disturbance of the peace.
3. Service
✓ emphasis is on helping in the community as opposed to enforcing the law. Referrals and diversion
to community treatment agencies are common instead of arrest and formal court action.
✓ Focuses primarily on service to the community and the citizens.

B. AS TO THE DEGREE OF COMMITMENT TO MAINTAINING ORDER AND RESPECT FOR DUE PROCESS [JOHN
BRODERICK]
1. Enforcers - Emphasis is on order, with little respect for due process.
2. Idealists - Emphasis is on both social order and due process.
3. Optimists - Emphasis is on due process, with little priority given to public order.
4. Realists - Little emphasis is given to due process or public order.

C. AS TO THE WAY POLICE OFFICERS USE THEIR AUTHORITY AND POWER IN STREET POLICE WORK
[WILLIAM MUIR]
1. Professional - Officers have the necessary passion and perspective to be valuable police officers.
2. Enforcers - Officers have passion in responding to human problems but do not recognize limits on their power
to resolve them.
3. Reciprocators - Officers often are too objective in that they have perspective but virtually no passion, resulting
in a detachment from the suffering they encounter and often a failure to take action.
4. Avoiders - Officers have neither passion nor perspective, resulting in no intellectual recognition of people’s
problems and no action to resolve them.
BASIS OF MODEL POLICE SYSTEM
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 1. The Continental Police System - is traditional in nature as it based its crime control efficiency to the number
of arrests and the people being put to jail for punishment. Example: Egypt Police and Saudi Arabia Police
2. Developing Police System - these systems are those that are under transition from their former practices but
have adopted democratic form of governance. Example: Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary
3. The Modern Police System - uses measurement of crime control efficiency and effectiveness based on
absence of crime or low crime rate to include citizen’s satisfaction in terms of peace and order that propels
progress. Example: Switzerland Police

COMPARISON WITH THE DIFFERENT POLICE MODEL SYSTEM OF SELECTED COUNTRIES

JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM

HISTORICAL SECRET POLICE ORGANIZATIONS

1. TOKKO - Special Higher Police; investigated and controlled political groups and ideologies deemed to be a threat
to public order.
2. KEMPEITAI - Military Police of the Imperial Japanese Army.
3. TOKEITAI - Military Police of the Imperial Japanese Navy

NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY COMMISSION

▪ It is under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
The commission's primary function is to supervise the National Police Agency, and it has the authority to appoint or
dismiss senior police officers. The commission consists of a chairman, who holds the rank of minister of state, and
five members appointed by the prime minister.

NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY

• As the central coordinating body for the entire police system, the National Police Agency determines general
standards and policies; detailed direction of operations is left to the lower echelons. In a national emergency or
large-scale disaster, the agency is authorized to take command of prefectural police forces. In 1989 the
agency was composed of about 1,100 national civil servants, empowered to collect information and to formulate
and execute national policies.
• Headed by a commissioner general who is appointed by the National Public Safety Commission with the
approval of the prime minister.
• The Central Office includes the Secretariat, with divisions for general operations, planning, information, finance,
management, and procurement and distribution of police equipment, and five bureaus.
a. Police Administration Bureau
• The Administration Bureau is concerned with police personnel, education, welfare, training, and unit
inspections.
b. Criminal Investigation Bureau
• The Criminal Investigation Bureau is in charge of research statistics and the investigation of nationally important
and international cases. This bureau's Safety Department is responsible for crime prevention, combating
juvenile delinquency, and pollution control. In addition, the Criminal Investigation Bureau surveys, formulates,
and recommends legislation on firearms, explosives, food, drugs, and narcotics. The Communications Bureau
supervises police communications systems.
c. Traffic Bureau
• The Traffic Bureau licenses drivers, enforces traffic safety laws, and regulates traffic. Intensive traffic safety and
driver education campaigns are run at both national and prefectural levels. The bureau's Expressway Division
addresses special conditions of the nation's growing system of express highways.
d. Security Bureau
• The Security Bureau formulates and supervises the execution of security policies. It conducts research on
equipment and tactics for suppressing riots and oversees and coordinates activities of the riot police. The
Security Bureau is also responsible for security intelligence on foreigners and radical political groups, including
investigation of violations of the Alien Registration Law and administration of the Entry and Exit Control Law.
The bureau also implements security policies during national emergencies and natural disasters.
e. Regional Public Safety Bureaus
• The National Police Agency has seven regional police bureaus, each responsible for a number of prefectures.
Each is headed by a Chief and they are organization similar to the Central Office. They are located in major
cities of each geographic region. The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and Hokkaido Prefectural Police
Headquarters are excluded from the jurisdiction of RPBs. Headed by a rank of Senior Commissioner; each RPB
exercises necessary operational control and supervision over and provides support services to prefectural
police within its jurisdiction, under the authority and orders of NPA's Commissioner General. Attached to each
Regional Police Bureaus is a Regional Police School which provides police personnel with education and
training required of staff officers as well as other necessary education and training.

NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY

• Provides training to Senior police officers and carries out academic research.
NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF POLICE SCIENCE
• Conduct research in forensic science and applies the result of such research in the examination and
identification of evidence collected during police investigations.
IMPERIAL GUARDS HEADQUARTERS
• Provides escort to the Emperor, Empress and other family members. Responsible for the Imperial Palace and
other Palace facilities.

SPECIAL POLICE
• In addition to regular police officers, there are several thousand officials attached to various agencies who perform
special duties relating to public safety. They are responsible for such matters as forest preservation, narcotics
control, fishery inspection, and enforcement of regulations on maritime, labor, and mine safety.

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SPECIAL OPERATIONS
• The National Police Agency has a counter-terrorist unit known as the Special Assault Team, operating under
police control.
• A small number of anti-riot-trained police officers had been trained to handle incidents that cannot be dealt with by
regular police and riot police officers, but can operate independently. These units include the Special Investigations
Team of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police, the Osaka Police's Martial Arts Attack Team and the Chiba Police's Attack
Response Team.

RANKING SYSTEM
Police officers are divided into Eleven (11) ranks:
• Commissioner General (Keisatsu-chō Chōkan) - The Chief of the National Police Agency
• Superintendent General (Keishi-sōkan) - The Chief of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department
• Senior Commissioner (Keishi-kan) - Deputy Commissioner General, Deputy Superintendent General,
The Chief of Regional Police Bureau, The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters.
• Commissioner (Keishi-chō) - The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters.
• Assistant Commissioner (Keishi-sei) - The Chief of Police Station.
• Superintendent (Keishi) - The Chief of Police Station (small or middle), The Vice Commanding Officer of
Police Station, Commander of Riot Police Unit
• Chief Inspector (Keibu) - Squad Commander of Police Station, Leader of Riot Company
• Inspector (Keibu-ho) - Squad Sub-Commander of Police Station, Leader of Riot Platoon
• Police Sergeant (Junsa-buchō) - Field supervisor, Leader of Police box
• Senior Police Officer (Junsa-chō) - (Honorary rank of Police Officers)
• Police officer (Junsa) - Prefectural Police Officers' careers start from this rank.
• The NPA Commissioner General holds the highest position of the Japanese police. His title is not a rank, but
rather denotes his position as head of the NPA. On the other hand, the MPD Superintendent General represents
not only the highest rank in the system but also assignment as head of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police
Department.

FOUR (4) ELEMENTS OF JAPAN’S COMMUNITY SYSTEM

1. Community-based Crime Prevention – Police expand their perception of the community role to make the
prevention of crime equal in importance to the law enforcement component. Japan’s Complex Program of the Crime
Prevention relies upon the cooperation and support of the community.
2. Reorientation of Patrol Activities – Japanese police are much more on crime prevention in the sense that
police activity should resolve problems into many areas of life, to aid the community in resolving problems that could lead
to disorder. A major part of this effort is the counseling services that are an essential part of every Japanese police station.
Counseling is sought for a broad range of problems. Police are able to provide a helpful, informal conciliation. They
recognize that since they are the “most pervasive” government agency in society, advice from them can save people from
agonizing steps.
3. Increase Accountability to the Public - police and community are co-producers of an orderly society. Police
share power with the community they serve through a closer relation with community groups to help obtain information,
define priorities, and in planning effective strategies.
4. Decentralization of Command – Japanese police officers were given greater discretion to develop responses
to community problems by having in the neighborhood police center or beat offices. These specific responses enhance
police-community cooperation.

JAPANESE STRENGTH IN DECENTRALIZATION

1. KOBUN-OYABUN - a kind of student-mentor relationship between the Japanese patrol officers and their superiors,
which allows the officers a great of input into decisions about local problems.
2. CHISAI-SAN - a rural officer who is required to visit each household twice per year and works with citizens to solve
problems.
3. KŌBAN - are substations near major transportation hubs and shopping areas and in residential districts. They form
the first line of police response to the public. The Koban system is composed of about 6500 police boxes (Koban)
and about 7600 residential police boxes (Chuzaisho). Koban is staffed by relatively small number of police officers
(3-5 officers in usual), and also Chuzaisho is usually staffed by a single officer. About 20 percent of the total police
force is assigned to koban. Staffed by officers working in eight-hour shifts, they serve as a base for foot patrols
and usually have both sleeping and eating facilities for officers on duty but not on watch. In rural areas, residential
offices usually are staffed by one police officer who resides in adjacent family quarters.

UNITED STATES POLICE SYSTEM

TYPES OF POLICE
Policing in the United States is conducted by numerous types of agency at many different levels. Every state has their
own nomenclature for agencies, and their powers, responsibilities and funding vary from state to state.

1. FEDERAL POLICE
• Possess full federal authority as given to them under United States Code (U.S.C.). Federal Law Enforcement
Officers are authorized to enforce various laws at the federal level.
• The agencies have nationwide jurisdiction for enforcement of federal law. All federal agencies are limited by the
U.S. Code to investigating only matters that are explicitly within the power of the federal government. However,
federal investigative powers have become very broad in practice, especially since the passage of the USA PATRIOT
Act.
SOME FEDERAL AGENCIES HAVING CERTAIN POLICE FUNCTIONS:
✓ The Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) – It investigates all violations of Federal Law
except those where enforcement authority has been specifically assigned to some other Federal Agency; also
investigates all cases of espionage, sabotage, treason and other matters pertaining to internal security.

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 ✓ United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) – chiefly concerned with investigating the counterfeiting,
forging, or altering of any of the money or other securities of the U.S.A; also charged with the protection of the
President and his family and of the Executive Mansion Grounds.
✓ Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) – investigates all violations of Federal laws relating to narcotic
drugs and marijuana.
✓ Bureau of the Chief Post Office Inspector – investigates mail losses, mail depredations, unlawful use of marks,
and other violation of the postal laws.
✓ Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice) – investigates violation of immigration and
naturalization laws, patrol borders to prevent surreptitious entry of aliens, and registers and fingerprints aliens.
✓ Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (Department of Treasury) – concerned primarily with the
investigations of violation of income tax laws.
✓ Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (Department of Treasury) –investigates violation of internal
revenue laws relating to liquors.
✓ Divisions of Investigation and Patrol of Bureau of Customs (Department of Treasury) – concerned primarily
with the investigations of smuggling activities and enforcers customs and navigation laws.
✓ The U.S. Marshall Service - the oldest federal police force in the country. They’re in charge of conducting the safe
transfer of federal prisoners and protecting federal courts and judges.
2. STATE POLICE
✓ States operate statewide government agencies that provide law enforcement duties, including investigations and
state patrols.
✓ They may be called State Police, State Patrol or Highway Patrol, and are normally part of the state Department
of Public Safety. In addition, the Attorney General's office of each state has their own state bureaus of investigation.
In Texas the Texas Ranger Division fulfills this role though they have their history in the period before Texas became
a state.
✓ Various departments of State Governments may have their own enforcement division such as capitol police,
Campus Police, State Hospitals, Departments of Correction, Water police, environmental (fish and game/wildlife)
Game Wardens or Conservation Officers (who have full police powers and statewide jurisdiction). In Colorado, for
instance, the Department of Revenue has its own investigative branch, as do many of the state funded universities.
3. MUNICIPAL
✓ These agencies include village, township, city and county police departments, sheriff departments, and a variety of
special purpose agencies like transit authority and housing authority police. Typically, it has general policing duties
for their respective jurisdiction.
4. PRIVATE POLICE
✓ Secure additional police protection to private entities by employing sworn public police officers through a contract
when they are not officially on duty for public employees. Two basic forms in which private policing is provided:
4.1. PROPRIETARY SECURITY – the principal or person wishing to receive service, hires security personnel directly.
4.2. CONTRACT SECURITY – the principal sent services from an independent security company.

RANKING SYSTEM
The United States police rank model is generally quasi military in structure. A general model, from highest to lowest rank,
would be:
✓ Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff
✓ Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Commissioner/ Deputy Superintendent/Undersheriff
✓ Inspector/Commander/Colonel
✓ Major/Deputy Inspector
✓ Captain
✓ Lieutenant
✓ Sergeant
✓ Detective/Inspector/investigator
✓ Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal

CHINA POLICE SYSTEM

POLICE STRUCTURE
4. Public Security Police – are the largest and oldest components of Chinese Police as to its organizations hierarchy
it is consist of:
• Ministry of Public Security – responsible for making nationwide regulations concerning the law
enforcements procedures, recruitment procedures, recruitment standards, training requirements, and
promotion criteria. It represents the central government in directing and regulating police work throughout
the country.
• Provincial Public Security – at the provincial level, it is accountable to the ministry of public security at
the same time it is also account able to the provincial government.
• Grassroots Level Public Safety Bureaus – accountable to both higher level public security bureaus
and the people’s government at the corresponding duties of surprising connected offenders together with
prison police.
• In addition to law enforcement duties, Public Security Police is also taken full charge of supervising convicted
offenders together with Prison Police.
o Public Security Police – supervised offenders serving community sentences such as probation and
parole.
o Prison Police – supervised incarcerated offenders; it is under the leadership of the Ministry of the
Justice.
o Local Governments are responsible for determining the size of the public force needed in the
jurisdictions, and determining the local enforcement priorities.

2. Special Public Security Police – sound by rules and regulation issued by the Ministry of Public Security but
considered part of and under the direct leadership of the corresponding government ministries.
• Railway Police – maintains orders in trains and stations.
• Transportation Police – provides security in waterway transportation.
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 • Civil Aviation Police – maintain order in airports and provides for civilian Air Transportation.
• Forest Police – patrol the national forest to prevent forest fires, illegal cutting, and other activities by
State Forest Law.
3. People’s Armed Police – function include patrol, maintaining security and order in border areas, guarding high-
ranking government officials and foreign dignitaries and providing security for important government building and
facilities. It is under the joint command of the Ministry of Public Security and Central Military Committee.
4. State Security Police – established in 1983, it is responsible to protect the state security by preventing foreign
espionage, sabotage and conspiracies. Under the leadership of the Ministry of the State Security. State Security
Bureaus are established in all provinces and some municipalities that have frequent contacts with foreign countries.

RANKING SYSTEM
The People’s Police Ranking Regularities of 1992 established the following police ranks:
• General Superintendent
• Deputy General Superintendent
• Superintendent (first, second and third Grade)
• Inspector (first, second and third Grade)
• Sergeant (first, second and third Grade)
• Officer (first, second and third Grade)

BEST PRACTICES
• China Police Accountability – the Chinese police is general enjoy a positive image in the eyes of the public.
The Police Law of 1995 established a new police supervisory system.
• Four (4) types of Police Supervision:
o Procuracy Supervision – ensures that the police perform their duties within the boundaries of the law.
It reviews and approves police request for arrest and supervises the legality of other police actions.
Procuracy has the responsibility to receive and review citizen’s complaints against the police and
obligated to bring a criminal prosecution against the responsible officers.
o Administrative Supervision – subject to supervision of the Ministry of Supervision. The supervisory
agency either recommend to the police agency that disciplinary actions on the officer by itself. To ensure
the legality of police operations, it may also send agents to police agencies to inspect their work.
o Internal Supervision – oversee the legality of law enforcement work of lower-level police agencies. It
has the authority to inspect the work of lower agencies and to correct or revoke wrong or improper
decisions made by lower-level police agencies. Aside from this hierarchical oversight, there is also an
internal supervisory system within each police bureau through an Internal Supervisory Committee.
o Citizen’s Supervision – Citizens may exercise their right to supervise the police in three ways:
a. Make recommendations and suggestions to police agencies
b. File complaints against the police
c. Bring administrative or civil lawsuits against the police

ISRAEL POLICE SYSTEM

ORGANIZATION
• Mishteret Yisrael is the civilian police force of the Israel. Its duties include crime fighting, traffic control,
maintaining public safety and counter-terrorism. It is under the jurisdiction of the Internal Security Ministry.
• The Israel Police is a professional force with Civil Guard Volunteers who contribute time to assist officers in
their own communities.
• The police are divided into the following main divisional groups:
o Headquarters Unit: Internal Relations, Legal Counsel, Immigration Control, Audit and Accounts,
Economic Crimes, Public Complaints, Disciplinary Courts, Service Administration, Safety, Appeals,
Controller, Spokesperson.
o Department: Human Resources, Investigation and Intelligence, Logistics Support, Organization and
Planning, Traffic, Patrol and Security and Community and Civil Guard.
o Regional Districts: Central District, Southern District, Northern District, Judea and Samaria District,
Tel Aviv District and Jerusalem District.
o Operational Units:
a. Magav (Border Police) – the combat arm of the police mainly serves in unquiet areas – the
borders, the West bank and the rural countryside.
b. Yamam (Special Police Unit) – the police elite counter terrorist hostage rescue unit. It is
known as the most experienced and specialized in the world.
c. Yassam – the on-call counter terrorist unit in each district. Originally started as Riot Police were
called upon to assist with counter-terror operations. The Yassam has sub-unit of Rapid
Response Motorcycle Units.

RANKING SYSTEM

RANK ENGLISH EQUIVALENT

OFFICER
Rav Nitzav Commissioner
Nitzav Major General
Tat Nitzav Brigadier General
Nitzav Mishneh Commander
Sgan Nitzav Chief Superintendent
Rav Pakad Superintendent
Pakad Chief Inspector
Mefake’ ah Inspector
Mefake’ ah Mishneh Sub-Inspector
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 ENLISTED
Rav Nagad Senior NCO
Rav Samal Baknir Senior Staff Sergeant Major
Rav Samal Mitkadem Advance Staff Sergeant Major
Rav Samal Rishnon Staff Sergeant Major
Rav Samal Sergeant Major
Samal Rishnon Sergeant
Samal Sheni Corporal
Rav Shoter Lance Corporal
Shoter Constable

PRACTICES:
• In order to prevent terrorist and criminal activity in residential areas, the Civil Guard maintains a network of
neighborhood Civil Guard Bases, whose tasks are to recruit and operate armed mobile and foot patrols of volunteer
citizens, run training programs, and organize rapid response teams for emergency duty.
• Civil Guard Volunteers, who ranged in age from 17 to 90 years, while on duty, have police authority and are usually
armed with police rifles and provided with portable radio transmitters and identification vests.
• The Civil Guard also includes special units that provide volunteer aid to regular police units in range of activities
including traffic control and enforcement of traffic regulations, patrol functions, emergency rescue units, agricultural
theft prevention (mainly as volunteers with the Border Guard Police), and others.
• These special uniformed volunteer units undergo specialized training and volunteer 4 to 6 hours per week.
• In 1994, the IP command adopted a Community Policing Strategy. The essence of this approach is that local police
forces should work in partnership with local government (municipalities and local authorities) and community
agencies, all pooling their resources to prevent or minimize crime, social problems that lead to crime, and incivilities
that decrease the quality of life. The implementation process was initially led by the Community Policing Unit, which
was directly responsible to the Commissioner.
• Starting in 1999, the unit is gradually being merged with the Civil Guard Department, thus joining the two functions
of mobilizing volunteers and working with the community on crime prevention and enforcement activities.
• In 1999, a system to make the police commanders more accountable to their communities and to achieve their
objectives was implemented based on the COMPSTAT method used by NYC Police. The IP Commissioner holds
biweekly meetings with a specific area commander, bringing forth statistical information and mapping this
information to pinpoint areas and patterns of crime that need to be addressed.
• The computerization of all policing activities (although incomplete) and linking the stations to the central computer
at HQ via an intranet allows for local commanders as well as the management to keep track of changing crime and
traffic accident patterns.

CANADA POLICE SYSTEM

ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE (RCMP)
1. ORGANIZATION
1.1. The RCMP includes police officers, civilian members and public safety employees. They are known for their
bright red uniforms and the horses they ride, and are affectionately called "The Mounties".
1.2. The RCMP is headed by a Commissioner who, under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety of Canada,
has the control and management of the Force and all matters connected therewith. In 1996, the RCMP becomes moving
toward a more regional management system under the direction of a deputy commissioner.
1.3. The RCMP is involved in contract policing nationwide and undertakes provincial and municipal policing in all
the country except in provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
1.4. Four Regions: Pacific, Northwestern, Central and Atlantic.
1.5. Offices that Directly Report to the Commissioner: Deputy Commissioner, Human Resources, internal Audit and
Evaluation, Legal Services, Office of the Ethics Advisor and Public Affairs and Communication services.
1.6. The Force is divided into 15 Divisions, plus Headquarters, Ottawa. Each division is managed by a Commanding
Officer and is alphabetically designated. RCMP Depot Division (Training Academy) is located in Regina, Saskatchewan,
and the Canadian Police College is located in Ottawa, Ontario.

3. RANKING SYSTEM
• Commisioner
• Deputy Commisioner
• Assistant Commisioner
• Chief Superintendent
• Superintendent
• Inspector
• Corps Sergeant Major
• Sergeant Major
• Staff Sergeant Major
• Staff Sergeant
• Sergeant
• Corporal
• Constable

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Academy in Depot, located in the city of Regina in Saskatchewan. Training at Depot
is 26 weeks long and covers all the necessary skills and knowledge RCMP Officers will require. During this period, Cadets
are also required to participate in evening and weekend training activities.

SINGAPORE POLICE SYSTEM

7
SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE

• The Singapore Police Force (SPF) is a uniformed organization under the purview of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
The mission of the SPF is to prevent, deter and detect crime to ensure the safety and security of Singapore.
This is done through its focus on the 5 broad areas of Police work - Frontline Policing, Counter and E-services,
Investigation, Community Engagement and Public Security & Order.
• Formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police (Polis Repablik Singapura), it has grown from an 11-man
organization to a 38,587 strong force. Singapore has been ranked consistently in the top five positions in the
Global Competitiveness Report in terms of its reliability of police services.
• Formed in 1819 with a skeleton force of 11 men under the command of Francis James Bernard.
• It is under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
• Ministry of government of Singapore responsible for public safety, civil defense and immigration.
• It is headed by the Minister of Home affairs.
• It is also known as Home Team.

THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

• There are currently 15 staff departments and 13-line units. The headquarters is located in a block at New Phoenix
Park in Novena, adjacent to a twin block occupied by the Ministry of Home Affairs.

RANKING SYSTEM

The rank of Corporal was abolished in 1972, but reinstated in 1976. In 1997, all ranks were shifted from the sleeves
to the epaulettes, except for the Gurkha Contingent. Also, in the same year, the Station Inspector rank was changed from
collar pips to epaulettes with a new design similar to that of the SAF Warrant Officers, and the rank of Senior Station
Inspector was introduced. In 1998, the Senior Station Inspector (2) rank was introduced, and changes were made to the SI,
SSI, and SSI (2) rank designs. The rank of Lance Corporal was abolished in 2002[23]. The 2006, the Gurkha Contingent
adopted embroidered ranks as part of an overhaul of its combat dress, but are worn on the right front pocket.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER
• Commissioner of Police
• Deputy Commissioner of Police
• Senior Assistant Commissioner
• Assistant Commissioner
• Deputy Assistant Commissioner
• Superintendent
• Deputy Superintendent
• Assistant Superintendent
• Chief Inspector
• Inspector

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER
• Senior Station Inspector (2)
• Senior Station Inspector
• Station Inspector
• Senior Staff Sergeant
• Staff Sergeant
• Sergeant
• Corporal
• Special Constable
• Constable

INDONESIAN POLICE SYSTEM

INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE

• Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia is the official police force for Indonesia.
• It had formerly been a part of the Tentara Nasional Indonesia.
• The Headquarter, known as Markas Besar/Mabes in Indonesian, is located in Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta,
Indonesia.
• The police were formally separated from the military in April 1999, a process which was formally completed in July
2000. With 150,000 personnel, the police form a much smaller portion of the population than in most nations. The
total number of national and local police in 2006 was approximately 470,000.

ORGANIZATION
POLRI
• The POLRI form a much smaller portion of the population than in most nations. Polri’s largest support unit is the
Polres. The largest operational element are the patrol and traffic unit.
• In 2007, POLRI has police-to-population ratio of around 1 police to 526 civilians
POLISI DAERAH OR POLDA
• Cover provinces, district commands.
POLISI DAERAH OR POLDA
• Cover provinces and all provincial police are divided into three streams:
A1 – Special command for the province of Jakarta (POLDA METRO JAYA)
B1 – Demographic large provinces
B2 – Smaller provinces
STRUCTURE OF POLDA
• Directorates of Detectives, Narcotics, Traffic Police, Intelligence, and Specialist Operational Unit

8
 • Support reattachments like the Benamera (Social Relation Police)
DISTRICT COMMANDS (POLRES)
• For districts. Polres is in essence the backbone of the Indonesian Police, because it bridges the operational units,
with the higher planning/strategic elements of the police structure. Polres has substantial autonomy to implement
its’s own activities and mount its own operations.

STRUCTURE OF POLRES
OPERATIONAL UNITS (OPSNAL) – Traffic police unit, Vital/Strategic Objection Protection Unit, Police Patrol Unit,
Narcotics Investigation Units, Detective Units, Special Tourist Protection Taskforce Units, Police Intelligence Units.
SUPPORTING ELEMENTS – Operational Planning Section, Community Policing Section, Administrative Section,
Telecommunication Section, Police Service Center, Medical Support Group.
POLISI RESOR OR POLRES
• For districts, sub-district commands.
POLSEK AND COMMUNITY POLICE OFFICERS OR POLMAS
• Service individual villages.
SUB-DISTRICT COMMANDS (POLSEK) - Executes Polri’s operational tasks in additional to Opsnal.
COMMUNITY POLICE OFFICERS (POLMAS) - Serve individual villages.

RANKS OF INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE

• High ranking officers
o Police General / Jenderal Polisi (Jend. Pol.) - equivalent General in the army
o Police Commissioner General / Komisaris Jenderal Polisi (Komjen Pol.) - equivalent Lieutenant General
o Police Inspector General / Inspektur Jenderal Polisi (Irjen Pol.) - equivalent Major General
o Police Brigadier General / Brigadir Jenderal Polisi (Brigjen Pol.) - equivalent Brigadier General
• Mid rank officers
o Police Grand Commissioner / Komisaris Besar Polisi (Kombespol) - equivalent Colonel
o Police Grand Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Besar Polisi (AKBP) - equivalent Lieutenant Colonel
o Police Commissioner / Komisaris Polisi (Kompol) - equivalent Major
• Low rank officers
o Police Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Polisi (AKP) - equivalent Captain
o First Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Satu (Iptu) - equivalent First Lieutenant
o Second Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Dua (Ipda) - equivalent Second Lieutenant
• Warrant officers
o First Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Satu (Aiptu) - equivalent Chief Warrant Officer
o Second Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Dua (Aipda) - equivalent Warrant Officer
• Non-commissioned officers
o Chief Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Kepala (Bripka) - equivalent Sergeant Major
o Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi (Brigadir) - equivalent Chief Sergeant
o First Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Satu (Briptu) - equivalent First Sergeant
o Second Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Dua (Bripda) - equivalent Second Sergeant
• Enlisted
o Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi (Abrip) - equivalent Chief Corporal
o First Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Satu (Abriptu) - equivalent First Corporal
o Second Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Dua (Abripda) - equivalent Second Corporal
o Chief Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Kepala (Bharaka) - equivalent Chief Private
o First Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Satu (Bharatu) - equivalent Private First Class
o Second Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Dua (Bharada) - equivalent Private

MALAYSIAN POLICE SYSTEM

ROYAL MALAYSIA POLICE

• A part of the security forces structure in Malaysia.

• A centralized organization with responsibilities ranging from traffic control to intelligence gathering. Its
headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur.
• The police force is led by an Inspector-General of Police (IGP). In carrying out its responsibilities, the regular
RMP is also assisted by a support group of Extra Police Constables, Police Volunteer Reserves, Auxiliary
Police, Police Cadets and a civilian service element.

o Internal Security/Public Order (IS/PO)

o Management
o Crime Investigation
o Special Branch

RAKAN COP
(Malay: Friends of Cops) is the Malaysian community police corps which was launched by Royal Malaysian Police
in Kuala Lumpur on 9 August 2005 to help combat crime in the city and any situations around Malaysia.

RANKING SYSTEM

COMMISSIONED OFFICER
• Inspector-General of Police (IGP)
• Deputy Inspector-General of Police (DIGP)
• Commissioner of Police (CP)
• Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
• Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police I (SAC I)
• Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police II (SAC II)

9
 • Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
• Superintendent of Police (SP)
• Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP)
• Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP)
• Chief Inspector (C/Insp)
• Inspector (Insp)
• Probationary Inspector (P/Insp)

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER
• Sub-Inspector (SI)
• Sergeant Major (SM)
• Sergeant (Sgt)
• Corporal (Cpl)
• Lance Corporal (L/Cpl)
• Constable (PC)

THAILAND POLICE SYSTEM

THAILAND NATIONAL POLICE DEPARTMENT (TNPD)

• At present, it is known as Royal Thai Police.
• A subdivision of the Ministry of Interior under the office of the Prime Minister.
• Primary responsible for the maintenance of public order through enforcement of the kingdom's laws and charged
with performing police functions throughout the entire country,
• A unitary agency whose power and influence in Thai national life had at times rivaled that of the army.
• Headquarters - Bangkok

MAJOR OPERATIONAL UNITS

1. PROVINCIAL POLICE
▪ This force provides police services to every town and village throughout the kingdom except metropolitan
Bangkok and border areas. The Provincial Police thus handled law enforcement activities and in many
cases was the principal representative of the central government's authority in much of the country.
▪ The Provincial Police Division is divided into 10 regions covering the 75 Provinces of Thailand except
Metropolitan Bangkok and the border areas:
2. BORDER PATROL POLICE DIVISION 40,000 PARAMILITARY FORCE
a. BPP General Staff Division
b. BPP Tactical Training Division
c. BPP Support Division
d. BPP Nawut Sondetya Hospital
e. BPP Village Scouts Center
f. BPP Counter-Insurgency Training Center
g. BPP Districts 1 through 4
h. Police Aerial Reinforcement Unit (PARU)
3. METROPOLITAN POLICE
▪ Responsible for providing all law enforcement services for the capital city of Bangkok and its suburbs, the
Metropolitan Police was probably the most visible and publicly recognizable of all Thai police components
4. CENTRAL INVESTIGATION BUREAU
▪ National coordinating headquarters which assist provincial and metropolitan components in preventing and
suppressing criminal activity and in minimizing threats to national security.

RANKING SYSTEM

COMMISSIONED OFFICER
• Police General
• Police Lieutenant General
• Police Major General
• Police Special Colonel
• Police Colonel
• Police Lieutenant Colonel
• Police Lieutenant
• Police Captain
• Inspector

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER
• Police Senior Sergeant Major
• Police Sergeant Major
• Police Sergeant
• Police Staff Sergeant
• Police Corporal
• Police Lance Corporal
• Police Constable

10
OTHER COUNTRIES POLICE MODELS COMPARISON

PARTICULARS COLUMBIA NEW AFGHANISTAN SRI LANKA SPAIN

ZEALAND

ORGANIZATIONAL National Police of

New Zealand Afghanistan Sri Lanka Cuerpo National
NAME Columbia Policia
Police National Police Police Police (CNP)
National

DEPARTMENT/ New Zealand North Atlantic Ministry of

AGENCY UNDER Ministry on National Government/ Treaty Defense, Cuerpo Superior
WITH Defense Ministry of Organization Public Security, De Policia (CSP)
Police (NATO) Law and Order

ENTRANCE AGE 21 years old 20 years old 18 years old 22 years old 18 years old

RETIREMENT AGE 55 years in

50 years old 58 years old 58 years old 67 years old
service

Police
MINIMUM RANK Patroller Constable Sergeant Constable Private
Rank4

Commissioner of Inspector
Master General
HIGHEST RANK Columbia/National Commissioner General of Lieutenant
Chief
Police Police

EDUCATIONAL High school

Tertiary High School Secondary
REQUIREMENT Graduate/College Baccalaureate
Education Graduate Education
Graduate

PARTICULARS INDIA PAKISTAN ARGENTINA ABU DHABI BRAZIL

ORGANIZATIONAL Pakistan Police Federal Abu Dhabi

Indian Police Policia Militar
NAME National Police of Argentine Police
Service (IPS) (PM)
(PNP) (PFA) (ADP)

DEPARTMENT/ Federal National Public

India Police Agency Policia de Ministry of
AGENCY UNDER Investigation Security and Social
(IPC) Buenos Aires Interior
WITH Agency Defense System

ENTRANCE AGE 21 years old 20 years old 21years old 18 years old 18 years old

RETIREMENT AGE 60 years old 60 years old 55 years old 60 years old 49 years old

MINIMUM RANK Police Constable Candidate or Private

Constable Policeman
(PC) Cadet (Soldado)

Superintendent
HIGHEST RANK Inspector
Director Intelligence General or Commander Colonel
General of
Bureau (DIB) Commissioner General (Coronel)
Police
General

EDUCATIONAL Complete
High School University
REQUIREMENT Bachelor Degree college Tertiary Education
Degree Degree
Education

11
 PARTICULARS SUDAN URUGUAY GERMANY FRANCE ISRAEL

National Police
ORGANIZATIONAL
National Police of Federal Police France (Police
NAME Sudan Police Force Israel Police
Uruguay of Germany Nationale de
France)

DEPARTMENT/
Federal
AGENCY UNDER Ministry of the Ministry of Minister of
Ministry Interior Ministry of
WITH Interior of Uruguay Interior Internal Affairs
Interior

ENTRANCE AGE 18 years 21 years old 16 years old 17 years old 21 years old

RETIREMENT AGE 55 years 54 years old 60 years old 60 years old 55 years old

Gardien de la
MINIMUM RANK Republican Guard Senior Paix
Lance Corporal Constable
Metropolitan Guard Constable (Keeper of the
peace)
Directeur
general de la
Ministry of the Inspector Inspector
HIGHEST RANK Inspector General police Nationale
Interior Police General
(Director
General)

EDUCATIONAL Secondary School High school French

High School Bachelor’s
REQUIREMENT Certificate /College Baccalaureate
Degree Degree
Examination Graduate Degree

TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
• Refers to crimes that take place or transgress across national borders.
• a continuing illegal activity of group of people which is primarily concerned with the generation of profits, irrespective
of national boundaries as a result of globalization.
• crimes have actual or potential effect across national borders which are intra-state
• activity that is considered a criminal offense by at least two countries.

An offense is transnational in nature if:

• It is committed in more than one State;
• It is committed in one State but substantial part of its preparation, planning, direction or control takes place in
another State;
• It is committed in one State but involves an organized criminal group engages in criminal activities in more than
one State; or
• It is committed in one State but has substantial effects in another State.

TYPES OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES

• Drug Trafficking
• Trafficking in Persons
• Money Laundering
• Cybercrime
• Terrorism
• Environmental Crime
• Economic crime
• Intellectual Property Theft
• Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships
• Illicit Trade (smuggling) of Small Arms and Light Weapons

(1) DRUG TRAFFICKING

• Is another term for drug trade.
• Refers to the illegal process through which narcotics and other illegal drugs are produced, transported and sold.
• Generally, refers to the sale and distribution of illegal drugs.
REPUBLIC ACT 9165
• The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002
• Signed June 7, 2002
• Published June 19, 2002
12
 • Took Effect July 4, 2002

(2) TRAFFICKING OF A PERSON

• It refers to the recruitment, transportation, harboring or receipt of people for the purpose of slavery, prostitution,
forced labor, and servitude
• It is a form of “MODERN DAY SLAVERY”
• Also known as human trafficking
REPUBLIC ACT 9208
• The Anti Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003
• Approved May 26, 2003
• A Consolidated Bill of Senate Bill No. 2444 and House Bill No. 4432.
REPUBLIC ACT 10364
• "Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012″
• Approved: February 06 2013

CONSIDERED AS QUALIFIED TRAFFICKING

• When the trafficked person is a child;
• When the adoption is affected through Republic Act No. 8043, otherwise known as the "Inter-Country Adoption Act
of 1995" and said adoption is for the purpose of prostitution, pornography, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery,
involuntary servitude or debt bondage;
• When the crime is committed by a syndicate, or in large scale.
• When the offender is a SPOUSE, ascendant, parent, sibling, guardian or a person who exercises authority over the
trafficked person or when the offense is committed by a public officer or employee;
• When the trafficked person is recruited to engage in prostitution with any member of the military or law enforcement
agencies;
• When the offender is a member of the military or law enforcement agencies; and
• When by reason of or on occasion of the act of TIP, the victim dies, becomes insane, suffers mutilation or is afflicted
with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

(3) MONEY LAUNDERING

• It is the practice of disguising illegally obtained funds so that they may seem legal.
• Converting illegal money to a legal one.
STEPS IN MONEY LAUNDERING
a. PLACEMENT
• It is also called as immersion.
• The physical disposal of money by moving funds from direct association with the crime and putting
them into the financial system, usually through Smurfing (moving small amounts at times to avoid
suspicion) and Immersion (Mixing of illicit money with licit one).
• It involves bank complicity, the mixing of illicit with illicit funds, cash purchases and the smuggling
of currency to safe havens.
b. LAYERING
• It is also called as heavy soaping.
• The process of disguising the trail to foil pursuit. In involves the creation of false paper trail,
conversion of cash into monetary instruments and the conversion of tangible assets obtained by
means of cash purchases.
• Electronic process is the most cost-effective layering method. They offer the criminal speed,
distance, minimal audit trail and virtual anonymity amid the enormous daily volume of electronic
transfer, all at minimal cost.
c. INTEGRATION
• Also called as spin dry.
• The money is again available to the criminal with its occupational and geographical origin is
hidden. Because the money is often repatriated in the form of clean, often taxable income. It is
achieved by means of real estate transactions, front companies, foreign bank complicity and false
import and export transactions.
REPUBLIC ACT 9160
• Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001, as amended by Republic Act 9194.
REPUBLIC ACT 10167
• An Act to Further Strengthen the Anti-Money Laundering Law.
• Approved: June 06, 2012
THE ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING COUNCIL (AMLC)
• It is the financial intelligence unit of the Philippines and is composed of the following officials:
✓ The Governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
✓ The Chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Commission
✓ The Commissioner of the Insurance Commission

(4) CYBER CRIME

• All crimes performed or resorted to by abuse of electronic media with the purpose of influencing the functioning of
computer or computer system.
• It includes traditional crimes in which computers or networks are used to commit a crime.
• Any offense that is committed by a computer, computer system or computer network.
• Also known as computer crime.

SCOPE APPLICATION
• Computer or network can be a tool of crime (use to commit the crime)
• Computer or network can be a target of the crime (the victim)
• Computer or network can be used for incidental purposes related to the crime
13
REPUBLIC ACT 10175
• Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
• An Act Defining Cybercrime, Providing for the Prevention, Investigation, Suppression and the Imposition of
Penalties therefor and for other purposes.
• Approved: September 12 2012

(5) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY THEFT

• Used interchangeably with intellectual property piracy.
• is unauthorized copying of good, or works without the authority of the owner, facilitation of the production,
distribution, importation and retailing.
• counterfeiting or pirating of good facilitated by the internet or satellite technologies.

FOUR (4) CATEGORIES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTIES

1. PATENT - is the statutory grant, by government, which confers to an INVENTOR to exclude others from
making, using, selling or importing the invention within the territory of the country that granted the patent.
2. TRADE MARKS - refers to symbol word, or words legally registered by use as representing a company or
product.
3. TRADE SECRET - A secret device or technique used by a company or product.
4. COPYRIGHT - is the system of legal protection an author enjoys in the form of EXPRESSION OF IDEAS. The
holder of the copyright enjoys the right to reproduce, distribute, display, perform, and to prepare derivative
works based on the copyrighted work.

(6) TERRORISM
• The word terror derives from the Latin word terrere, meaning “to frighten”.
• It is a threat or actual use of force or violence for political or other purpose, to foster fear, insecurity, distrust
and unrest among the people.
• The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the
civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. (FBI)
• The commission of crimes (rebellion, murder, kidnapping, hijacking etc.) that sow or create a condition of
widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among the populace in order to coerce the government to give
in to an unlawful demand. (R.A. 9372 or the H.S.A.)
• Use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to
achieve a financial, political, religious or ideological aim.
• use of violence (or the threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious
or ideological in nature; this is done through intimidation or coercion or instilling fear.
PURPOSE OF TERRORISM
• To inflict Massive fear (main)
• To bring about political change (ultimate)
REPUBLIC ACT 9372
• This Act shall henceforth be known as the “Human Security Act of 2007.”
• An Act to Secure the State and Protect our people from Terrorism.
• Approved: March 06, 2007
REPUBLIC ACT 11479
• An act to prevent, prohibit and penalize Terrorism, also known as The Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020.
• An Act to Prevent, Prohibit and Penalize Terrorism, thereby repealing Republic Act No. 9372, otherwise known as
the “Human Security Act of 2007”
• Approved: July 3, 2020

(7) ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME

• the deliberate evasion of environmental laws and regulations by individuals and companies in the pursuit of
personal and financial benefit.
• The most common types are: Biodiversity, natural resources-related crime, such as illegal fishing and illegal
logging, trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes, toxic substances, and recyclable materials and
illegal dumping of oil and other wastes in oceans;
• Some of the Environmental laws in the Philippines are Republic Act 9003 Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000; Republic Act 9275 Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004; Republic Act 8749
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999; Republic Act 6969 Toxic Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control
Act of 1990.

(8) ECONOMIC CRIME

• Economic crimes or referred to as “commercial crimes” or “white collar” crimes are illegal acts that are characterized
by fraud, concealment, or a violation of trust and are not dependent upon the application of threat, physical force or
violence.
• It is perpetuated in creative manners which can be classified among, but not limited to the following: Asset
Misappropriation; Financial Misrepresentation; False Pretenses; Corruption and Bribery (racketeering and
extortion); Money Laundering; Counterfeiting (product piracy and industrial espionage).

(9) PIRACY & ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS

• Piracy is typically an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea. The term can include acts committed on land, in the
air, or in other major bodies of water or on a shore.
• Piracy tends to be concentrated in areas of heavy commercial maritime activity or in regions with little or no maritime
law enforcement capacity.
• Unlike piracy, which refers to attacks in international waters, armed robbery happens in territorial waters and is thus
under the littoral state’s jurisdiction. (According to Singapore Shipping Association (SSA)
14
 • Presidential Decree 532 – Anti-Piracy Law

(10) CULTURAL PROPERTY THEFT

• Cultural properties include among others, antiques, relics, artifacts and historical/ archeological/ anthropological
sites.
• The National Museum spearheads the campaign against smuggling of cultural properties together with the national
historical institute.
• Some cultural properties from the country are now sold via internet.
• Theft of art and cultural items most commonly occur in private collections and churches.

(11) ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING OF SMALL ARMS

• Small arms are easy to buy, easy to use, and easy to conceal or transport. Since they require little maintenance,
they can last for decades
• Small arms are considered weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in terms of casualties even in times of peace,
especially during election in the country.
• Local Firearms production are being sold in the country and are also being smuggled to Japan, Malaysia, and even
in USA.

INTERNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATIONS

1. EUROPEAN POLICE OFFICE (EUROPOL)

• Headquarters is in Hague Netherlands.
• A European Union's criminal intelligence agency.
• Established by the European Council Act of July 26, 1995 but became fully operational on 1 July 1999.
• Support the 28 EU Member States in their fight against terrorism, cybercrime and other serious and organized forms
of crime. It also works with many non-EU partner states and international organizations.
EUROPOL COUNCIL
• The Council is responsible for the main control and guidance of Europol.
• It appoints the Executive Director and the Deputy Directors, and approves Europol’s budget (which is part of
the general budget of the EU), together with the European Parliament.
EUROPOL ORGANIZATION
• Europol is headed by an Executive Director, who is Europol’s legal representative and is appointed by the
Council of the European Union.
• Assisted by Three Deputy Executive Directors: Operations Directorate; Governance Directorate and
Capabilities Directorate
EUROPOL’s LIASON OFFICERS
• facilitating the exchange of information between the agency;
• providing expertise and technical support for investigations and operations carried out within the EU, under the
supervision and the legal responsibility of the Member States;
• generating strategic reports (such as threat assessments) and crime analyses on the basis of information and
intelligence supplied by Member States or gathered from other sources.
EUROPOL’S FUNCTIONS
• Its aim is to improve the effectiveness and co-operation between the competent authorities of the member
states primarily by sharing and pooling intelligence to prevent and combat serious international organized crime.
• NO executive powers. It is a support service for the law enforcement agencies of the EU member states.
• This means that Europol officials are not entitled to conduct investigations in the member states or to arrest
suspects.
EUROPOL TOOLS IN PROVIDING SUPPORT
1. information exchange
2. intelligence analysis
3. expertise and training

2. ASEANAPOL

•The ASEANAPOL deals with the preventive, enforcement and operational aspects of cooperation against
transnational crime.
• The basic requirement for a country to become a member of ASEANAPOL is that the country shall first be a
member of the ASEAN and the application shall be tabled at the conference for approval.
• The members of ASEANAPOL were originally Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines.
• The annual meeting was called ASEANAPOL Conference.
• The first formal meeting of the Chiefs of ASEAN Police was held in Manila, Philippines on the 21 to 23 of October
1981.
• The primary concern of the conference was to discuss any matters involving law enforcement and crime control.
ASEANAPOL MEMBERSHIP
• The original members of ASEANAPOL were Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines.
• 1984, Royal Brunei Police joined the conference for the first time.
• 1996, The Republic of Vietnam National Police joined the conference.
• 1998, Laos General Department of Police and Myanmar police force joined the conference.
• 2000, Cambodia National Police joined the conference.
• The current members of ASEANAPOL are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People Democratic Republic,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
ASEANAPOL SECRETARIAT
• Traditionally, The Secretariat of ASEANAPOL was on a rotational basis with member countries taking turns to
host the ASEANAPOL Conference and automatically assume the role of the secretariat for the current year.

15
 •But, the 25th Joint Communique signed by the ASEAN Chiefs of Police during the 25th ASEANAPOL
Conference held in Bali, Indonesia, expressly stated the need to establish a Permanent ASEANAPOL
Secretariat.
• Located at Royal Malaysian Police Headquarters, Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• The ASEANAPOL Secretariat was fully operational from the 1st January 2010.
ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
• The Head of the Secretariat is an Executive Director (3 years of office) and assisted by 2 Directors (2-3 years
of office).
• The Executive Committee shall meet annually, immediately before the Conference.
• The Executive Director of the ASEANAPOL Secretariat shall present a report of its activities, including amongst
others, issues on financial performance, procurement of works, supplies and services and control and
management of contracts, to the Executive Committee.
• The Executive Committee shall provide a summary report of the activities of the Secretariat to the Heads of
Delegation at the Conference and at the Closing Plenary Session of the Conference.

3. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE (IACP)

• Was founded in Chicago in 1893 as the National Chiefs of Police Union.
• The IACP is the world’s largest and most influential professional association for police leaders, with more than
30,000 members in 150 countries.
• IACP’s leadership consists of the operating chief executives of international, national, federal, state and local
agencies of all sizes.
• The primary goal of this organization was to apprehend and return criminals who had fled the agency
jurisdictions in which they were wanted. The organization has expanded over the years with the goals of
advancing the science and art of police work, promoting improved practices throughout the law enforcement
community and foster cooperation and information exchange among police administrators.
• Since May 1893, the association has been serving communities worldwide by speaking out on behalf of law
enforcement and advancing leadership and professionalism in policing worldwide.
IACP ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
• Since May 1893, the association has been serving communities worldwide by speaking out on behalf of law
enforcement and advancing leadership and professionalism in policing worldwide.
• The IACP is known for its commitment to enhancing community safety by shaping the future of the police
profession. Through timely research, programming, and unparalleled training opportunities, the IACP is
preparing current and emerging police leaders and the agencies and communities they serve to succeed in
addressing the most pressing issues, threats, and challenges of the day.
• The Executive Director reports to a 46-member Executive Committee, which includes a 13-member Board of
Officers.
• Under the direction of the Executive Director, the 147-member professional staff administers the programs,
services and activities of the organization.
• The staff also supports the work of approximately 40 committees and the 19 sections.
• The IACP organizational structure includes three divisions, 19 sections and approximately 40 committees.
• Three Division: (1) The International Policing Division; (2) State and Provincial Police Division (S&P) and
(3) State Association of Chiefs of Police (SACOP).
IACP’S ACTIVITIES
• The IACP helped to develop and/or promote many tools currently used by law enforcement agencies. These
tools include the use of fingerprints, Uniform Crime Reports and the Federal Bureau of Investigation's National
Academy for state and local police.
• Along with other activities, the IACP publishes Police Chief Magazine.

THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION (INTERPOL)

• Formerly known as International Police Commission.
• World’s largest international police organization, with 194 member countries
• The role is to enable police around the world to work together to make the world a safer place by means of high-
tech infrastructure of technical and operational support that will help to meet the growing challenges of fighting
crime in the 21st century.
• An organization facilitating international police cooperation.
• Initial Headquarters: Vienna Austria (Interpol was founded)
• Present Headquarters: Lyon, France
• It focuses on: Combat Crimes & Transnational Crimes
• Interpol is not a police force. It is a machinery for international police cooperation and communication

HISTORY OF THE INTERPOL

• The idea of INTERPOL was born in 1914 at the first International Criminal Police Congress, held in Monaco.
• Officially created in 1923 as the International Criminal Police Commission.
• The Organization became known as INTERPOL in 1946.

OFFICIAL NAME AND ABBREVIATIONS

• The Organization's official name is "ICPO–INTERPOL".
• The official abbreviation "ICPO" stands for 'International Criminal Police Organization'. In French this is "O.I.P.C.",
which stands for "Organisation internationale de police criminelle".
• The word "INTERPOL" is a contraction of "international police", and was chosen in 1946 as the telegraphic address.
• Until 1956, the Organization was known as the International Criminal Police Commission.

INTERPOL’S STRUCTURE
1. GENERAL ASSEMBLY
• INTERPOL’s Supreme Governing Body.
• the General Assembly is composed of delegates appointed by each member country.
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 • It meets annually to take all important decisions related to policy, resources, working methods, finances,
activities and programs.
2. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
• Elected by the General Assembly
• headed by the President of the Organization.
• It provides guidance and direction to the Organization and oversees the implementation of decisions made
at the annual General Assembly.
• has 11 members comprising the President of the Organization, three Vice-Presidents and seven Delegates,
all from different countries.
• Meets three times a year, usually in March, July and immediately before the General Assembly.
INTERPOL GOVERNANCE
• Comprises the General Assembly and Executive Committee, which is headed by the President.
• President of INTERPOL = elected by the General Assembly for 4 years period
• Oskar Dressler = 1st Secretary General of INTERPOL
• Johann Schober = 1st President of the INTERPOL
• Jolly R. Bugarin is the former Filipino President of INTERPOL from 1980 to 1984.
3. GENERAL SECRETARIAT
• Run by Secretary General
• Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
• Provides a range of expertise and services to the member countries.
• Manage 18 police databases with information on crimes and criminals (from names and fingerprints to
stolen passports), accessible in real-time to countries.
• Languages: Spanish; Arabic; French; English (SAFE)
• Regional Offices: Seven (7) – Argentina, Thailand, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador,
Kenya
4. NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS (NCB)
• For 194 member countries of INTERPOL, each country maintains a National Central Bureau (NCB) staffed
by national law enforcement officers.
• Role: Contact point of the Secretariat, Assistance on overseas law enforcement, investigation, and or
apprehension of fugitives.
5. ADVISERS
• these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive Committee and
confirmed by the General Assembly.
6. COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF INTERPOL'S FILES (CCF)
• an independent, impartial body, responsible for ensuring that the processing of personal data by the
INTERPOL General Secretariat conforms to the applicable INTERPOL rules and has three main functions:
• Monitoring the application of the Organization's data protection rules to personal data processed by
INTERPOL;
• Advising the Organization with regard to any operations or projects concerning the processing of personal
information.
• Processing requests for access to INTERPOL's files.

INTERPOL CORE FUNCTIONS

1. Secure Global Communication Systems
2. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police
3. Operational Police Support Services
4. Police Training and Development

INTERPOL CORE FUNCTIONS

1. SECURE GLOBAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
• INTERPOL’s global police communications system, known as I-24/7, enables police in all member countries
to request, submit and access vital data instantly in a secure environment.
• It provides police around the world with a common platform through which they can share crucial information
about criminals and criminality.
• Through a single-entry portal, member countries have access to complete messaging services, as well as
regular Interpol General Secretariat police services.
I- 24/7
• Countries use this secure network to contact each other and the General Secretariat.
• It also allows them to access Interpol’s databases and services in real-time, from both central and remote
locations.
2. OPERATIONAL DATA SERVICES AND DATABASES FOR POLICE
• It ensures that police worldwide have access to the information and services they need to prevent and
investigate crimes.
• Databases includes data or information on criminals such as names, fingerprints, DNA profiles and stolen
or lost travel documents and vehicles etc.
LIST OF INTERPOL DATABASE
1. Individuals Nominal Database
• Collect personal data and the criminal history of people subject to request for international police
cooperation.
2. The International Child Sexual Exploitation Image Database
• Uses sophisticated image comparison software to make connections between victims, abusers and
places.
• The aim is to identify, locate and arrest perpetrators, and to remove victims from harm.
3. Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)

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 • Authorized users in member countries can view, submit and cross-check records in the fingerprints
database via a user-friendly automatic fingerprint identification system (AFIS).
Checks:
• Through the AFIS gateway, users receive the results of their checks very quickly;
• For individuals who are unknown in the database, this takes only a few minutes (automatic search)
• For individuals known in the database, this takes about an hour (semi-automatic search)
• For unidentified latent prints from a crime scene, this takes about an hour (manual process)
• The automated process means the database can make more than 1,000 comparisons per day. The
system is also capable of searching and filing palm prints.
4. DNA Profiles Database
• This database contains DNA profiles from offenders, crime scenes, missing persons and unidentified
bodies.
• Created in 2002, INTERPOL’s DNA database currently contains more than 180,000 profiles contributed
by 84 member countries.
5. Facial Recognition System Database
• The Facial Recognition System database provides a dedicated platform to store and cross-check
images for the purpose of identifying fugitives, missing persons and persons of interest.
6. Stolen and Lost Travel Documents (SLTD) Database
• The SLTD database contains records on lost, stolen and revoked travel documents – such as
passports, identity cards, visa stamps, including stolen blank travel documents.
I-Checkit
• Help identify and stop criminals from using lost or stolen travel documents long before they get to the
airport or the border. A positive ‘hit’ will be relayed to law enforcement, to take any necessary actions.
7. Stolen Administrative Documents (SAD) Database
• The SAD database contains records of stolen official documents that serve to identify objects, for
example, vehicle registration documents and clearance certificates for import/export.
8. The Digital Interpol Alert Library – Document (Dial-Doc)
• is a joint G8-INTERPOL initiative, which allows countries to share at global level alerts produced
nationally on newly detected forms of document counterfeiting.
The Group of Eight (G8) Industrialized Nations
• refers to the group of eight. highly industrialized nations—France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom,
Japan, the United States, Canada, and Russia—that hold an annual meeting to foster consensus on
global issues like economic growth and crisis management, global security, energy, and terrorism.
9. EDISON (Electronic Documentation and Information System on Investigation Networks)
• provides examples of genuine travel documents, in order to help identify fakes. It contains images,
descriptions and security features of genuine travel and identity documents issued by countries and
international organizations.
10. Motor Vehicle and Stolen Cars Database
• This database contains extensive identification details from all types of motor vehicles (cars, trucks,
trailers, heavy machinery, motorbikes) and identifiable spare parts reported as stolen.
11. Stolen Vessels Database
• The Stolen Vessels database serves as a centralized tool for tracing and tracking stolen vessels and
engines.
12. The Works of Art Database
• The Works of Art database contains descriptions and pictures of cultural objects reported as stolen by
the member countries and international partners such as the International Council of Museums and
UNESCO. It includes items looted during crisis periods in Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria.
13. The Interpol Firearms Reference Table
• It is an interactive online tool that provides a standardized methodology to identify and describe firearms
more accurately so they can then be traced in cross-border investigations.
14. The Interpol Illicit Arms Records and Tracing Management System (i-ARMS)
• is the only global law enforcement platform to support the transnational tracing of illicit, lost or stolen
firearms. It improves information exchange and cooperation between law enforcement agencies on
terrorism and other firearm-related crimes.
15. The Interpol Ballistic Information Network (IBIN)
• is the only large-scale international ballistics data sharing network in the world. It provides intelligence
to law enforcement agencies through the centralized storage and cross-comparison of ballistics
imaging in order to find connections between crimes from different countries that might otherwise
remain undetected.
16. Organized Crime Networks Database
• The purpose of these databases is to improve the collection and exchange of intelligence, support
investigations, and better analyze the crime networks, leading to the identification and arrest of their
leaders and financiers.
17. Maritime Piracy Database
• The maritime piracy database stores intelligence related to cases of piracy and armed robbery at sea,
including data on individuals, telephone numbers, e-mail addresses, piracy incidents, locations,
businesses and financial information.
18. Notices Database
• are international requests for cooperation or alerts allowing police in member countries to share critical
crime-related information.
TYPES OF NOTICES
• Red Notice – to seek the location and arrest of wanted persons with a view to extradition similar lawful
action.
• Blue Notice – to collect additional information about a person’s identity, location or activities in relation
to a crime.
• Green Notice – to provide warnings and intelligence about a person who have committed criminal
offences and are likely to repeat these crimes in other countries.
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 • Yellow Notice – to help locate missing persons, often minors or to help identify persons who are unable
to identify themselves.
• Black Notice – to seek information on unidentified bodies.
• Orange Notice – to warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing a serious and
imminent threat to public safety.
• Purple Notice – to seek or provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment
methods used by criminals.
• INTERPOL – United Nations Security Council Special Notice – Issued for groups and individuals
who are the targets of UN Security Council Sanctions Committees.

3. OPERATIONAL POLICE SUPPORT SERVICES

• It supports law enforcement officials in the field with emergency support and operational activities,
especially in its priority crime areas of fugitive, public safety and terrorism, drugs and organized crime,
trafficking in human beings and financial high-tech crimes.
• A Command and Coordination Centre operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week and can deploy an
Incident Response Team to the scene of a serious crime or disaster.

INTERPOL’s SUPPORT SERVICES:

1. INTERPOL’S COMMAND AND COORDINATION CENTER
• It is the operations room at INTERPOL, offering a point of contact for any member country seeking urgent
police information or facing a crisis situation.
2. INCIDENT RESPONSE TEAM
• An INTERPOL Incident Response Team (IRT) is a team of experts deployed at the request of a member
country during a crisis situation. There are two types of IRT:

o Disaster – an emergency response to unforeseen catastrophic events, such as large-scale

accidents or natural disasters. Disaster IRTs generally provide disaster victim identification
(DVI) assistance;
o Crime – the deployment of specialized personnel to assist and support a member country faced
with a major or serious police issue. Crime IRTs provide specific expertise and investigative
support to police.
• The first IRT was deployed in October 2002 to Indonesia following a terrorist bombing in Bali. To date,
a total of 117 teams have been deployed.
3. INTERPOL NETWORK OF EXPERT
4. INTERPOL MAJOR EVENT SUPPORT TEAMS
• is deployed to assist member countries in the preparation, coordination and implementation of security
arrangements for major international events.
• Events such as high-profile conferences or sporting events attract large crowds or intense media
coverage. As such, they may also attract individuals or groups intending to disrupt such events to gain
attention for their cause or for criminal purpose.
• The threat of terrorism and event disruption has forced host countries to dedicate more time and
resources to be prepared to cope with any situation. Increasingly, member countries are requesting
support from INTERPOL, not only in the lead up to an event but for its duration.
• An IMEST also has the capacity and resources to become an Incident Response Team if a crisis
situation should happen at a major event.
• The first IMEST was deployed in 2002 to the USA for the Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City. To
date, more than 127 teams have been deployed to countries across the world.
4. POLICE TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT
• INTERPOL provides focused police training initiatives with the aim of enhancing the capacity of member
countries to effectively combat transnational crime and terrorism.
• This includes sharing knowledge, skills and best practices in policing and establishing global standards.
• Plays a key role in INTERPOL’S overall mission to promote international police cooperation.
• Aim to help officials in INTERPOL’S member countries to improve their operational effectiveness, enhance
their skills and build their capacity to address the increasingly globalized and sophisticated nature of
criminality today.

THE UNITED NATIONS (UN)

• Is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international
security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace.
• Is an intergovernmental organization tasked with maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly
relations among nations, achieving international co-operation, and being a center for harmonizing the actions of
nations.
• It was founded on October 24, 1945 after the World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between
countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue.
• coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt.
• This declaration was made to officially by the cooperation of Great Britain, United States and the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republic (USSR).
• The United Nations Headquarters resides in international territory in New York City, with further main offices in
Geneva (Switzerland), Nairobi (Kenya) and Vienna (Austria).

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF UNITED NATIONS - Spanish, Arabic, French, English, Chinese, Russian (SAFE-CR)

THE MAIN ORGANS OF THE UN

1. General Assembly
2. Security Council
3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
4. Trusteeship Council

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 5. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
6. UN Secretariat

1. UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY
• main deliberative, policy making and representative organ of the United Nations.
• Comprising of 193 Members of the U.N
• Headed by the president, elected from the member states and 21 vice presidents
• Meets from September to December
• The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in London and included
representatives of 50 nations.
• When the General Assembly votes on Important questions, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is
required.
UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY PRESIDENT:
• Mr. Paul-Henri Spaak, Foreign Minister of Belgium, was elected first President of the General Assembly of the
United Nations on January 16, 1946 and held this office for one session.
• Term of office: 1 year, not renewable
2. UN SECURITY COUNCIL
• has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security.
• It has 15 Members (5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members).
• Each Member has one vote.
• Under the Charter, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council decisions.
• In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to maintain
or restore international peace and security.
• The Security Council has a Presidency, which rotates, and changes, every month.
• Philippines became Non-Permanent Member of Security Council in the years of 1957, 1963, 1980 to 1981 and 2004
to 2005.
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL
• To maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations;
• To investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction;
• To recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement;
• To formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments;
• To determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be
taken;
• To maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations;
• To investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction;
• To recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement;
• To formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments;
• To determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be
taken;
3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC)
• The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic
and social cooperation and development.
• ECOSOC has 54 members all of which are elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term.
• The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen amongst the small or middle powers represented on
ECOSOC.
• ECOSOC meets once a year in July for a four-week session.
• Economic and Social Council Promotes the (1) Higher standards of living; (2) Condition of economic and social
progress/ development; (3) Solutions of international economic, social, health related problems; and the Universal
respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
4. TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL
• Task of supervising the administration of Trust Territories placed under the Trusteeship system.
• It is made up of the five permanent members of Security council: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United
States.
• Its goal is to promote the advancement of the inhabitants of trust territories and their progressive development
towards self-government or independence.
• At present, The Trusteeship Council is currently (as of 2018) headed by Anne Gueguen (France), with Jonathan
Guy Allen (United Kingdom) as vice-president, although the sole current duty of these officers is to meet with the
heads of other UN agencies on occasion.
• The President and the Vice-President hold their offices for a maximum duration of five years.
5. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
• Located in the Hague, Netherlands.
• It is the only one of the six principal organs of the United Nations not located in New York, USA.
• Universal Court for international law.
• It is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.
• Comprises a panel of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and Security Council for nine-year terms.
• Its official working languages are English and French.
• The Court has two functions: (1) To settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by
States and (2) To give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and
specialized agencies.
6. UN SECRETARIAT
• comprises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the day-
to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization's other principal organs.
• Ex. Organization of conference, writing reports, studies preparation of budget plan.
UN SECRETARY-GENERAL
• The chief administrative officer of the Organization, appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of
the Security Council for a five-year, renewable term.
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 • It has a day-to-day work that includes attendance at sessions of United Nations bodies; consultations with world
leaders, government officials, and others;
• Each year, the Secretary-General issues a report on the work of the United Nations that appraises its activities and
outlines future priorities.
• Hubert Miles Gladwyn Jebb, known as Gladwyn Jebb was a prominent British civil
servant, diplomat and politician as well as the Acting Secretary-General of the United Nations for a little over three
months.
• Trygve Halvdan Lie, was a Norwegian politician, labor leader, government official and author. From 1946 to 1952
he was the first Secretary-General of the United Nations.
• António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres, is a Portuguese politician and diplomat who is serving as the ninth and current
Secretary-General of the United Nations. He was the Prime Minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002 and was the
Secretary-General of the Socialist Party from 1992 to 2002.
• Term of office: 5 years, renewable.

PARTICIPATION OF PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE PERSONNEL IN UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS

GENERAL BACKGROUND
• United Nations Charter provides the terms of reference for the various elements of the United Nations in fulfilling its
responsibilities.
• Its primary purpose is to maintain international peace and security.
• UN Efforts to Restore International Peace and Security are categorized into seven (7) concepts, namely: (1)
Preventive Diplomacy; (2) Peacemaking; (3) Peace-enforcement; (4) Peacekeeping; (5) Peace-building; (6)
Sanctions; (7) Disarmament.

UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS (DEPLOYMENT)

SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION
• If the Security Council determines that deploying a UN Peacekeeping operation is the most appropriate step to
take, it will formally authorize this by adopting a resolution.
• The resolution sets out the operation’s mandate and size, and details the tasks it will be responsible for performing.
• The budget and resources are then subject to General Assembly approval.
POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR PHILIPPINE PARTICIPATION
• The Republic of the Philippines is committed to global peace and as a founding member of the United Nations,
abides by its Charter and recognizes that the maintenance of international peace and security is a primary
responsibility of the United Nations.
SCOPE OF PHILIPPINE INVOLVEMENT
• The Republic of the Philippines supports the role of the United Nations.
• Philippine participation in UN peace operations should be decided by taking into consideration the following factors:
(1) National capabilities; (2) The Domestic peace and order situation; and (3) Ultimately the National Interest and
National Goals.
• UN peace operations that are being, or may be, conducted in Southeast Asia and other areas of Asia Pacific will
be given highest priority in considering Philippine participation.
• The safety and security of the Philippine personnel assigned to UN peace operations are of paramount importance.
• The Philippines recognizes the importance of peace-building activities in the rebuilding of states.

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE STANDARD QUALIFICATIONS FOR UNITED NATION PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS
1. An UNSAT (United Nation Special Assessment Test) eligible;
2. A Police Commissioned Officer (PCO) must have a rank of at least Police Captain while a Police Non-Commissioned
Officer (PNCO) applicant must have a rank of at least Police Staff Sergeant.
3. Have attained at least five (5) years of active police service.
4. Appointment in permanent status in his/her present rank;
5. Have at least one (1) year experience in vehicle driving reckoned from the date of issuance of his/her valid driver’s
license;
6. Recommended by his/her Unit Commander (Command Group, Directorate Staff Directors, RD’s of PRO’s, NSU’s
Directors and District Directors);
7. Have a Performance Evaluation Rating (PER) of at least Very Satisfactory (VS) for two (2) consecutive semestral
rating period immediately preceding his/her application;
8. With No pending administrative or criminal case in any body/tribunal or court nor a witness to any such case nor a
summary hearing officer with unresolved cases;
9. Have not been repatriated from previous UN Mission for disciplinary reason/s;
10. With knowledge on basic computer operations (e.g. Word, Excel, PowerPoint, e-mail and Internet);
11. Passed the latest Physical Fitness Test (PFT) conducted by DHRDD as well as Medical, Dental and Neuro-
Psychiatric Examination;
12. Without Firearm accountability as certified by the Directorate for Logistics (DL).
PRIORITY FOR DEPLOYMENT
• 1st Priority – PNP personnel without previous UN Mission deployment;
• 2nd Priority – PNP personnel with previous UN Mission deployment (Personnel who obtained the highest exam
rating, or those superior in rank, length in service, educational attainment, or with fewer missions, in such order
shall have priority for deployment).
DEFAULT
• Non-submission of documentary requirements to the UN Secretariat on specified dates;
• Failure to report for processing for deployment;
• Non-attendance to the scheduled Pre-Departure Orientation Seminar (PDOS).

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