Linux is an operating system's kernel. You might have heard of UNIX.

Well, Linux is
a UNIX clone. But it was actually created by Linus Torvalds from Scratch. Linux is
free and open-source, that means that you can simply change anything in Linux and
redistribute it in your own name! There are several Linux Distributions, commonly
called “distros”.
® Ubuntu Linux
® Red Hat Enterprise Linux
® Linux Mint
® Debian
® Fedora
Linux is Mainly used in servers. About 90% of the internet is powered by Linux
servers. This is because Linux is fast, secure, and free! The main problem of using
Windows servers are their cost. This is solved by using Linux servers. The OS that
runs in about 80% of the smartphones in the world, Android, is also made from the
Linux kernel. Most of the viruses in the world run on Windows, but not on Linux!
Linux Shell or “Terminal”

So, basically, a shell is a program that receives commands from the user and gives
it to the OS to process, and it shows the output. Linux's shell is its main part.
Its distros come in GUI (graphical user interface), but basically, Linux has a CLI
(command line interface). In this tutorial, we are going to cover the basic
commands that we use in the shell of Linux.

To open the terminal, press Ctrl+Alt+T in Ubuntu, or press Alt+F2, type in gnome-
terminal, and press enter. In Raspberry Pi, type in lxterminal. There is also a GUI
way of taking it, but this is better!
Linux Commands

Basic Commands
1. pwd — When you first open the terminal, you are in the home directory of your
user. To know which directory you are in, you can use the “pwd” command. It gives
us the absolute path, which means the path that starts from the root. The root is
the base of the Linux file system. It is denoted by a forward slash( / ). The user
directory is usually something like "/home/username".

2. ls — Use the "ls" command to know what files are in the directory you are in.
You can see all the hidden files by using the command “ls -a”.

3. cd — Use the "cd" command to go to a directory. For example, if you are in the
home folder, and you want to go to the downloads folder, then you can type in “cd
Downloads”. Remember, this command is case sensitive, and you have to type in the
name of the folder exactly as it is. But there is a problem with these commands.
Imagine you have a folder named “Raspberry Pi”. In this case, when you type in “cd
Raspberry Pi”, the shell will take the second argument of the command as a
different one, so you will get an error saying that the directory does not exist.
Here, you can use a backward slash. That is, you can use “cd Raspberry\ Pi” in this
case. Spaces are denoted like this: If you just type “cd” and press enter, it takes
you to the home directory. To go back from a folder to the folder before that, you
can type “cd ..” . The two dots represent back.

4. mkdir & rmdir — Use the mkdir command when you need to create a folder or a
directory. For example, if you want to make a directory called “DIY”, then you can
type “mkdir DIY”. Remember, as told before, if you want to create a directory named
“DIY Hacking”, then you can type “mkdir DIY\ Hacking”. Use rmdir to delete a
directory. But rmdir can only be used to delete an empty directory. To delete a
directory containing files, use rm.

5. rm - Use the rm command to delete files and directories. Use "rm -r" to delete
just the directory. It deletes both the folder and the files it contains when using
only the rm command.

6. touch — The touch command is used to create a file. It can be anything, from an
empty txt file to an empty zip file. For example, “touch new.txt”.

7. man & --help — To know more about a command and how to use it, use the man
command. It shows the manual pages of the command. For example, “man cd” shows the
manual pages of the cd command. Typing in the command name and the argument helps
it show which ways the command can be used (e.g., cd –help).

8. cp — Use the cp command to copy files through the command line. It takes two
arguments: The first is the location of the file to be copied, the second is where
to copy.

9. mv — Use the mv command to move files through the command line. We can also use
the mv command to rename a file. For example, if we want to rename the file “text”
to “new”, we can use “mv text new”. It takes the two arguments, just like the cp
command.

10. locate — The locate command is used to locate a file in a Linux system, just
like the search command in Windows. This command is useful when you don't know
where a file is saved or the actual name of the file. Using the -i argument with
the command helps to ignore the case (it doesn't matter if it is uppercase or
lowercase). So, if you want a file that has the word “hello”, it gives the list of
all the files in your Linux system containing the word "hello" when you type in
“locate -i hello”. If you remember two words, you can separate them using an
asterisk (*). For example, to locate a file containing the words "hello" and
"this", you can use the command “locate -i *hello*this”.

Intermediate Commands
1. echo — The "echo" command helps us move some data, usually text into a file. For
example, if you want to create a new text file or add to an already made text file,
you just need to type in, “echo hello, my name is alok >> new.txt”. You do not need
to separate the spaces by using the backward slash here, because we put in two
triangular brackets when we finish what we need to write.
2. cat — Use the cat command to display the contents of a file. It is usually used
to easily view programs.

3. nano, vi, jed — nano and vi are already installed text editors in the Linux
command line. The nano command is a good text editor that denotes keywords with
color and can recognize most languages. And vi is simpler than nano. You can create
a new file or modify a file using this editor. For example, if you need to make a
new file named "check.txt", you can create it by using the command “nano
check.txt”. You can save your files after editing by using the sequence Ctrl+X,
then Y (or N for no). In my experience, using nano for HTML editing doesn't seem as
good, because of its color, so I recommend jed text editor. We will come to
installing packages soon.

4. sudo — A widely used command in the Linux command line, sudo stands for
"SuperUser Do". So, if you want any command to be done with administrative or root
privileges, you can use the sudo command. For example, if you want to edit a file
like viz. alsa-base.conf, which needs root permissions, you can use the command –
sudo nano alsa-base.conf. You can enter the root command line using the command
“sudo bash”, then type in your user password. You can also use the command “su” to
do this, but you need to set a root password before that. For that, you can use the
command “sudo passwd”(not misspelled, it is passwd). Then type in the new root
password.

5. df — Use the df command to see the available disk space in each of the
partitions in your system. You can just type in df in the command line and you can
see each mounted partition and their used/available space in % and in KBs. If you
want it shown in megabytes, you can use the command “df -m”.

6. du — Use du to know the disk usage of a file in your system. If you want to know
the disk usage for a particular folder or file in Linux, you can type in the
command df and the name of the folder or file. For example, if you want to know the
disk space used by the documents folder in Linux, you can use the command “du
Documents”. You can also use the command “ls -lah” to view the file sizes of all
the files in a folder.

7. tar — Use tar to work with tarballs (or files compressed in a tarball archive)
in the Linux command line. It has a long list of uses. It can be used to compress
and uncompress different types of tar archives like .tar, .tar.gz, .tar.bz2,etc. It
works on the basis of the arguments given to it. For example, "tar -cvf" for
creating a .tar archive, -xvf to untar a tar archive, -tvf to list the contents of
the archive, etc. Since it is a wide topic, here are some examples of tar commands.
8. zip, unzip — Use zip to compress files into a zip archive, and unzip to extract
files from a zip archive.
9. uname — Use uname to show the information about the system your Linux distro is
running. Using the command “uname -a” prints most of the information about the
system. This prints the kernel release date, version, processor type, etc.

10. apt-get — Use apt to work with packages in the Linux command line. Use apt-get
to install packages. This requires root privileges, so use the sudo command with
it. For example, if you want to install the text editor jed (as I mentioned
earlier), we can type in the command “sudo apt-get install jed”. Similarly, any
packages can be installed like this. It is good to update your repository each time
you try to install a new package. You can do that by typing “sudo apt-get update”.
You can upgrade the system by typing “sudo apt-get upgrade”. We can also upgrade
the distro by typing “sudo apt-get dist-upgrade”. The command “apt-cache search” is
used to search for a package. If you want to search for one, you can type in “apt-
cache search jed”(this doesn't require root).

11. chmod — Use chmod to make a file executable and to change the permissions
granted to it in Linux. Imagine you have a python code named numbers.py in your
computer. You'll need to run “python numbers.py” every time you need to run it.
Instead of that, when you make it executable, you'll just need to run “numbers.py”
in the terminal to run the file. To make a file executable, you can use the command
“chmod +x numbers.py” in this case. You can use “chmod 755 numbers.py” to give it
root permissions or “sudo chmod +x numbers.py” for root executable. Here is some
more information about the chmod command.

12. hostname — Use hostname to know your name in your host or network. Basically,
it displays your hostname and IP address. Just typing “hostname” gives the output.
Typing in “hostname -I” gives you your IP address in your network.

13. ping — Use ping to check your connection to a server. Wikipedia says, "Ping is
a computer network administration software utility used to test the reachability of
a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network". Simply, when you type in, for
example, “ping google.com”, it checks if it can connect to the server and come
back. It measures this round-trip time and gives you the details about it. The use
of this command for simple users like us is to check your internet connection. If
it pings the Google server (in this case), you can confirm that your internet
connection is active!

Tips and Tricks for Using Linux Command Line

® You can use the clear command to clear the terminal if it gets filled up with too
many commands.
® TAB can be used to fill up in terminal. For example, You just need to type “cd
Doc” and then TAB and the terminal fills the rest up and makes it “cd Documents”.
® Ctrl+C can be used to stop any command in terminal safely. If it doesn't stop
with that, then Ctrl+Z can be used to force stop it.
® You can exit from the terminal by using the exit command.
® You can power off or reboot the computer by using the command sudo halt and sudo
reboot.
Once you've mastered the Linux commands for beginners, you can move onto these
Useful Intermediate Linux Commands.

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