MODULE 3

Descriptive Title: A WORLD OF REGIONS

Week 5 and 6

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
 define the term "global south from the Third World;
 analyze how a new conception of global relations emerged from the
experience of Latin America; and,
 analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization
and regionalization.
Observing the world Politics in the field of Globalization and its structure,
stretching this we have to enter into a “World of Regions” that comprises Nation –
state. What would be your perception why a world of regions is included in
globalization.
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A World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Imperium

Observing the dramatic shift in world politics since the end of the Cold War,
Peter J. Katzenstein argues that regions have become critical to contemporary
world politics. This view is in stark contrast to those who focus on the purportedly
stubborn persistence of the nation-state or the inevitable march of globalization. In
detailed studies of technology and foreign investment, domestic and international
security, and cultural diplomacy and popular culture, Katzenstein examines the
changing regional dynamics of Europe and Asia, which are linked to the United
States through Germany and Japan.
 Regions, Katzenstein contends, are interacting closely with an American
imperium that combines territorial and non-territorial powers. Katzenstein argues
that globalization and internationalization create open or porous regions. Regions
may provide solution to the contradictions between states and markets, security,
nationalism, and cosmopolitanism. Embedded in the American imperium, regions
are now central to world politics.
(Source: Peter J. Katzenstein, Cornell University Press, "Studies in Political
Economy)

North-South Divide
The North-South divide is broadly considered a socio-economic and Political
divide. Generally, definitions of the Global North include the United States,
Canada, Western, Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand, The Global
South is made up of African, Latin America, and developing Asia including the
Middle East. The North is home to all the members of the G8 and four of the five
permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.
The North mostly covers the West and the First World, along with much of the
Second World, while the South largely corresponds with the Third World. While
the North may be defined as the richer, more developed region and the South as the
poorer, less developed region, many more factors differentiate between the two
global areas. 95% of the North has enough food and shelter. The Global South
lacks appropriate technology, it has no political stability, the economies are
disarticulated, and their foreign exchange earnings depend on primary product
exports." Nevertheless, the divide between the North and the South increasingly
corresponds less and less to reality and is increasingly challenged.
In economic terms, the North-with one quarter of the world population -
controls four-fifths of the income earned anywhere in the world. 90% of the
manufacturing industries are owned by and located in the North. Inversely, the
South - with three quarters of the world populations has access to one-fifth of the
world income. As nations become economically developed, they may become part
of the "North", regardless of geographical location; similarly, any nations that do
not qualify for "developed" status are in effect deemed to be part of the "South"'
Global South
The Global South is a term that has been emerging in the transnational and
postcolonial studies to refer to what may also be called the "Third World" (i.e.,
Africa, Latin America, and the developing countries in Asia), "developing
countries" "less developed countries”, “less developed regions." It can also include
poorer "southern/ regions of wealthy "northern countries. The Global South is
more than the extension of a metaphor for underdeveloped countries." In general, it
refers to those countries' "interconnected histories of colonialism, neo-imperialism,
and differential economic and social change through which large inequalities in
living standards, life expectancy, and access to resources are maintained.’

Global South versus Third World

"There is no Third World; There is no global south" - Martin Lewis. IN the
1960s, "70s and '80s, scholars divided the earth into three parts: The First World,
the Second World, and the Third World. The reigning "three worlds theory,"
however, was conceptually incoherent, combining incommensurate geopolitical
and socio-economic features. The "First World" encompassed all industrialized,
democratic countries, which were assumed to be allied with the United States in its
struggle against the Soviet Union. Yet, not all were: Finland and Switzerland,
among others, maintained strict neutrality. The Second World" was anchored on
the industrialized, communist realm of the Soviet Union and its eastern European
satellites, yet it often included poor communist states located elsewhere. The
"Third World," was defined simultaneously as the non-aligned world and as the
global realm of poverty and under-developed. poor Soviet allies- Mongolia, Cuba,
North Korea, and North Vietnam (after 1975, Vietnam) - were thus counted as
Third World in economic terms and as Second World in political terms. China's
Cold War situation was even more ambiguous; a non-industrialized country at the
time, it ceased to be a Soviet ally in 1961, and by the 1980s was no longer an
enemy of the United States. Yet it continued to be commonly mapped as part of the
Second World.
(Source: Martin W. Lewis, Nov. 15, 2010)
How the "Third World" became the Global South":
The Origins of the Third World ...
As published in the International Encyclopedia of the Spcial Sciences edited by
A. Heelblod (2007), the world was largely divided into several empires in the 19th
century. each empire possessed a 'civilized central and peripheries that were more
or less primitive or even "barbaric". It is unlikely the citizens of what is now often
called the "Global North" ("developed" or high-income countries) would have
given much thought to the inhabitants of what was to become known as the Third
World, and now, the Global South, also called "developing" or low-income
countries. When they did, most would have considered these peoples to be inferior
in some way, by virtue of being non-white, less educated, or even "primitive."
"Third World" was coined in 1952 by Alfred Sauvy, a French demographer,
anthropologist, and economic historian who compared it with the Third Estate, a
concept that emerged in the context of the French Revolution. (First Estate refers
to the clergy and the monarch, Second Estate to the nobility, and Third Estate to
the balance of the eighteenth-century French population as contrasted the poor
countries to the First World (the non-Communist, high-income "developed"
countries) and the Second World (Communist countries, which though not as
wealthy as those of the First World, were then characterized by greater order,
higher incomes, and longer life expentancies.)
Most people in the Third World, though rules by European colonies, lived far
from global sources of economic, political, and military power. Until very recently,
most were subjugated, most illiterate, and few may have been aware that, even
then, they formed a majority of the world population. But such awareness was
growing among leaders within these poor countries, many of whom had been
educated, at least partly, in Europe or America. This awareness and exposure to
Western culture raised expectations and hopes and inspired many Third World
leaders to try to improve colonial living conditions and win political independence.
Opposition to domination by the First World (colonization) also grew through
increasing migration and travel, including that stimulated by the two World Wars.
Many troops who had participated in these wars, particularly on the allied side,
were from what soon to be called the Third World.

Global Conception Emerged from the Experiences of

Latin American Countries
Growth rate in some Latin American countries have surprised many. They have
been continuously high for some years and promise to be so in the next period as
well.
Latin American's contributions are especially visible and relevant such as
regionalism, security management, and Latin America's relations with the outside
world.

Asian Regionalism
Asian regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political planning.
As a result of successful, outward oriented growth strategies, Asian economies
have grown not only richer, but also closer together. In recent years, new
technological trends have further strengthened ties among them, as have the rise of
the PRC and India and the region's growing weight in the global economy. But
adversity also played a role. The 1997/98 financial crisis dealt a severe setback to
much of the region, highlighting Asia's shared interests and common
vulnerabilities and providing an impetus for regional cooperation. The challenge
now facing Asia's policy makers is simply put yet incredibly complex:
In the early stages of Asia's economic take off, regional integration proceeded
slowly. East Asian economies, in particular, focused on exporting to developed
country markets rather than selling to each other. Initially, they specialized in
simple, labor-intensive manufactures. As the more advanced among them
graduated to more sophisticated products, less developed economies filled the gap
that they left behind. The Japanese economist Akamatsu (1962) famously
compared this pattern of development to flying geese. In this model, economies
moved in formation not because they were directly linked to each other, but
because they followed similar paths. Since These development paths hinged on
sequential and sometimes competing-ties to markets outside the region, they did
not initially yield strong economic links within Asia itself.
Now, though, Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined. This is not
because the region's development strategy has changed; it remains predominantly
nondiscriminatory and outward-oriented. Rather, interdependence is deepening
because Asia's economies have grown large and prosperous enough to become
important to each other, and because their patterns of production increasingly
depend on networks that span several Asian economies and involve wide ranging
exchanges of parts and components among them.

Regionalism versus Globalization

Regionalism is the process of dividing an area into smaller segments called
regions. Example is the division of nation into states or provinces Business use
regionalization as a total in management
On the other hand, globalization is the process of international. integration
arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects,
such as technology, etc
As to nature, globalization promotes the integration of economics across state
borders all around the world but regionalization is precisely the opposite because it
is dividing an area into smaller segments.
As to market, globalization allows many companies to trade on international
level so it allows free market but in regionalized system, monopolies are likely to
develop.
As to cultural and societal relations, globalization accelerate to
multiculturalism by free and inexpensive movement of people but, regionalization
does not support this.
As to aid, globalized international community is also more willing to come to
the aid of a country stricken by a natural disaster but, a regionalized system does
not get involved in the affairs of other areas.
As to technological advances, globalization has driven great advances in
technology but advanced technology is rarely available in one country or region.
Factors Leading to the Greater Integration of the Asian Regions
Regional integration is a process in which neighboring states enter into an
agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common institutions and rules.
The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to
environmental, although it has typically taken the form of a political economy
initiative where commercial interests are the focus for achieving broader socio-
political and security objectives, as defined by national governments. Regional
integration has been organized either via supranational institutional structures or
through intergovernmental decision-making, or a combination of both.
Past efforts at regional integration have often focused on removing barriers to
free trade in the region, increasing the free movement of people, labor, goods, and
capital across national borders, reducing the possibility of regional armed conflict
(for example, through Confidence and Security- Building Measures), and adopting
cohesive regional stances on policy issues, such as the environment, climate
change and migration.
Intra-regional trade refers to trade which focuses on economic exchange
primarily between countries of the same region or economic zone. In recent years
countries within economic-trade regimes such as ASEAN in Southeast Asia for
example have increased the level of trade and commodity exchange between
themselves which reduces the inflation and tariff barriers associated with foreign
markets resulting in growing prosperity.
 Learning Activities
Name: _______________________________________ Score:______________
Date: ________________________________________ Time:______________

I. Words to Know
Define the following terms according to your understanding: (Don't copy from the
textbook.)
1.global south____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. global north____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. Third World___________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. regionalization_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

5. imperium____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
II. Brush Up
1. Differentiate
a. global south vs. global north
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2. Do you consider the Philippines as a “third world” country? if YES, why? if
NO, why not?
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Reflection
Figure

Direction: Below is a reflection figure that looks like a human figure.

Determine what you have learned (the knowledge that serves as your
foundation to stand and keep); the things you have realized and appreciated
(attitude towards learning) and the things that you discovered (skills that you
will cherish in life).
Fill in each part the reflection figure. Share it to the whole class.

Things I have learned

(knowledge)

Things I have realized and

appreciated
(attitudes)

Things I have
 discovered
(skills)

MODULE 4
Descriptive Title: A WORLD OF IDEAS
Week 6 and 7

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
 analyze how various media drive various forms of global integration; and,
 explain the dynamics between local and global cultural production.

Stretching the global integration of Globalization to the “World of Regions”

that emphasize the advancement of North and South Globalization with the
develop and under develop countries. How are you going to discuss “culture” as
one factor of Globalization.
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Global Media Cultures

The media have a very important impact on cultural globalization in two
mutually interdependent ways: Firstly, the media provide an extensive
transnational transmission of cultural products and, secondly, they contribute to the
formation of communicative networks and social structures. The rapidly growing
supply of media products from an international media culture presents a challenge
to existing local and national cultures. The sheer volume of the supply, as well as
the vast technological infrastructure and financial capital that pushes this supply
forward, have a considerable impact on local patterns of cultural consumption and
possibilities for sustaining an independent cultural production. Global media
cultures create a continuous5 cultural exchange, in which crucial aspects such as
identity, nationality, religion, behavioral norms and way of life are continuously
questioned and challenged. These cultural encounters often involve the meeting of
cultures with a different socio-economic base, typically a transnational and
commercial cultural industry on one Side and a national, publicly regulated
cultural industry on the other side.
Due to their very structure, global media promote a restructuring of cultural
and social communities. The media such as the press, and later radio and tv have
been very important institutions for the formation of national communities. Global
media support the creation of new communities. The Internet, for example, not
only facilitates communication across the globe, but also supports the formation of
new Social communities in which members can interact with each other. And
satellite tv and radio allow immigrants to be in close contact with their homeland's
language and culture while they gradually accommodate to a new cultural
environment. The common point of departure is the assumption that a series of
international media constitutes a global cultural supply in itself and serves as an
independent agency for cultural and social globalization, in which cultural
communities are continuously restructured and redefined. (Source: Website)
In other words, media cultures take part in the process of globalization,
including how they challenge existing cultures and create new and alternative
symbolic and cultural communities.

Various Forms of Global Integration

Global integration is not a new phenomenon in today's contemporary world.
Trade took place between distant civilizations even in ancient times. This
globalization process in the economic domain has not always proceeded smoothly
has it benefited all whom it was offered, But, despite occasional interruptions, such
as the collapse of the Roman Empire or during the interwar period in this century,
the degree of economics integration among different societies around the world has
generally been rising in the past half century, and ever greater than it has been and
is likely to improve.
There are three (3) factors that have affected the process of economic
globalization. These are:
1. Improvements in transportation and communication technology have reduced
the cost of transporting goods, services and factors of production and
communicating economically useful knowledge and technology
2. Tastes of individuals and, societies have generally but not universally, favored
taking advantage of the opportunities provided by declining costs of transportation
and communication through increasing economic integration.
3. The character and pace of economic integration have been significantly
influenced by public policies, although it is not always in the direction of
increasing economic integration.
Thus, technology, tastes, and public policy each have important influence on the
pattern and pace of economies in its various dimensions.
Dynamics Between Local and Global Cultural Production
Paulo Emanuel Novais Guimarães pointed out that the advent of the category
world music led to both an unprecedented level of (re)discovery of local music
scenes and to an assemblance of an intricate global musical platform in the
contemporary age of globalization. The processes in which local Cultures express
and engage themselves with broader global networks and the other way around can
be claimed to be indispensable sources of knowledge in the analytical approach of
socio-political concerns, these being of small or large-scale societies. Extremely
frequent in debates on globalization is after all the dichotomic struggle between the
concrete and human local against the abstract and dehumanizing 'global' (Wilson &
Dissanayake, 1996: 22). In order to apprehend how this relationship has indeed
been marked at times by oppression and domination, the critical theories of authors
such as Edward Said, Homi K. Bhabha and Immanuel Wallerstein will be applied
to cases of local and global music industry operations. This lesson aims
nonetheless, above all, to provide a concise yet consistent introduction to how this
relation goes beyond the criticisms of cultural imperialism and Americanization, to
how multifarious this relation can be. Key issues represented by the binary
concepts of authenticity and homogeneity and of production, distribution and
marketing of cultural products, will be referred to. Without trying to uphold a
modernocentric view that admits the rise of globalization as a recent phenomenon,
the commercial dynamics between the global and the local in world music
approached, will be mostly from the 1950's onwards.

Globalization of Religion
One may ask: what is the relation of religion to globalization? First, there is the
way in which globalization flattens out cultural differences, erodes local customs
and beliefs, and spreads a secular, capitalist way of life that us at odds with
religions of all sorts. At the same time, there is the way in which religion serves as
the source of globalization's greatest resistance and as a haven for those standing in
opposition to its ubiquitous yet often subtle power.
In both of these views, the relationship between religion and globalization is
antagonistic-one of struggle and conflict.
While opposition is an important aspect of the relationship between religion and
globalization, to see them only as foes misses some of the complexities of their
interaction, not only in the past but in the postmodern world as well.
Religion and globalization can also be seen as partners in historical change. In
times past, religion, in various manifestations, has been a carrier of globalizing
tendencies in the world. The history of Christianity, of course, can be understood
in part as an early effort to create a global network of believers. Its extraordinary
growth and influence as a world religion was a result of a link between its own
global ambitions and the expansion of various political and economic regimes. It
succeeded as a globalizing force long before there was a phenomenon called
"globalization. Elements of this historical pattern can be found in Buddhism, Islam,
and other faiths as well.
Religion is hardly epi-phenomenal to the processes of globalization in our own
day. It continues to be a player in intricate and even contradictory ways. To be
sure, it was once thought that secularization was the inevitable outcome of the
processes we call "modernity." Clearly this has not been the case. Religious faith
persists in a complex interaction with the structures and processes of the modern
world and that complexity has only intensified under the conditions of
contemporary globalization.
Globalization Affects Religious Practices and Beliefs
Evolving trade routes led to the colonization of the Asia, Africa, Central and
South America. Religion became an integral part of colonization and later on
globalization. Religion has been a major feature in some historical conflicts and the
most recent wave of modern terrorism.
The Impact of Globalization
 flattens cultural differences
 erodes local customs and beliefs
 spreads secular, capitalist way of life

What is Religion Nowadays?

 it's no longer a set of beliefs that people arrive by reflection
 it's a symbolic system which carries our identity and marks out social ethic
and other boundaries
 it marks crucial moments in the life cycle with rituals
 it provides powerful mechanisms for psychological and social tension.

Role of Religion Today

Looking around the world today, it is clear that religion plays a role in many of
the major conflicts going on at various levels. Furthermore, religion plays an
important role in people's lives worldwide, and has become one of the major ways
people connect with each other across the globe. However, the role of religion in
contemporary societies is still not sufficiently understood in academic research and
in the work of policy-makers, NGO's and journalists.
Role of Religion in Promoting World Peace
Ven K. Dhammananda of Malaysia wrote an essay of the title above. The essay
is produced here:
Religion has a definite role to play in the people's search for world peace. The
moral principles and values contained in the teachings of great religious teachers
are essential factors for the reduction of and ultimate eradication of greed, hatred,
and delusion-which form the root cause of various conflicts and wars, both within
and without. Within oneself, these three evil or unwholesome roots bring about
great unrest in the mind, resulting in physical outbursts of violence culminating in
global warfare.
The fact that war begins in the minds of people is well recognized by certain
peace-loving people. The preamble to UNESC0's constitution says: Since wars
begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must
be constructed." That is, if one wishes to have peace of mind, one must also
construct defenses of peace in one's own mind.
The world cannot have peace until nations and people begin to reduce their
selfish desires for more and more material possessions, give up their racial
arrogance, and eliminate their madness for worldly power. Material wealth alone
cannot bring peace and happiness to the minds of people. The key to real and
lasting peace lies in "mental disarmaments"-disarming the mind from all kinds of
"poisonous" defilements such as greed, hatred, jealousy, egotism, etc.
Religion not only inspires and guides people but also provides them with the
necessary tools to reduce greed with the practice of charity; to overcome hate and
aversion with loving-kindness; and to remove ignorance with the development of
wisdom and insight in order to understand the true nature of beings and "see things
as they really are."
The negative aspects of religion lie in the madness of some so-called religionists
who try to convert and win followers by hook or by crook, rather than adhering to
proper instruction and guidance. The purposeful misinterpretation of scriptural
texts for various ulterior motives has led to religious persecutions, inquisitions, and
"holy wars." These terribly awful experiences have really marred the very name
"religion."
In the context of today's spiritual need, religionists should work together in
earnestness and not in jealous competition with one another. They must work in
harmony and cooperate in the true spirit of service-for the welfare and happiness of
the many. It I s only then that they can effectively influence the opinions of the
masses and truly educate the people with some higher values of life, which are
very necessary for peaceful co-existence and integrated human development.
Differences in religious beliefs and practices should not hinder the progress of
various religionists working for a common cause, for world peace. Let all religions
teach people to be good and proclaim the brotherhood of humankind. Let religions
teach people to be kind, to be tolerant, to be understanding.
Enough suffering and destruction have been caused by human cleverness." It is
time that we pause and reflect upon the true values of religion and seek proper
spiritual guidance to develop our ""goodness," to work for peace and harmony
instead of war and disunity.
For the cause of humanity and of peace, let us hope that all our religious leaders
will stretch out their hands in friendship to one another and to all people
irrespective of race or creed-with a genuine feeling of love and brotherhood--to
work for a peaceful world and to work for humanity.

The Rise and Fall of the ISIL or ISIS

Pushed out from many of its strongholds in Syria and besieged on all sides in
the Iraqi city of Mosul, the Islamic State of Iraq and Levants Group (ISIL also
known as ISIS) is losing its territorial base in the very region that once incubated
its growth. In May 2018, the US Defense Intelligence Agency estimated that ISIL
has lost 65 percent of its land in Iraq and 45 percent in Syria since 2014.
With the group's presence in the region greatly diminished, questions arise over
who will fill the vacuum left by its retreat. IN 2017, Marawi City was besieged by
extremist terrorists - the ISIS.
 ISIL's rapid expansion has irrevocably changed the political dynamics
governing the region -but in order to know how, one must first understand the
conditions that contributed to the group's rise.

Learning Activities
Name:_______________________________________ Score:_______________
Date:________________________________________ Time:_______________

I. Words to Know
Define the following terms according to your understanding: (Don't copy from the
textbook.)
1.global media culture________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. local cultural production____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. global cultural production___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. media___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. global economic integration_________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
II. Brush Up
1. How do the media affect cultural globalization?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. What is the impact of globalization to religion?
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